| { |
| "paper_id": "P85-1004", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T09:39:42.843310Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "CLASSIFICATION OF MODALITY FUNCTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO JAPANESE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Shozo", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Narro", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Musashino Electrical Communication Laboratories", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "N.T.T. 3-9-11, Midori-cho, Musashino-shi", |
| "postCode": "180", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Akira", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Shimazu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Musashino Electrical Communication Laboratories", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "N.T.T. 3-9-11, Midori-cho, Musashino-shi", |
| "postCode": "180", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Hirosato", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nomura", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Musashino Electrical Communication Laboratories", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "N.T.T. 3-9-11, Midori-cho, Musashino-shi", |
| "postCode": "180", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper proposes an analysis method for Japanese modality. In this purpose, meaning of Japanese modality is classified into four semantic categories and the role of it is formalized into five modality functions. Based on these formalizations, information and constraints to be applied to the modality analysis procedure are specified. Then by combining these investigations with case analysis, the analysis method is proposed. This analysis method has been applied to Japanese analysis for machine translation.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "P85-1004", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper proposes an analysis method for Japanese modality. In this purpose, meaning of Japanese modality is classified into four semantic categories and the role of it is formalized into five modality functions. Based on these formalizations, information and constraints to be applied to the modality analysis procedure are specified. Then by combining these investigations with case analysis, the analysis method is proposed. This analysis method has been applied to Japanese analysis for machine translation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Since the meaning of a sentence consists of both proposition and rnodality, TM analysis of modality is as indispensable as that of proposition for natural language understanding and machine translation. However studies on natural language analysis have mainly concerned with the propositional part, and algorithms for analyzing rnodality have not yet been sufficiently developed. The aim of this paper is to clarify the function of modality and to propose a method for analyzing the modality in Japanese sentences.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Structure of a Japanese complex sentence can be formalized roughly by iterative concatenation of simple sentences. The simple sentence consists of cases and a predicate. The cases have surface representations of noun phrases or adverb phrases while the predicate has that of verb or adjective or adjective verb. A noun phrase is defined as the recursive concatenation of noun phrase or that of embedded sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We have employed '.he case structure as a basic meaning structure for a simple sentence, and extended it to retain the construction of complex sentences mentioned.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Modaiity is additive information represented by auxiliary words such as modal particles, ending particles, and auxiliary verbs and sentence adverbs. The modal particle is attached to a noun phrase or a sentence element while the ending particle is attached to the enci position of a sentence. The auxiliary verb !mmediately follows a verb phrase. Modality represented in such grammatically different context is incorporated into the case structure, and the result construction is named as an extended case structure Ivl which enable us to propose a uniform framework for analyzing both proposition and modality.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this paper, we first classify modality into four semantic categories. Second, we define five modality functions using the logical representation of the meaning and then characterize the roles of each function.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Third, we specify hard problems to be resolved in modality analysis.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Fourth, we list the information and constraints to be considered in establishing the procedure of modality analysis. Then, we propose a method for analyzing modality based on these investigations.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Finally, we exemplify the analysis by showing translations from Japanese into English.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The method has been used to analyze Japanese sentences in a machine translation system. 17~", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Traditionally, modality has been classified into three categories, i.e. tense, aspect and modal. :0-! This classification is not sufficient for the deep analysis of the meaning structure of a sentence, however, because it does not account for the role of Japanese modal particles.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2, Classification of modality", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Adding this role, we expand this classification into four categories, namely tense, aspect, modal and implicature shown in Table 1 . Each category can be further classified into subcategories, and those are shown in Table 2 through Table 5 (Each table gives both examples of Japanese expressions and their English equivalents). Our classification of modality features two characteristics concerning the assignment of adverbs and modal particles :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 123, |
| "end": 130, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 216, |
| "end": 257, |
| "text": "Table 2 through Table 5 (Each table gives", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2, Classification of modality", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) Among the two kinds of adverbs, namely sentence adverbs and case adverbs, we assign sentence adverbs to modality while case adverbs to case relations. Sentence adverbs are classified into three subcategories in the modal (Traditionally, all adverbs are assigned to modality.) (2) Modal particles are assigned to modality and are classified into a distinct category, implicature (They have been usually discussed separately from modality) ~41.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2, Classification of modality", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "By employing logical expression as the representation of the meaning structure, we can define modality functions as operations on logical expressions in strict terms.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Modality functions and their roles", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the past, studies on modality analysis in logical framework treated each type of modality individually. IsH6] Here, we deal with it, however, as a whole and combine it with the propositional structure so that we can provide a uniform framework for the representation and the analysis of the meaning structure. In this purpose we employ the higher order modal logic formalism. It1", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Modality functions and their roles", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this regard, we introduce the five types of modality functions, which add or modify modality : {I) addition of the modality operator. {2) surface modification of the case structure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Modality functions and their roles", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) semantic modification of the case structure. (4) determination of the scope of negation,", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Modality functions and their roles", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "addition of the implicative meaning. We will now discuss the roles of each type of modality function respectively by indicating their logical representations.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Modality functions and their roles", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This is the most fundamental function and it simply adds the modality meaning to the propositional meaning. In the following two sentences, (sl) has no modality while (s2) has modality :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the modality operator", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(sl) Hiroko ga hashiru. (Hiroko runs.) Run(Hiroko), \"~ In the ~'ollowing. each example sentence is succeeded by an English translation and a logical representation .f the meaning [durative] Run(Hiroko). (s2) is obtained by adding the durative aspect operator \"teiru (progressive)\" to (sl) c'~.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the modality operator", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This does not change the logical meaning structure even when the surface structure is modified. However higher level information such as focus and attention is sometimes added.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Surface modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The passive auxiliary verb \"reru\" or \"rareru\" can modify the surface case structure without changing the logical meaning structure. The focus is usually placed on the ~ubject part of the passive sentence, as follows :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Surface modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(s3) Hiroko ga yasai we taberu. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Surface modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This results in one of the two alternatives :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(a) one argument is added to the original predicate, (b:, a higher order predicate is introduced. Both changes are equivalent in meaning but the way of representing the change is different.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The following fragments of modality cause the semantic modification of the case structure : I) causative Cseru\" or \"saseru\"), 2J affected-passive Creru\" or \"rareru\"), 3) hope Ctehoshii'\" and \"temoraitai\"), 4~ request ,~\"temorau\"), 5) benefit (\"tekureru .... teageru\", and \"teyaru\"). For an example, the causative auxiliary verb \"seru\" or %aseru\" results in (a) the addition of the causative agent, or (b) the introduction of a second-order predicate CAUSE(x,y) in which argument x represents the causative agent and argument y represents a predicate, as follows :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(s5) Taro ga Hiroko ni yasai wo tabe saseru.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Taro makes Hiroko eat vegetables.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(a)3x(Vegetable(x)/',Eat'(Hiroko,x,Taro)), or (b)3x(Vegetable(x)ACAUSE(Taro, Eat(Hiroko,x)))", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": ", where the predicate Eat'(x, y, z) is obtained by adding the argument z corresponding to the causative agent to the predicate Eat{x, y) in (s3).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For another example, though the auxiliary verb \"reru\" or \"rareru\" has five meanings, namely, \"passive\", \"affected-passive\", \"ability\", \"respective\" and \"spontaneity\", \"passive\" meaning among them falls into type (2) above while \"affected-passive\" meaning falls into this type and the affected-agent is added :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Is6) Taro ga Hiroko ai yasai wo tabe rareru.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Taro was'adversely) affected by Hiroko's eating vegetables.) The modal particle \"wa\" determines the role of the auxiliary verb \"nai\" as a partial negation while the case particle \"ga\" determines it as total negation. In the following sentences, (s9) is partially negated while (s8)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(a) 3x(Vegetable( x }/xEat\"(Hiroko.x.Ta ro)), or (b)3x(Vegetable(x)AAFFECTED-PASSIVE (Taro,Eat(Hiroko,x))).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic modification of the case structure", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "is totally negated :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Determination of the scope of negation", |
| "sec_num": "3.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(s7)Zen'in ga kuru. [Everybody comes.) vx(S(x)3Come(x)), (s8)Zen'in ga ko nai. (Nobody comes.) vx(S(x) ~ ~ Come(x)), (sg)Zen'in wa ko nai. (Not everybody comes.) --vx(S(x~ ~Come(x)),", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Determination of the scope of negation", |
| "sec_num": "3.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "where the predicate S(x) denotes \"zen'in [all the persons)\". strictly speaking, in all fairness ....", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Determination of the scope of negation", |
| "sec_num": "3.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An extra logical formula corresponding to the implicative meaning is added by modal particles such as %hika (onlyf and ~dake (only)\" as in :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(sl0) Hiroko wa yasai shika tabe nai. (Hiroko eats nothing but vegetables.) ~x(Vegetable(x)AEat(Hiroko,x)) Avx( -~Vegetable(x)~ -, Eat(Hiroko,x)).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "4, Problems in modality analysis 4.1 Ambiguity of the modality meaning (I) Ambiguity due to multiple meaning The aspect expression \"teiru\" has three different kinds of meanings, that is, the \"durative\", \"iterative\" or \"terminative-state\" aspects. For example, As stated in Section 3.3 above, the auxiliary verb \"reru\" or \"rareru\" has five meanings, and, among them, the \"passive\" and \"affected-passive\" meanings result in modification to the case structure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Therefore, disambiguation of the meaning of ~reru\" or \"rareru\" has a close relationship to analysis of the propositional meaning.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Moreover the auxiliary verb \"rareru\" in the following {s12) means \"respect\", and that in (s13) means \"passive\", respectively.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Whereas, both expressions are same except the additional meaning of respect and focus, as follows :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(sl2)Sensei ga yasai wo tabe rareru. (The teacher eats vegetables.) 3x(Vegetable(x)/kEat{the-Teacher,x)) ARespect(Speaker,the-Teacher), (sl3)Yasai ga sensei ni tabe rareru. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Addition of the implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Even if',he main clause has a negative expression, it does not always mean that the main clause is negated. Sometimes the subordinate clause is negated. We call this phenomenon the transfer of negation. Furthermore even if rnodality involved is not negation, it sometimes affects the subordinate clause.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although the main clause in the following (s14) is not usually negated, the subordinate clause is.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Nevertheless, the tense information in the main clause has an effect on the subordinate clause. (s14) is constructed from (s14-1) and (s14-2) by a simple coordinate conjunction, however the corresponding logical expression is not a simple concatenation of each logical expression :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(sl4)Taro wa hige wo sot be kaisha e ika nakat ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Taro went to the company without shaving.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[past] --Shave(Taro,beard) A{past]Go(Taro,Company), (sl4-1)Taro wa hige wo soru. (Taro shaves beard.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Shave(Taro, beard), (sl4-2)Taro wa kaisha e ika nakat ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Taro did not go to the company.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[past]--Go(Taro, Company). (sS) and (s9) also exemplify the problem for determining the scope of negation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Scope of modality", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Modal particles such as \"shika (only)\" and \"sae (even)\" convey individual implicative meaning.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Treatment of implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In order to obtain the logical representation of the implicative meaning, we are forced to provide different formulae expressive of the each meaning of each modal particle. For example, if we assign the formula (fl) to the expression %hika...nai\" which consists of the modal particle \"shika\" and auxiliary verb \"nai\", we get the logical representation of the sentence Is10) by the procedure of ~,-calculus shown in Fig. I. (fl)\"shika...nai'--~LP,kQkR(3x(P(x)ARQ(x)) AVx(-,P(x)~R--Q(x))). As can be seen from the example, the logical formula for the implicative meaning is very individual. This concludes that specification of it for each meaning is very complicated and hard, and a more effective method is therefore needed.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 415, |
| "end": 422, |
| "text": "Fig. I.", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Treatment of implicative meaning", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) l,exicai meaning", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The lexical meaning assigned to each modality expression is the most fundamental information. So we need to specify and provide it. For example, the lexical meaning of the auxiliary verb \"ta\" is generally the \"past\" tense as in :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(slS)Hiroko ga hashit ta. (Hiroko ran.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[past]Run(H.;roko).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) Predicate features Predicate features are available for disambiguating the meaning of modality.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Though the aspect auxiliary verb \"teiru\" is ambiguous in meaning, we can resolve it by using predicate features such as the \"stative\", \"continuous\" and \"spontaneous\", as in : where the verb mnashiru (run)\" has the \"continuous\" feature while the verb \"kieru (turn off)\" has the \"spontaneous\" feature. The aspect expression \"teiru\" following a \"continuous\" verb usually means the \"durative\" aspect, and \"teiru\" following a \"spontaneous\" verb usually means the \"terminativestate\" aspect.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The \"spontaneity\" meaning of \"reru\" or \"rareru\" is realized only when it follows the verbs having spontaneity feature such as \"omoidasu (remember)\" and \"anjiru (care)\". (Hiroko has already eaten vegetable.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "3x(Vegetable(x)A[terminative-state] Eat'(Hiroko,x,already)).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the above examples, the adverb \"ima (now)\" is concerned with the \"durative\" aspect, while \"sudeni (already)\" is concerned with the \"terminative-state\" aspect. The argument z of the predicate Eat\"'(x,y,z) represents time information.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Information and constraints on modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As discussed in Section 3 (sentences (s8) and (s9)), the modal particle \"wa\" occurring simultaneously with negation suggests partial negation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(4) Modal particles", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Conjunctive relations are related to the scope of modality. If the subordinate clause has the following conjunctive relations represented by (a) the conjunctive particle \"te\", or (b) a relative noun such as \"toki (trine)\" or \"mae (before)\" modified by embedded sentences, the transfer of negation can be predicted as in sentence (s14). Otherwise, the transfer will never occurs as follows : This information is used to determine the scope of negation in the main clause. In the subordinate clause with the conjunctive particle \"te\", if the event expressed by it is subsidiary for the occurrence of the event in the main clause, the transfer of negation can occur. On the other hand, if the subordinate event is indispensable to the occurrence of the main event, the transfer never occurs. For example, in (s14), since the modifier event Shave(Taro,beard) is a subsidiary event for the occurrence of the main event Go(Taro,Company), the transfer of negation is possible.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(5) Conjunctive relations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the following sentence (s21), however, since the event Go(Taro, Washington) is an indispensable event for the occurrnece of the main event See(Taro,White-House), the transfer ts impossible :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(5) Conjunctive relations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(s21)Taro wa Washington e it te White House wo mi nakat ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(5) Conjunctive relations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Taro did not see the White House when he went to Washington.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(5) Conjunctive relations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[past]Go(Taro,Washington) A[past] -, See(Taro,the-White-House).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(5) Conjunctive relations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Considering the five modality functions defined in Section 3, it is apparent that the logical analysis method alone is not effective for modality analysis. There are three reasons for this :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Strategy of the modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "6.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) Reference to other expressions is needed to resolve the ambiguity of the modality function, (2) Structural modification occurs when the scope of negation is transferred, (3) Analysis of the implicative meaning sometimes cause the change of logical expression. There remains, however, the problem of taking the individuality of each modality into account. For some kinds of modality, the result of the case analysis or the conjunctive analysis is used to analyze it. These represent the reasons why we propose an analysis method consisting of the following three modules combined with the case analysis and the conjunctive analysis :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Strategy of the modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "6.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "( 1)pre-case-analysis : activated before the case analysis, (2)post-case-analysis : activated after the case analysis, (3)post-conjunctive-analysis : activated after the conjunctive analysis. The relationship of these three modules to the case analysis and the conjunctive analysis is shown in Fig. 2 . (1) Pre-case-analysis", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 294, |
| "end": 301, |
| "text": "Fig. 2", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Strategy of the modality analysis", |
| "sec_num": "6.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "ore-case.analysis :", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The modality whose analysis requires only lexical meaning or which causes a change of the case structure is analysed at this stage. The case frame to be assigned to the predicate is mcdified by utilizing the result of this analysis before starting the case analysis. As for the semantically ambiguous auxiliary verb \"reru\" or \"rareru\", its role is only predicted at this stage, because it is also concerned with the modification of the case structure. After case analysis, the plausibility of the prediction is evaluated. The modification of the case frame is as follows : (a) For the \"passive\" meaning of \"reru\" or \"raxeru\" (which causes a surface change to the case structure as mentioned in Section 3.2), the object case of the original case frame is changed into the surface subjective case, and the modality category \"passive\" is assigned to the meaning structure. If two object cases exist, two possible modifications are performed. (b) With the modality causing a semantic change to the case structure (for the modality function stated in Section 3.3), a new case is added as follows: (bl)For the \"causative\", \"affected-passive\", \"hope\" or \"request\" meaning : A new agent (e.g. causative-agent / affected-agent) is added, and the case particle of the original subjective case is changed from \"ga\" to \"hi\", (b2)With the \"benefit\" meaning : A beneficiary case is added. The case particle in this case is \"hi\". Also the modality category corresponding to each meaning (e.g. \"causative\", \"affectedpassive\") is assigned to the meaning structure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "ore-case.analysis :", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The modality whose analysis requires case structure information is analyzed at this stage. This module determines the function of the modality as follows : (a) [f the category of the modality expression is unique, this category is assigned to the meaning :;tructure. (b) if a daemon (a procedure to resolve ambiguities by using heuristics) is attached to the rnodality expression, it performs the three tasks : (bl) disambignating the function of the modality expression, (b2) detcrmining the scope, (b3) adding the implicative meaning. The daemon utilizes the information mentioned in (I) -(4) in Sect, ion 5. For example, a daemon attached to the aspect expression \"teiru\" works as shown in Fig. 3 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 693, |
| "end": 699, |
| "text": "Fig. 3", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) Post-conjunctive-analysis Following the conjunctive analysis between the subordinate clause and the main clause, this module is activated to determine whether the modality in the main clause also operates on the subordinate clause. This module utilizes heuristics consisted of all of the Is there a case element (noun phrase or adverb) suggesting \"terminative-state\" or \"durative\" or \"iterative\" aspect? [ no Does \"teiru\" follow \"reru\" or ~rarerxl'~. I state I Fig. 3 . Daemon which disambiguates the meaning of the aspect expression \"teiru\" information presented in Section 5.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 465, |
| "end": 471, |
| "text": "Fig. 3", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An example of heuristics which analyze the scope of the auxiliary verb \"ta\" is shown in Fig. 4 . For negation in the main clause, the transfer of negation is considered. Whether or not the modifier event is subsidiary for the occurence of the main event is tested using the semantic relations assigned to the )redicate of the main clause.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 88, |
| "end": 94, |
| "text": "Fig. 4", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Is conj unction of the subordinate clause conjunctive particle \"te\" \"to\" \"ba n or \"renyou~chuushi\"? and Does the subordinate clause have time information such as time cases? no Jr Jfyes operate time ir~'ormation in the main ~ I . no operation I clause over the subordinate clause We have already proposed a method named extended case analysis for Japanese sentences. IvT Input to the extended case analysis is an ordered list of word frames produced by a morphological analysis. The analysis begins to predict a constituent construction of the sentence to be analyzed by utilizing syntactic structure patterns, and then enter into the detail analysis of semantic relations between pairs of the modifier and the modificant by utilizing semantic relation frames. There are four types of the semantic relations, namely, case relation, noun concept relation, embeding relation and conjunctive relation. All of these semantic relations are analyzed in a uniform framework. The both analyses go on iteratively and/or recursively from a small chunk of constituents to large one. Each iteration and recursion executes both the prediction of the syntactic structure and the analysis of semantic structure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The modality analysis is incorporated into those processes.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Let us show the modaiity analysis process for the following example sentence :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(s22)Niku wa nokot teite, yasai dake ga Kiroko ni tabe rare teita.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(2) Post-case-analysis", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "At first, it is analysed that this sentence is a complex sentence by utilizing syntactic structure patterns. After semantic structures of the modifier and the main clause are analysed, conjunctive relation between these clauses is analyzed. Now, we show analysis of the main sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The following case elements and a predicate are analysed by applying structure patterns before starting case analysis : case1 = \"yasai\", \"ga\", \"dake\", case2 = ~liroko\", \"ai\", predicate = \"taberu\", \"rareru\", %eiru\", %a', where \"dake\", \"rarern', \"teiru\", and \"ta\" are modality exp~'essions. \"Hiroko\" and \"yasai\" have semantic categories, [human] and [food] respectively in each word frame.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) Modification of case frame Case frame is prepared for each meaning of each predicate. An intrinsic case frame for the verb \"taberu (eat)\" is as follows (Optional cases such as time and place are omitted here) :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[the intrinsic case frame of the verb \"taberu (eat)\"] : Agent --[human], \"ga\", Object = [food], ~wo\". Each case slot in the case frame is assigned semantic categories and case particles as constraints to be satisfied by the filler.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The following alternative case frames produced by modifying the intrinsic frame are also prepared before starting case analysis because of the existence of the auxiliary verb ~rareru\" :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[\"passive\" modification of the case frame] : Agent = [human], \"hi\", Object = [food], \"ga\", [\"affected-passive\" modification of the case frame] :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Affected-agent -[human], \"ga\", Agent = [human], \"ni\", Object -[food], \"wo\". These three case frames are examined whether each case element in the sentence satisfies constraints. As a result, in this case, \"passive\" modification case frame is selected as a best matching, and case role of each case element is determined as follows :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "casel= Object, case2 = Agent. This result is showing that the meaning of ~rareru\" is \"passive\".", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Meat had remained, and only vegetables had been eaten by Hiroko.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Modality by modal particles in case elements and attxiHary verbs are analyzed. Analysis of \"teiru\" is performed by the heuristics shown in Fig. 3 , where the meaning is determined as \"terminative-state\" judging from the fact that \"teiru\" follows \"raxeru\". The meaning of the modal particle \"dake\" is multiple, that is, \"limitation\" and \"degree\". In this case, \"limitation\" is selected by heuristics.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 139, |
| "end": 145, |
| "text": "Fig. 3", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(3) Determination of meaning of modality", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "After conjunctive analysis between the modifier and the main clause, scope of the auxiliary verb \"ta\" in the main clause is analyzed. Using heuristics shown in Fig. 4 , it is analyzed that \"ta\" also operates on the subordinate clause.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 160, |
| "end": 166, |
| "text": "Fig. 4", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(4) Determination of scope of modality in the main clause", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In a result, the meaning structure of (s22) is obtained as follows :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(4) Determination of scope of modality in the main clause", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "3x (1) [speech act] As shown in (s24), modality contains much information concerning speech act (question, command, guess, intention, etc.). In conversational systems such as qustion answering systems, these meaning can be used for selecting apropriate reactions.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(4) Determination of scope of modality in the main clause", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) [type of object] Analysis results of aspect or tense are used for determining the type of objects. The subordinate clause of (s23) describes a general character of'densha (trmn)\", and the first occurrence of \"densha\" denotes a generic object. On the other hand, the second occurrence of \"denaha\" is modified by an embedded sentence, and \"densha\" denotes a specific object which \"I saw in a movie yesterday\". Like this, if the character of the event is analysed by the analysis of aspect or tense, the character of the objects can be specified. 3[translation] As shown in the translated sentences in (s23) and (s24), results of the modality analysis are clearly realized in quality of translated sentences. In these sentences, modality such as \"limitation\", \"negation\", \"ability\", \"past\", \"quetion\" appears.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(4) Determination of scope of modality in the main clause", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We proposed an analysis method for Japanese modality. In this purpose, we classified the meaning of modality into four categories, and then defined five modality functions which characterize the role of modality.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "By employing logical expressions to represent the meaning structure, we could effectively specify the modality function. Though logical expression has the same expressive power as frames or semantic networks, a more concise semantic representation can be realized by this method.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although we dealt with the modality analysis restricted within the scope of one sentence in this paper, we must investigate the effect of discourse information on the analysis of modality in the future.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We have applied this modality analysis method to the Japanese sentence analysis in the Japanese-English experimental machine translation system, LUTE.IV!", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "Introduction to Montague Semantics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "D", |
| "middle": [ |
| "R" |
| ], |
| "last": "Dowty", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [ |
| "E" |
| ], |
| "last": "Wall", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Peters", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1981, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Dowty, D. R., R. E. Wall, and S. Peters : Introduction to Montague Semantics, 1981.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "Toward a Modern Theory Qf Case and Other Articles", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "C", |
| "middle": [ |
| "J" |
| ], |
| "last": "Fillmore", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1975, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Fillmore, C. J. : Toward a Modern Theory Qf Case and Other Articles, Japanese edition, 1975.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "Conventional Ixnplicature", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Karttunen", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Peters", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1979, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Karttunen, L. and S. Peters : Conventional Ixnplicature, \"Syntax and Semantics\" ii, ed. by C.- K. Oh and D. A. Dinneen, 1979.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF3": { |
| "ref_id": "b3", |
| "title": "A Study of Japanese Adverbial Particles in Montague Grammar", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kubo", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1982, |
| "venue": "Linguistic Journal of Korea", |
| "volume": "7", |
| "issue": "2", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Kubo, S. : A Study of Japanese Adverbial Particles in Montague Grammar, \"Linguistic Journal of Korea\", vol.7, no.2, 1982.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "Negative Coreference : Generalizing Quantification for Natural Language", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "E", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Keenan", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1979, |
| "venue": "Formal Semantics and Pragrnatics for Natural Languages", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Keenan, E. : Negative Coreference : Generalizing Quantification for Natural Language, \"Formal Semantics and Pragrnatics for Natural Languages\", ed. by F. Guenthner and S. J. Schmidt, 1979.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "Tense, Aspect, and Modality", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nakau", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1978, |
| "venue": "Syntax and Semantics", |
| "volume": "5", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Nakau, M. : Tense, Aspect, and Modality, \"Syntax and Semantics\" 5, ed. by M. Shibatani, 1978.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF6": { |
| "ref_id": "b6", |
| "title": "Japanese Language Semantic Analyser based on an Extended Case Frame Model", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Shimazu", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Naito", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nornura", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1983, |
| "venue": "Proc. of 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Shimazu, A., S. Naito, and H. Nornura : Japanese Language Semantic Analyser based on an Extended Case Frame Model, Proc. of 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1983.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "text": "Vegetables are eaten by the Teacher.; 3x((Vegetable(x)/xEat(the-Teacher,x)) /x{Focus(x)}), where the predicate Respect{x,y) means that x respects y.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "text": "Hiroko ga hashit teiru. (Hiroko is running.) [durative]Run(Hiroko), (sl7)Akaxi ga kie teiru. (The light is turned off.) [terminative-state]Turn-off(the-Light),", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "text": "Noun phrases and adverbsSome kinds of noun phrases, adverbs, and their semantic categories can be utilized to disambiguate the meaning of modality, when they occur simultaneously with it.(sl8)Hiroko ga yasai wo i.m.a tabe teiru,(Hiroko is eating vegetables now.)3x(Vegetable(x) A[durative]Eat\"(Hiroko,x,now)). \"Hiroko\"--,\\PP.\\QQ( HirokoJ \"yasai\"--.\\PP.\\xVegetable(x} \"shika...n a]\"--,~.P,\\Q,k R( qx( P( x )Zk RQ( x )I AVx~ ~PfxJDR~QIxJJ) \"taberu\"--.~ySzEatfz,yJ \"yasai shlka._ nai\" --),PP.kx Vegetable( x hkR.\\S~T( 3ul R(uJATS(uJ~ AVu( ~ R(ul DT ~ S(u))t --SR.\\SLT( -3u(R(uJATS( u))AVu( \", R{ u~ DT ~ S(u)~) .\\ x Vegetable( x; --.\\ShT( B u(.kx Vegetable( x J( u J/x.TS(u)) AVu( ~ .\\x Vegetable( x }( u~ ~T ~ S( u J)) --,\\S~T(\"]u(Vegetable(u~ATS(u) JAVut -~ Vegetable(u# DT ~ S( u~)~ \"yasai shika tabe nai\" --S$},Tf 3u(Vegetabie(u)ATS(u)) AVu( \"-Vegetable(u) DT \" S( ul)lAyAzEat(z.yl --.~T( 3tu Vegetable( u)AT,\\y,kzEat(z,yi( u D AVu( ~ Vegetable(u} DT -~ ~ykzEat(z,y fl u)}) --.kTf3u(Vegetable(u)AT .\\zEat(z.u)l AVu( ~ Vegetable(u)DT ~ .kzEatiz. u:)) \"Hiroko wa yasai shika tabe hal\" --.\\PP.~QQ(H iroke JAT( qu( Vegetable4 uJ/\\T,kzEat(z.u J) ,~,Vu, \"-Vegetable( uJ DT ~ .kzEat(z.uJD --,kT( =l,J(Vegetable(u}/kTSzEat(z,uU AVu( -, Vegetable(ul S,T -, .\\zEat( z,unJhPP(ilirokoj --( 3u( Vegetable( ul/, kPP(HirokoJkzEat(z.u)} /~Vu( ~ Vegetable(ul D.\\PPf H irokoJ ~ ,t, zF, a'(z,ul)) --( 3u(Vegetabie(u~A ~.zEat(z.ui(Hiroko)) AVu( --Vegetable( a J D \" kzEat( z,u}( I I irokol)J ~(~u(Vegetable(ut/k Eat( I l iroko,,,)J ' AVu( ~ Vegetable(u) D \"~ Eat( Hiroko,ulD Fig. 1. Logical analysis of the setltence (sl0) (s19)Hiroko ga yasai wo sudeni tabe teiru.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "text": "surface and semantic modification of the case frame f [ case analysis ] post-case-analysis : [ (I} disambiguation of the modality function [ E (2) determination of the scop~ of negation [ (31 addition of the implicative meaning I c\u00b0njunctive analysis I post-conju nctive-an alysis : I determinatioa of the scope of the modality in the main clause", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "text": "Framework of the m,dality analysis 6.2 Algorithms of each sub-analysis", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "text": "Heuristics which analyse the scope of the auxiliary verb \"ta\" 6.3 Application to Japanese analysis (I) Extended case analysis", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>category</td><td>: [evaluation],</td><td>[judgement]</td><td>and</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[statement-manner].</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>Categories</td><td>Meaning</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>Tense</td><td>i temporal view of a event relative to the speaking</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>time</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">state of events viewed from time progress at a Aspect sl:ecifled time point</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>Modal</td><td>speaker's or agent's attitude or judgement to the occurrence of events</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">implicative meaning represented by modal I mplicature particles</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Four categories of Modalitv", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td>English expression</td></tr><tr><td>Past</td><td>ta</td><td>-ed (past tense)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-past</td><td>ru</td><td>present tense, or future tense</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(S2) Hiroko ga hashit teiru. (Hiroko is runnzng.)</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Tense Japanese Meaning ,expression", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>Japanese expression</td><td>English expression</td></tr><tr><td>Limitation</td><td>shika, kin, dake, bakari, made, kurai</td><td>only</td></tr><tr><td>Degree</td><td>dake, bakari, hodo, kurai</td><td>as, about</td></tr><tr><td>Extreme-example</td><td>sac, demo, datte, made</td><td>even</td></tr><tr><td>Stress</td><td>sae, ha, too, koso</td><td>even</td></tr><tr><td>Example</td><td>demo, nado, nari</td><td>for example</td></tr><tr><td>Parallel</td><td>yara, ya, mo</td><td>and</td></tr><tr><td>Addition</td><td>I sae, made</td><td>also</td></tr><tr><td>Selection</td><td>earl, ka</td><td>or</td></tr><tr><td>Uncertainty</td><td>~ara, ka</td><td>some</td></tr><tr><td>Distinction</td><td>ha</td><td>us for</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "ImplicatureMeaning", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
