| { |
| "paper_id": "P87-1018", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T09:13:20.355999Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "SEMANTIC STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF JAPANESE NOUN PHRASES WITH ADNOMINAL PARTICLES", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Akira", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Shimazu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "Basic Research Laboratories", |
| "institution": "", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "N.T.T. 3-9-11, Midori-cho, Musashino-shi", |
| "postCode": "180", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Shozo", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Naito", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "Basic Research Laboratories", |
| "institution": "", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "N.T.T. 3-9-11, Midori-cho, Musashino-shi", |
| "postCode": "180", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Hirosato", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nomura", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "Basic Research Laboratories", |
| "institution": "", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "N.T.T. 3-9-11, Midori-cho, Musashino-shi", |
| "postCode": "180", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "Japanese has many noun phrase patterns of the type A no B consisting of two nouns A and B with an adnominal particle no. As the semantic relations between the two nouns in the noun phrase are not made explicit, the interpretation of the phrases depends mainly on the semantic characteristics of the nouns. This paper describes the semantic diversity of A no B and a method of semantic analysis for such phrases based on feature unification.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
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| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Japanese has many noun phrase patterns of the type A no B consisting of two nouns A and B with an adnominal particle no. As the semantic relations between the two nouns in the noun phrase are not made explicit, the interpretation of the phrases depends mainly on the semantic characteristics of the nouns. This paper describes the semantic diversity of A no B and a method of semantic analysis for such phrases based on feature unification.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Japanese has many noun phrase patterns of the type A no B. The noun phrase pattern, which consists of two nouns A and B with an adnominal particle no, and which has at least the same ambiguity as B of A (and some additional ambiguities not found with the equivalent English construction), does not express any explicit semantic relations between the two nouns. Consequently, its interpretation depends mainly on the semantic characteristics of the nouns. Furthermore, phrase patterns NI no N2 no ... no Nn often appear. Because the number of possible dependencies between the constituents is 2 \"'I (2n-3)l! / n!, semantic analysis of such phrases is necessary to resolve the ambiguities. To date, there have been no adequate analyses for this linguistic phenomenon, nor have there been any clear methodological proposals for its semantic analysis.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This paper describes a) the semantic diversity of A no B, b) the analysis of the semantic structure for A no B by a unification-based method of semantic function application, c) typical semantic structures of A no B, d) the possibility of paraphrasing A no B as a noun phrase with a relative clause by the addition of a verb, and e) the resolution of ambiguities using contextual information from the viewpoint of relation between A no B and its corresponding relative clause.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
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| "text": "Although A no B is a simple fo~n, it is interesting in two respects. First, A no B represents a general linguistic problem for semantic processing. The reason is that, in some cases, A or B is a noun form derived from a verb or adjective, thus necessitating the semantic processing of verbs and adjectives. Second, A no B can be paraphrased as a noun phrase with a relative clause, in just the same way as some English complex nominals [3, 5] . Putting it another way, as information is condensed into a simple expression, there are ambiguities as to the semantic relations between the two nouns. Consequently, contextual analysis plays a crucial part in the resolution of the ambiguities.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 436, |
| "end": 439, |
| "text": "[3,", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
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| "start": 440, |
| "end": 442, |
| "text": "5]", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
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| "text": "A no B is frequently found in Japanese sentences. An exsmlnation of scientific and newspaper articles showed that the occurrence of A no B accounts for about half the total number of noun phrases in a text ill]. The other occurrences are noun phrases with relative clauses, and coordinated noun phrases. In constructions of the type A no B, A or B can represent either a simple noun, as in Taroo no ie (\"raro's house\"), NP of the same A no B pattern, as in kariforunia no shuto no jinko (\"the population of the capital of California\"), or NP with a relative clause, as in Watashi ga atta hito no na (\"the name of the person who I met\"). There is also a fourth pattern involving an additional particle such as kara, made, de and so on, as in Tookyoo kara no densha (\"the train from Tokyo\"). This paper deals mainly with constructions of the first type, though the method presented here is also applicable recursively to patterns of the second and third types: this is possible because in such constructions, the semantic features of A (i.e. X no Y, or SY) derive from its head (Y). In the fourth type, analysis is slightly less straightforward, because the particle does provide some additional useful information.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Diversity of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A no modifies a head B to restrict or clarify the referencetl. 21 of B. In the example Sutanfoodo daigaku no kyooju (\"professor at Stanford University\"), Sutanfoodo daigaku (\"Stanford University\") restricts and clarifies the range of reference for kyooju (\"professor\"). Such A no B constructions can be classified semantically into five main groups according to the characteristics of A and B, as shown in Table 1 . The five main groups can be further classified into a total of about 80 semantic relations. In the study mentioned above [III, the authors examined about ten thousand examples of A no B occurrences, and checked the semantic relations. The appendix shows the semantic relations together with examples. It is necessary to analyze these seman- tic relations in such detail in order to produce good quality machine translation from Japanese into Eng-Lish among other tasks. To date, linguistic processing has not entailed such a detailed classification.", |
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| "start": 406, |
| "end": 413, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| ], |
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| "section": "Semantic Diversity of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic structure of A no B is generally a function of the meanings of A and B, but the processing is not just a simple computation based on the semantic contents of A and B. For instance, when B functions as a predicate semantically, there is a case relation between A and B. However, there are no syntactic clues such as a case particle, unlike in full sentences. Hence, it is necessary to consider the semantic characteristics of A and B in order to analyze the semantic structure.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Diversity of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Processing of context [12] is generally necessary to determine the correct semantic structure of A no B uniquely, as A no B is often ambiguous if considered out of context. For instance, in the case of Ft~ransujin no hanashi (\"speech of a Frenchman\"), there are two possible semantic relations for Furansujin (\"Frenchman\"): i.e. as agent or content of hanashi (\"speech\").", |
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| "start": 22, |
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| "text": "[12]", |
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| "section": "Semantic Diversity of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic structure of A no B is generally analyzed from A and B by \"semantic function application\", which is similar to the idea of function application in the CUG framework (categorial unification grammar) 14. za], viewing either A or B as a functor, and the other as its argument.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Analysis by Function Application", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(functor left/right) = (argument) (functor result) = (semantic-structure) From a different viewpoint, this is a generalization of the method of case frame analysis in which the analysis of the semantic structure of a verb-plus-noun phrase is based on the case-frame of the verb. That is, when a verb as a functor is applied to a noun phrase as its argument, if the noun phrase and a slot of the caseframe unify, the semantic structure is obtained as a result of assigning the relevant information from the noun phrase to the slot-So, the analysis is a kind of semantic treatment using the unification-based method. In this view, the case frames correspond to subcategorization frames, and the analysis corresponds to unifications applied to a subcategorization frame Is, s] Characteristics of the function-based analysis are mainly to express input-output relations clearly, and to put stress on a lexical-based method.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Analysis by Function Application", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As the meaning of A no B depends on the individual A and B, it follows that each lexical entry must have information regarding its \"functionality\". This is also the method adopted in CUG.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Analysis by Function Application", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
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| "text": "Furthermore, these functors, arguments, and resulting semantic structures are represented as sets of at1~ribute-value pairs, again as in CUG. This is also similar to frame representations found in AI. The set of attribute-value pairs associated with a functor noun and an argument noun are generally represented as in Figure 1 , and will be called a \"semantic structure\". The characteristics of these structures are described in Section 3.3. In the representation, the attributes left and right indicate an argument for a functor word and a position (direction), and the values represent conditions imposed on the argument. Syncat, semcat and sense indicate syntactic, semantic and head word meaning respectively. Marker indicates the case particle found as a post-position with the noun phrase. Pred gives semantic conditions which restrict and clarify the relation between A ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 318, |
| "end": 326, |
| "text": "Figure 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| "section": "Analysis by Function Application", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
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| "text": "The noun phrase A no B is regarded as a composition of A no and B. Therefore, A no B is composed of A no and B by the function role of either A no or B. Which of A no or B has a function role depends on syntactic and semantic characteristic as described in section 3.3. Then A no is regarded as being constructed from A and no. Accordingly, the semantic structure of A no B is analyzed as follows: First, the functor no gets argument A, and makes a noun phrase A no with the semantic characteristics inherited from A. Secondly, the functor A no or B gets an argument B or A no respectively and makes a noun phrase A no B with the semantic characteristics inherited from B. The analysis process is shown as follows.", |
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| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) functor: no, argument: A, result: Ano (2) functor: Ano, argument: B, result: AnoB, or functor: B, argument: Ano, result: AnoB", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the case of A p no B (where p is an additional particle), A and p are combined first. The semantic structure of A p is almost the same as that of A no except for the additional information derived from the marker p. After this, the final semantic structure is composed in the same way as for A no B. This paper focuses mainly on the analysis process after constituents of A no B have been found, and does not pay specific attention to the method of how constituents are found, for which purpose the active chart parsing method is used.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "With regard to the composition of A no, we take the choice giving no the functor role from the viewpoint of generality, although it is possible to view A as having this role. No has a functor role that shifts characteristics and functions of A to the semantic structure of A no, and adds a marker feature to the semantic structure of A no. The representation of no is shown in Figure 2 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 377, |
| "end": 385, |
| "text": "Figure 2", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the analysis of A no B, the semantic characteristics and functions of A and B weigh heavily, because although there is an adnominal case particle no, it is semantically rather neutral compared with other case particles. To put it another way, case particles usually function as explicit indicators of the preferred semantic interpretation. This fact suggests the significance of studying the method of analysis of A no B.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "When A no has a functor role, the functor must get B as its argument and extract a semantic relation between A and B. For example, in guruupu no shuukai (\"meeting of a group\"), guruupu no modifies an action nominal and makes a result semantic structure indicating the semantic relation (agent) as in Figure 3 . In the representation >pred indicates a constraint that an argument must have a pred feature.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 300, |
| "end": 308, |
| "text": "Figure 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The main semantic category of A no B is generally taken from the head B of A no\" B. However, in some cases the semantics of B are different from those of A no B, and it is necessary to change the semantic cate- gories. For example, heita,\" (\"soldier\") is animate, but oraocka no heitai (\"toy soldier\") is not. Therefore omocAa no has the function of changing the semantic category of the head which it modifies. Such a function is obtained by a kind of overwriting unification 19!", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structure Analysis of A no B", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The characteristics of the semantic structures in the f~ve ma/n groups are as follows.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structures in Five Main Groups", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[Case 1] In this case, B, which is the nominal form of a predicate (a verb or an adjective), functions as an ar~ument~ and A, which is a semantic case argument of B, functions as a functor. Notice that when B functions semantically as a predicate, there are two alternatives for the assignment of the functor role. The first is that the predicate word functions as the functor. The second is the reverse L41. This paper adopts the latter way mainly because of the characteristic of free word order in a Japanese sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Structures in Five Main Groups", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic structure of A and A rw is almost the same except for a marker feature, and has the following functor role: when A no is an obligatory case (argument) of the predicate B, A no unifies with the argument feature of\" B. When A no is an optional case (adjunct), the semantic structure of A no is added to that of B as an optional case by unification. The functor role is added to A by a kind of lexical rule. Ez~mples are shown in Figures 3 and 4. [Case 2 and Case 3] In these cases, B represents a kind of case role or attribute respectively, which functions as a predicate. So, functionality is given to A in the same way as described above. Examples are shown in Figures 5 and 6. [Case 4] The reverse case of Case 1, that is, A is the nominal Form of\" a predicate, and B is the semantic case element of the predicate. So B is a functor and A no is its argument in the reverse way. The example is shown in Figure 7 . Kooen (\"park\") in the example gets an argument in the opposite direction to that of example 4. The phrase in this case corresponds to a noun phrase with a relative clause. So, a feature embedded is used in the representation, that is, it means that the pred feature is introduced from the complement. (a) relational restr/ction: This case includes the relationships between humans, organizations, and wholepart relations. Generally a predicate role is given to B and a functor role is given to A in the same way as Case 1. An example is shown in Figure 8 . In the example, sensei (\"teacher\") has a pred feature and is an argument of the functor watasA~ ('I\").", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| { |
| "start": 440, |
| "end": 456, |
| "text": "Figures 3 and 4.", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| { |
| "start": 675, |
| "end": 691, |
| "text": "Figures 5 and 6.", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
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| { |
| "start": 917, |
| "end": 925, |
| "text": "Figure 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1474, |
| "end": 1482, |
| "text": "Figure 8", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| "section": "Semantic Structures in Five Main Groups", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(b) attributive restriction: A has attributive characteristics such as quantity, kind, degree, and property, and B is generally a thing. As A functions as a kind of pred-\" icate, a predicate feature is assigned to A. An example is shown in Figure 9 with kooshifima r~o n,,no Ccheckered-pattern cloth\"), where kooshijurna has a pred feature and is an argument of the functor ~,,no (\"cloth\").", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
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| "start": 240, |
| "end": 248, |
| "text": "Figure 9", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| "section": "Semantic Structures in Five Main Groups", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(c) situational restriction: A has situational meanings such as location, time, source, destination, purpose, and method, and restricts B by the situation. Like the relational restriction case, B is assigned a predicate feature, and A a functor role as shown in Figure 10 . In the example, doozoo (\"oronze statue\") has a pred feature and is an argument of the functor kooen (\"park\"). Semantic structure of biru no mae (\"front of a building\")", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| { |
| "start": 262, |
| "end": 271, |
| "text": "Figure 10", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| "section": "Semantic Structures in Five Main Groups", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "To assign an appropriate semantic structure to a noun, the following characteristics must be considered: a) A or B which works as a predicate in some cases works as a modifier (argument or adjunct) of a predicate in the other cases, as with kenkyuu (\"research\", \"study\") in the example gengo no kenkyuu (\"study of language\") and kenkyuu no kaishi (\"start of the research\"). Therefore, A or B generally has both roles of a predicate and a modifier. possibilities: ((Ano B) no C) as in, for example, jiyuu no raegami no shashin (\"photograph of the Statue of Liberty\"), and (Ano (Brm C)) as Kariforunia.san no jooshitsu no kome (\"rice of fine qaulaity from California\"). Thus, the middle noun (B) may relate to the words on either side (A and C), or to only the righthand word (C). In the ~rst case, the middle noun may be an argument of the predicate on both sides. In the latter case, the right,hOSt word C may be an argtunent of each predicate to the left, the number of which is not in general restricted. c) There are two cases of (A no (B no C)). When C is a nominal predicate, A and B might be separate arg~nents as in Kinoo no Taroo no Sanpo (\"raro's walk of yesterday\"). When C is an ordinary noun, however, the analysis is further complicated by the fact that implicit predicates such as location, possession, attribution etc., are involved, For example, in Tookyoo no NTT no biru ('~rrr's building in Tokyo\"), the inner predicate structure for NTT no bits (\"NTT has a building\") is attached to the appropriate argument of the outer predicate Tookyoo no biru Cbuilding is in Tokyo\"). From the characteristics described above and the method for assigning a functor role to an axg~nent of a predicate, we adopt the method that a funcmr role is added to a constituent by a kind of lexical rule before function application. In general, several candidate constituents are made by ~he feature structure preformation. For example, at the stage ofAnoB -Ano B, when B is a functor and has a meaning such as location, time and so on, two solutions for B are offered as candidates: one as an argument of Ano, which works as a predicate, and the other as an adjunct.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Organization of Lexical Information", |
| "sec_num": "3.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "4 Correspondence between A no B and the Sentence", |
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| "section": "Organization of Lexical Information", |
| "sec_num": "3.4" |
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| "text": "The expression A no B can be paraphrased into A p V B or A' B, adding an appropriate particle p and verb / adjective V, or reforming A to a verbal form A' if appropriate. Both A p V and A' are relative clauses. The paraphrased expression is more informative and some of the ambiguity is resolved. Paraphrases of A no B in Case 1 -Case 4 are rather easy, as added verbs/adjectives do not depend so much on context as compared with Case 5. Noun phrases with a relative clause for each case in the A no B classification are shown in Table 2 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| { |
| "start": 530, |
| "end": 537, |
| "text": "Table 2", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Paraphrase of A no B as a Noun Phrase with a Relative Clause", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Such paraphrases are obtained by a change from a verb-centered to a noun-centered view. A no B is generally related to some event or state in a discourse, and the event or state is represented by an appropriate predicate: pred(A, B). By taking a noun-centered view, the representation is transferred into a representation A [pred(A(*), B)], that is, A in pred(A, B).", |
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| "section": "Paraphrase of A no B as a Noun Phrase with a Relative Clause", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
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| "text": "The expression that gives the corresponding predicate is taken from the value of the pred attribute in the semantic structure. A noun phrase paraphrased with a relative clause is generally constructed as follows: 1) the head B is put first, 2) a verb is chosen based on the rel attribute, and put to the left orB, 3) a noun phrase corresponding to the appropriate case role as given by the argument structure of the predicate, is constructed from A and the particle indicated by a default-marker. and put to the left of the verb. For instance, in zoo no omosa (\"weight of an elephant\"), first, the head omosa is taken; second, verb rnotsu (\"nave\") is taken from a value of rel, and put to the left of omosa; third, the agent zoo ga (\"elephant\") is put to the left of omosa. In this way, the desired complex noun phrase zoo ga motsu omosa (\"weight that an elephant has\") is arrived at.", |
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| "section": "Paraphrase of A no B as a Noun Phrase with a Relative Clause", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although A no B is semantically ambiguous, it can generally be disambiguated by contextual information. Although inferences including association and analogy are generally necessary, this paper briefly mentions the possibility of the disambiguation method by unification particles), V: suru (\"do\") I ohonau (\"do\") / okoru (\"happen\") hare no hehhon (\"his marriage\") -~ bare ga suru kehkon ('marriage that he performs\") ~oen no doozoo (\"statue in a park\") -b hoo~n ni aru doozoo (\"statue which is in a park') between a predicate structure in A no B semantic structure and the related event structure in the discourse. A sequence of related events is described in a discourse. On the other hand, the semantic structure is represented by an appropriate predicate feature. From these, the correct structure can be obtained by unifying an event semantic structure with a predicate feature in A no B as follows.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "event-semantic-structure-in-context pred-structure-in-semantic-structure-of-A no B", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Here, \"-\" means that the left hand side unifies with the right hand side.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Ambiguities of A no B may result from amibiguities regarding the predicates that could be added, ambiguities in the words themselves, or ambiguous case relations. The disambiguation process is illustrated below using an example in which the added predicates are ambiguous. Generally, a verb-centered semantic structure is extracted from a sentence. For the sentence, (sl) Hanako wa kyonen e o k.aita.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "('~Hanako painted a picture last year.\") the following semantic structure is obtained. This representation is simplified, showing only the information needed for the explanation. Next, let us assume that the sentence (s2) occurs in the context of (sl).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(s2) Hanako no e wa tenrankai de yuushoo shita.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(\"The picture of Hanako/Hanako's picture won the first prize in an exhibition.\")", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Hanako no e (\"the picture of Hanako\" or \"Hanako's picture\") is ambiguous when taken out of context, with a range of possible semantic relations including possession, purchase, producer, and content. However, the ambiguity is resolved by unifying the semantic structure of the previous sentence with each of the semantic structures representing the possible semantic relations: the only semantic structure which can be successfully unified has the producer relation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "On Disambiguation by Contextual Information", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This research concerns semantic structures, especially those of noun phrases, and was conducted as part of a series of research efforts in the LUTE (Language Understander, Translator, & Editor) project [e, 7. I0, nl To date, ten thousand examples of A no B have been collected from scientific and newspaper articles, and the appropriateness of the classification of A no B investigated. In addition, as a preliminary experiment, a semantic relation analysis was tried with about a thousand examples, with rather satisfactory results. The meaning of A no B is generally ambiguous, and contextual information is needed to resolve the ambiguities. There seems to be variety of such ambiguities relating to contextual information, but in principle such ambiguities are considered to be resolved by assuming appropriate predicates as described in this paper.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Remarks", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The authors wish to thank Dr. Harold Somers for some helpful suggestions.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Acknowledgment", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[Case1][Case4]1. agent ... chooleoku.shuuri no shokuaintachi ('artisans repairing sculptures'}, 2. object ... ka~i no banish/('hypothetical story\"),3. method ... kaiket~u no shudan ('way to solve it'), 4. instrument ... seikai.koosaku no bu&i ('weapon for political transactions'), 5. material ... shooset$u no zQiryoo ('data for a novel\"), 6. reason ... fiko no gen'in ('cause o\u00a3 an accident\") ,7. location ,.. chuusha no basho ('parking space'), 8. time ... tsuki.chakuriku ao usa ('morning of the lunar module landing on the moon'), 9. source ... shuppatsu no kuulcoo (=airport of departure'), 10. destination ... h/~n no yaomote ('target of criticism'), II. direction ... hazsha no hookoo ('launching direction\"}, 12. goal ... kaitei no nerai ('aim of the revision\"), 13. frequency ... shigeki no kaLsuu ('the number of times of stimulation'), 14. manner ... kyoodooseilmtsu no tanoshisa ('enjoyment of community living'), 15. degree ... un'ei ao muzu/eazhisa (\"dimculties of the operation'), 16. ratio ... daigakusotsu no wax/ai ('the percentage of college graduates'}, 17. number ... shi~hutsu no gaku (\"the sum of the expenses').[CaseS]1. possesion ... taroo no hon ('Taro's book'), 2. belong-to ... ~tanfoodo-daigaku no ttyooju ('professor at Stanford University\"), 3. human-relation ... seito no chichioya ('father of a student'), 4. whole-part ... hoteru no he3~ ('a room of a hotel\"), 5. part-whole ... futa~u/\u00a2i no hako ('box with a lid'), 6. number ... shichinin no shin.shi ('seven gentlemen'), 7. age ... juunisai no musume san ('12-yearn old girl'}, 8. order ... saigo no hitori ('the last one\"), 9. kind ... tennen no shiba ('natural turin), 10. role ... puroyakyuu no seashu (\"professional baseball players'), 11. degree ... futsuu no hito (\"an average person'), 12. characteristics ... yakoosei no mushi ('nocturnal insects'), 13. material ... eakabiniiru sei no shibafu ('vinyl chloride turf'), 14. reason ... tabako no gai ('effects of smoking'), 15. producer ... GM no jidoosha (\"GM car\"), 16. location ... gaikoku no tomodachi ('friends in a foreign country\"), 17. time ... rnu/cashi no hitobito ('men of old times'), 18. source .. yuujin kaxa no tegami (\"letter from a friend\"), 19. destination ... kagaku e no aet~ui ('enthusiasm for sciences\"), 20. situation ... aremoyoo no hibi ('days of stormy weather\"), 21. goal ... koonyuu no tame no gaika ('foreign exchange needed to purchase ... \"), 22. content ... haiku no hon (\"a book of haiku\"), 23. reference ... sorera no mondai (\"problems of this kind\", 24. specification ... tokutei no raise (\"particular stores\").", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic relations between St and 8 in St no 8", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| "BIBREF14": { |
| "ref_id": "b14", |
| "title": "ssnmoaka no chyoosa", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": ".", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": null, |
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| "num": null, |
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| "raw_text": "agent ... ssnmoaka no chyoosa (\"study by experts\"), 2. objects ... amamori no hoshuu ('repairs of roof leaks\"), 3. tangent ...", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF15": { |
| "ref_id": "b15", |
| "title": "6. method ... den.sha no tsuugaku ('attending school by train'), 7. instrument ... eigo no toi (\"the English question\"), 8. material ... sa~arm no ~-2oori ('cooking of fish\"), 9. reason ... issanteatar#so no yogore", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
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| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
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| "raw_text": "gaikokujin to no fureai ('contact with foreigners'), 4. donor .../~are no purezento ('his present'), 5. receiver ... hata no meiwaku (\"inconvenience to others'), 6. method ... den.sha no tsuugaku ('attending school by train'), 7. instrument ... eigo no toi (\"the English question\"), 8. material ... sa~arm no ~-2oori ('cooking of fish\"), 9. reason ... issanteatar#so no yogore (\"carbon monoxide contamination\"), 10. time ... haru no yakyuu.kenbutsu ('watching baseball in the spring'), 11. location ... kooen no deeto ('date in a park'), 12. source ... kuukoo kara no shuppat~u ('departure from an airport'), 13. destination ... jiyuu \u2022 no kikyuu (\"desire for freedom\"), 14. goal ... iruka no hogo no tame no seitai-choosa Cecological research to protect dolphins'), 15. situation ... warui teahi no ryokoo (\"trip in bad weather'), 16. content ... kakkai seijooha no har~shiai (\"talks for Diet normalization\"), 17. role ...", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF16": { |
| "ref_id": "b16", |
| "title": "simple coincidence'), 19. frequency ... nijukkai no chuusha", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "hahn toshite no hataraki {\"role as a mother\"), 18. manner ... guu.zen no itchi (\"simple coincidence'), 19. frequency ... nijukkai no chuusha ('20 injections\"), 20. ratio ... san wari no dageki (\"batting at .300\"), 21. degree ... ooguchi no kenkin (*large contributions\"), 22. number ... 9,700 man'en ao kikin (\"\u00a597million in contributions\").", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF17": { |
| "ref_id": "b17", |
| "title": "rmzn~su no atsuaa ('the heat of mid-summer\"), 4. form ... ningea no sugata ('human figure'), 5. function ... ~iazokulei no seiaoo ('performance of an artificial leg\"), 6. name", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "yes6/no aedan ('prices of vegetables", |
| "volume": "7", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "1, size ... mona no fulcasa ('depth of things'), 2. color ... sh/zen no ira ('natural colors'), 3. temparature ... rmzn~su no atsuaa ('the heat of mid-summer\"), 4. form ... ningea no sugata ('human figure'), 5. function ... ~iazokulei no seiaoo ('performance of an artificial leg\"), 6. name ... mature-/no na ('name of a festival-},7, role ... sooch/no yakuwari ('the role of the device\"), 8. age ... son, ha no aem'ei ('age of a player'), 9. number ... yes6/no aedan ('prices of vegetables\"), 10. order ... purosgto no shuppauu.jun~ (\"Alain Prost's starting position\"), 11. ratio ... nihoa no juubua'noichi ('one-tenth the population of Japan').", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "~is love\") B: ren'ai (.~,~, \"love ~) ... action, A: kate (~. \"he\") ... agent of the action 2. B functions as a case role such as location, and is restricted relatively by A. gakkoo no nine (.-----~ \u00a2) ~. \"front of a school') B: nine (~, \"front\"/\"oefore'} ... location/time, A: gakkoo (~. \"school') ... object 3. B is an attribute of A. hako no omosa (;U \u00a23 t ~ , \"weight of a box') B: omosa(lt ~, \"weight\"} ... attribute, A: kako(R, 'q0ox-) ... object 4. B is an argument of a predicate functioned semantically by A. sanpo no him (~ \u00a2) ~,, \"man who strolls') B: Aim (/~, \"man') ... agent, A: sanpo (['~. \"strolls\") ... action 5. A is a kind of an attribute value orB. kooennoki(~--~o)YK, \"tree in a park') B: ki (~, \"Wee') ... object, A: kooen (~ [], \"park\")... value of an object's attribute location", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Figure lbFormat for an argument noun and B. Result shows sets of attribute-value pairs obtained by the semantic function application. In the representation, words in parentheses such as (syncat) and (right pred) are path notations and are used to point to a value in the manner of an index notation Isl.", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Semantic relations in this case are classified mainly into three types : a) relational restriction such as a human relation, b) attributive restrict/on such as a kind relation and c) situational restriction such as a location relation.", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Figure 4a", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Figure 4b", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "n", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF6": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Case2] --, A p V B p: ga / o (case particles), V: aru (\"be') / suru ('do\") / shita ('done\") /e no ma~ ('front of a house\") --* iegaaru mae (\"front of a place where a house is') [Case3] -* A ga motsu B (\"B which has A\") ishi no omosa ('weight of a stone\") --* ishi ga motsu omosa (\"weight which a stone has') [Case4] -* A o suruB (\"B'whichdoA\") sanpo no hito (\"person who strolls\") -~ sanpo o suru hito (\"person who strolls\") [CaseS] ~ ApVB p: n.i I ga I ham / no tame ni (particles), V: aru (\"be in\") / motsu ('have') / tsuhurareru (\"be made') / ohosu (\"cause\")", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF7": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "pred: [reh paint agent: Hanako object: picture] This semantic structure can be obtained also from the noun-centered semantic structure as follows. picture [pred: reh paint agent: Hanako object: picture(*)]", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Five main groups by the semantic classi.qcation of A no B1. B functions as a predicate semantically, and A is its argument.", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table/>" |
| }, |
| "TABREF3": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "loc kooen (~ [~, park)", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>[]</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>NONE</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">syncat: {n rip v vp}</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">semcat: []</td></tr><tr><td/><td>sense:</td><td>[]</td></tr><tr><td/><td>right:</td><td>[]</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">> pred: Io\u00a2: syncat:</td><td>np</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">semcat:</td><td>Io\u00a2</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">sense:</td><td>(sense)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">default-marker.</td><td>de</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">marker:.</td><td>(marker)</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">syncat: np</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">semcat: (right semcat)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>sense:</td><td colspan=\"2\">(right sense)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>pred:</td><td colspan=\"2\">(right pred)</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Semantic structure of kooen (\"park')</td></tr><tr><td/><td>np</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>action</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">shuukai (~1~ ~, meeting)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>tel:</td><td colspan=\"2\">held-meeting</td></tr><tr><td/><td>agent:</td><td>syncat:</td><td>np</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>semcat~</td><td>animate</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>sense:</td><td>[]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>case:</td><td>subj</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">default-marker,</td><td>ga</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>marker:.</td><td>{ga no *}</td></tr><tr><td/><td>loc:</td><td>syncat:</td><td>np</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>semcat:</td><td>1o\u00a2</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>sense:</td><td>kooen (~Y. ~, park)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">default-marker,</td><td>de</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>marker:</td><td>no</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Semantic structure of kooen no shuukai</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(\"meeting in a park\")</td></tr><tr><td>syncat:</td><td>np</td><td/></tr><tr><td>semcat:</td><td>loc</td><td/></tr><tr><td>sense:</td><td colspan=\"2\">mae ('~, front)</td></tr><tr><td>pred:</td><td>rel:</td><td>be</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">object: syncat:</td><td>np</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>semcat:</td><td>loc</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>sense:</td><td>biru ( ~ Jt~, building)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>case:</td><td>subj</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">default-marker:</td><td>ga</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>marker:</td><td>no</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 5</td><td/><td/></tr></table>" |
| }, |
| "TABREF5": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Noun phrase with a relative clause for each case in the A no B classification [Case1] ..* ApVB p: ga / o / de / ni (case", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table/>" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
