| { |
| "paper_id": "T75-1005", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:43:02.102970Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "WHAT MAKES SAM RUN? SCRIPT BASED TECHNIQUES FOR QUESTION ANSWERING", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Wendy", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lehnert", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Yale University I", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
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| "paper_id": "T75-1005", |
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| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "to be asked is \"How come?\" This is equivalent to \"Why didn't John sit down?\" or \"Why didn't John pay the check?\" Answers to these will either be wierd-oriented answers or interference-oriented answers (see part IV).", |
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| "text": "When How he gets there is variables Applying V/E to the question, we establish the focus to be on driving. \"Did John eat his meal in 10 minutes?\" We expect John to eat his meal. How long it takes him is variable.", |
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| "text": "Applying V/E we determine the focus to be on the time it took John to eat.", |
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| "text": "If more than one variable occurs in a question, some hierarchy must be invoked to establish the focus.", |
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| "text": "In answering \"Why did John drive to the restaurant at 4:00A.M~?\" we presumably find that going at 4:00A.M. is more interesting than driving. People need to be able to resolve focus in order to understand what a question is driving at~ \"Why did John roller skate to the restaurant at 4:00A.M.?\" tends to have the effect of two different questions: \"Why did he roller skate?\" and \"Why did he go at 4:00A.M.?\" The ambiguity in this question results from the ambiguity of focus. We have trouble deciding which is more interesting, the mode of transportation, or the hour. When focus is not resolved a question seems confused or ill-defined. ", |
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| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"7\">So to arrive at the best answer we</td><td>have</td><td>to</td><td>A, John indicated to the sit down?\" or \"Did John pay</td><td>waiter the</td><td>that check?\"</td><td>he</td></tr><tr><td>focus</td><td colspan=\"8\">on the actor being the most important</td><td>because</td><td>would the</td><td>like actions a</td><td>checks in question are full The waiter gave</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">or interesting component</td><td>of</td><td>the</td><td colspan=\"2\">question.</td><td>script</td><td>John the checks constants with</td><td>John no</td><td>remembered possibility</td><td>that of</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">How do we do this?</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>the variation</td><td>waiter within</td><td>had the</td><td>served expectations the</td><td>lobster of the</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>quickly~ script. In such instances John left the waiter a where no</td><td>large focus</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>exists</td><td>tips the</td><td>expectations of the script have</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>been violated.</td><td>(John should have</td><td>sat</td><td>down</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">INTRODUCTION</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Q~ Did John enjoy the lobster? and he should have paid the checks) Whenever A~ Probably~ expectations are violated, the natural</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>question</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">The A~I.</td><td colspan=\"6\">group at Yale has developed a</td><td>Q. Who paid the bill?</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">program SAM (ScriptApplier Mechanism) which</td><td>A~ John.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">models The basic processes Thisconjecture is based on the premise that in story understanding~ theoretical construct underlying SAM is the notion of a script (Schank variables are more interesting than & Abelson 75)~ Script based knowledge constants, i.e. the unexpected is more is mundane information which tends to lie in worthy of attention than the expected.</td><td>Q. Why did John pay the bill? A, So he could leave.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">the restaurant, watching a football game, taking periphery of consciousness~ Going to a a bus, and paying bills In general, implementing such a rule may be hard, but within the context of a are examples of script activities. Scripts script, it's easy. Every script is describe situations characterized by a set or sequence of which are frequently encountered with negligible or predictable actions specific to that script. In a variations~ People in situational scripts restaurant the patron expects to receive a are seldom conscious of script related actions~ menu, sit down at a table, order, eat, pay, The acts etc. Expected acts such as these are which define a script are things which people automatically do or expect to constants within the script. We are occurs Since a person who has not seen a football surprised to hear things like:</td><td>II. FOCUS processing INTERPRETING A recurring issue in QUESTIONS: natural ESTABLISHING language which is particularly evident in question answering is the problem of focus~ What is interesting about a statement? Where is attention directed? What aspects of a statement are significant? Many questions a large extent people manage to agree on have more than one acceptable answer and to</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">game will not fully comprehend stories about football games, we assume script John went to a restaurant but he based knowledge is used in story understandings didn't eat. John went to a restaurant and didn't</td><td>which appropriateness answers of focus~ Questions usually seem most of a response is a function natural. The have a focus</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">SAM utilizes to pay the check. order When John went to the a restaurant restaurant script he paraphrase, summarize, and answer in questions concerning stories about eating sat on the floor.</td><td>(or more appropriate than another~ emphasis) which renders Consider the sample input</td><td>one response story above</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">out in a restaurant~ techniques described devised as SAM evolved~ The question answering in this paper were The following story is an input story which SAM has processed: In these cases our expectations have been violated because the script constants of eating, paying, and sitting at a'table have been contradicted or over-ruled~ When given a question, we examine the question statement in order to establish which</td><td>and the question \"Did the waiter give John a menu?\" The most natural answer to this is \"No, the hostess gave John a menu.\" To arrive at this response we must go beyond the original yes or no question and answer a second question \"Who gave John a menu?</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">John went to a hostess seated Johns John a menus The waiter came restaurant~ The hostess gave The to the table~ John ordered lobsters John was served quickly~ John left a large tip~ John left the restaurants SAM responds in a sample question answering session: components comprise a script constant. Once we know which script constant matches our question statement, we take the object of focus to be that element of the question statement which is not a part of the script \u2022 constant (if one exists). Since this extraneous element should be a script variable (being non-constant) we have established the appropriate focus.</td><td>DID THE WAITER GIVE JOHN A MENU? / \\ YES NO \\ WELL THEN, WHO DID? \\</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"8\">In our example, the act of transferring</td><td>THE HOSTESS</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">a menu</td><td colspan=\"7\">to the patron is a script constant.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">We expect an ATRANS of</td><td>the</td><td>menu</td><td>to</td><td>John.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">Q. What happened John a menu? A~ John read the that John was at the table~ when the hostess menu. The waiter The waiter gave saw went to the table~ gives him the menu is a script variable since we would not be surprised to Who hear it was the hostess or a waiter. Perhaps even the cook gave him the menu or he got it himself. A similar situation occurs when John gets the check. We expect him to get a check, but the actor of the transfer is variable. Of course these variables assume default bindings in the absence of explicit data; unless I hear otherwise, I assume the waiter brings the check.</td><td>The picked up this second questions interesting problem here to ask who gave John the menu is By going on how we we have interpreted the original question to focus on the actor who executes the transfer of the menus How did this emphasis arise? We could have gone on to ask \"Well then, what did the waiter give John?\" or even \"Well then, what did the waiter do?\" Emphasis in this direction would elicit answers like:</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Q. What did John eat? A~ Lobster. Whenever the answer to \"No\", it is natural negative is response with a</td><td colspan=\"3\">a to correction did-question augment the or</td><td>No, the'waiter gave John a checks No, the waiter brought John his meal~ No, the waiter took John's orders</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">explanation classifiable response is</td><td colspan=\"6\">of situations some sort. when negative. In one case a focus There are two the initial</td><td>While each of these'is an acceptable answer, they are less natural than:</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">Q. What exists and can be determined by our rule (as happened when John ate the in the waiter giving John the menu). In the lobster? other case no focus is found in the</td><td>No, the hostess gave John a menus</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">question.</td><td colspan=\"2\">No</td><td>focus</td><td colspan=\"4\">is found in \"Did John</td><td>16.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>17.</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Q~ Why did John go to a restaurant? A. So John could eat.Q~ Did the waiter give John a menu? A. No, the hostess gave John a menu.Q. Why did the hostess give John a menu?A. So John could orders Who brought John the lobster? A. The waiter brought John the lobster.", |
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