| { |
| "paper_id": "T75-2016", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:43:05.424009Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "THE BOUNDARIES OF LANGUAGE GENERATION", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Neil", |
| "middle": [ |
| "M" |
| ], |
| "last": "Goldman", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "USC -Information Sciences Institute", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "T75-2016", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "In this paper I would like to address several basically independent issues relating to the processes of natural language generation (NLG) and research on modeling these processes.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 132, |
| "end": 137, |
| "text": "(NLG)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the subsection \"Paradigms for Generation\" I maintain that, viewed at a moderately abstract level, the vast majority of current research in this area falls into a single model and focuses on the \"tail end\" of the language generation process.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The difference between individual models seems to be based on differing assumptions or convictions regarding the nature of \"pre-generative\" aspects of language use.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Generation\" describes the particularized version of this basic model within which I work. The assumptions underlying this approach and the aspects of language generation which it attempts to account for are stressed. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The subsection \"Conceptual", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A straightforward interpretation of the term \"natural language generation\" would allow that phrase to encompass all processes which contribute to the production of a natural language expression, E, from some context, C. This leads to a \"demonic\" picture of generation as illustrated in Figure I . ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 286, |
| "end": 295, |
| "text": "Figure I", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "II. PARADIGMS FOR GENERATION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(I)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "II. PARADIGMS FOR GENERATION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "What constitutes an NLG-activating context?", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "II. PARADIGMS FOR GENERATION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) What processes and knowledge are needed to produce an appropriate E in such a context? Now in fact (I) has not been addressed as a serious problem in most work on generation. The activating context has almost universally been the existence of some \"information to be The paradigm which has evolved out of this decision is depicted in Figure 2 . The increased use of context is done to effect a more \"natural\" encoding of the message rather than simply a \"legal\" encoding.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 103, |
| "end": 290, |
| "text": "(I) has not been addressed as a serious problem in most work on generation. The activating context has almost universally been the existence of some \"information to be", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 358, |
| "end": 366, |
| "text": "Figure 2", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "74", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this respect there are implicit in such NLG models certain assumptions about the use of context in language understanding. This matter will be elaborated somewhat later. The generation algorithm demonstrates a mixture of data-driven and goal-driven behavior.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "74", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition to the initial goal -\"generate a SENTENCE expressing the meaning of the given graph\" -choices made in the course of generation set up sub-goals -e.g., \"express the RECIPIENT of a transmission and make it the SUBJECT of the structure being built.\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "74", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The conceptual content of the message, however, drives the selection of a verb for the English sentence and the construction of \"optional\" structural segments. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "74", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": {}, |
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| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Figure I" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
