| { |
| "paper_id": "T75-2028", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:43:05.929299Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "DOES A STORY UNDERSTANDER NEED A POINT OF VIEW?", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Robert", |
| "middle": [ |
| "P" |
| ], |
| "last": "Abelson", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Yale University", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "T75-2028", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "there was a good deal of informal discussion of the use by people of analogue simulations in knowledge retrieval or question-answering.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We asked each other questions like, \"How many traffic lights are there along your usual route from the railroad station to your house?\" Or, \"Can a salt shaker be used as a stool?\". The former type of question usually gives rise to introspective reports of a mental simulation of the traversal of the requested route, replete with visual imagery. The latter type of question may or may not give rise to a mental simulation. Some people report knowing propositlonally that a salt shaker cannot be used as a stool because its size is insufficient. Others report mentally playing through the motor sequence of sitting on a salt shaker, whence they rudely discover the negative answer.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
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| "text": "People with different cognitive styles can become quite exercised over whether the propositional or simulational account is the \"correct\" psychological description of this type of question-answering. People who experience difficulty constructing visual or motor images are prone to be strong propositionalists (e.g., Pylyshyn, 1973) . I had a recent argument on this issue with a well-known psychologist not given to visual imagery.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 317, |
| "end": 332, |
| "text": "Pylyshyn, 1973)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "\"Can a salt shaker be a stool?\", I asked her. \"No,\" she said immediately, \"Obviously not. It's the wrong size. I knew that right away because the features of a salt shaker don't match the crlticlal features of a stool. I didn't need any visual imagery\". I then found a subtler example to test her:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\"Can a shoe be a hammer?\". She hesitated.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Absent-mindedly making a repeated hammering motion up and down with her hand, as though grasping a hypothetical shoe, she answered, \"Well, yes.\" I pounced at her gesture.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\"Aha! Why were you moving your hand like that?\" \"Oh, I often gesture like this,\" she replied, switching slyly to a side-to-side motion.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\"No, not llke that (side-to-side) I said, \"like thief\" (up and down).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "She reluctantly conceded the point. Score one against the proposltionalists.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Of course the idea that a knowledge system can know by doing is familiar in artificial intelligence under the rubric of \"procedural knowledge\" (Winograd, 1972; Rumelhart, Lindsay, & Norman, 1972) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 143, |
| "end": 159, |
| "text": "(Winograd, 1972;", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 160, |
| "end": 195, |
| "text": "Rumelhart, Lindsay, & Norman, 1972)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is also basic tenet of Piaget's psychology of knowledge.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Nevertheless, the procedures involved in particular mental simulations are not well understood.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "While in principle it may be possible to separate the concept of simulation from the discussion of non-lingulstic codes or images, in practice the two areas seem intertwined. In this paper I will discuss the mental simulation of spatial traversals, as provoked by stories of individuals going from here to there and encountering various events and objects along the way. (Bransford, Barclay, & Franks, 1972; Kintsch, 1974) . It has also recently been conjectured by Schank and Abelson (1975) for textual contexts replete with cliche --\"situational scripts\" such as eating in a restaurant --that listeners will insert missing obvious details without later realzing that they have done so. The similar pheonomenon conjectured here would be even more striking because the inserted details would be essentially gratuitous: the stories do not imply any particular type of gate latch or direction of turn, etc. This supports the reasonable supposition that processing style depends upon the proclivities of the individuals as well as the task orientation given whole groups of subjects.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 371, |
| "end": 407, |
| "text": "(Bransford, Barclay, & Franks, 1972;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 408, |
| "end": 422, |
| "text": "Kintsch, 1974)", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "start": 466, |
| "end": 491, |
| "text": "Schank and Abelson (1975)", |
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| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
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| "text": "The overall pattern of these results is I think very difficult to explain from a propositionalist point of view. All subjects heard exactly the same story. They were all told to imagine along with w~at they heard, so that one cannot argue that some subjects were oriented toward linguistic and others toward non-linguistic codes.", |
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| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "All that was different between subject groups was the vantage point from which imagination was to be exercised. The results, it seems to me, support not only the existence of non-linguistic codes, but even more theory-bogglingly, the existence of di@ferent forms of non-lin~uis$ic codes which depend on the point of view of the listener.", |
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| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Having made this strong statement, I hasten to add the disclaimer that I intend the word \"existence\" in a very weak sense. This heuristic argument has recently been put forward by Kosslyn and Pomerantz (1975) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 180, |
| "end": 208, |
| "text": "Kosslyn and Pomerantz (1975)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
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| { |
| "text": "In ", |
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| "section": "At the Carbonell Memorial", |
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| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "Sentence memory: A constructive vs. interpretive approach. Cognitive Psvcholomv", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "D" |
| ], |
| "last": "Bransford", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "R" |
| ], |
| "last": "Barclay", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "J" |
| ], |
| "last": "Franks", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1972, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "193--209", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Bransford, J.D., Barclay, J.R., and Franks, J.J., Sentence memory: A constructive vs. interpretive approach. Cognitive Psvcholomv, 1972, ~, 193-209.", |
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| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">TyPe of Detail</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>Far visual</td><td>Near visual</td><td>Body Sensation</td><td>(Overall)</td></tr><tr><td>Self</td><td>.417</td><td>.616</td><td>.660</td><td>(.572)</td></tr><tr><td>Balcony</td><td>\u2022 593</td><td>.613</td><td>.510</td><td>(.572)</td></tr><tr><td>No vantage point</td><td>.476</td><td>.572</td><td>.476</td><td>(.508)</td></tr><tr><td>(p-value, Self vs. Balcony)</td><td>(<.05)</td><td>(ns)</td><td>(<.05)</td><td>(ns)</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Mean proportions of correct recalls of story details", |
| "num": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
