| { |
| "paper_id": "T78-1023", |
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| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:52:05.469333Z" |
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| "title": "ON THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF VISUAL MENTAL IMAGES", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Stephen", |
| "middle": [ |
| "Michael" |
| ], |
| "last": "Kosslyn", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Harvard University", |
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| }, |
| "email": "" |
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| "abstract": "", |
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| "text": "This definition arises out of the \"cathode ray tube\" metaphor originally introduced in Kosslyn (1974 Kosslyn ( , 1975 Kosslyn ( , 1976 and later implemented in a computer simulation by Kosslyn & Shwartz (1977a, in press). On this view, images are spatial representations in active memory generated from more abstract representations in Long-term memory; these spatial representations are able to be interpreted (\"inspected\") by procedures that classify them into various semantic categories. 1.0 A preliminar 7 definition of a visual mental image I wish to define a \"visual mental image\" in terms of five basic kinds of properties.", |
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| "start": 87, |
| "end": 100, |
| "text": "Kosslyn (1974", |
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| "start": 101, |
| "end": 117, |
| "text": "Kosslyn ( , 1975", |
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| "start": 118, |
| "end": 134, |
| "text": "Kosslyn ( , 1976", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "start": 185, |
| "end": 210, |
| "text": "Kosslyn & Shwartz (1977a,", |
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| "text": "Images are often distinguished from more discrete, propositional or linguistic representations because they supposedly have \"analogue\"", |
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| "text": "properties. Thus, the first two properties noted below describe analogue representations as a class. Goodman (1968) , Palmer (in press), Shepard (1975) , Sloman (1975) , and others have provided informative and detailed discussions of relevance here, and I will draw freely on these sources in the present discussion. In another experiment, people imaged schematic faces wherein the eyes were either llght or dark and located either 3, 4, or 5 inches above the mouth; in all other respects the faces were identical. After a given face had been removed, a subject was asked to focus on the mouth and then to: image the face as large as possible without it seeming to overflow, or image it half of this size, or image it so large subjectively that only the mouth was left visible in the image. Following this, the word \"light\" or \"dark\" was presented.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 109, |
| "end": 115, |
| "text": "(1968)", |
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| "start": 137, |
| "end": 151, |
| "text": "Shepard (1975)", |
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| "start": 154, |
| "end": 167, |
| "text": "Sloman (1975)", |
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| "text": "As soon as either word had occurred, the subject was to \"glance up\" to the eyes of the imaged face and see whether or not they were appropriately described by the word. Time to judge whether the eyes were light or dark increased llnearly with distance from the mouth.", |
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| "text": "Further, overall scanning times were reduced when people were asked to \"shrink\" an imaged face mentally prior to scanning it, and times were increased when subjects \"expanded\" a face before scanning. for example, and also may be harder to \"see\" in imagery. This result was in fact obtained (see Kosslyn, 1975) ; parts of subjectively smaller images of objects did require more time to classify mentally than did parts of subjectively larger imaged objects. In addition, simply varying the size of the part ~ s_s also affected time to examine an image.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
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| "start": 295, |
| "end": 309, |
| "text": "Kosslyn, 1975)", |
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| "text": "In this case, smaller parts--like a cat's claws--required more time to see on an image than did larger parts--like its head. This last result was obtained (Kosslyn, 1976) I have no doubt that alternative non-imagery accounts can be formulated for each set of results, but the collection of each of these individual accounts will likely be more ad hoc, post hoc and cumbersome than the imagery accounts.", |
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| "start": 155, |
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| "text": "(Kosslyn, 1976)", |
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| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images", |
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| "first": "L", |
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| "A" |
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| "last": "Cooper", |
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| "raw_text": "Cooper, L. A. & Shepard, R. N. Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images.", |
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