| { |
| "paper_id": "T78-1025", |
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| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:51:53.346599Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES IN LANGUAGE AND VISION", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Yorick", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wilks", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Essex Colchester", |
| "location": { |
| "country": "England" |
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| "email": "" |
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| "abstract": "The purpose of this brief note is to argue that, whatever the justification of semantic primitlves for language understanding may be [see Wilks 1977] there is no reason to believe that it relates to vision in any strong sense. By \"semantic primitives\" I mean the general sort of item proposed within Artificial Intelligence (AI) by Wllks (1972, 1977), Schank (1973) and within linguistics by Fodor and Katz (1963), Jackendoff (1975) among many others, in both cases. The generality of these items is essential to my argument, and I shall not count as semantic primitives items used for special tasks, whether or not those tasks are related to vision, as are the visual description primitives of Johnson-Laird (1977).", |
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| "text": "The purpose of this brief note is to argue that, whatever the justification of semantic primitlves for language understanding may be [see Wilks 1977] there is no reason to believe that it relates to vision in any strong sense. By \"semantic primitives\" I mean the general sort of item proposed within Artificial Intelligence (AI) by Wllks (1972, 1977), Schank (1973) and within linguistics by Fodor and Katz (1963), Jackendoff (1975) among many others, in both cases. The generality of these items is essential to my argument, and I shall not count as semantic primitives items used for special tasks, whether or not those tasks are related to vision, as are the visual description primitives of Johnson-Laird (1977).", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
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| "text": "What follows is highly naive and speculative: it will rest largely upon the opposition of linguistic knowledge to spatial and visual knowledge respectively. I take it for granted that the latter are not necessarily connected, and so to establish that ~e need spatial knowledge to understand language (to name a task at random) does not establish that we need visual knowledge. The lack of necessary connexion is shown by such hackneyed examples as the person blind from birth, who has no visual, but a great deal of spatial, knowledge.", |
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| "text": "One initial reason for distinguishing the two is the great deal of argumentation in linguistics in recent years that falls under the general heading Iocalism. This thrust of argumentation has sought to establish the central role of spatial concepts in linguistics, and among its best known proponents are Anderson (1971) , Fillmore (1977) and Jackendoff (1975) Let us now, as the brief substance of this paper, look at three arguments that might be put forward to support the dependence, or interdependence, of linguistic and visual knowledge.", |
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| { |
| "start": 305, |
| "end": 320, |
| "text": "Anderson (1971)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 323, |
| "end": 338, |
| "text": "Fillmore (1977)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 343, |
| "end": 360, |
| "text": "Jackendoff (1975)", |
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| "text": "This comes in phylogenetic and ontogenetlc forms. The former is the ingenious argument (Gregory 1970 ) that, since the human race has been able to see for many times more millenia than it has been able to speak or write, then it might seem reasonable to believe, on evolutionary grounds that the brain \"took over\" the existing visual structures for language understanding and production. This argument may well be true, but at present there is no independent evidence that would count for or against it.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 87, |
| "end": 100, |
| "text": "(Gregory 1970", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Evolutionary ar~umants", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The \"ontogenetic form\" of the argument -in the individual, that is -is that one first learns words essentially through the visual channel, and so again our linguistic knowledge is essentially dependent upon visual criteria and experience.", |
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| "section": "Evolutionary ar~umants", |
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| "text": "The best quick answer is to turn to the sort of word often used as a semantic primitive in AI language understanding systems: STUFF (=substance), ATRANS (=changing the ownership of an entity), CAUSE (=preceding and necessitating an event). At a more specific level was the thesis, not now widely supported, that language and vision in some sense shared the same \"grammar\", in the sense of Chomsky's transformational grammar (Clowes 1972 Secondly, we may return to general semantic primitives of the sort already mentioned (and similar inventories may be found in (Bierwisch 1970) and (Leech 1974) between which one can drive \"without thinking\";", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 424, |
| "end": 436, |
| "text": "(Clowes 1972", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 563, |
| "end": 579, |
| "text": "(Bierwisch 1970)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 584, |
| "end": 596, |
| "text": "(Leech 1974)", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| "section": "Evolutionary ar~umants", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "and also about both of which one has a great deal of textual/factual information. Readers of (Fillmore 1977) In conclusion, this note has tried to do no more than ward off certain confusions, and to stress how many points of view are still open, stnce the evidence for and against them is no more than anecdotal, even when the anecdotes come from Psychology labs. The choice between theses 1/11/111 is a metaphysical one, in the more redblooded sense of that overtired word: it cannot be made on empirical grounds now, but it can have important practical consequences about where one chooses to look for answers.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
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| "start": 93, |
| "end": 108, |
| "text": "(Fillmore 1977)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
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| "section": "Evolutionary ar~umants", |
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| "BIBREF0": { |
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| "text": "will fecal| his attempt to describe the relation of a text-based frame and an experientially-based scene to the same ,, situation. I think AI workers at this particular interface could profit from considering the extent to which such possible inconsistencies can be matters of theory rather than superficial fact: an observer who is asked whether two sides of a long railway line meet at the furthest point he can see will give an answer not independent of of his abstract (possibly linguistically based) theory of parallel lines.", |
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