| { |
| "paper_id": "1981", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:49:27.682667Z" |
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| "title": "PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF MACHINE TRANSLATION V. Lawson (ed.) 61 North-Holland Publishing Company / \u00a9 ASLIB, 1982 THE IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK FROM TRANSLATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-QUALITY MACHINE TRANSLATION", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Ian", |
| "middle": [ |
| "M" |
| ], |
| "last": "Pigott", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Commission of the European Communities", |
| "location": { |
| "country": "Luxembourg" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "Until fairly recently, those involved in the design and development of M.T. systems tended to be expert programmers and moderately competent linguists, often with a good working knowledge of several foreign languages, but seldom, if ever, with any first-hand experience of professional translation. Perhaps this explains why M.T. was introduced first and foremost in the area of information scanning where huge lexical data bases in combination with rather rudimentary translation programs provided usable results. However, now that a number of translators have begun to use M.T. as an aid in their day-today work, the feedback received from them is proving to be a vital source of information, not only in the correction of present shortcomings but in the further enhancement of systems at all levels.", |
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| "paper_id": "1981", |
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| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Until fairly recently, those involved in the design and development of M.T. systems tended to be expert programmers and moderately competent linguists, often with a good working knowledge of several foreign languages, but seldom, if ever, with any first-hand experience of professional translation. Perhaps this explains why M.T. was introduced first and foremost in the area of information scanning where huge lexical data bases in combination with rather rudimentary translation programs provided usable results. However, now that a number of translators have begun to use M.T. as an aid in their day-today work, the feedback received from them is proving to be a vital source of information, not only in the correction of present shortcomings but in the further enhancement of systems at all levels.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "At the beginning of this year (1981), translators at the Commission's translation division in Luxembourg began making use of Systran machine translations as an aid in their routine work. While many have reacted somewhat negatively to this new approach, the enthusiasm demonstrated by others seems to mark something of a turning point in the interplay between man and machine in this field.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In my analysis today, I should therefore like to examine some of the possible reasons why translators have been so hesitant to turn to the computer for assistance in high-quality translation work despite the fact that M.T. systems have been in operation for a good many years. I shall also give a brief account of the types of feedback received from translators and the vital part it now plays in M.T. development at the Commission.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is not a primary aim of this conference to describe the workings or mechanics of the systems under consideration. Indeed, a considerable amount of literature has already been published on the subject. But for the purposes of this talk, let me just say that Systran as used by the Commission is a free-syntax batch-operated system covering many subject fields which produces raw machine translations without any human intervention apart from text input.", |
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| "section": "INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If we trace back the history of M.T., we find that most of the basic design and development work in the fifties and sixties was carried out by expert computer programmers assisted by a new breed of linguists, soon to be known as computational linguists. However, seldom, if ever, were actual translators involved. This is perhaps not surprising for a number of reasons. Firstly, the hardware systems available at the time were extremely limited in capacity and performance, with the result that any program had to be carefully adapted to the constraints of the machine. Secondly, in the absence of any dependable high-level computer languages, the programming itself had to be done in machine language which was virtually incomprehensible to linguists and translators. Thirdly, translators themselves were very sceptical about M.T. in general and it was therefore up to programmers and computational linguists to prove that translation could in fact be handled by computers.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "EARLY DEVELOPMENTS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "There were, as we all know, many ups and downs in the early days. Large sums of money were invested but for the most part results were very disappointing. Indeed, the publication of the ALPAC report in 1966 with its recommendation that investment in M.T. development should be discontinued seemed to have finally put an end to further progress.", |
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| "section": "EARLY DEVELOPMENTS", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Nevertheless a number of individuals remained convinced that machine translation was indeed feasible and one or two of them continued development work privately. In particular, by the late sixties Dr Peter Toma's original Russian-English Systran system was providing extremely useful output for the U.S. Air Force. Soon after, the Logos system started producing satisfactory translations from English into Vietnamese, and a version of the Georgetown system was used to a limited extent by the EC research centre in Ispra.", |
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| "section": "SUCCESS IN INFORMATION GATHERING", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "But all these systems were used primarily for information gathering purposes. The aim was not so much to produce elegant translations for general distribution and publication as to provide experts with a rough-and-ready indication of the topics covered by documents they were unable to read in the original language.", |
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| "section": "SUCCESS IN INFORMATION GATHERING", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Translators who had the opportunity to examine these early results were almost invariably highly critical of the quality standards reached and some took great delight in compiling lists of particularly hilarious M.T. output. We have all been reminded time and time again of how the Russian saying \"Out of sight, out of mind\" allegedly produced \"Invisible idiot\" in English.", |
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| "section": "SUCCESS IN INFORMATION GATHERING", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Yet the users themselves, above all scientists and technicians working for the U.S. Air Force, reacted quite differently. They continued to put in more and more requests for raw Russian-English machine translations, covering an ever increasing number of subject fields. As a result, the Air Force extended its financing of the Systran Russian-English system, which as time went by was to serve as a prototype for developments covering other language pairs.", |
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| "section": "SUCCESS IN INFORMATION GATHERING", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The success of these earlier systems undoubtedly lay in the huge machine dictionaries containing hundreds of thousands of technical terms in dozens of subject fields. Yet as computer performance increased, the translation programs were significantly improved, producing an ever more intelligible standard of output.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "SUCCESS IN INFORMATION GATHERING", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "It was indeed this success which encouraged the EC Commission to acquire the Systran system in 1976 for translation from English into French and later from French into English and English into Italian. However, while initial tests seemed to indicate that M.T. could be used for information scanning purposes, as in providing raw translations of databases connected to Euronet, the Commission's primary objective, that of assisting in-house translators in their day-to-day work by providing M.T. printouts for human post-editing, proved to be a much more difficult task.", |
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| "section": "THE COMMISSION'S INVOLVEMENT", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For example, of those translators who were invited to participate in the", |
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| "section": "THE COMMISSION'S INVOLVEMENT", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "initial development of Systran, all but one left the project after the first two months, either on the grounds that they were unable to understand the technical workings of the system or, more often, because they simply did not believe the standard of output could ever be significantly improved. Then again, despite some rather positive statistics on gains in cost-efficiency documented in evaluations carried out on the Systran system, translators generally opposed the introduction of M.T., maintaining the output provided was simply of no use to them.", |
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| "section": "63", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Although these reactions were very disappointing at the time -and indeed threatened to jeopardize the entire future of the project -in retrospect they can be understood.", |
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| "section": "63", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Whereas information scientists had been content with intelligibility, the Commission's translators were far more concerned with the accuracy of a translation. Moreover, even in cases where a machine translation was accurate, in the sense that the meaning of the translation was the same as that of the original, translators had the impression that mistakes in terminology, syntax and, for example, capitalization outweighed any benefits.", |
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| "section": "63", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Some of these reactions may have been psychological. Seasoned translators could hardly be expected to relish the thought of having to correct errors from the computer which a 10 year-old child would never have made, nor could they be expected to give overwhelming support to a system which, to them at any rate, seemed to pose a real threat to their future.", |
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| "section": "63", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Yet on closer analysis, it appeared that many of the negative reactions received stemmed from the fact that the quality of the machine outputhowever intelligible -was simply not suitable for post-editing.", |
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| "section": "63", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "A great deal of effort was therefore put into generally upgrading the quality of the systems under development by introducing more terminology, improving the performance of the analysis and synthesis programs and providing easily readable print-outs in upper and lower case. Yet in the absence of any real feedback from translators in the form of post-editing, those of us responsible for quality improvement could only guess at what the real priorities were.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "To help us identify these we entrusted Margaret Masterman of C.L.R.U. with a study on the future potential of Systran. One of the most important recommendations which came out of this study was that translators should be provided with full documentation on the system in natural language in order that they could play an active part in its improvement. This recommendation led to a further study by C.L.R.U. to examine the feasibility of automatically transcribing the Systran program from IBM macro into natural English.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "The \"opening-up of the black box\" resulting from this work (which is still in progress) proved to be a major step forward in encouraging translators to take an interest in the system and was paramount in overcoming one of the psychological barriers between the human translator and the machine.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Another study which provided us with a much better idea of translators' requirements was that undertaken by Veronica Lawson on the applicability of Systran to the translation of patents. The strict discipline of working closely with a translator over a number of months led to a better understanding on our part of what was or what was not acceptable and indeed resulted in major improvements. The carefully annotated printouts we received from Mrs Lawson and her colleagues proved to be an excellent source of feedback, particularly as errors considered to be \"serious\" were highlighted by colour coding. Finally, the study showed that professional translators were indeed willing and able to make a real contribution to M.T. Moreover, if the system could be adapted to patent translation, there appeared to be no reason why it could not be adapted to the translation of various types of Commission texts.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "In 1979 we therefore began using Systran for translating a number of documents originating in our own department. Fortunately, we were able to find one or two \"motivated\" translators who were happy to post-edit the machine output and advise us on priorities for further quality improvement.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "By the beginning of 1981 we were thus in a position to introduce a Systran service for translations from English into French and Italian and from French into English in cases where documents were considered to be suitable for M.T. The aim here was to provide the translator with a raw machine translation on paper which he could either post-edit directly or use as a basis for dictating his own translation. In fact, most of the documents were post-edited and returned to us, often with critical comments.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The large quantity of feedback received in this way has proved enormously helpful in adapting the system to the specific needs of translators and now forms the main basis for on-going development. In addition, we have arranged a number of meetings and seminars with the translators involved, designed to explain the workings and limitations of the system to them and to hear their ideas on its further development and use.", |
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| "section": "BRIDGING THE GAP WITH TRANSLATORS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Feedback reaches us in many forms. By far the most voluminous kind comes in the form of corrections (or post-edits) made on the raw machine print-out. As the translator is expected to upgrade quality to that normally produced by conventional means, these corrections include everything from punctuation and capitalization to terminology, idiom and style. The average sentence may carry up to four or five changes, many of them minor, but in some cases whole sentences or parts of sentences are retranslated.", |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The most immediate and direct way in which we can make use of edited printouts is by making additions or alterations to the system's dictionaries. In particular, missing terminology is immediately coded up and introduced into the system at regular intervals. Many of the other errors can also be dealt with at the dictionary level but, of course, some are of a more general nature and are dependent on the translation programs themselves. Efforts are made to add these to the system where possible but great care has to be taken in defining sound linguistic logic in order to avoid unwanted side effects. Finally, there are a number of changes relating to style, paraphrasing and restructuring which are extremely variable from one translator to another and in any case would be very difficult to incorporate in the machine process.", |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Another extremely useful form of feedback comes in the form of notes from the translator giving his overall assessment of the quality of the output, often with details of the most important missing terminology or with lists of repetitive errors of a general nature. Even the most negative comments are often extremely useful in pinpointing areas requiring further work, if only to render the task of post-editing less irritating for seasoned translators.", |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "However, perhaps the most useful form of feedback for defining development priorities results from discussions with individual translators or groups of translators. Once they become better acquainted with the mechanics of M.T., translators are often in a position to make very sensible suggestions as to where we should concentrate our efforts. For example, it has become clear that correct terminology is more important to them than perfect syntax or style whereas in the past we may have tended to overrate syntactic accuracy in the interests of intelligibility.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Among the most irritating phenomena for the translator seem to be the translation of proper nouns and expressions (such as the names of companies), non-recognition of frequently occurring idioms, and errors of elementary style (including choice of articles and prepositions). While these do not necessarily increase post-editing time, they certainly discourage many translators from making use of M.T. and are therefore being eliminated wherever possible.", |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Finally one of the more general lessons we have been taught during the course of our experience with translators is that the more M.T. output a translator handles, the more proficient he becomes in making the best use of this new tool. In some cases he manages to double his output within a few months as he begins to recognize typical M.T. errors and devise more efficient ways of correcting them. Working hand in hand with translators we are also beginning to gain a better idea of the types of document best suited to the process and of those subject fields on which we should concentrate our terminology work. CONCLUSIONS M.T. systems developed for purposes of information gathering are probably not ideally suited to serve as an aid to translators. Designers of new systems should bear this in mind.", |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If machine translation is to be used for high-quality translation work, it is vital that feedback from translators be incorporated so as to increase the real aid offered by the system.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The recent enthusiasm expressed by a number of Commission translators would indicate that M.T. will, from now on, become an ever more important aid in the human translation process.", |
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| "section": "FEEDBACK AND ITS USE", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Directorate", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| "BIBREF9": { |
| "ref_id": "b9", |
| "title": "Various reactions expressed by translators of the Short-and Medium Term Translation Service in internal CEC documents", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Cec Luxembourg", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1981, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "CEC Luxembourg. Various reactions expressed by translators of the Short-and Medium Term Translation Service in internal CEC documents (1981).", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": {} |
| } |
| } |
