| { |
| "paper_id": "W18-0202", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T05:29:46.826329Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Building a Finnish SOM-based ontology concept tagger and harvester", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Seppo", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nyrkk\u00f6", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Helsinki", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "seppo.nyrkko@helsinki.fi" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "I demonstrate here an experiment of word sense disambiguation method based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and a pre-existing set of tools for analyzing text in Finnish. It is given a Semantic Web ontology as a reference model, and a related Finnish text corpus with sample term tagging related to the ontology concepts. The experiment is based on \"OntoR\", a previous experiment on SOM-based ontology term tagging for English. In this work the OntoR model is adapted to the Finnish language, and it is trained on a small text example with hand-picked concept annotations. This computational model can be considered useful for Information Retrieval and concept harvesting purposes in a specific domain where a limited training data set is available. The model adapted to Finnish text analysis stands on OMORFI and HFST morphological analysis, and uses the SOM-PAK library for unsupervised clustering, and ontology concept tagging and further for concept harvesting in Semantic Web ontology development. Tiivistelm\u00e4 Kehit\u00e4n luonnollisessa kieless\u00e4 ilmenevien sanojen merkitysten erotteluun sopivaa automaattista koneoppivaa ty\u00f6kalua. Laskennallinen malli perustuu itseoppivaan karttaan (SOM, Self-Organizing Map) ja annettuun suomenkieliseen semanttisen webin ontologiaan. Malli oppii tunnistamaan k\u00e4sitteiden ilmenemist\u00e4 mallitekstist\u00e4, johon on annotoitu (tagattu) malliksi aiemmin laaditun ongologian k\u00e4sitteit\u00e4. Koe liittyy aiemmin englanninkielisten k\u00e4sitteiden taggaamiseen liittyv\u00e4\u00e4n OntoR-koej\u00e4rjestelyyn joka tutki tekstisy\u00f6tteess\u00e4 ilmenevien termien liitt\u00e4mist\u00e4 SOM-kartan soluihin malliksi annetun annotoidun tekstiesimerkin avulla. T\u00e4llainen malli oppii annetun k\u00e4sitemallin huomattavan niukalla esimerkkiaineistolla ja sopii k\u00e4ytt\u00f6kohteisiin joissa ei ole tarjolla riitt\u00e4v\u00e4n suurta datam\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 syv\u00e4n oppimisen neuroverkkomallin opettamiseksi. Suomenkielisen kokeen morfologisen analyysin pohjalla on OMORFI-ja HFST-ty\u00f6kalut. Koneoppimisen toteuttava SOM-kartta lasketaan SOM-PAK-ohjelmistopaketin avulla. Kehitetty\u00e4 laskennallista mallia k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n k\u00e4sitteiden tunnistamisen lis\u00e4ksi my\u00f6s uusien ontologiak\u00e4sitteiden ehdokkaiden l\u00f6yt\u00e4miseksi.", |
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| "text": "I demonstrate here an experiment of word sense disambiguation method based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and a pre-existing set of tools for analyzing text in Finnish. It is given a Semantic Web ontology as a reference model, and a related Finnish text corpus with sample term tagging related to the ontology concepts. The experiment is based on \"OntoR\", a previous experiment on SOM-based ontology term tagging for English. In this work the OntoR model is adapted to the Finnish language, and it is trained on a small text example with hand-picked concept annotations. This computational model can be considered useful for Information Retrieval and concept harvesting purposes in a specific domain where a limited training data set is available. The model adapted to Finnish text analysis stands on OMORFI and HFST morphological analysis, and uses the SOM-PAK library for unsupervised clustering, and ontology concept tagging and further for concept harvesting in Semantic Web ontology development. Tiivistelm\u00e4 Kehit\u00e4n luonnollisessa kieless\u00e4 ilmenevien sanojen merkitysten erotteluun sopivaa automaattista koneoppivaa ty\u00f6kalua. Laskennallinen malli perustuu itseoppivaan karttaan (SOM, Self-Organizing Map) ja annettuun suomenkieliseen semanttisen webin ontologiaan. Malli oppii tunnistamaan k\u00e4sitteiden ilmenemist\u00e4 mallitekstist\u00e4, johon on annotoitu (tagattu) malliksi aiemmin laaditun ongologian k\u00e4sitteit\u00e4. Koe liittyy aiemmin englanninkielisten k\u00e4sitteiden taggaamiseen liittyv\u00e4\u00e4n OntoR-koej\u00e4rjestelyyn joka tutki tekstisy\u00f6tteess\u00e4 ilmenevien termien liitt\u00e4mist\u00e4 SOM-kartan soluihin malliksi annetun annotoidun tekstiesimerkin avulla. T\u00e4llainen malli oppii annetun k\u00e4sitemallin huomattavan niukalla esimerkkiaineistolla ja sopii k\u00e4ytt\u00f6kohteisiin joissa ei ole tarjolla riitt\u00e4v\u00e4n suurta datam\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 syv\u00e4n oppimisen neuroverkkomallin opettamiseksi. Suomenkielisen kokeen morfologisen analyysin pohjalla on OMORFI-ja HFST-ty\u00f6kalut. Koneoppimisen toteuttava SOM-kartta lasketaan SOM-PAK-ohjelmistopaketin avulla. Kehitetty\u00e4 laskennallista mallia k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n k\u00e4sitteiden tunnistamisen lis\u00e4ksi my\u00f6s uusien ontologiak\u00e4sitteiden ehdokkaiden l\u00f6yt\u00e4miseksi.", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
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| "text": "Plain word-based keywords might be misleading in some Information Retrieval purposes. The Semantic Web ontologies can provide enhanced results in information search when multiple taxonomies of terms and keywords are used in the document database, for instance in medical or biological domain [1] . With automated ontologyconcept tagging, a text database can be indexed incrementally to enhance queries defined by word-based examples or taxonomic identifiers. By referring to taxonomic concept identifiers in ontologies, both the tagging (indexing of terms and concepts) and Information Retrieval (search by terms or example phrases) can produce better precision in search results, compared to plain word-based keywords.", |
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| "text": "[1]", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
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| "text": "Text in Finnish is a challenge in Information Retrieval and automatic concept analysis due to its rich morphology and its marginal status in the existing forest of Semantic Web ontologies. By developing accessible and constitutive tools for analyzing morphologically rich languages, such as Finnish, the diverse work on automated and semi-automated concept tagging and multilingual ontology development will also become accessible. Also this way the methods developed for single languages can be evaluated in a foreign language or multilingual domain of the Semantic Web.", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
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| "text": "By using an automated concept tagging model, as aimed in the OntoR tool, it is possible to detect semantically significant features on tokens which link their usages to an ontology-based term. The detection of semantic features in the OntoR setup are based on a learning model, which is trained with data produced by a dependency parser program. The model described here also aims to disambiguate common words in special contexts where they are used as terms, as described in a Semantic Web ontology.", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
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| "text": "The utilized pre-processing software work with different levels (tokenization, lemmatisation, POS tagging and dependency parsing). The former English OntoR setup utilized the Stanford Parser PCFG model for English, but in this project I am using the OMORFI and HFST tools and UDPIPE tool adapted to the R environment.", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
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| "text": "Here the Finnish language is a very interesting challenge for dependency parsing since the word form disambiguation (e.g. lasta/lapsi) will be made in the R statistical programming environment, after the possible lemmas are parsed with HFST, but before estimation of the dependency graph with UDPIPE which will benefit from the lemma disambiguation. This project for adapting Finnish as the source language aims to normalize the set of pre-processing tools in a uniform model for analyzing concepts in multiple languages.", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
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| "text": "This small demonstration aims to show how the Self-Organizing map method can work for unsupervised ontology term tagging and learning. The SOM is powerful in processing natural language since it can handle and learn on training data with a small set of significant outliers, and is robust in sense of accepting a noise component [2] .", |
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| "text": "[2]", |
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| "section": "The Finnish OntoR experiment", |
| "sec_num": "2" |
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| "text": "Neural network (NN) models for text-based learning are data-hungry when the model is trained with an unsupervised method. Word sense disambiguation require high-quality example training data, especially if the training data contains of homonyms and synonyms, reflecting real-life language. The concept detection method developed in the OntoR tool aims to be robust in cases of misspelled words and semantically equivalent alternatives by both a fuzzy character-based guessing (edit distance) technique and ontology-based semantic equivalence estimation. The out-of-lexicon words can be identified by a given synonym dictionary or applying typographic rules. Also the found words can be merged in the same concept by providing a synonym or a higher-class term (hypernym) in a Semantic Web ontology.", |
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| "section": "The Finnish OntoR experiment", |
| "sec_num": "2" |
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| "text": "In contrast to most purely unsupervised neural network models, the OntoR model Figure 1 : A detail of a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and a related Venn diagram as a sample ontology for tagging terms can be trained with a minimal training data set. For instance, the OntoR example development training data set for English contains a long Wikipedia article (9 500 words) and 100 related medical paper abstracts (24 000 words). This hand-picked development data set yielded a model capable of clustering a domain-related concept model, as sketched in Figure 1 . A previous, similar approach in English ontology concept term tagging has been done with the OntoR ontology term annotation tool, earlier developed in the EU MOLTO machine translation research project. Due to its open-to-develop nature it is very practical to extend its use by utilizing the existing Finnish morphological and syntactic analysis tools.", |
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| "start": 79, |
| "end": 87, |
| "text": "Figure 1", |
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| "text": "Figure 1", |
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| "section": "The Finnish OntoR experiment", |
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| "text": "The OntoR was developed to use Stanford Parser for tokenization, lemmatization and extracting dependency information on natural language source text. The OntoR tool runs in the R statistical programming environment [3] , using the CRAN library som, based on SOM-PAK [4] , the Self-Organizing Map Program Package version 3.1.", |
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| "text": "With this renovated experiment setup, I describe the required and planned steps to adapt the previously developed OntoR concept tagging model into a Finnish model for ontology concept tagging. As an extension to the previous OntoR experiment, I am now using HFST [5] and OMORFI [6] tools for Finnish corpus text lemmatization.", |
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| "section": "Adapting OntoR to Finnish syntax", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
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| "text": "The developed syntactic analysis will use the Universal Dependencies (UD) data for Finnish [7] . For dependency arc computation, the Finnish OntoR model will be using the udpipe package for the R platform, instead of running the Stanford Parser model as an external process.", |
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| "section": "Adapting OntoR to Finnish syntax", |
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| "text": "At the bootstrapping phase of adapting Finnish into the analysis model, I use 3grams, which consists of the lemmatized base forms of the text node word, its previous and the following word. Practically this is done by adding \"left\" and \"right\" dependency arcs in the input sentence data. In a later step I intend to adapt the udpipe dependencies analysis developed in the UD project. This is expected to be equally powerful in expression, compared to the Stanford Parser PENN collapsed dependencies for English, which was used in the English OntoR setup.", |
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| "section": "Adapting OntoR to Finnish syntax", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
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| "text": "In the development phase, a sample development corpus of 80 sentences were extracted from the Finnish wikipedia articles for Malaria and Protozoa (fi:Alkuel\u00e4imet). A sample of this text in the OntoR environment can be seen in Figure 3 . This aims at utilizing the same development ontology used for developing the English semantic model, shown in Figure 1 . ", |
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| "end": 234, |
| "text": "Figure 3", |
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| "text": "Figure 1", |
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| "text": "Each text node, which is a specific occurrence of word in the source, gets a computed semantic feature descriptor. The which represents its observed syntactic neighborhood. The model generates syntactic hash vectors from syntactic dependencies, produced by the applied dependency parser and a random index generator. These hash vectors are composed into a weighted, distributional vector, used as the feature descriptor for the text node, which is practically the specific token in the sentence.", |
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| "section": "Composing semantic feature vectors from syntactic arcs", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
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| "text": "Since this is a probabilistic model, I chose random indexing as embeddings to represent lemmas and their typed syntactic dependencies. A random vector projection to a small dimension (20 at the first experiment) is applied to make computation affordable. The feature descriptors for text nodes are averaged from the set of their related syntactic hash vectors, and weighted by their inverse frequency. Similarly to the TF-IDF principle, a token occurring only a few times the weighting gives a large coefficient and commonly occurring tokens will get a smaller weight in the combined representation. The vector components are positive and L1-normed to sum of 1. A pipeline describing the feature generation process is shown in Figure 2 .", |
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| "end": 735, |
| "text": "Figure 2", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF0" |
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| "section": "Composing semantic feature vectors from syntactic arcs", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
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| "text": "This distribution-based numeric representation has been chosen over Euclidean vector-space models (such as word2vec) due to the requirements of statistical analysis: The components must be able to be interpolated, summed and weighted, so that presence of any components may be measured in a combined feature descriptor. Also the difference between two semantic feature descriptors can be measured by a L1distance or an entropy based distance such as IRad (information radius).", |
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| "section": "Composing semantic feature vectors from syntactic arcs", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
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| "text": "A tuple consisting of a dependency attribute and its head/dependent word builds an individual indexed syntactic hash. Also, the reverse arc and their endpoint words produce indexed syntactic arcs. This way, both the head and dependent ends of arcs are given unique features.", |
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| "section": "Composing semantic feature vectors from syntactic arcs", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
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| "text": "In Fig. 3 is shown a screen capture of the OntoR user interface, used for examining a computed model of an ontology-related text and a selected set of text nodes. The user interface produces a coarse bar chart of evaluated semantic feature descriptors for the text nodes and the related syntactic hashes used in the computation.", |
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| "text": "Fig. 3", |
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| "section": "Composing semantic feature vectors from syntactic arcs", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
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| "text": "The SOM model proves to be powerful in unsupervised learning of multidimensional vector input and can handle input vector spaces with multiple dense clusters and sparse outlier data points. It adapts its clustering structure to wide-scale multidimensional variance in the data set, and is robust in terms of accepting a noise component as part of the input. [2] The OntoR setup demonstrates how ontology-based term structure is reflected on top the trained SOM map containing the keywords. A modified plot of the SOM map has been developed to explore the mapping of ontology term classes and super-classes over the machine-learned term model trained with the sample corpus. The SOM map can also be seen to reflect a Venn diagram representing an ontology concept space [8] .", |
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| "text": "[2]", |
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| "section": "Self-Organizing Map representing an ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2.3" |
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| "text": "The model can be given a sample ontology describing the domain of the training data set. The training ontology concepts are equipped with references to the training corpus. After the model is trained, the SOM model will reflect the found matching ontology concepts when a syntactic feature vector is presented to its feature space. Also, if a new term, a new spelling or synonym for an existing concept is detected, it is expected to appear near an existing concept tag in the SOM grid. Figure 4 : The SOM grid shown here demonstrates word contexts learnt from the development training data. The hexagonal cells are labeled with the associated terms, which are the words having a high frequency n > 3 in the training set. Each cell represents an averaged syntactic context, where the printed token is present. A cell may contain multiple tokens which appear in a similar syntactic context, and can be assumed to share some semantic features in common. Likewise, a token can appear in multiple cells, showing the syntactic context diversity of the specific token. An evaluation set of 20 sentences was separated from the development set of 80 sentences. The tokens selected for the evaluation are printed with their marking colors in the legend line at the bottom of the figure. The terms used in this evaluation plot were: malaria, tauti (en: disease), hyttynen (en: mosquito), hy\u00f6nteinen (en: insect), plasmodium, loinen (en: parasite). These terms, evaluated in their sentence contexts are projected on a trained SOM model. The plot shows that the evaluation data points are located close to the \"target\" clusters.", |
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| "text": "Figure 4", |
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| "section": "Observations on training the SOM classifier", |
| "sec_num": "2.4" |
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| "text": "For development purpopses, I split the early development data into an evaluation set (20 sentences) and a development set (60 sentences) at random. A screen capture of a SOM-based term clustering at the development phase is shown in Fig. 4 . In this example, three pairs of sub-terms and super-terms from the evaluation data set are plotted on the trained SOM model. The word form similarity measurements are disabled in this experiment. This shows that the evaluation data point features are well estimated without prior knowledge of the labels in the training data set, only based on their semantic feature vectors. Surprisingly, some word sense disambiguation happens even without the trained UDPIPE model attached.", |
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| "sec_num": "2.4" |
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| "text": "The sample data used in the current development corpus is insufficient for numeric evaluation. Currently, at the time of writing, I am integrating the full syntacic analysis with the UDPIPE into the Finnish OntoR system, and also I am adding a larger corpus extracted from medical domain articles. This work seems to lead into a promisingly interesting evaluation of word sense disambiguation with the SOM and into further research on harvesting terms and introducing them as new ontology concepts.", |
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| "text": "The SOM maps can also be seen learning Boolean elementary reasoning with logical statements in a restricted artificial language, when the model is trained by appropriate domain-specific text. The related work by Letosa et al. [8] supports this approach for using SOM in clustering the tagged concepts in given input in a restricted language. The boundaries between dense clusters can be seen as analogies to branches in taxonomy trees.", |
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| "text": "The similarity model based on the semantic descriptor vectors is very promising for containing contextual information on a word occurrence. Similar research on similarity measures on hash vectors has been recently done, as in work by Wang et al. [9] Important work on automated and semi-supervised ontology population and extension has been done in the CultureSampo [10] project. Their model is also based on word distribution models on analyzed text which makes comparison to this work relevant.", |
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| "text": "There is also previous work on concept mining for the Semantic Web with SOM, for example the work by Honkela et al. [11] , where the emergent structure of an organized SOM reflects the structure of underlying information, used in the training process. Their research also shows that multiple layers of superclass layers can be seen as different-sized nested zones on the SOM grid. This is analogous to the approach used in the concept classification (and further semantic disambiguation) in the OntoR project.", |
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| "text": "The expressiveness of Semantic Web ontologies and their language independent concept schema exceed the information in plain monolingual keyword-based taxonomies. Semantic web ontologies can contain relation attributes outside the superclasssubclass-taxonomy, such as belongs-to or caused-by relations. Ontology concepts may also be annotated with human readable description and machine-readable annotated for logical reasoning applications (e.g. through a SPARQL based schema). This suggests a need for research towards bridging the Semantic Web over multiple languages.", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As a future step, an evaluation scheme for successful ontology concept tagging must be considered when developing the OntoR model further towards the pre-founded Finnish ontology structures, such as in the FinnONTO [12] project, and towards crosslinguistic concept tagging. This will also benefit the work of building Semantic Web ontologies and extending previously built monolingual ontologies to cover new languages and usages in cross-lingual Information Retrieval.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 215, |
| "end": 219, |
| "text": "[12]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Related work and development discussion", |
| "sec_num": "3" |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The development of the OntoR tool was initially funded by the EU MOLTO project at University of Helsinki. The experiment has been inspired by previous work on the SOM, lead by professor Timo Honkela. Timo has given beneficial feedback and ideas on this research subject.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Acknowledgments", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
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| "text": "Screen shot from the OntoR environment, running in the R statistical programming environment. At the top, the semantic feature descriptors associated with token Malaria are printed. They represent the matching text nodes in the Finnish On-toR training data set, with a short word context of their usage. The node names are prefixed with a Snnnn-identifier which identifies the sentence number in the training data bank. The node names have a suffix -n which indicates the position of the token in the sentence, which is essential in cases of multiple word occurrences. Below are the syntactic hash vectors, which are used to build the semantic descriptors for text node related context. These are used in the composition of context descriptors, by weighted summing. An inverse frequency weighting is used so that an associated syntactic feature with low frequency (n) will cause a greater effect in the resulting context descriptor. Features occurring only once are not evaluated since they are taken only to provide noise to the training data. At this phase of development, a baseline lemmatisation is used instead of a dependency parse. On the bottom right corner: Some of the text nodes, aligned in the SOM space, as a result of the training process.", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
