| { |
| "paper_id": "W18-0210", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T05:21:31.524531Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Towards an open-source universal-dependency treebank for Erzya", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jack", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Rueter", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Helsinki", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "jack.rueter@helsinki.fi" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Francis", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tyers", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "ftyers@hse.ru" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This article describes the first steps towards a open-source dependency treebank for Erzya based on universal dependency (UD) annotation standards. The treebank contains 610 sentences with 6661 tokens and is based on texts from a range of open-source and public domain original Erzya sources. This ensures its free availability and extensibility. Texts in the treebank are first morphologically analyzed and disambiguated after which they are annotated manually for dependency structure. In the article we present some issues in dependency syntax for Erzya and how they are analyzed in the universal-dependency framework. Preliminary statistics are given for dependency parsing of Erzya, along with points of interest for future research. Tiivistelm\u00e4 T\u00e4ss\u00e4 artikkelissa kerrotaan ers\u00e4n kielen avoimen puupankin ensimm\u00e4isist\u00e4 askeleista, joissa sovelletaan universaaliriippuvuus-annotaatiota (UD). Puupankki sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 610 virkett\u00e4 joissa on yhteens\u00e4 6661 tokenia ja se perustuu avoimeen ers\u00e4nkieliseen originaalikirjoituksiin. T\u00e4ll\u00e4 tavalla varmistetaan puupankin saatavuutta ja laajennettavuutta. Puupankin tekstit on ensin analysoitu morfologisella j\u00e4sentimell\u00e4 ja disambiguoitu, mink\u00e4 j\u00e4lkeen suoritetaan loppuyksiselitteist\u00e4minen k\u00e4sin ja lis\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n riippuvuussuhteet. Artikkelissa esitet\u00e4\u00e4n joitakin kysymyksi\u00e4, jotka esiintyv\u00e4t ers\u00e4n lauseoppia sovellettaessa universaaliriippuvuuskehyksiin. Annetaan alkutilastoja ers\u00e4n j\u00e4sennyksest\u00e4 sek\u00e4 ajatuksia tulevan tutkimuksen n\u00e4kemyksist\u00e4.", |
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| "paper_id": "W18-0210", |
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| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This article describes the first steps towards a open-source dependency treebank for Erzya based on universal dependency (UD) annotation standards. The treebank contains 610 sentences with 6661 tokens and is based on texts from a range of open-source and public domain original Erzya sources. This ensures its free availability and extensibility. Texts in the treebank are first morphologically analyzed and disambiguated after which they are annotated manually for dependency structure. In the article we present some issues in dependency syntax for Erzya and how they are analyzed in the universal-dependency framework. Preliminary statistics are given for dependency parsing of Erzya, along with points of interest for future research. Tiivistelm\u00e4 T\u00e4ss\u00e4 artikkelissa kerrotaan ers\u00e4n kielen avoimen puupankin ensimm\u00e4isist\u00e4 askeleista, joissa sovelletaan universaaliriippuvuus-annotaatiota (UD). Puupankki sis\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4 610 virkett\u00e4 joissa on yhteens\u00e4 6661 tokenia ja se perustuu avoimeen ers\u00e4nkieliseen originaalikirjoituksiin. T\u00e4ll\u00e4 tavalla varmistetaan puupankin saatavuutta ja laajennettavuutta. Puupankin tekstit on ensin analysoitu morfologisella j\u00e4sentimell\u00e4 ja disambiguoitu, mink\u00e4 j\u00e4lkeen suoritetaan loppuyksiselitteist\u00e4minen k\u00e4sin ja lis\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n riippuvuussuhteet. Artikkelissa esitet\u00e4\u00e4n joitakin kysymyksi\u00e4, jotka esiintyv\u00e4t ers\u00e4n lauseoppia sovellettaessa universaaliriippuvuuskehyksiin. Annetaan alkutilastoja ers\u00e4n j\u00e4sennyksest\u00e4 sek\u00e4 ajatuksia tulevan tutkimuksen n\u00e4kemyksist\u00e4.", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "body_text": [ |
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| "text": "This article describes work towards the development of a Universal Dependenciesbased dependency treebank for Erzya, a Uralic language traditionally spoken in the Volga Region. Little if any computational-linguistic research has been published on syntactic parsing for Erzya. A valuable resource in the study and development of syntactic parsing is a treebank-a corpus of parsed texts containing gold-standard syntactic annotation.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Freely available treebanks exist for many languages, one particularly interesting set is the group of over 60 languages represented in Universal Dependencies (UD), where Erzya is now one of the smaller \"upcoming languages\"\u00b9. This mutual presentation makes it possible to understand and utilize language-independent dependency tagging with direct analogy from other Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian, North Sami and Hungarian, as well as languages sharing other morphosyntactic characteristics with Erzya. The UD environment also makes direct reference to terminology definition resources, such as those offered by SIL\u00b2, and research in the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)\u00b3.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "To our knowledge, however, no previous treebank exists for either of the Mordvinic languages, although there are closed annotated corpora, such as MORMULA at the University of Turku\u2074, quantlang-uhlcs\u2075 in Helsinki, and the semi-limited ERME\u2076.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In building our treebank we take advantage of previous work done by Rueter in Helsinki Finite-State Transducer Technology (HFST) morphological analysis and partof-speech tagging for Erzya on the Giellatekno infrastructure, as well as ongoing disambiguation work with Constraint Grammar (VISLCG).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives some background linguistic information on Erzya, and outlines some special challenges in parsing Erzya. In Section 3 we describe the corpus that we annotated and the methodology used in annotating it. Section 4 gives a sketch of some decisions we have made with respect to annotation guidelines, referring back to the discussion in Section 2. For reasons of space and time, these guidelines are by no means complete, but they do present a subset of guidelines which are of particular interest.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Erzya is one of the two Mordvinic languages traditionally spoken in scattered villages throughout the Volga Region and former Russian Empire by well over a million in the \u00b9 http://universaldependencies.org/ \u00b2 http://www.glossary.sil.org/ \u00b3 http://wals.info/ \u2074 http://www.helsinki.fi/~kopotev/finnish_corpora_eng.pdf \u2075Quantifiers and Quantification in Finnish and Languages Spoken in the Central Volgakama Region -UHLCS http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-2016012202 \u2076Erme -Erzya and Moksha Extended Corpora http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:lb-201407306 beginning of the 20th century and down to approximately half a million in the 2010 census\u2077. For some, however, Erzya is only a part of the conglomerate Mordvin index, a population with the status of most numerous among the Uralic languages in Russia.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Erzya", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Since there is no Mordvin language, as it were, but rather the closely related (adjacent yet not contiguous) Erzya and Moksha languages with their literary representation, research in syntax has often attempted to encompass the two. Erzya, like many Uralic languages, is agglutinative with extensive morphology, agreement and constituent ordering phenomena that present a challenge to any syntactic description of the language. The most prominent of these challenges apparent from the start are case marking, definiteness, ellipsis, numerals, and copula variation between dependent and independent morphology. An open-source finite-state morphological analyzer constructed for Erzya\u2078 provides ample tagging for the annotation, but there is still plenty of work to be done with disambiguation. Erzya, much like other Ural-Altaic languages (Tyers and Washington, 2015) , assigns more than one function to its cases. It also attests to intricate constituent ordering and minimal conjunction/subjunction marking, which will be one topic future research.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 838, |
| "end": 866, |
| "text": "(Tyers and Washington, 2015)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Erzya", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As indicated in Table 1 , the definite nominative singular might be attested with the dependency relation, nsubj, root (in certain equative predications\u2079, example (1)), and to indicate a postposed topic (see example (5.b)). The initial materials are representitive of original Erzya-language materials from the late 1920s to the turn of the new millennium. The Separate Individual phrases file will serve for documenting cited materials from scientific publications, such as the most recent Erzya syntax \u0410\u0433\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al. (2011) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 504, |
| "end": 527, |
| "text": "\u0410\u0433\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al. (2011)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 16, |
| "end": 23, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF1" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Erzya", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The figures in Table 3 are incomplete, but do provide an initial ball park figure. It was noted that subsequent work will need to be done with extended dependency relations, as a small number of the cases returned included the values appos and conj. Also, the high number of genitive occurrences with the obl relation would indicate the presence of adpositions. Although the inessive had been indicated earlier as an object case, there was not a single instance where it occurred as a dependent case. The distinction of the dependency relations nmod versus nmod:poss in the statistics has been taken in following with usage in the Finnish UD projects; in subsequent contemplation, this may, in fact, be unnecessary since the genitive case already indicates a possessive relation in contrast to the inessive case with a spatial meaning as a noun modifier. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 15, |
| "end": 22, |
| "text": "Table 3", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Erzya", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The Erzya language like its closely related sibling Moksha has what is often called the object or definite conjugation. Unlike Hungarian, Nenets, Khanty and Mansi, however, the object conjugation of the Mordvinic languages morphologically indicates 1st, 2nd and 3rd person as well as singular and plural for some of the object and subject referents (Keresztes (1999) ; Trosterud (2006) ", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 349, |
| "end": 366, |
| "text": "(Keresztes (1999)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 369, |
| "end": 385, |
| "text": "Trosterud (2006)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u0144ej-i\u017ae see-Ind.Prt1.ScSg3.OcSg3 'he/she/it saw him/her/it' In examples (2) and (3) there is an actual non-ambiguous morphological distinction for third person singular subject in combination with third person singular object in (2) and third person plural object in (3).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "( 3)\u0144ej-i\u0144\u017ae see-Ind.Prt1.ScSg3.OcPl3 'he/she/it saw them' Example (4) is also unambiguous, as both arguments are singular in value. Neither argument need be present, but both are allowed. 4\u0144ej-imik see-Ind.Prt1.ScSg2.OcSg1 'you[sg] saw me'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although it is possible to use personal pronouns in subject and direct object position, their presence is not the normal situation. Context awareness is required that transcends conventional sentence boundaries, hence there is person and number disambiguation present that is not discernible from the morphology but rather the larger context.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Erzya attests to varied non-verbal predication Turunen (2010) and negation Hamari (2007) strategies. The copula is divided into locative and non-locative usage, and this dichotomy can readily be observed in the morphology of the negative copulas, i.e., where the negative locative copula is represented by /ara\u015b-/ (which is conjugated with the help of a morphologically dependent copula), whereas the presentation of equative or class membership negation is shown with the non-flective word form /avo\u013a /. Further negation is manifest in the converbal negation element /apak/ (which can also be conjugated), first preterite /e\u017a-/, conjunctional /avo\u013a-/, optative and prohibitive /i\u013aa-/, and the negative particle /a/. All of these can trigger the dependency relation aux:neg, which in the case of the polarity markers /a/ and /avo\u013a / to all parts of speech.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 75, |
| "end": 88, |
| "text": "Hamari (2007)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Copula and polarity", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Prc.Neg Part.Neg Part.Neg.Emp /i\u013aa-/ /e\u017a-/ /avo\u013a-/ /apak/ /a/ /avo\u013a/ Table 4 : Negation", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 69, |
| "end": 76, |
| "text": "Table 4", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proh/Opt Ind.Prt1 Cnd", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The six polarity markers in Table 4 . can be divided into two categories. The prohibitive/optative, indicative first preterite and conditional stems along with the polarity marker for participles and converb (elsewhere gerund) constructions are all limited to use with verbal forms.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 28, |
| "end": 35, |
| "text": "Table 4", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proh/Opt Ind.Prt1 Cnd", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Whereas the negative particle /a/ can occur with many parts of speech, it is the non-flective word form /avo\u013a / or emphatic negative that is used in clausal negation. Clausal negation in combination with the imperative mood evokes a contrast in the prohibitive strategy in /i\u013aa-/. The clausal negation particle /avo\u013a / in combination with the second person imperative produces a contrastive negative imperative, whereas the prohibitive /i\u013aa-/ (Mood=Proh) is combined in the modern literary norm with a connegative form. This has not been attested in WALS van der Auwera et al. (2013).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proh/Opt Ind.Prt1 Cnd", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Copula morphology is dependent and independent in Erzya. While many grammarians of the past century have referred to dependent copula morphology as noun conjugation, earlier presentations, such as Wiedemann (1864) ( \u00a777), refer to it as a suffixed copula. Judging from the fact that the dependent morphology can be attached to nouns in various declensional forms, as well as adjectives, numerals, adverbs, adpostions and non-finite verb forms, the phenomenon might more readily be referred to as a clitic. Thus we have independent copula in /u\u013a\u0144-/ (prt1) and /u\u013a-/ (prs), on the one hand, and dependent copula morphology in -/O\u013a /-, etc.), on the other. Both the nonpast and prt2 conjugation are virtually identical to their verbal subject conjugation counterparts; essentially the prt2 in verbs is a combination of the short nomen agentis + the prt2 used for copula function beyond the scope of finite verbs.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Dependent copula morphology", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The dependent and independent morphologies present a challenging problem for dependency analysis in Erzya, whereas both can be in equative, class member, assertive, locative vs existential, and possessive vs belong-to predication. A dichotomy, however, is introduced where the Universal Dependency guidelines stating that the copula should be the dependent of the lexical predicate are applied only to independent copula.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Dependent copula morphology", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The copula as dependent morphology attaches to what some scholars have considered the subject, but some scholars working with Moksha have approached this from a discourse point of view Kholodilova (2016) . Instead of splitting the copula off as a separate leaf node, we have annotated the instances with dependent morphology as the head of the structure. Here constituent ordering might be an underlying factor to be considered in future work with the Erzya UD treebank. In both sentences with and without the second person singular personal pronoun, it is obvious that the word /loma\u0144-e\u015b/ can only be interpreted as an extra element; more than likely a topic marker. The interrogative pronoun /ki-jat/ in the predicative takes the subject second person singular, whereas the third person singular topic marker would not have triggered second person singular agreement.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 185, |
| "end": 203, |
| "text": "Kholodilova (2016)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Dependent copula morphology", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition to the copula and negation, the definition of additional auxiliaries in Erzya take us to necessitives. Necessitives in Erzya have parallels in Finnish, Komi-Zyrian and partially in Skolt Sami, in that a non-nominative case is used to indicate the actor, which might be construed as a subject when aligned with other European, accusative languages. In Erzya, it is the Dative that is used as in mo\u0144e\u0144 in example (3). Discussion with Erzya and Komi native scholars has also introduced the idea of adding verbs indicating future to the list of auxiliaries, this, however, would be problematic, due to the second meaning involved, namely, inchoative/inceptive albeit an aspect marker. In this initial Erzya treebank, auxiliaries have been limited to copulas, negation and necessitives.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Further auxiliaries", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The most recent orthographic word list of the Erzya language \u0411\u0443\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al. (2012) prescribes a mathematical strategy to compounding, i.e. if the first element is a nominative singular indefinite form (also called absolute form) with no evident derivation (sometimes a rather gray definition) two nouns are written as a single unit. This solution is not entirely related to the writing practices of the last century, and there do prove to be certain problems. The most evident problems are ensemble nouns containing mensural classifiers (for definition see Lyons (1977) 'big bucket of water'", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 61, |
| "end": 83, |
| "text": "\u0411\u0443\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al. (2012)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 558, |
| "end": 570, |
| "text": "Lyons (1977)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In both instance we are talking about a measurement of water, whereas the idea of a bucket especially intended for water would be constructed in the telic noun /ve\u010f vedra/.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An analogy of symmetric negation as described in Miestamo (2013) can be applied to the description of the Erzya nominal phrase declension. In symmetric negation the structure of the negative is identical to the structure of the affirmative, except for the presence of the negative marker(s).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 49, |
| "end": 64, |
| "text": "Miestamo (2013)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Noun head ellipsis", |
| "sec_num": "4.6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In a similar way, it is the final word of the Erzya noun phrase that is symmetrically declined while modifiers (with the exception of some determinatives) appear in what is termed the absolute form. Determinatives such as /i\u015b\u0165amo/ 'like this/that' can agree in number with the head noun. (NB. some descriptions Bartens (1999) maintain that regular adjectives might agree for number as well, but this type of apparent agreement, seems to be limited to parts of the northwestern dialect) In an elliptical construction, where the noun head is recoverable or inferable from the context\u00b9\u2070, the case ending is merely joined to the final modifier of the noun phrase. In practice, the final modifier can be an adjective (such as color, size, shape, etc.), a participle or converb, a determinatives (ordinal, demonstratives, collective numerals), non-core case-form nouns (including: Ine, Abe, Cmpr, Tra, Prl, etc.). If the modifiers are genitive in form, however, they generally require an additional /\u015be/ element, i.e. a demonstrative type element. Finally, it should be noted that this kind of construction usually takes either definite or possessive access marking, see Rueter (2010) . Less frequent, perhaps due to contextual presuppositions, comes the vowel-final modifier with the additional determinative. This more complex construction presupposes a contrastive context. 12a\u0161o-\u015be-\u0165\u0144e white-A.Sg.Nom.Indef-Det.Dem.Sg-Pl.Nom.Def 'those white ones'", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 311, |
| "end": 325, |
| "text": "Bartens (1999)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1165, |
| "end": 1178, |
| "text": "Rueter (2010)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Noun head ellipsis", |
| "sec_num": "4.6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In elliptical constructions of the nominal phrase, the part-of-speech has been retained in column 4, whereas column 6 bares witness to a deluge of ordered zeroderivation, and column eight indicates the actual dependency relation of the noun phrase head.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Noun head ellipsis", |
| "sec_num": "4.6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u00b9\u2070 http://www.glossary.sil.org/term/elliptical-construction", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Noun head ellipsis", |
| "sec_num": "4.6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This has been a description of the first steps to building Erzya treebanks in accordance with Universal Dependencies. Much space has been dedicated to extensive morphological contemplation, where the matters requiring in-depth consideration are actually the minimalized set of dependency relations in tandem with morphological information, i.e., minimal use of language-dependent subfeatures. Hopefully, this work will provide a means for pivoting and sharing in what has been achieved for larger languages.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "In conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Annotation guidelinesWhen entering a group, such as UD, it is nearly imperative that all tagging conform with practices attested in the group. As such, it has been easy to compromise and", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "We would like to extend our appreciation to Anssi Yli-Jyr\u00e4 as Research Fellow from the Academy of Finland (dec. No 270354 -A Usable Finite-State Model for Adequate Syntactic Complexity), who has made it possible to work with Erzya UD for three months.We are also appreciative of work done by anonymous reviewers, whose comments have definitely helped improved our approach to the work.Our gratitude has no end when it comes to all the painstaking work done by Erzyan writers in the documentation of their language.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Acknowledgements", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The Erzya language has several types of regular counting, cardinal, collective, distributive, multiplicative. There is no problem with counting nouns, such as singular concrete items, pairs or sets (such as socks, batches, broods); these numerals can be readily connected with the nummod dependency relation to the noun they modify. Problematic are the missing dependency relations which might better be characterized as iterative numerals; they also count entities, i.e. iterations of a predication (similar to once, twice, but not twofold, double or the second time).Associative collectives have also been an initial problem, but by following ongoing discussions involving the use of French tout the relevant dependency relations would be, perhaps, advcl and acl, even det. Associative collectives, such as 'both of you' are regular for numerals far beyond ten. 13pand-\u015bt\u0301kolmok\u015bt\u1e55 ay-Ind.Prt1.ScPl3 three-Num.Iter 'they payed three times' 14pand-\u015bt\u0301kolmo\u0144kirda pay-Ind.Prt1.ScPl3 three-Num.Mult 'they payed triple/threefold' 15pand-\u015bt\u0301kolmo\u0144-kolmo\u0144 jeuro pay-Ind.Prt1.ScPl3 three-Num.Distr Euro-N.Sg.Nom.Indef 'they payed three Euros each' (16) pand-\u015bt\u0301kolmo\u0107e\u010fe pay-Ind.Prt1.ScPl3 three-Num.Ord.Par 'they payed for the third time'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Numerals", |
| "sec_num": "4.7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Since treebank work with Erzya is barely off the ground, there is still plenty of work to do with guidelines for further and consistent annotation. In the time since this paper was originally submitted much experience has been obtained with regard to consistent annotation. One primary undertaking in the guidelines, however, is to render them workable for the closely related Moksha language. When more treebanks have been added, there should be more opportunity to apply the Erzya model since the morphological analyzers for both languages have been designed using parallel tagging strategies where ever possible. The automation of dependency relation assignment will require further work in constituency ordering documentation, as Erzya is a so called pro-drop language attesting to low frequency for conjunctions and other syntactic structural markers.", |
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| "section": "Future work", |
| "sec_num": "5" |
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| "text": "\u2077 https://efo.revues.org/1829 \u2078 http://giellatekno.uit.no/cgi/index.myv.eng.html", |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>(1)</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>nsubj</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>compound</td><td>det</td><td>obl:tmod advmod</td><td>punct</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">promks tarka-\u015b e\u0155va ijeste jala \u015beke-\u015b NOUN NOUN DET NOUN ADV PRON PUNCT . meeting place each year always same Sg Sg Sg SP Temp Sg Nom Nom Nom Ela Nom Indef Def Indef Indef Def 'Every year, the meeting place is always the same. '</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">3 Methodology</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>3.1 Corpus</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Document</td><td>Description</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Sentences Tokens Av. length</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Valske\u0144 gudok short story by Anoshkin, V.</td><td>4</td><td>36</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Kirda\u017et</td><td colspan=\"2\">Novel manuscript by Bryzhinski, M.I.</td><td>270</td><td>3487</td><td>12.9</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Ve\u013ae\u0144 vajge\u013at\u0301Miniatures by Chetvergov, E.</td><td>105</td><td>957</td><td>9.1</td></tr><tr><td>Pi\u0107ipalakst</td><td colspan=\"2\">Foreword; Dunyashin, A.</td><td>75</td><td>633</td><td>8.4</td></tr><tr><td>La\u017en\u0268\u0107a Sura</td><td colspan=\"2\">Novel by Kutorkin, A.D.</td><td>155</td><td>1534</td><td>9.9</td></tr><tr><td>Separate</td><td>Individual phrases</td><td/><td>1</td><td>11</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>610</td><td>6661</td><td>10.9</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">\u2079 Bryzhinski: chapID2:paragID5:sentID5 line 6.</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
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| "TABREF3": { |
| "text": "Statistics on the composition of the corpus", |
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| "num": null, |
| "html": null |
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| "TABREF4": { |
| "text": "", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Case=Nom|Definite=Def</td><td>1</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>6</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Case=Nom|Definite=Ind</td><td>37</td><td>10</td><td>_</td><td>99</td><td>52</td><td>154</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Case=Nom|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3 _</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>1</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Case=Gen|Definite=Ind</td><td>23</td><td>6</td><td>106</td><td>53</td><td>2</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Case=Gen|Definite=Def</td><td>65</td><td>2</td><td>24</td><td>80</td><td>_</td><td>_</td></tr><tr><td>Case=Dat|Definite=Ind</td><td>10</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>1</td><td>_</td></tr><tr><td>Case=Dat|Definite=Def</td><td>33</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td></tr><tr><td>Case=Ine|Definite=Ind</td><td>45</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>_</td><td>1</td><td>_</td></tr></table>", |
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| "TABREF5": { |
| "text": "Syntactic functions associated with different combinations of case, possession and definiteness. relabel/learn values for various features in order to arrive at the group norm, on the one hand, and present new features, on the other. Work centered around indication for features (number, person), relations (aux, compound) as well as the handling of ellipsis and numerals. Certain phenomena clearly require additional time for thought and development. Work has been facilitated by the use of UD Annotatrix(Tyers et al., 2018), a tool for annotating treebanks in UD.", |
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| "TABREF7": { |
| "text": "/ton odo\u013ei\u0165/ /son odo\u013e/ /mi\u0144 odo\u013ei\u0144ek/ /t\u0268\u0144 odo\u013ei\u010fe/ /s\u0268\u0144 odo\u013e\u0165/", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Tense</td><td>Sg1</td><td>Sg2</td><td>Sg3</td><td>Pl1</td><td>Pl2</td><td>Pl3</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nonpast /mon odan/</td><td>/ton odat/</td><td>/son od/</td><td>/mi\u0144 odtano/</td><td colspan=\"2\">/t\u0268\u0144 odtado/ /s\u0268\u0144 odt/</td></tr><tr><td>Prt2</td><td>/mon odo\u013ei\u0144/</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
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| "TABREF8": { |
| "text": "Dependent copula morphology('young or new')", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
