| { |
| "paper_id": "W91-0301", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T04:42:40.320645Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Conceptual text representation for multi-lingual generation and translation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Lars", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ahrenberg", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Link\u00f6ping University", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Stefan", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Svenberg", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Link\u00f6ping University", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper presents some ideas and preliminary results o f a project aim ed a t automatic generation and translation o f text horn conceptual (interlingual) representations. In the first part we give some arguments for treating translation and generation as closely coupled processes and motivate the need for conceptual text representations to aid these tasks. In the second part we describe an implemented method fw multilingual gene ration o f sentences.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "W91-0301", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper presents some ideas and preliminary results o f a project aim ed a t automatic generation and translation o f text horn conceptual (interlingual) representations. In the first part we give some arguments for treating translation and generation as closely coupled processes and motivate the need for conceptual text representations to aid these tasks. In the second part we describe an implemented method fw multilingual gene ration o f sentences.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "D u rin g the last d ecad e u n ific atio n -b ased g ram m ar fo rm alism s h av e b e c o m e sta n d a rd to o ls fo r gram m atical d escrip tio n w ith in co m p u tatio n al lin g u istics. A sig n ific a n t a d v a n ta g e o f th em is th e ir d eclarativ en ess, so m eth in g w h ich im p lie s th a t th ey can b e u se d b y p a rse rs a n d g e n e ra to rs w ith th e sam e ease. T w o d ev e lo p m en ts in rece n t y ea rs are p a rtic u la rly in te re stin g from th e p o in t o f v ie w o f tran sla tio n and m u lti-lin g u al g en eratio n . T h e first is th e id ea th at d e scrip tio n s o f d iffe re n t lan g u a g e s can b e related by v irtu a lly th e sa m e m ea n s as d e scrip tio n s b elo n g in g to d iffe re n t le v e ls o f d escrip tio n w ith in a sin g le lan g u a g e (K a p lan e t a l.. 1989; v a n N o o rd , 1990; R u sse ll et a l., 1990). T h is la tte r d ev elo p m en t is esp ecially su itab le fo r th o se w h o fav o u r a tra n s fe r m o d el o f tran sla tio n , as w ell-k n o w n d e scrip tio n lev els su ch as p h rase stru ctu re, fu n ctio n al stru c tu re and lo g ic a l form can be reused and set in to co rresp o n d en ces.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e seco n d id ea is th a t p arsin g and g e n e ra tio n c a n b e se en as b a sic a lly th e sa m e p ro c e sse s th at d iffe r o n ly in th e ir in p u t (S h ieb er, 1988; Z ajac & E m ele , 1990 ; E m e le e t al., 1990). T h is w ould m ak e it p o ssib le to h a n d le all p ro cessin g b y th e sa m e m ec h a n ism s an d b y m ea n s o f a sin g le g ra m m a r and d ictio n ary fo r e a ch lan g u ag e. T h is id ea, o n th e o th e r h a n d , g iv e s so m e th in g to th o se w h o are in terested in in terlin g u a ap p ro ach es, sin ce, i f a c o m m o n re p re sen ta tio n lan g u a g e c a n b e fo u n d fo r th e d escrip tio n o f d iffe re n t lan g u a g e s, w e c a n u se it in th e d iffe re n t g ra m m a rs an d g e t tra n sla tio n sy stem s and m u lti-lin g u al g e n e ratio n sy ste m a lm o st fo r free.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 164, |
| "end": 206, |
| "text": "(S h ieb er, 1988; Z ajac & E m ele , 1990", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In th is p a p e r w e rep o rt on a p ro je c t w h ich is c o n cern ed w ith d e v e lo p in g th e secoiKl idea.^ In th e n e x t sectio n w e d escrib e b riefly its g o a ls an d m o tiv atio n s. T h e n , in se c tio n 3 , w e p ro v id e so m e arg u m en ts in fav o u r o f co n cep tu al tex t-re p re se n ta tio n s and p ro p o se a w a y o f c h a ra c te riz in g sem an tic eq u iv alen ce o f g e n erated tex ts. In sectio n 4 , w e sh o w h o w th e co n c ep tu a l rep re sen ta tio n s are used fo r bi-lin g u al sen ten ce g en eratio n . In th e last se ctio n , fin a lly , w e in d ic a te b rie fly o u r p lan s fo r the future.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e p ro je c t is e x p lo ra tiv e w ith th e o v e ra ll aim to ju d g e the p o ssib ilitie s o f u sin g interlin gual re p re sen ta tio n s in ap p lic atio n s su ch a s d o cu m e n t g en e ratio n , in tellig en t (cxi-line) h a n d b o o k s, and tran slatio n . W e d o th is b y stu d y in g a sp e cific tex t g e n re, th e serv ice m an u a l, and in p a rticu la r the e x p o sito ry se ctio n s, w h ere a n o b je c t is d escrib ed and its fu n ctio n is ex p lain ed . O u r in itial co rp u s c o m p rise s 86 se n te n c e p a irs fro m tw o se rv ic e m an u a ls issu ed b y V o lv o T ru c k C o rp o ratio n . M o re sp e c ific g o a ls o f th e p ro je c t are to d e v e lo p an in te rlin g u al rep re sen ta tio n lan g u a g e fo r th is gerue an d a lg o rith m s fo r m u lti-lin g u a l g e n e ra tio n fro m th e in terlin g u al rep resen tatio n s. W e also in v est ig ate th e p o ssib ilitie s o f u sin g th e in te rlin g u a fo r au to m a tic tran slatio n . T w o la n g u a g e s ate co n sid e red , S w ed ish an d E n g lish .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The project", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e in te rlin g u a sh o u ld c o v e r all rele v an t a sp ects o f th e tex ts: stru c tu re, c o n te n t and tex tual c o h e re n c e, b u t w e a re o n ly co n cern ed w ith th e lin g u istic v a ria tio n th a t c a n b e fo u n d w ith in the g en re. F o r in sta n c e, as all sen te n c es o f o u r co rp u s are d e c la ra tiv e and p rese n t-ten se , w e trea t su ch p ro p e rtie s as stru c tu ra l in v arian ts th at n eed n o t b e ac co u n ted fo r o n sem an tic o r p rag m atic grounds.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The project", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A b a sic assu m p tio n o f th e p ro je ct is th a t it is u sefu l to c o n sid e r tra n sla tio n and m u lti-ling ual g e n e ra tio n as c lo se ly related task s. I f w e v iew th e g en eral g e n e ra tio n p ro b lem as o n e o f findin g a te x t (o r all te x ts) th a t sa tisfie s a g iv en set o f co n strain ts in a g iv en c o n tex t, it is e a sy to see that tra n sla tio n fits th is d e fin itio n . T h e so u rce te x t p ro v id e s o n e set o f co n strain ts w h ile A e g ram m ar a n d g e n re -sp e c ific ru le s o f th e targ e t lan g u ag e p ro v id e a n o th e r set. O n th e o th e r h an d , in m u lti lin g u al g e n e ra tio n , w e m u st so m eh o w e n su re th a t the tex ts th at a re g en e rated are eq u iv alen t in im p o rta n t resp ects, e.g. as reg ard s co n te n t, sty le an d p ro g ressio n . T h e req u irem en ts o f su ch an e q u iv a len c e rela tio n c o m e s v e ry clo se to w h a t o n e de m a n d s o f a relatio n b e tw een tran slatio n s.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The project", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e u su al w a y to c h a ra c te riz e the relatio n o f tran slatio n eq u iv alen ce is p e rh a p s w ith referen ce to a n u m b e r o f d e scrip tio n lev e ls o n w h ic h tw o tex ts sh o u ld b e iden tical o r co rresp o n d in g . F o r instan ce, C a rb o n e ll & T o m ita (1 9 8 7 ) m en tio n s th e fo llo w in g facto rs to b e im p o rta n t fo r g o o d tran slatio n s: p rag m a tic in v arian c e (m atters o f illo cu tio n ary fo rce, sty le e tc.), se m an tic in v arian ce , stru ctu ral in v arian c e , le x ic al in v arian ce and sp atial in v arian ce. Ig n o rin g th e latter, w h ic h is co n cern ed w ith th e ex tern al p ro p e rtie s o f th e te x t su c h as len g th and p ag e lay o u t, it is in te re stin g to n o te how in v aria n c e is d e c rib ed w ith resp e c t to th e d iffe re n t lev els. In th e case o f p rag m atics and sem an tics th e n o tio n is o n e o f \"p rese rv in g in v arian t\" th e rele v an t p ro p ertie s, w h ile stru ctu ral in v arian ce is e x p la in ed as \"p re se rv in g as fa r as p o ssib le\" th e sy n ta c tic stru c tu re, an d lex ical in v arian c e is e x p la in e d a s \" p reserv in g a o n e -to -o n e m a p p in g o f w o rd s o r p h rase s from so u rc e to targ et tex t\". W e se e th a t it is e a s ie r to im a g in e a co m m o n , lan g u a g e -in d e p e n d en t rep re sen ta tio n fo r th e h ig h e r lev els o f tex ts, w h e re as th e lo w e r lev els, su ch as syntax an d lex is, ca n o n ly b e b ro u g h t in to co rresp o n d en ce w ith e a ch other. N o w , i f w e w a n t to g e t at the b o tto m o f a g e n e ra tio n p ro b le m , w e w ill n e e d to re fe r to c o m p le x c o m b in atio n s o f p ro p erties. B u t th is is d ie case w h e th e r w e woric w ith in te rlin g u a re p re se n ta tio n s o r co rresp o n d en ce rules. W ith th e in te rlin g u a a p p ro a c h w e th en h a v e th e a d v a n ta g e th a t all in fo rm atio n is a c ce ssib le at a sin g le lev el o f d e scrip tio n . It is o fte n a rg u e d th a t in th e c a se w e d eal w ith lan g u a g e s th a t m a k e th e sa m e k in d o f d istin ctio n s and u se th e sa m e k in d o f c o n stru c tio n s, as is th e case w id i S w ed ish and E n g lish , w e n e e d n o t c o n sid e r th e relev an t p ra g m a tic a n d se m a n tic p ro p erties, bu t m ere ly n ote th e c o rresp o n d en ces. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Towards a characterization of equivalence", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A s a b asis fo r d e scrib in g th e sem a n tic e q u iv alen ce o f tw o se n te n c es th a t are tra n sla tio n e q u iv a len ts w e appeal to th e n o tio n o f to p ic , o r to p ical q u e stio n (C arlso n , 1983; A h re n b e rg , 1987). S p e a k in g in fo rm ally , w e c a n say th a t a n e cessa ry co n d itio n fo r tw o sen te n c es b e in g tra n sla tio n eq u iv a len ts is th at th ey an sw e r the sam e q u e stio n b y th e sam e stan d ard s, w h e re sta n d a rd s re fe r to su c h th in g s as tru th fu ln ess, c o m p le ten ess, clarity and relevance.^ T h is is ac tu a lly also a c o n d itio n th a t c a n b e ap plied in practice; o fte n it is n o t a d iffic u lt task to d e c id e w h ic h q u e stio n o r questicMis a g iv e n tex t sen ten ce attem pts to an sw er, as ev id e n c e b o th from its fo rm and its c o n te x t c a n b e u sed . I f w e lo o k a t th e fo u r s e n te n c e p a irs a b o v e, th e to p ic al q u e stio n s o f th e first p a ir c a n b e ren d e red in E n g lish as H o w is the basic section operated, a n d ho w is the range g ea r operated? A t th e co n cep tu al lev el w e m ay in tro d u ce a co n c ep t. O p eratio n , w ith tw o a rg u m e n ts, o n e fo r th e o b je c t (g ea r o r g e a r set) b ein g o p erated u p o n and o n e fo r th e m a n n e r in w h ic h it is d o n e . A q u e stio n th a t relates to th is co n c ep t, o n e th a t m ak e s it a to p ic al c o n c ep t, c a n b e rep re sen te d a s a p ro p o sitio n a l stru ctu re w h ich is u n sp ecified w ith resp e c t to o n e o f its arg u m en ts:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "S: Den h\u00e4r nedkylningen kallas laddluftkylning. E: This cooling process is known as charge air cooling or intercooling.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "aspect Operation thing r-gearl", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "S: Den h\u00e4r nedkylningen kallas laddluftkylning. E: This cooling process is known as charge air cooling or intercooling.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A s fo r th e o cc u rre n ce o f th e finite v e rb in th e seco n d co n ju n c t o f the E n g lish sen ten ce aixl its ab sen c e in th e correspronding S w ed ish se n ten c e, it c an b e h an d led co m p letely w ith in the gram m ars o f th e tw o lan g u a g es. W e need n o t fo rm u late a sep arate co rre sp o n d en c e ru le say in g th at a finite v e rb in o n e la n g u a g e can co rresp o n d to n o th in g in th e o th e r lan g u a g e u n d e r ce rtain circu m stan ces. T h e to p ical q u e stio n is W h a t is the p u rp ose o f the inhibitor valve? w ith th e in te rlin g u a descrip tio n aspect Purpose thing inh-valve2", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "value [ ]", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e rules w e n eed are asso ciated w ith d ie c o n c ep t P u rp o se in th e k n o w led g e -b ase as exp lained in sectio n 4.4.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "value [ ]", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e th ird p a ir illu strates th e im p o rta n c e o f co-texL T h e topical q u e stio n m ay b e ten d ered as W hat happens in connection w ith this?, w h ere this refe rs to an e v en t o f sh iftin g the ran ge g e a r d escrib ed in th e p rev io u s se n te n ce. W h ile th e e v e n t is expliciU y referred to in th e E n g lish se n ten ce, it is n o t so in th e S w e d ish se n te n c e , illu stratin g th e c o m m o n p ro p e rty o f tex ts th a t causal relatio n sh ip s b e tw e en e v e n ts are o ften n o t g iv en e x p lic it ex p ressio n . A t p re se n t w e h a v e n o t defin ed tex t-lev el ru le s, so th is se n te n c e -p a ir c a n n o t be h a n d led by o u r g en erato r, b u t it seem s cle a r that a co rresp o n d e n c e ru le u sin g o n ly stru ctu ral in fo rm a tio n is n o t su fficie n t fo r th e p u rp o se.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "value [ ]", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e fo u rth p a ir o f sen ten c es, fin ally , a d d resse s th e to p ical q u estio n o f w h a t a certain p ro cess is called . A s it h a p p e n s tw o te rm s are u sed fo r it in E n g lish w h ile o n ly o n e is u se d in S w edish. T he resu lt is th a t a d isju n c tio n is used in E n g lish -p ro b a b ly in resp o n se to so m e stan dard o f co m p leten ess -w ith rx) c o rre sp o n d in g d isju n c tio n in th e S w ed ish se n ten ce. T h e fact th a t a sim p le N P in one la n g u a g e in so m e c a se s c a n co rresp o n d to a d isju n c tiv e N P in a n o th e r lan g u a g e is fo r o b v io u s rea so n s n o t so m e th in g th at o n e w o u ld lik e to e x p re ss as a g en eral p o ssib ility o f stru ctu ral co rre sp o n d en c e . H o w ev er, w ith o u t access to a sem an tic /p rag m atic level o f d escrip tio n o n e can n o t e x p re ss th e a p p ro p riate c o n strain ts.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "value [ ]", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In th is se ctio n w e sh o w h o w sen te n c es c a n b e g en erated from co n c ep tu al rep resen tatio n s. W e refer to th ese rep re se n ta tio n s a s c o n te n t d e sc rip tio n s a s th ey m ain ly co n ta in sem an tic in fo rm atio n . T h e g e n e ra tio n p ro c e ss ro u g h ly h av e th e sta g es illu strate T h e g en eratio n p ro ce ss is n o t lan g u a g e specific. T h e K B c a n su p p o rt k n o w le d g e f o r sev eral lan g u ag es. G iv e n a co n te n t d escrip tio n th e sy stem co n c u rre n tly g e n e ra te s th e co rre sp o n d in g strin g s fo r all th e su p p o rted lan g u ag es. In th e n e x t su b sectio n s w e w ill d e sc rib e c o n te n t d e scrip tio n s, g ram m ar ru le s, and K B fo r th e first sta g e o f g en eratio n . T h e su rfa ce strin g g e n e ra tio n m o d u le is m od eled o n S h ie b er (19 8 8 ) and u se s g ra m m a rs w ritte n in th e P A T R -n -fo rm a t.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The unification-based generator 4.1 Overview", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In o rd e r to ac h iev e m u lti-lin g u al g en era tio n w e w a n t to w o rk w ith la n g u a g e in d e p e n d e n t ch u n k s o f in fo rm atio n . T h e trad itio n al ap p ro ac h is to u se lo g ical p ro p o sitio n s, su c h as a c o n ju n c tio n o f facts, w h ich th e te x t is su p p o sed to ex p re ss. B e lo w is a sim p le e x a m p le o f a c o n te n t d e scrip tio n o f the c lau se The basic section is m echanically operated. \"T h e b a sic se ctio n \" is k n o w n w h ile \" m ech a n ica lly op orated\" is n e w in fo rm atio n w h ic h is a sserted in th e se n ten ce. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Content descriptions", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e valu e rlOOObs m ea n s th e b a sic se ctio n o f th e g e a rb o x r l 0 00. T h e a sp e c t isa g ets th e reflex iv e and tran sitiv e c lo su re o f th e classes rlOOO b elo n g s to. F ro m th ese, th e c o n c ep t b -se c tio n h a s b ee n cho sen . It h as th e n a m e \"basic sectio n \" a ttach ed to it.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "JJ", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e sco p e v a lu e is an u n sp e cifie d p ro p o sitio n , i.e. o n e co rre sp o n d in g to a to p ical q u e stio n as ex p lain ed abo ve. T h e u n sp e cifie d v a lu e w ill b e retriev ed from th e K B d u rin g th e g e n e ra tio n p ro cess.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "JJ", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A co n ten t d e scrip tio n rep resen ts p ro p e rtie s th a t are c o m m o n to e q u iv a le n t se n te n c e s o f d iffe re n t lan g u ag es. In ad d itio n , e a ch sen ten ce in th e e q u iv a len c e cla ss sa tisfie s a la n g u a g e -sp e c ific g ra m m atical d escrip tio n . G ram m atical d e sc rip tio n s a n d c o n te n t d e sc rip tio n s are re la te d ro u g h ly as th e tw o sid es o f th e cla ssic a l S a u ssu re a n lin g u istic sign . T h u s, it is n a tu ra l to e x p re ss p o ssib le rela tio n s b etw een g ram m atical featu res a n d c o n te n t fea tu re s a s a relatio n b e tw e e n p a rtia l stru c u ire s. In th e c u rre n t g ram m ar w e actu a lly u se a n u G iv e n a co n te n t d escrip tio n and a g ram m atic al d e sc rip tio n th e g e n e ra to r w ill try to p ro v e th e relatio n betw een th em . E ith e r d e scrip tio n m ay b e p a rtia lly sp e cifie d . T h e g e n e ra to r w ill d u rin g th e p ro o f p ro ced u re su g g est in stan tiatio n s to c o m p le te th e sp ecific atio n s. I f w e w o u ld lik e to g e n e ra te a g ram m atical d e sc rip tio n th at arg u m e n t sh o u ld in itia lly b e u n in sta n tia te d . I f th e p ro c e s s w as su ccessfu l th e g e n e ra to r retu rn s th e an sw ers o n e b y o n e e v e n i f th e re a re a n in fin ite n u m b e r o f th em . In p rin cip le, w e c o u ld also p a rse a g ram m atica l d e scrip tio n w h ic h w o u ld le a d to a c o n te n t d escrip tio n . A t th e tim e o f w ritin g th is is n o t y e t p rac tic a l fo r e ffic ie n c y rea so n s. T h e g e n e ra to r w o rk s acco rd in g to th e p rin c ip le k n o w n as S L D -re so lu tio n (see e.g . N ilsso n & M a lu sz y n sk i, 1990). T h e attrib u te-v alu e m atrices are c o d ed a s d irected a c y c lic g rap h s. T h e se le c tio n fu n ctio n is g ra p h u n ificatio n . T h is is s im ila r to , b u t n o t n e c e ssa rily lim ite d to , th e w a y lo g ic p ro g ra m m in g lan g u a g e s w ork.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "M apping content descriptions onto grammatical descriptions", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e g ram m ar is a ru le b ase, w h e re ea ch ru le g e n e ra lly ta k e s th e fo llo w in g fo rm :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "M apping content descriptions onto grammatical descriptions", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "reloCcdo, gdo) < -r e li ( c d i, g d i) ...... reln(cdn, gd\"). G iv e n a c o n te n t d e scrip tio n fo r a se n te n ce, w e w ill first c o n stn ic t a terni h a v in g in fo rm -sw o r in fo rm -e n g a s a fu n cto r. T h e co n te n t d e scrip tio n w ill b e co m e th e first a rg u m en t and the second a rg u m e n t w ill b e in itialized to th e n u ll d ag . g iv in g , say . in fo n n -sw (c d . []). T h e g e n eratio n o f the g ram m atic a l d e sc rip tio n w ill sta rt b y p ic k in g o u t th o se ru le s w h ic h h av e in fo rm -sw as th e fu n cto r o f th e ir h ead s. T h e y w ill th en b e tried o u t o n e b y o n e. T h e a rg u m e n ts o f th e term w ill be u nified w ith th e c o rre sp o n d in g a rg u m e n t o f th e ru le h ea d . I f th a t su cceed s all su b g o a ls a p p earin g o n the rig h t h a T h e ru le s a re w ritte n in su ch a w a y th a t a stru ctu ral d e p th -first a n a ly sis w ill be p erfo rm e d o n the c o n te n t d e scrip tio n . T h is also m ea n s th a t th e g ram m atical d e scrip tio n w ill be b u ilt top -d o w n . T h e su b g o a ls tak e c a re o f th e su b stru ctu res. T h e recu rsio n is sto p p e d , asid e from failin g u n ificatio n s, b y ru le s h a v in g n o rig h t h a n d sid e o r b y b u ilt-in ru les accessin g th e K B . T h e p red icate is o b tain ed b y a p p ly in g a n ile fo r th e fu n c to r d e scrib e-sw . T h e rig h t-h a n d sid e o f th is ru le co n sists o f th re e calls to th e K B , w h e re th e first an sw e rs th e to p ic a l q u e stio n and th e o th e r tw o retriev es lin g u istic in fo n n a tio n as e x p la in ed in th e n e x t section .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 25, |
| "end": 40, |
| "text": "( c d i, g d i)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "M apping content descriptions onto grammatical descriptions", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "T h e k n o w led g e n e c essa ry fo r the first sta g e o f th e g e n e ra tio n p ro cess is k e p t in a sin g le k n o w e E n g lish sen ten ce w e actu a lly h a v e to u se a d iffe re n t cla u se-lev el ru le, in tro d u cin g relatio n s o f th e asserted p ro p o sitio n b o th w ith th e su b je c t and the p red ic ate . T h e first asso ciatio n w ill u se th e E n g lis h n a m e o f th e co n cep t, w h ile th e se co n d w ill u se th e p red icate in fo rm atio n . In co n ju n ctio n th ese ru les w ill p ro d u ce a p a rtial g ram m atica l d e scrip tio n co rre sp o n d in g to th e p a n e m the purpose o f... i s .... I f an y th in g , th e g e n e ra tio n p ro ce d u re is at p re se n t ra th e r to o p o w e rfu l and u n c o n stra in e d , s o w e w a n t to in v estig ate fu rth e r w h^ co n stra in ts to p u t o n i t A s fo r s p^, th e b o ttlen e c k o f th e g e n e ra tio n p ro cess is th e su rface g e n e ra to r. Id ea lly w e w o u ld lik e to e lim in a te it c o m p le te ly a n d w o rk w ith a sin g le g ram m ar in co rp o ratin g p h ra se stru c tu re as w ell as fu n ctio n al g ram m atic a l in fo rm a tio n . Notes 1. T h e p ro je c t, K o n cep tu ell te x trep re se n ta tio n f\u00f6 r a u to m a tisk g e n e re rin g o c h \u00f6 v e rs\u00e4 ttn in g , is fu n d ed b y th e C en tre fo r In d u strial In fo rm atio n T ec h n o lo g y (C E N H T ) at th e L in k \u00f6 p in g In stitu te o fT e c h n o lo g y .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The knowledge base", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "2. W e tak e th e sen te n c e p a irs in th e co rp u s as p rim a fa c ie in stan ces o f tra n sla tio n e q u iv a le n ts an d th u s n e c essa ry to a c co u n t for. T h is m ay b e q u estio n ed in a few c a se s, e.g. w h e re o n e sen te n c e co n tain s a m o d ifie r h a v in g n o c o u n te rp a n at all in th e o th e r sen te n ce, b u t all su c h ex cep tio n s n eed careful m o tiv atio n .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The knowledge base", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "3. T w o p arag rap h s m ay be c o n sid ered e q u iv a len t if th e y a n sw e r th e sa m e q u e stio n s in th e sa m e ord er. R u ssell, G ., B allim , A ., E stiv a l, D ., W a rw ick -A rm stro n g , S . (1 9 9 1 ): A la n g u a g e fo r th e sta te m e n t o f b in ary relatio n s o v e r featu re stru ctu res. P roceedings o f die 5 th E A C L C onference, B e rlin 9-11 A p ril, 1991, p p . 2 8 7 -2 9 2 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The knowledge base", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "S ad ler, L . and T h o m p so n , H . (1991): S tru ctu ral n o n -c o rresp o n d e n c e in tr a n s la tio a P roceedings o f the 5th E A C L C orference, B erlin 9-11 A p ril, 1991, pp. 2 9 3 -2 9 8 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The knowledge base", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "S h ieb er, S.M . (1 9 8 8 ): A u n ifo rm a rch ite c tu re fo r p a rsin g an d g en e ratio n . P ro ceedings o f the 12th", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The knowledge base", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\" 2 , refer-eng( [ ] , []),describe-eng ( [ ] , [ ] ) , identify-eng ( [ ] [ ] )", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1991", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1991", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Intern a \u00e4 o na l Corrference on C om putational Linguistics, B u d ap est, 2 -2 7 A u g u st 1988, pp. 6 1 4 -6 1 9 . v a n N o o rd , G . (1 9 9 0 ): R e v e isib le u n ific atio n b ased m ac h in e tran slatio n . P roceedings o f the 13thIntern atio na l C onference on C om putational Linguistics, H elsin k i 2 0 -2 4 A u g u st, 1990, pp. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1991", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": {}, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "text": "H o w e v er, e v e n i f tw o lex e m es, o r tw o O M istructions, o f d iffe re n t lan g u a g e s c a n n o t b e treated as h a v in g th e sa m e p r t^r t i e s , b u t se t in to a co rresp o n d en ce fo r lac k o f b e tte r a ltern a tiv es, w e can still g iv e th em a c o m m o n d escrip tio n . F ro m th e fo rm al p o in t o f v ie w th e re se em s to b e n o relev an t d istin c tio n b e tw e e n id en tity and co rre sp o n d en c e , sin ce, i f tw o ele m en ts c o rre sp o n d , w e can in tro d u c e a p ro p erty at th e in te rlin g u a lev e l th a t is e x p re sse d b y th ese tw o elem en ts (an d n o oth ers) in th e tw o lan g u ag es. T h e a sso c ia tio n b e tw e en th e ele m en ts and th e in terlin g u al d e scrip to r is th en m ad e in th e g ram m ars o f th e tw o lan g u a g e s. C o n v ersely , o f co u rse, a p e rc e iv e d id en tity o f m ean in g o f tw o e le m e n ts from d iffe re n t lan g u ag e s ca n b e rep resen ted as a triv ia l co rresp o n d en c e betw een th e e lem en ts. N o te , th o u g h , th a t b y u sin g an in terlin g u a rep resen tatio n w e can d e co m p o se a co rresp o n d en ce b e tw e e n o ften , q u ite co m p le x sets o f p ro p ertie s in to tw o sim p le r rela tio n s b o th o f w h ich relate a sim p le d e s c rip to r at th e in te rlin g u a lev el to c o m p le x la n g u a g e -s p e d f lc re p re sen tatio n s, ju s t as a w o rd form is asso ciated w ith its m o rp h o -sy n ta c tic an d se m a n tic p ro p e rtie s in a dictio n ary . T h is is a d v an teg o u s n o t le a st from th e p o in t o f v ie w o f m u lti-lin g u a l g en eratio n .", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "text": "H o w ev er, in o u r co rp u s w e fin d se v eral p a irs o f sen ten c es, su ch as th e fo llo w in g , th a t se em d iffic u lt to d e scrib e o n th e b a sis o f stru c tu ra lly b a sed c o rresp o n d en ce ru les only:1 . A n ellip sis o ccu rs o n ly in o n e o f th e lan g u a g e s, b u t n o t in th e o th er. S: BasvOxeldelen man\u00f6vreras mekaniskt, rangev\u00e5xeln pneuma\u00e4ski. E: The basic section is mechanically operated; the range gear is pneuma\u00e4cally operated. 2. A n in teg rated c o m p le m en t co rre sp o n d s to th e su b je c t h ea d , w h ile th e su b je c t c o rre sp o n d s to a su b je c t m od ifier. S: Sp\u00e4rrventilen har till uppgift att f\u00f6rhindra v\u00e4xling av rangev\u00e4xeln n \u00e4 r... E: The purpose o f the inhibitor valve is to prevent inadvertant shifting o f the range gear when ... 3. A p assiv e c la u se c o rresp o n d s to an ac tiv e clau se w ith an an a p h o ric su b ject. S: Sp\u00e4rrventilens kolv trycks upp urf\u00f6rdjuprungen p\u00e4 kolvst\u00e4ngen ... E: This moves the plunger o f the inhibitor valve out o f its dim ple... 4. A sim p le N P c o rre sp o n d s to a co o rd in ated , d isju n c tiv e N P .", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "text": "A s fo r th e seco n d p a ir o f sen ten ces w e are faced w ith a co rre sp o n d en ce p atte rn w h ich is even m o re in v o lv e d th an th e sp littin g /liisin g e x a m p les d iscu ssed b y K^l a n e t al.(1 9 8 9 )and S a d le r & T h o m p so n (1 9 9 1 ). W e c a n av o id in tro d u c in g e x p lic it co rre sp o n d en c e ru les, i f w e state th e rules in te rm s o f rela tio n s b e tw e e n in te rlin g u a d e scrip tio n s a n d lan g u a g e-sp e cific g ram m atical descrip tio n s, h o w ev er. M o re o v e r, th ey b e c o m e q u ite sim p le b e c au se th e in te rlin g u a d escrip tio n is a sim p le one.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "text": "d in fig u re 1.T h e first m o d u le o f th e g e n e ra to r co n stru c ts lan g u a g e sp ecific g ram m atical d escrip tio n s u sin g rela tio n a l g ra m m a r ru les and in fo rm atio n in th e c o m m o n k n o w le d g e -b a se (K B ). T h ese w ill then b e fed in to th e su rface s trin g g en erato r, w h ic h h a s its o w n g ram m ar. B e tw ee n th ese tw o m ainm o d u le s th e re is also an in terface w h o se p u rp o se is to fin e -tu n e th e in co m in g g ram m atical d e scrip tio n s so th a t th ey co n fo rm to th e d e m an d s o f th e su rface generato r. Basic architecture of the generator A n e d ito r is b u ilt o n to p o f th e K B e n ab lin g c o n te n t d e scrip tio n s, g ram m atic a l d e scrip tio n s, g ram m ar rules, d o m ain and lin g u istic k n o w le d g e to b e in te rac tiv e ly a n d in c re m e n ta lly a d d ed o r m o d ified . A ll in fo rm a tio n is co d ed as fea tu re -v alu e m atric e s w ith u n ific a tio n as th e so le m e th o d o f com b in in g.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "text": "T h e c o n te n t d escrip tio n s in th e sy stem c o n ta in lo g ic a l p ro p o sitio n s, b u t also d istin g u ish th em o n th e b a sis o f p rag m a tic f im e tio a M o re o v e r th e c o n te n t d escrip tio n s n eed n o t b e fu lly sp ecified a s so m e o f th e c o n te n t m a y b e retrie v e d from th e K B . P ro p o sitio n s can b e o f a n u m b e r o f d iffe re n t ty p es. T h e y a re e x p re sse d d iffe re n tly d e p e n d in g o n th e ty p e. T h e ty p es c a n b e g ro u p ed in to tw o m a in c a te g o rie s. H r s t th o se th a t h a v e a p u re ly lo g ical m ean in g , cu rren tly b e in g th e sim p le ty p e th in g -a sp e c t-v a lu e (tav ) an d th e c o n ju n c tio n (an d). S eco n d ly , w e h av e a n u m b e r o f ty p es th a t b e sid e s h a v in g a lo g ic al in te rp re ta tio n a lso h a v e a n o n -lo g ical function.B elo w w e w ill d isc u ss in sta n c e s o f b o th ty p es an d g iv e sm all e x a m p le s o f th e ir use. T h in g -a sp e ct-v alu e , w h ic h is used to e x p re ss a v alu e o f an a sp ect o f a c ertain thin g. T h e ex am p le b e lo w s h o w s a sim p le fac t w ritten as an attrib u te-v alu e m atrix w h ich say s th at a th in g called rlOOO has the c o lo r green. , a lo g ic a l c o n ju ra tio n o f tw o o th e r p ro p o sitio n s: often the a l value is o f type tav w hile the o2 is either a tav o r an and. \u2022 R e fe re n c e-sc o p e, w h ic h lo g ic ally is a co n ju n ctio n . It h a s tw o a ttrib u tes, c alled r e f an d scope e a c h co n ta in in g p ro p o sitio n s a b o u t a g iv en o b je c t (o r set). T h e n o n -lo g ical asp ect o f it lies in th e w a y th e tw o p ro p o sitio n s h av e b e e n d iv id ed . T h e first a rg u m e n t sp e cifies a p ro p o sitio n w h ic h is u sed fo r m a k in g refere n c e to th e ob ject. T h e in te n tio n is th at th e o b jec t and p ropo sitio n m u st be k n o w n to th e re a d e r a t th is p o in t, e ith e r b y h a v in g b e en in tro d u c ed at an e a rlie r p oin t in th e te x t o r in clu d e d in th e re a d e r's b a c k g ro u n d k n o w led g e. T h e p ro p o sitio n w ill d e term in e h o w refe re n c e to th e o b je c t w ill b e a c h iev e d a t th e su rfac e lev el; e.g. b y usin g its p ro p e r n am e, a p ro n o u n , o r a d e fin ite d e scrip tio n , p o ssib ly in clu d in g a n u m b e r o f ad jectiv es and so on. T he sco p o v a lu e co n ta in s in fo rm a tio n th a t is n ew in th e cu rre n t co n tex t. It id en tifies the p ro p o sitio n th a t is a sserted a b o u t th e o b jec t.T h e referen ce-sco p o ty p e is u sed to e x p re ss th e c o n ten ts o f sim p le c la u se s. T h e first a rg u m en t w ill fo n n th e su b je c t o f th a t c la u se w h ile th e scopo v alu e is u se d to b u ild th e p re d ic ate , in clu d in g v e rb and co m p lem en ts.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "text": "m b e r o f d iffe re n t re la tio n s, w h ic h e n c o d e b o th th e la n g u a g e and th e tex tu al h m c tio n o f th e stru ctu re s b e in g rela te d , a s in th e fo llo w in g e x a m p le s w h e re cd an d g d stan d fo r c o n te n t and g ram m atica l d e scrip tio n s resp ec tiv ely : 1. in fo rm -sw (cd , g d ), refer-en g (cd , g d ), d e scrib e-e n g (c d , g d ) A n o th er p o ssib ility w o u ld b e to en co d e the fu n c tio n and lan g u ag e a s arg u m en ts: 2. sig n ify (cd , lan g u g e , fu n ctio n , gd) A sp ecificatio n o f the relatio n u n d e r a m o re c o m p le te g e n e ra tio n sc h e m e w o u ld h a v e to ta k e m an y o th e r asp ects into acco u n t, e.g. as fo llow s: 3. sig n ify (cd , lan g u a g e , fu n ctio n , ty p e, u se r-m o d e l-in , c o n te x t-in , c o n te x t-o u t, u se r-m o d e l-o u t, gd) w h ere 'ty p e ' is th e ty p e o f te x t o b ject; su ch as c lau se o r sen ten ce, 'u s e r-m o d e l-in ' is a m o d el o f w h at b ack g ro u n d k n o w le d g e th e re a d e r p o se sse s at th is p o in t, 'c o n te x t-in ' re c o rd s rele v an t o b jec ts m en tio n ed in th e te x t so fa r to aid p ro n o u n g e n eratio n and ellip sis. T h e u se r-m o d e l-o u t w ill reflec t th e fact th at th e re a d e r h a s ac co m o d ate d th e n e w in fo n n a tio n in th e c o n te n t d e scrip tio n . 'This c an b e u sed to e n su re th a t th e n e w in fo rm a tio n in d ee d is relev an t, c o h e re n t a n d c o n siste n t w ith w h a t h as b een said and w ith w h at th e re a d e r a lread y k n o w s. F ro m n o w o n v e rsio n I o f the relatio n sp ecifica tio n w ill b e c o n sid e red sin c e it is th e o n e h a s b e en im plem ented.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF6": { |
| "text": "W e refer to the left-h an d side as the h ead an d th e rig h t-h an d sid e as th e b o d y o f th e ru le. T h e head co n sists o f a sin g le term , w h ile th e b o d y m ay c o n ta in any n u m b e r o f term s. 'The ru les c u rre n tly in u se actu a lly c o n ta in te n n s w ith ad d itio n a l arg u m en ts, b u t w e ig n o re th ese here.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF7": { |
| "text": "n d sid e o f th e ru le m u st h o ld . T h e s e a re trie d o u t rec u rsiv ely . T h e arg u m en ts o f th e su b goals sh a re m aterial w ith e a ch o th e r an d p a rtic u la rly w ith th e h ead arg u m en ts. A s n e w m aterial is u nified in to th e stru c tu re s.th e c h a n g es b e c o m e im m ed ia tely v isib le ev ery w h ere. W h en all th e su b g o als hav e s u c c e ssfu lly b e e n p ro v e d tiie p ro ce ss su sp en d s in th a t state. T h e a rg u m e n ts o f th e initial term hav e b e e n fu lly in sta n tia te d and c an b e p ick e d o u t A fte r tiiat th e p ro c e ss resu m e s b y b ack track in g to c h o ic e p o in ts in th e S L D -tree w h e re alte rn a tiv e in sta n tia tio n s can b e fou nd.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF8": { |
| "text": "T h e f a r m o st im p o rta n t b u ilt-in ru le is d ie th e p rim itiv e retriev al o p era tio n , iget. It has th ree arg u m en ts: c a rrie r, in d ic a to r, and v alu e. T h e c a rrie r d e n o te s an o b je c t th at h as a v a lu e stored u n d er a c e rta in in d ic a to r. It c a n . from th e g e n e ra to r's p o in t o f v iew , be reg ard ed as a sim p le p ro p erty . T h e ig e t is u sed fo r tw o d iffe re n t p u rp o ses:1. C h e c k in g th e v a lid ity o f th e co n te n t d e s c rip tio a T h e w o rld m o d elle d in th e K B m u st sanction th e in fo rm a tio n e x p ressed th ere. 2. R e trie v in g lin g u istic in fo rm a tio n fio m d o m ain o bjects. A ll d o m ain co n cep ts m en tio n ed in the c o n te n t d e scrip tio n c o n trib u te frag m en ts o f g ram m atical d e scrip tio n s. T h e ru les g lue these fra g m e n ts to g e th e r to form th e gd. W e e n d th is s u b sec tio n w ith tw o ru le s th a t h a n d le s re fere n ce-sco p e d escrip tio n s. T h e first rule sa y s th a t in o rd e r to relate a cd o f th is ty p e an d a c o r r e^n d i n g g d . b e sid e s th e co n d itio n th a t th ey sh all u n ify w ith th e a rg u m e n t m atrices, th e referen ce in fo rm a tio n m u st b e p o ssiU e to e x p re ss as p a rt o f a g ram m atic a l su b je c t and th e sc o p e in fo rm a tio n m u st b e e x p re sse d as p a rt o f a gram m atical p red ic a te . In a d d itio n th e ru le ad d s m o re fea tu re s to th e g d . in th is case te n se in fo rm a tio n .", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF9": { |
| "text": "le d g e b ase. T h e p rim a ry aim o f th e k n o w le d g e b ase is to sto re in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e d o m a in o b jects. It is o rg an ized as an in h erita n c e n e tw o rk , allo w in g in stan ces to in h erit p ro p ertie s from th e ir co n c ep ts. T h e p ro p erties can b e d iv id ed in tw o c la sses, d o m a in rela ted an d la n g u a g e relate d . In th e sm all ex am p le b elo w th e rlOOO, ca lled th e ca rrier, is an in sta n c e o f th e c o n c e p t G e a rb o x , an d it h a s th e p ro p erty sw -n am e, also called the in d ic a to r, d efln ed to be th e v a lu e [lex rlOOO].sw-namc [lex rlOOO]A sso ciated w ith e a ch in d icato r, th ere is a m eth o d w h ic h k n o w s h o w th e v a lu e is to b e retrie v ed . T h e v a lu e c a n e ith e r b e c ach ed in th e c a rrie r tx x ie d ire c tly , in h erite d fro m a c o n c e p t d u o u g h isa-lin k s, o r o th erw ise co m p u ted . It is th e fa c t th a t th e k n o w le d g e is o n ly a c ce ssib le th ro u g h th e d o m ain o b jec ts th a t m ak e s g e n e ra tio n m u ch e a sie r d ia n p a rsin g . In o rd e r to m a k e th e sy ste m b id irectio n al w e w o u ld also h av e to m a k e d o m a in o b je c ts a c ce ssib le fro m th e ir p ro p e rty v a lu e s, esp ec ia lly th e lin g u istic p ro p erties. L in g u istic inform aticm c a n b e asso cia ted w id i d o m ain c o n c ep ts in d iffe re n t w ay s. N o u n s are sto red u n d e r an in d ic a to r n a m e w h ic h is th e n d iffe re n tia te d fo r th e tw o la n g u a g e s as in th e e x a m p le above. In fo rm a tio n rele v an t fo rp re d ic a te s is sto red u n d e r th e in d ic a to r e p re d w h ic h is d iffe re n tia te d in th e sam e w ay. In th e c a se o f the co n cep t O p era tio n , th e S w e d ish e p re d -v a lu e is a stru c tu re , w h ic h say s th at th e p red icate sh o u ld c o n ta in th e v e rb m an\u00f6vrera in th e p a ssiv e v o ice , an d a m a n n e r adverb ial ex p ressin g th e m a n n e r o f op eratio n : In se ctio n 3 w e co n sid e red th e fo llo w in g sen te n c e pa ir, an d in tro d u ced a c o n c ep t P u rp o se fo r its d e scrip tio n : S: Sp\u00e4rrven\u00e4len har till uppgtfl an fdrhindra v\u00e4xling av rangev\u00e4xeln n \u00e4 r... E: The purpose o f the inhibitor valve is to prevent inadvertant shifting o f the range gear when... T h e S w ed ish s e n te n c e can b e h an d le d b y th e p re v io u s ru le fo r refe ren c e-sc o p e p ro p o sitio n s.^ T h e stru c tu re fo r th e S w e d ish p re d ic ate in fo rm atio n asso cia ted w ith P u rp o se w o u ld b e as follo w s:", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF10": { |
| "text": "Status and future work W e b eliev e th at th e g e n e ratio n pro ced u re as fa r as sen te n ces are c o n cern ed is p o w e rfu l aiul fle x ib le en o u g h to h an d le m o st o f th e sen te n c e-lev el p h e n o m e n a o f o u r co rp u s. H o w e v er, th is rem a in s to b e p ro v ed , as th e c u rre n t g ra m m a r o n ly c o v e ts a fra c tio n o f th e co rp u s. M o re o v e r, w e w ill ex te n d th e ru le b ase to h a n d le p a ra g ra p h -lev e l p h e n o m e n a su c h as c o h e re n c e re la tio n s a n d a n a i^o r ic d ep en d en cies a s w ell.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF11": { |
| "text": "It n eed s a d iffe re n t ru le fo r d e scrib e-sw , h o w ev e r, a s th e v a lu e o f th e asse rted p ro p o sitio n n eed n o t b e a sim p le concept.References A h ren b erg , L. (1987): In terro g ativ e stm c tu re s o f S w ed ish : a sp ec ts o f th e rela tio n b e tw e e n g ram m ar and speech -acts. R U U L 14 (D ocL d iss.), U p p sala U n iv e rsity , D e p a rtm en t o f L in g u istic s. C arb o n ell, J.G . and T o m ita , M . K n o w le d g e -b ased m ac h in e tra n sla tio n , th e C M U a p p ro a ch . In S. N iren b u rg (ed .) M achine Translation. C am b rid g e U n iv e rsity P re ss, pp . 6 8 -8 9 . C arlso n , L. (19 83 ): D ialogue G am es. D o rd rech t, R eid el. E m ele, M ., H eld , U ., M o m m a, S. an d Z a jac , R . (1 9 9 0 ): O rg a n iz in g lin g u istic k n o w le d g e fo r m u lti-lin g u al g en eratio n . P roceedings o f the 13th International C onference on C om putational Linguistics, H e lsin k i, 2 0 -2 4 A u g u st, 1990, p p . 102-107. K ap lan , R .M ., N e tte r, K ., W e d ek in d , J., Z aen en , A . (1 9 8 9 ): T ra n sla tio n b y stru c tu ra l c o rre sp o n d en ces. P roceedings o f the 4 th E A C L Cortference, M a n c h e ste r 10-12 A p ril, 1989, p p . 2 7 2 -2 8 1 . N ilsso n , U . and M alu sz y n sk i, J. (1990): L ogic, P rogram m ing a n d P rolog. J o h n W ile y & S o n s.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
