| { |
| "paper_id": "Y00-1022", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:45:04.050353Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "A CCG FRAGMENT OF KOREAN*", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Kihwang", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Edinburgh", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "leekh@cogsci.ed.ac.uk" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "Combinatory Categorial Grammar is a lexicalised formalism which is mildly context-sensitive. Recently Set Combinatory Categorial Grammar, a direct descendent of Combinatory Categorial Grammar was proposed to treat local scrambling adequately. In this paper, we briefly sketch Set Combinatory Categorial Grammar analyses of various Korean syntactic phenomena including coordination, extraction and multiple nominative construction. CCG has most to offer as a theory of grammar [20]. Extensive introductions and discussions of the linguistic properties and motivations of the CCG formalism together with analyses of many constructions in English, German and Dutch are presented in [18, 19, 20]. *I would like to express many thanks to Jason Baldridge for helpful suggestions and discussions. All remaining mistakes and errors are mine.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "Y00-1022", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Combinatory Categorial Grammar is a lexicalised formalism which is mildly context-sensitive. Recently Set Combinatory Categorial Grammar, a direct descendent of Combinatory Categorial Grammar was proposed to treat local scrambling adequately. In this paper, we briefly sketch Set Combinatory Categorial Grammar analyses of various Korean syntactic phenomena including coordination, extraction and multiple nominative construction. CCG has most to offer as a theory of grammar [20]. Extensive introductions and discussions of the linguistic properties and motivations of the CCG formalism together with analyses of many constructions in English, German and Dutch are presented in [18, 19, 20]. *I would like to express many thanks to Jason Baldridge for helpful suggestions and discussions. All remaining mistakes and errors are mine.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "We briefly introduce CCG (Combinatory Categorial Grammar) and Set-CCG (Set Combinatory Categorial Grammar), a direct descendent of the former.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "CCG, introduced by [1] as a generalisation of the Categorial Grammars (CG) of [2] and [6] is a lexicalised formalism which is mildly context-sensitive [21] . The mildly context-sensitive generative power of CCG enables it to provide adequate description of syntactic phenomena including crossing dependencies in some languages that are known to be beyond the coverage of context-free grammars [16] .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 19, |
| "end": 22, |
| "text": "[1]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 78, |
| "end": 81, |
| "text": "[2]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 86, |
| "end": 89, |
| "text": "[6]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 151, |
| "end": 155, |
| "text": "[21]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF20" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 393, |
| "end": 397, |
| "text": "[16]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Combinatory Categorial Grammar", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For syntactic derivation, CCG utilises a system of rules which is based on the combinators of [9] . These combinators are composition (B), type-raising (T), and substitution (S).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 94, |
| "end": 97, |
| "text": "[9]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Combinatory Categorial Grammar", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "CCG's view of surface structure is quite different from that of conventional grammar formalisms. Surface structures in CCG do not exhibit traditional notions of constituency or dominance and command. All the fragments that arise under coordination and related constructions are considered as surface constituents. This flexible view of surface structure provides lucid descriptions not only for bounded dependencies but also for various sorts of unbounded dependencies that occur when the complements are displaced under coordination, relativisation, etc. Thus, it is as a theory of multiple unbounded dependency and coordinate structure that", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Combinatory Categorial Grammar", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "CG and CCG were originally developed for configurational languages in which the order of constituents is mostly fixed and functions of constituents are realised according to their position in sentences. Nonconfigurational languages including Korean exhibit local scrambling as shown in (1) .1", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 286, |
| "end": 289, |
| "text": "(1)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Local Scrambling and Set-CCG", |
| "sec_num": "1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) a. Hwanho-ka wuyu-lul masi-nta. Hwanho-NOM milk-ACC drink-DECL Ilwanho drinks milk.' b. wuyu-lul Hwanho-ka masi-nta. milk-ACC Hwanho-NOM drink-DECL Ilwanho drinks milk.' Typical solutions for local scrambling in CCG are extensive use of type-raising and crossing composition rules, and assignment of additional lexical categories for predicates which allow scrambling. The defects of these two approaches were presented in [3] . [10] proposed Multiset-CCG which is an extension of CCG. Sets are incorporated into the rules and categories of CCG in order to allow flexibility for handling scrambled word orders directly with single lexical categories. However Multiset-CCG achieves higher power than CCG and other mildly context-sensitive formalisms.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 427, |
| "end": 430, |
| "text": "[3]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 433, |
| "end": 437, |
| "text": "[10]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Local Scrambling and Set-CCG", |
| "sec_num": "1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[5] proposed Set-CCG, a direct descendent of CCG. Set-CCG also accepts scrambled orders with single lexical categories by incorporating sets into the categories and rules of CCG. However, the directional specifications of lexical categories and rules are retained. This allows Set-CCG to maintain the same generative capacity of CCG. The strong equivalence of CCG and Set-CCG are proved in [5] . We adopt Set-CCG for analysis of Korean throughout this study.2 [17] applied an extended version of pure Categorial Grammar to analysis of Korean. The notion of sets and unspecified directionality similar to those of [10] was introduced to handle the relative free word order. Some principles on rule application were also suggested. This work, however, cannot provide descriptions of coordinate constructions and other complex constructions involving the unconventional constituents. [15] and [7] incorporated sets into lexical categories, but directionality was retained. However, these studies lack format account for this extension. [7] used type-raising to treat case marking in Korean. [8] and [13] adopted Multiset-CCG for analysis of Korean, and coordination and quantifier floating were described.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 390, |
| "end": 393, |
| "text": "[5]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 460, |
| "end": 464, |
| "text": "[17]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 613, |
| "end": 617, |
| "text": "[10]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 881, |
| "end": 885, |
| "text": "[15]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 890, |
| "end": 893, |
| "text": "[7]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1033, |
| "end": 1036, |
| "text": "[7]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1088, |
| "end": 1091, |
| "text": "[8]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1096, |
| "end": 1100, |
| "text": "[13]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Local Scrambling and Set-CCG", |
| "sec_num": "1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[14] adopted Set-CCG for description of Korean and showed analyses on various syntactic phenomena including coordination, relativisation, and clefting.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PREVIOUS WORK", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We will first look at the treatments of case marking and predicate conjugation in Korean within the framework of CCG.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CASE MARKING AND PREDICATE CONJUGATION", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1 The underlying assumption is that only the scrambling of complements are allowed and they cannot be placed after the predicate. It is true that sentences in which complements or adverbials are placed after the predicates of the sentences exist in Korean. However it is very rare phenomenon, and we will focus on predicate-final sentences. We can cover this matter if we adopt Multiset-CCG. 2 Set-CCG has been successfully applied to the analyses of various syntactic phenomena in Tagalog, Toba Batak [4] and Greek [11] .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 502, |
| "end": 505, |
| "text": "[4]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 516, |
| "end": 520, |
| "text": "[11]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CASE MARKING AND PREDICATE CONJUGATION", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In Korean, the grammatical case of a noun is marked by case particles as shown in (1) . We treat NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE particles as functions that take left adjacent nouns as their arguments and return casemarked noun phrases. These category assignments are shown in (2).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 82, |
| "end": 85, |
| "text": "(1)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Case Marking", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) a. -ka, -kkeyse NOMINATIVE := N P NOM\\{N} b. -lul, -ul ACCUSATIVE := NPACC\\{N}", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Case Marking", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We assign different categories for the particles traditionally classified as adverbial case particles since noun phrases with these particles often used as adverbials. These particles take left adjacent nouns as their arguments and return adverbials. Category assignments for typical adverbial case particles are shown in (3).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Case Marking", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) a. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Case Marking", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "N {N} N {N} N (S L oc I {S}\\{N} N N SLoc/{S}", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Case Marking", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The existence of predicate ending is another distinctive property of Korean. Predicate endings mark various grammatical features including tense, aspect, honorification, mood, etc. They are classified into two subgroups, pre-final endings and final endings, according to their positions. (5) and (6) demonstrate category assignments for predicate endings and a derivation for a predicate wordform. Word order preference can be encoded in the categories of predicates if we interpret the set in Set-CCG as an ordered set.5", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 288, |
| "end": 291, |
| "text": "(5)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 296, |
| "end": 299, |
| "text": "(6)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Predicate Conjugation", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "One of the merits of CCG is the relatively simple treatment of unbounded dependencies that occur under coordination and extraction. This section shows CCG analyses of coordination and extraction in Korean.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "COORDINATION AND EXTRACTION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "4From now on, derivations of case marking and predicate conjugation are not shown unless needed. 5 [11] deals with this matter in his analysis of Greek.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 99, |
| "end": 103, |
| "text": "[11]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "COORDINATION AND EXTRACTION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A coordinate construction is formed by conjoining two or more sentences with a coordinate conjunctive ending -ko. (10a,b) are typical examples of coordination in Korean. Note that the PAST tense marking ending -ess-is dropped in (10b).6 (10) a. Hwanho-ka nolay-lul pwul-ess-ko Tonami-ka chwum-ul chwu-ess-ta. Hwnaho-NOM song-ACC sing-PAST-CONJ Tonami-NOM dance-ACC dance-PAST-DECL Hwanho sang, and Tonami danced.' b. Hwanho-ka nolay-lul pwulu-ko Tonami-ka chwum-ul chwu-ess-ta. Hwanho-NOM song-ACC sing-CONJ Tonami-NOM dance-ACC dance-PAST-DECL Hwanho sang, and Tonami danced.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Above sentences are derived as in (11) . 11 To allow the extraction of adverbial arguments, we assign different categories to relativisers. There is no difference in derivation. It is also well-known that there exist certain types of semantic/pragmatic relations between multiple nominative noun phrases, and this construction can be formed only with a particular kind of predicates. (26) a. ssu-n sosel-i manh-un ku cakka write-REL novel-NOM many-REL the writer Mt.) the writer, who the novels that he, wrote are many' b. ku cakka-ka ssu-n sosel-i manh-ta. the writer-NOM write-REL novel-NOM many-DECL There are many novels that the writer wrote.' (26b) has two readings that are illustrated in (27a,b). (27c) could be an evidence of the existence of PRO.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 34, |
| "end": 38, |
| "text": "(11)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(27) a. [ku cakka-ka ssu-n] sosel-i manh-ta. the writer-NOM write-REL novel-NOM many-DECL There are many novels that the writer wrote.' b. ku cakka,-ka [pro, ssu-n] sosel-i manh-ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 158, |
| "end": 164, |
| "text": "ssu-n]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "the writer, -NOM pro, write-REL novel-NOM many-DECL", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The writer has many novels that he, wrote.' c. ku cakka-ka [caki-ka ssu-n] sosel-i manh-ta. the writer-NOM self-NOM write-REL novel-NOM many-DECL The writer, has many novels that het wrote.' (27a) is a normal simple sentence, while (27b) is a multiple nominative sentence. Consequently, they are derived in different ways. Note that we assigned the same category for the second nominative noun phrase which was used in above analysis of multiple nominative constructions. pro, write-REL novel-NOM many-REL the writer, Mt.) the writer, who the novels that he, wrote are many' 7 The following analysis is motivated and inspired by the HPSG account of double relative construction and multiple nominative construction of [12] . We presented a Set-CCG analyses on various syntactic phenomena in Korean in this paper. It was proved that Set-CCG can provide not only adequate descriptions for Korean syntax but also precise predictions for many linguistic constraints.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 575, |
| "end": 576, |
| "text": "7", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 718, |
| "end": 722, |
| "text": "[12]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We also showed that if we can assign proper lexical categories, complex syntactic constructions including coordination, relativisation, clefting, and multiple nominative constructions can be derived easily by applying relatively simple and small number of combinatory rules.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A closer look of the linguistic features of individual lexical items like this approach will benefit the better understanding of Korean syntax.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Coordination", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This could be an evidence that predicate endings are constituents of sentences and can have scopes.<4.>", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022\u2022 Type-raisingwhere T \\ X is a legal lexical syntactic type for the language \u2022 Coordination (< 1) Th >) X CONJ X X", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "A. LIST OF RULES USED IN THIS STUDY", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "On the order of words", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Anthony", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ades", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Mark", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Steedman", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1982, |
| "venue": "Linguistics and Philosophy", |
| "volume": "4", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "517--558", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Anthony Ades and Mark Steedman. On the order of words. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4:517-558, 1982.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "Die syntaktische konnexiat", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Kazimierz", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ajdukiewicz", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1920, |
| "venue": "Studia Philosopica", |
| "volume": "1", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--27", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Die syntaktische konnexiat. In Storrs McCall, editor, Polish Logic 1920-1939, pages 207-231. Oxford University Press, 1935. Translated from Studia Philosopica, 1,1-27.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "Local scrambling and syntactic asymmetries", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jason", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Baldridge", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1998, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Jason Baldridge. Local scrambling and syntactic asymmetries. Master's thesis, University of Pennsyl- vania, 1998.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF3": { |
| "ref_id": "b3", |
| "title": "A categorial account of extraction asymmetries in Tagalog and Toba Batak. Manuscript, Division of Informatics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jason", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Baldridge", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Jason Baldridge. A categorial account of extraction asymmetries in Tagalog and Toba Batak. Manuscript, Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 1999.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "Strong equivalence of CCG and Set-CCG. Manuscript, Division of Informatics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jason", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Baldridge", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Jason Baldridge. Strong equivalence of CCG and Set-CCG. Manuscript, Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 1999.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "A quasi-arithmetical notation for syntactic description", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Yehoshua", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Bar-Hillel", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1953, |
| "venue": "Language", |
| "volume": "29", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "47--58", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Yehoshua Bar-Hillel. A quasi-arithmetical notation for syntactic description. Language, 29:47-58, 1953.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF6": { |
| "ref_id": "b6", |
| "title": "Morpho-syntactic modeling of Korean with K-CCG", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jeongwon", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Cha", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Wonil", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Geunbae", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Jong-Hyeok", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages (ICCPOL '99)", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "67--74", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Jeongwon Cha, Wonil Lee, Geunbae Lee, and Jong-Hyeok Lee. Morpho-syntactic modeling of Korean with K-CCG. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages (ICCPOL '99), pages 67-74, Tokushima, Japan, 1999.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF7": { |
| "ref_id": "b7", |
| "title": "A CCG for coordination in Korean", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Hyungjoon", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Cho", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Jong Cheol", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Park", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "Proceedings Spring Korean Information Science Soceity Conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "HyungJoon Cho and Jong Cheol Park. A CCG for coordination in Korean. In Proceedings Spring Korean Information Science Soceity Conference, 1999. In Korean.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF9": { |
| "ref_id": "b9", |
| "title": "Computational Analysis of the Syntax and Interpretation of 'Free' Word-order in Turkish", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Beryl", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Hoffman", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1995, |
| "venue": "IRCS Report", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "95--112", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Beryl Hoffman. Computational Analysis of the Syntax and Interpretation of 'Free' Word-order in Turkish. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1995. IRCS Report 95-17.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF10": { |
| "ref_id": "b10", |
| "title": "A Set-CCG grammar for Greek. Manuscript, Division of Informatics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Nikiforos", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Karamanis", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Nikiforos Karamanis. A Set-CCG grammar for Greek. Manuscript, Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 1999.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF11": { |
| "ref_id": "b11", |
| "title": "Grammatical interfaces in Korean relatives. Paper pressented at the 6th International Conference on HPSG (HPSG' 99)", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jong-Bok", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kim", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Byung-Soo", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Park", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Jong-Bok Kim and Byung-Soo Park. Grammatical interfaces in Korean relatives. Paper pressented at the 6th International Conference on HPSG (HPSG' 99), Edinburgh, 1999.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF12": { |
| "ref_id": "b12", |
| "title": "Multiset-CCG for quantifier floating in Korean", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jin-Bok", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Jong Cheol", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Park", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "Proceedings Spring Korean Information Science Soceity Conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Jin-bok Lee and Jong Cheol Park. Multiset-CCG for quantifier floating in Korean. In Proceedings Spring Korean Information Science Soceity Conference, 1999. In Korean.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF13": { |
| "ref_id": "b13", |
| "title": "A preliminary CCG description of Korean. Manuscript, Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Kihwang", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Kihwang Lee. A preliminary CCG description of Korean. Manuscript, Division of Informatics, Uni- versity of Edinburgh, 1999.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF14": { |
| "ref_id": "b14", |
| "title": "Morpho-syntactic modeling of Korean with a categorial grammar", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Wonil", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Geunbae", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Jong-Hyeok", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1997, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific-Rim Symposium (NLPRS '97)", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "545--548", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Wonil Lee, Geunbae Lee, and Jong-Hyeok Lee. Morpho-syntactic modeling of Korean with a categorial grammar. In Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific-Rim Symposium (NLPRS '97), pages 545-548, Phuket, Thailand, 1997.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF15": { |
| "ref_id": "b15", |
| "title": "Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Stuart", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Shieber", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1985, |
| "venue": "Linguistics and Philosophy", |
| "volume": "8", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "333--343", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Stuart Shieber. Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 8:333-343, 1985.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF16": { |
| "ref_id": "b16", |
| "title": "Some application principles of categorial grammars for Korean syntactic analysis and sentence generation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Keon-Hoe", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Do Gyu Song", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Jay-Duke", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Cha", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Park", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1997, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of 9th Conference on Hangul and Korean Information Processing", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "353--359", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Do Gyu Song, Keon-Hoe Cha, and Jay-Duke Park. Some application principles of categorial grammars for Korean syntactic analysis and sentence generation. In Proceedings of 9th Conference on Hangul and Korean Information Processing, pages 353-359,1997. In Korean.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF17": { |
| "ref_id": "b17", |
| "title": "Combinatory grammars and parastic gaps", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Mark", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Steedman", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1987, |
| "venue": "Natural Language and Linguistic Theory", |
| "volume": "5", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "403--439", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Mark Steedman. Combinatory grammars and parastic gaps. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 5:403-439, 1987.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF18": { |
| "ref_id": "b18", |
| "title": "Surface Structure and Interpretation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Mark", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Steedman", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1996, |
| "venue": "Linguistic Inquiry Monograph", |
| "volume": "30", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Mark Steedman. Surface Structure and Interpretation, volume 30 of Linguistic Inquiry Monograph. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF19": { |
| "ref_id": "b19", |
| "title": "Syntactic Process", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Mark", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Steedman", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2000, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Mark Steedman. Syntactic Process. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 2000. to appear.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF20": { |
| "ref_id": "b20", |
| "title": "The equivalence of four extensions of context-free grammar", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Vijay-Shanker", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "David", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Weir", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1994, |
| "venue": "Mathematical Systems Theory", |
| "volume": "27", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "511--546", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "K. Vijay-Shanker and David Weir. The equivalence of four extensions of context-free grammar. Math- ematical Systems Theory, 27:511-546,1994.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "text": "a. -ess-, -ass-, -ss-PAST := SVP,PASTVSVP} b. -si-HONORIFICATION := S vP,HoNV S vP} C. -ta, -nunta, -nta DECLARATIVE := S Ip ,DECVS VP}", |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "text": "a. -un, -n RELATIVISER PAST := (N {N})\\{SVS {S}}} b. Hwanho-ka Tonami-lul sokayha-n Kowuni Hwanho-NOM Tonami-ACC introduce-REL Kowun\u00ec Kowuni to whom Hwanho introduced Tonami.' is very similar to relativisation. (19a,b) are typical clefting construction in Korean. (19) a. Hwanho-ka masi-n kes-i wuyu-i-ess-ta. Hwanho-NOM drink-REL thing-NOM milk-COP-PAST-DECL It was milk that Hwanho drank.' b. wuyu-lul masi-n kes-i Hwanho-i-ess-ta. milk-ACC drink-REL thing-NOM Hwanho-COP-PAST-DECL It was Hwanho who drank milk.' Relativiser, dependent noun and copula are key elements of clefting. We can use same categories for relativisers. (20) shows category assignments for dependent noun and copula. (20) a. kes 'thing' := NVN {N}} b. -i-COPULA := S vp\\{N P,}\\{N} Derivations are straight forward. (21) a. Hwanho -ka masi--n kes wuyu -i -ess -ta NP n SAIN P T, , NP a } (N {N})\\{S vp\\{N P}} N\\{N/{N}} N PrA{N} SVN S\\{NP a} ess -ta NP a SVN P ri , NP a } (N {N})\\{S vp\\IN NVN {N}} N P \"A{N} S\\IN NOMINATIVE CONSTRUCTIONThere have been many efforts to describe so-called multiple nominative construction in Korean. (22a) is a typical double nominative sentence. This sentence is widely regarded as related to (22b).(22) a. Hwanho-ka elkwul-i yeyppu-ta. Hwanho-NOM face-NOM pretty-DECL Ilwanho's face is pretty.' b. Hwanho-uy elkwul-i yeyppu-ta.Hwanho-POS face-NOM pretty-DECL Ilwanho's face is pretty.'", |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "text": ",\", ) (N {N})\\{SVN P}} N N P,,\\{N} SVN P,derive the double relative construction in (26a) as follows. (29) a. pro, ssu-n sosel-i manh-un ku cakka,", |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "text": ". LOCAL SCRAMBLING AND WORD ORDER PREFERENCEAs pointed out in Section 1.2, local scrambling is a very common phenomenon in Korean. Scrambled sentences are derived without difficulties in Set-CCG as shown in(7).4There are tendencies toward certain types of word order, for example SOV, are preferred although local scrambling has no constraint in most cases. Word order preference seems to be dependent on predicates' characteristics as shown in(9).", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(7) a. ecey</td><td>Hwanho-ka</td><td colspan=\"3\">cangnankam-ul pakuni-ey neh-ess-ta.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">yesterday Hwanho-NOM toy-ACC</td><td>basket-LOC put-PAST-DECL</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Hwanho put his toys into the basket yesterday.'</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">b. pakuni-ey cangnankam-ul ecey</td><td colspan=\"2\">Hwanho-ka</td><td>neh-ess-ta.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">basket-LOC toy-ACC</td><td colspan=\"3\">yesterday Hwanho-NOM put-PAST-DECL</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Ilwanho put his toys into the basket yesterday.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">(8) a. ecey Hwanho -ka cangnankam -ul pakuni -ey</td><td>neh -ess ta</td></tr><tr><td/><td>SI{S}</td><td>NP,</td><td colspan=\"2\">N P a</td><td>S I {S} SVN Pn, N Pa, S I{S}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S\\{N Pn, NPa}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S\\{NPn}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S</td><td>>Bx</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">b. pakuni -ey cangnankam ul ecey</td><td>Hwanho ka</td><td>neh -ess -ta</td></tr><tr><td/><td>S I{S}</td><td colspan=\"2\">NPa</td><td>S I{S}</td><td>N P r\"</td><td>SVN Pn, NPa, S {S}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SVN Pa, S {S}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>>Bx</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SVN Pa, S I{S}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SVS {S}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(9) a. nampi-ey mul-i</td><td colspan=\"2\">kkulh-nunta.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">pot-LOC water-NOM boil-DECL</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Water is boiling in a pot.'</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">b. na-hanthe ton-i</td><td colspan=\"2\">sayngki-ess-ta.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">I-DAT money-NOM occur-PAST-DECL</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">I happened to get some money.'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">d. -nunya, -nya INTERROGATIVE := S IP ,INTRV S VP}</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(6) a. ka-si-ess-nunya</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">go-HON-PAS T-INTR</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Did (somebody) go?'</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>b.</td><td>ka-</td><td>-si-</td><td/><td>-ess-</td><td>-nunya</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">S vp\\{N P n} S vP,HoNVS vP} S vP,PASTVS vP} <B</td><td>S ip ,INTRV S 170</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Svp,HONVNPn}</td><td/><td/><td><B</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">S VP,HON,PAsTV N P n}</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">S Ip ,HON ,PAST,INTR\\ {N P n}</td></tr></table>" |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "text": "DAT balloon-ACC, Hyeyini-DAT doll-ACC Hwanho-NOM give-PAST-DECL Hwanho gave a balloon to Cincwu, and a doll to Hyeyini.'", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"8\">b. Cincwu-ekey phungsen-ul, Hyeyini-ekey inhyeng-ul Hwanho-ka</td><td>cu-ess-ta.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Cincwu-(14) a. Hwanho -ka</td><td colspan=\"2\">kangaci -lul</td><td colspan=\"3\">Tonami -ka</td><td>thokki -rul</td><td>coaha nta</td></tr><tr><td/><td>N P \"</td><td>NPa</td><td/><td>CONJ</td><td>NP\"</td><td/><td>NPa T S\\{NP\",NP\"}</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">TI{TVNP,I} T/{T\\{NPa}}</td><td colspan=\"2\">T {T\\IN</td><td/><td>T/{T\\{NP a}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">T {T\\IN P \"MIN P all >B</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">T I {7-A{N P,}\\{N P \"}}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">T /{TVN P\"}\\{N P all</td><td/><td><cD></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S</td><td/><td>></td></tr><tr><td>b.</td><td>Cincwu -ekey</td><td colspan=\"3\">phungsen -ul</td><td colspan=\"3\">Hyeyini ekey</td><td>inhyeng ul .</td></tr><tr><td/><td>SDAT/{S}</td><td>T</td><td>NPa</td><td colspan=\"2\">CONJ</td><td colspan=\"2\">SDAT/{S}</td><td>T</td><td>NP a</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">T {TVS DAT I {S}1} T 1{T\\INP</td><td colspan=\"3\">T {TVS DAT I {S}1} T /{TVN P</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">'I {TVS DAT I {S}M{N P a ll</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">7 7 {TVS DAT 1 {S}M{N P</td><td>>B</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">T 1 {T\\fS DAT I {S}M{N P all</td><td><4)></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">a. H -ka nolay -lul NP ri NPa Svp\\INP,,NPal CONJ NP ri NPa pwul -ess--ko T ka chwum -ul Svp\\INPril < < SvP S vP Svp\\INP4 chwu -ess-<43.> < < Svp\\{NP,,,NPa} SIP\\fSvP1 -ta 5.2 Relativisation</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>S vp</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SIP</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">pwulu Svp\\{NP,,NP\"} CONJ -ko Tonami -ka chwum -ul NP, NP\" < S vp\\{N P ,} b. Hwnaho -ka nolay -lul NP, NP\" S vp\\{N 13,} chwu-S VPV{ 1 \"it, N P \"} S vp\\S vP S IP\\{ .9 VP} -ess--ta < < S < vp S vp</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>S vp</td><td>S VP</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(16) a. Tonami-lul Kowuni-ekey sokayha-n</td><td colspan=\"2\">Hwanho</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"7\">Tonami-ACC Kowuni-DAT introduce-REL Hwanh\u00f2</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">(12) a. Hwanho-ka Hwanho who introduced Tonami to Kowuni' kay-lul an-ko ssutatum-ess-ta. b. Hwanho-ka Kowuni-ekey sokayha-n Tonami Hwanho-NOM dog-ACC hold-CONJ pat-PAST-DECL Hwanho-NOM Kowuni-DAT introduce-REL Tonam\u00ec Hwanho patted a dog while holding it.' an--ko ssutatum--ess ta b. Hwanho -ka kay -lul Tonami who Hwanho introduced to Kowuni'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">NP, (17) a. Tonami -lul Kowuni -ekey NP\" Svp\\PIP,,,NPal CONJ Svp\\{N1 3 ,,NP a } SIp\\{SVp} sokayha--n Hwanho <1.> S vp\\{NP,,,NP\"} NPa SDAT/{S} S vp\\{N P n , NP a , S DAT I {S}} (N {N})\\{S vp\\fN Pll N</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Svp\\INP,,NPal S vp\\{N S vp\\fN S vp N {N}</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SIP</td><td>N</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">b. Hwanho -ka Kowuni -ekey More seriously gapped sentences where unconventional constituents are conjoined can be derived by apply-sokayha-Tonami N P \" S DAT I {S} S vp\\fN P\", NPa, S DAT / {S}} (N {N})\\{S vp\\fN N ing type-raising and functional composition. Svp\\INP,,,NPal</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">S vp\\{1V P a}</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>N/{N}</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">N</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>'</td><td/><td/></tr></table>" |
| }, |
| "TABREF3": { |
| "text": "Now we move on to so-called double relatives that are related to multiple nominative constructions. A typical example of a double relative construction is (26a). 7 It is related to the multiple nominative construction (26b).", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"6\">The essence of our categorial description of multiple nominative construction is treating nominative noun</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">phrases except the first one as functions that take left adjacent noun phrase as their arguments. Two equivalent</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">derivations for (22a) are shown in (23)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">(23) a. Hwanho ka elkwul -i yeypputa</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">NP R N P ri VN P SVN 1 3 n} B</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SVN P ril</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">b. Hwanho ka elkwul i yeypputa</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">NI3 n, NP,,\\{NP,} SVN.13,,}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>NP R, n,</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>S</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">(24) shows relativisation of multiple nominative construction. Our approach correctly predicts the ungram-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">maticality of (24b). Derivations for these constructions are given in (25). (25c) is ruled out by seman-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">tic/pragmatic filter even though it is successfully derived.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(24) a. elkwul-i yeyppu-n Hwanho</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">face-NOM pretty-REL Hwanh\u00f2</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Hwanho whose face is pretty'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">b. *Hwanho-ka yeyppu-n elkwul</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Hwanho-NOM pretty-REL fac\u00e8</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">face that Hwanho's which is pretty'</td></tr><tr><td>(25) a.</td><td colspan=\"2\">elkwul -i</td><td colspan=\"2\">yeyppu-</td><td>-n</td><td>Hwanho</td></tr><tr><td/><td>N P</td><td colspan=\"4\">P n } SVN P n, } (N {N})\\(SVN Pl) N</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">SVN 1 3 n}</td><td><B</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">N/ {N}</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>N</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">b. Hwanho ka yeyppu-</td><td>-n</td><td>elkwul</td></tr><tr><td/><td>N P</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">SVN P (N {N})\\(SVN P}) N</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">c. Hwanho ka yeyppu-</td><td>-n</td><td>elkwul</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">N P \"MN P nj S \\IN P ri f (N {N})\\(SVN</td><td>N</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">SVN 1 3 nj</td><td><B</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">N {N}</td></tr></table>" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
