| { |
| "paper_id": "Y02-1009", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:43:54.993204Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "The Cases of Degree Modifiers in Japanese and English", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Akira", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ikeya", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Toyo Gakuen University", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "1660, Hiregasaki, Nagareyama-shi", |
| "postCode": "270-01", |
| "settlement": "Chiba", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "ikeya@yksim.or.jp" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Hisako", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ikawa", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Tsurumi University", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "2-1-3 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi", |
| "postCode": "230-8501", |
| "settlement": "Kanagawa", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "ikawa@gc4.so-net.ne.jp" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "Y02-1009", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "We will take up a small lexical item sugiru in Japanese, and we will argue that we should posit the notion of implicit adjuncts in describing the properties with the small Japanese lexical item sugiru. Throughout the discussions that follow we will demonstrate how the notion is independently motivated irrespective of what linguistic theory we are going to adopt.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We will start with the discussion by looking at the following sentences.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) a. Kono kohii wa atu-sugiru.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "this coffee Top hot excessively `This coffee is too hot.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) a. Taroo wa kinoo sake -o nomi sugi ta Taroo Top yesterday sake Acc. drink excessively past Taro drank too much sake yestereday.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 43, |
| "end": 95, |
| "text": "Taroo Top yesterday sake Acc. drink excessively past", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taroo wa kinoo sake -o tskusan nomi-sugi ta Taroo Top yesterday sake Acc much drink excessively past Taro drank too much sake yestereday.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) Taroo wa eki m hayaku tsuki -sugi ta", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taroo Top station to early arrive excessively Past", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taro arrived at the station too early.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(4) Kono hon wa omottayorimo muzukasi-sugiru this book Top than I thought it to be tough excessively \"This book is tougher to read than I thought'.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The sentence in (1) shows that the modifier sugiru 'excessively' is placed not before but after the modifiees atui tot' . The sentence in (2a) demonstrates that sugiru modifies an implicit adjunct much in (2a). This becomes clearer if we compare the Japanese example with the English counterpart, which has much as is shown in sentence 5below. The sentence in (3) shows that sugiru modifies the non-adjacent modifiee hayak\u00f9 early' , which is placed not after the modifier sugiru but before it.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "One of the issues to be discussed is a view point or a criterion by which an action or a property of something or someone is judged to be in an excessive degree, beyond what is right , desired or needed (s.v.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "too Pocket Oxford Dictionary 5th edition). The sentence in (4) exemplifies this.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In view of these data, there are three main issues to be discussed. The intrinsic nature of these data will become clear if we compare these with the following English data'.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1 Korean neomu 'too' is very much like English in that neomu precedes manhi 'much' and it cannot be omitted.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(i)Taroo eoje suleul neomu manhi masyeossda.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taro drank too much sake yesterday. '", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In Chinese there are three expressions roughly equivalent to sugiru: Taroo drank too much sake yesterday.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(tai....", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "When we add takusan `much' in English to the sentence (6), most Japanese speakers judge that it is redundant as shown in the sentence (10). This means that the sentence already contains the implicit adjunct takusan `much in it. There are four cases in which an implicit adjunct is activated when combined with sugiru. This we will term as activation of an implicit adjunct by the support of a context.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Three Issues", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We mentioned above that without a context, one of the implicit adjuncts has a priority over others so that it is selected as an explicit adjunct. But when an appropriate context is given, an adjective which has nothing to do with an implicit adjunct is modified by sugiru meaning too. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "C. Modifier-Modifiee Relationship Change", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The case in which sugiru requires an indefmite subject when it modifies the subject. This is exemplified by the following sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "D. Indefinite Subject Requirement", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(13) Kono tokoro takusanno hitoga sini-sugiru.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "D. Indefinite Subject Requirement", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "these days many people die excessivel\u1ef3", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "D. Indefinite Subject Requirement", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "These days too many people die.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "D. Indefinite Subject Requirement", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This phenomenon we call indefinite subject requirement.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "D. Indefinite Subject Requirement", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this section we will try to formalize our Japanese data on sugiru based on the basic framework adopted in Sag and Wasow (1999) . The basic framework consists of the following several proposals. We will adopt the following basic framework adopted by Sag-Wasow (1999) and make the following three modifications to describe our data.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 109, |
| "end": 129, |
| "text": "Sag and Wasow (1999)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 252, |
| "end": 268, |
| "text": "Sag-Wasow (1999)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Formalizations", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We will treat sugiru as a modifier, hence it is a head and it has the following complements.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Formalizations", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1. Adjectives: atsu-sugiru 'too hot' 2. Verbs: nomi-sugiru drink too much'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Formalizations", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The syntactic bracketing of yukkurito nomi-sugiru 'drink too slowly' should be ( ( yukkurito nomu) sugiru) and ( too ( drink slowly) ), with an adverb slowly and a verb drink forming a verb phrase drink slowly. By Head Feature Convention the meaning of sugiru as a head is carried over to the top of the sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Formalizations", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As is pointed out in Nakamura (1997) , a property or action of someone or something being an excessive degree, frequency and so forth is judged by a speaker as a default value but sometimes the judgement is given by a subject of a sentence as the following example shows. 14Taroo-wa osake-o sukosi nomi-sugita to hansei sita.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 21, |
| "end": 36, |
| "text": "Nakamura (1997)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "3.2. Viewpoint as an Intentional Notion", |
| "sec_num": "98" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taro-Top sake-Acc a little drink too much reflected Taro regretted that he drank too much.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "3.2. Viewpoint as an Intentional Notion", |
| "sec_num": "98" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If we introduce such an intentional notion as a viewpoint, the issue can be handled nicely. As an extensional default value it has a speaker as extension but it can be a subject given another index.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "3.2. Viewpoint as an Intentional Notion", |
| "sec_num": "98" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We will begin by looking at the following example.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Non-adjacency Problem", |
| "sec_num": "3.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(15) Taroo-wa eki-ni hayaku tuki-sugi ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Non-adjacency Problem", |
| "sec_num": "3.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taroo-Top station to early arrive excessively Past Taro arrived at a station too early.'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Non-adjacency Problem", |
| "sec_num": "3.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As was pointed out, there is no adjacency relationship between a modifier and modifiee in the case of sugiru. But the syntactic non-adjacency problem can be handled successfully if sugiru is treated as a verb phrase modifier and is given such type as < <e,t>, <e, t>>. The bracketing of the phrase hayaku tuki-sugiru should be ( hayaku tuki) sugiru)). This corresponds to English ( too ( arrive early)), not 3. VIEW POINT SPEAKER/ NON-SPEAKER: As an extensional default value it has a speaker as extension but can be a subject of a sentence if given another index.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Non-adjacency Problem", |
| "sec_num": "3.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Below is shown a diagram of sake o nomu which has IMPLICIT ADJUNCT as semantic information:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Non-adjacency Problem", |
| "sec_num": "3.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "IMPLICIT ADJUNCT [QUANTITY, PLACE, TIMEPOINT< TIME SPAN, FREQWUENCY, etc. ] means that the bold faced implicit adjunct QUANTITY has a priority among several possible implicit adjuncts. ", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 17, |
| "end": 75, |
| "text": "[QUANTITY, PLACE, TIMEPOINT< TIME SPAN, FREQWUENCY, etc. ]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Non-adjacency Problem", |
| "sec_num": "3.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "So far we have discussed mainly on the problems of implicit adjuncts stored in \"verbs\" in our lexicon. It is highly possible that the kinds of implicit adjuncts stored in a verb vary from a verb to a verb and that an adjunct given a priority status also differs from a verb to averb. An indefiniteness of a subject noun phrases slightly touched upon discussing the sentence in (13) also poses an", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "RESIDUAL PROBLEMS", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "intriguing issue yet to be solved. This may also be related to the problem of quantification over events.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "RESIDUAL PROBLEMS", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "Hozyoyoogen to site no sugiru ni tuite", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Tsuguro", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nakamura", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1997, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of Sophia University Linguistics Society", |
| "volume": "12", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "147--162", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Nakamura, Tsuguro (1997) \"Hozyoyoogen to site no sugiru ni tuite,\" Proceedings of Sophia University Linguistics Society 12, 147-162.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Ivan", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sag", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Thomas", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wasow", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sag, Ivan and Thomas Wasow (1999) Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction, CSLI Publications, Stanford.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "Taroo wa gakkoo no sobao toori sugi ta. is to enrich the information contained in verbs.To put our conclusion first, we assert that any verb stores several implicit adjuncts and that when it is followed by sugiru one of the implicit adjuncts is activated and it becomes explicit. For example, we consider that nomu 'drink' length, degree and so forth. When the verb is followed by sugiru, one of these implictly stored adjuncts is activated and becomes explicit. which is not explicit in the Japanese sentence, become activated when the verb nomu 'drink' is followed by sugiru. There is another piece of evidence that supports the notion of implicit adjunct.", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>2. Basic Strategies to Deal with Our Issues</td></tr><tr><td>(5) Taro drank sake too much yesterday. 2.1. Lexicalism.</td></tr><tr><td>. Tailang zuotian hejiu he guotou le. (iii)a. Huazi ba toufa jie de tai duan le. (6) He arrived at a station too early. The sentence in (5) demonstrates that the adjunct much cannot be omitted, while in the Japanese counterparts (cf. sentence (2a) above) this kind of adjuncts are not necessary, or even redundant as is shown in (2b) above. The sentence in (6) shows that the modifier too is put just before the modifiee early so that the adjacency relation holds between the modifier-modifiee. The first question to be discussed is how to formalize what we call implicit adjuncts in Japanese. The second issue to be addressed is how to formalize the non-adjacent modifier-modifiee relation in Japanese, which is quite different from English and Korean counterparts as shown in footnote 1. The last issue we should discuss is a \"criterion\" by which something or someone is judged to be too tough, too early, too hot, too clever or whatever. Is it right to always ascribe the judgement to a speaker of the sentence in question ? In other words, is the default value of judgement always a speaker ? If not, how can we deal with this issue ? Hanako cut her hair too short,' b. Tailang guoyu zebei nuer te. Taro scolded her daughter too harshly. c. Tailang yanhui canjia de tai duo le. Taro went to parties too often.' Roughly we can have the following generalization. adjacency relation implicit adjunct Chinese OK OK Japanese NO OK Korean OK NO (7)a. Taroo Top school of besides pass by Past Taro passed by the school.' b. Taroo wa musume o sikari-sugi ta. Taroo Top his daughter Acc scold excessively Past Taro scolded his daughter too harshly.' It has been a long-standing tradition in Japanese linguistics to deal with the two occurrences of sugiru in the sentences (7) as a separate and independent lexical item. No attempt has been made to treat them as a single item. From a lexical semantics point of view advocated by Pustejovsky (1995) we will consider the two occurrences as a single item. SEL), he proposes to store complementary senses in a single entry. The two cases of lamb above are logically related so that they are one occurrence of a single lexical item. This stance is called lexicalism which often refers to the doctrine that the internal structure of words is independent of how words are put together to make a sentence. Such theories as Categorial Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar or Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar have highly structured lexical entries and a small number of very general rule schemata. 2.2. Enrichment of a Lexicon The second strategy we are going to adopt, which is closely related to the first one, has several adjuncts stored in it: adjuncts of quantity, time point, sake o nomi-sugi ta. Taroo Top yesterday sake Acc drink excessively Past Taro drank too much sake yesterday. As is clear from the English translation, the adjunct of quantity much, (10) Taroo wa kinou sake o takusan Taroo Nom. yesterday wine Obj. much nomi-sugi ta. place, time (9) Taro wa kinou drink excessively Past</td></tr></table>", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF3": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "easy problems for a test so that the ones who have got full marks occurred in succession. Without the context in parentheses, that is, the part of the sentence (12) siken ni yasasii mondai o dasisugite means that he gave too many easy problems for a test but given a context shown in parentheses the whole sentence (12) means that he gave too easy problems for a test so that the one who has got full marks occurred in succession. This means that sugiru modifies an implicit adjunct", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"4\">Siken ni yasasii mondai o dasisugite,</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">a test for easy problems-Acc give too</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>(mantensha</td><td/><td>ga</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">the ones who have got full marks-Nom</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>zokusyutusi</td><td>ta )</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">occur in succession Past</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>He gave too many but</td><td>given</td><td>a</td><td>context</td><td>it .</td><td>modifies</td><td>easy.</td><td>This</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">we call modifier-modifiee relationship change.</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "PASS, EXCEED A DESIRABLE DEGREE OF, TIME SPAN, etc....)100RELATION abbreviated as RELN bears a substantial part of semantic information. Closely following the criticism against Sense Enumeration Lexicon advocated by Pustejovsky (1995), we do not distinguish the verbal meaning 'pass' between the intensifier meaning of sugiru (e.g. toori-sugiru pass' tabe-sugiru 'eat too much' tataki-sugiru lap too frequently'). As shown above, we will store such various meanings of sugiru under the single item of sugiru.", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(16) VP hayaku ki-ni tuki-sugiru</td><td colspan=\"2\">AP atu-sugiru</td></tr><tr><td>[1] VP</td><td>verb</td><td>[1] AP</td><td>verb</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[HEAD [2] MOD [1] ]</td><td/><td>[HEAD [2] MOD [1] ]</td></tr><tr><td>hayaku</td><td>sugiru</td><td>atui</td><td>sugiru</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">ekini tuku [+renyoo vb/adj.form]</td><td>[+renyoo vb/adj. form]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[+renyoo vb/adj. form] is syntactic information telling that sugiru follows after the specific verb form</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">or adjective form called renyoo form.</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">The following is both syntactic and semantic information of sugiru.</td></tr><tr><td>(17)</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>verb</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">HEAD MOD VP [INDEX t</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">SYN SPR < VP ></td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">COMPS <</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">INDEX</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>SEM MODE</td><td>none</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(( too early) (arrive)). A verb phrase should be given a type <e,t>. As long as function-argument</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">relationship holds between hayaku and tuku, modifier-modifiee relationship also holds at no matter RELN ( PASS, EXCEED A CERTAIN DEGREE,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">how distant places the two elements occur syntactically. Below is shown the syntactic diagram of FREQUENCY, LIMIT, TIME POINT, TIME SPAN,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">.hayaku eki ni tukisugiru meaning 'arrive at a station too early'. Sugiru is treated as a head and a etc....)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">preceding verb phrase hayaku ekini tuku 'arrive at a station early' is treated as a modifiee. [ HEAD SIT</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[2] MOD [1] shows this relationship. On the left is a tree diagram of hayaku ekini tuku and on the ARG</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">right is a tree diagram of atu-sugiru. VIEWPOINT SPEAKER / NON-SPEAKER</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">1. SPR < VP > This means that sugiru has a specifier VP.</td><td/></tr><tr><td>2.COMPS <</td><td colspan=\"2\">>: COMPS = complements other than a subject.</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>Thus, COMPS <</td><td colspan=\"2\">> means that the complement position</td></tr><tr><td/><td>is saturated.</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>2. RELN (</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF5": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "QUANTITY, PLACE, TIME, POINT, TIME SPAN, FEQUENCY, etc....] When sake-o nomu combines with sugiru forming sake-o nomi-sugiru, we can automatically get a desirable reading 'drink sake' beyond a desirable quantity since sake-o nomu stores an implicit adjunct of quantity having a topmost priority.Since bold faced IMPLICIT ADJUNCT is stored in the verb sake o nomu having a priority status, sake o nomisugiru is given a desirable reading like drink sake beyond a desirable degree.", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>(19)</td><td colspan=\"2\">sake o nomi sugiru</td></tr><tr><td/><td>SPECIFIER</td><td>< NP ></td></tr><tr><td/><td>MODE</td><td>proposition</td></tr><tr><td/><td>INDEX</td></tr><tr><td/><td>RELATION</td><td>drink sake beyond a desirable degree</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">' Word / phrase</td><td>sake o nomu</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">SPECIFIER</td><td>< Q NP></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">MODE</td><td>proposition</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">INDEX</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>RELATION</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">RESTR</td><td>SITIATION</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>DRINKER OF sake 10</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>IMPLICIT ADJUNCTS [101</td></tr></table>", |
| "num": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
