| { |
| "paper_id": "Y04-1003", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:34:46.283080Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Text-based construction and comparison of domain ontology: A study based on classical poetry", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Chu-Ren", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Huang", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Academia", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sinica", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
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| "paper_id": "Y04-1003", |
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| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The fact that people from different backgrounds may have knowledge structures unlike ours is a crucial issue to be addressed in knowledge engineering. In order to become sharable and reusable knowledge, all extracted information must first be correctly situated in a knowledge structure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Knowledge Structure: shared upper ontology and domain ontology", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition, the situated information must be allowed to transfer from knowledge structure to knowledge structure without losing its meaningful content. This is the vision behind the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO, http://www.ontologyportal.org) proposed by an IEEE working group. A shared upper ontology will both anchor the structured transfer of knowledge as well as set a standard for the construction of a middle and lower level ontology for each domain. This vision also has promising applications in the Semantic Web.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Knowledge Structure: shared upper ontology and domain ontology", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The most salient factors dictating variations in knowledge structures are time, space, and domain. These factors are compounded with language, which is both the product and conduit of the conceptual structure of its speakers. In order to demonstrate the felicity of the shared upper ontology approach, we need to show that it can successfully applied to comparative studies of different knowledge structures regardless of their ontological variations. We apply the shared ontology proposal to the interpretation historical texts by adopting the Shakespearean-garden approach towards construction of historical ontology.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Knowledge Structure: shared upper ontology and domain ontology", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The Shakespearean-garden refers to the common practice in western museums of collecting in a garden all the plants referred to in the Shakespearean texts. This garden then illustrates the flora of the Shakespearean England and will give us the context to interpret his work. In this approach, proposed in Huang et al. (2004b Huang et al. ( , 2004c , a lexicon of the targeted text, period, or domain is constructed first by segmentation and extraction of lexical items from the collected texts. Once the comprehensive lexicon of that period is collected, a lexical interface based on Sinica BOW PACLIC 18, December 8th-10th, 2004, Waseda University, Tokyo", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 305, |
| "end": 324, |
| "text": "Huang et al. (2004b", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 325, |
| "end": 347, |
| "text": "Huang et al. ( , 2004c", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Shakespearean-garden approach towards specific ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(http://bow.sinica.edu.tw) can be applied. It links each word to a conceptual location on the SUMO ontology, or a synset in WordNet. Since the lexicon from the text represents linguistically instantiated concepts, we use the linked conceptual nodes to construct an ontology for that text. The constructed ontology allows us to both interpret the conceptual structure of that text as well compare its knowledge with our contemporary knowledge.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Shakespearean-garden approach towards specific ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The choice of SUMO as the shared reference ontology is worth noting.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "SUMO: a reference ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "SUMO represents the shared knowledge structure of our current time, which is in term the sum of human knowledge accumulated through history. It is true that a contemporary ontology necessarily differ from an historical ontology.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "SUMO: a reference ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "However, in order to compare the knowledge systems of two historical periods or two domains, it is necessary to have one base reference. The contemporary time seems to be the natural reference not only because this is the knowledge system under which our scientific discourse takes place. The fact that it inherits knowledge from historical ontologies also makes is an effective reference.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "SUMO: a reference ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "With this reference ontology, we will be able to observe and generalize systematically which part of the knowledge is different in the specific ontology.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "SUMO: a reference ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An interface for online editing of specific is under construction. OntEditor will integrate available resources that include: WordNet, Sinica BOW, and segmentation tools for Chinese texts. This interface will allow user to input a domain lexicon or specific lexicl items. It will return all available information from our bilingual versions of WordNet and SUMO ontology. Lastly, it will allow automatically output of the tree representation of the specific ontology after it is constructed with verified lexical information.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "OntEditor: an online editor for specific ontology", |
| "sec_num": "2.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The two text collections studied are the 300 Tang poems (\u5510\u8a69\u4e09\u767e\u9996) and the collection of poems by Su Shi (\u8607\u8efe\u8a69). The ontologies constructed from both text collections allow us to compare and study the knowledge structure of two different historical periods and gain perspective understanding of the different culture and time.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Construction and Comparative Studies of Specific Ontologies", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The ontology based on the 300 Tang poems represents our first attempt at a text-based specific ontology. Two sub-lexicons from the Tang 300", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Tang ontology based on Tang 300", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Poems were extracted for domain ontology construction: animals, and plants.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Tang ontology based on Tang 300", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A total of 123 words were assigned to the three domain lexica: The animals lexicon contains 64 words; and the plants lexicon contains 59 words. These lexical items were manually mapped to SUMO ontology. When there is no direct mapping to SUMO, Sinica BOW is consulted to give the lexical item a wordnet correspondence and relational structure. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Tang ontology based on Tang 300", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A further study built on the foundation of the Tang 300 ontology is the ontology of poems by Su Shi that is being completed. The choice of Su Shi offers more than historical comparison. Su Shi is from the Song dynasty, almost 500 years after the Tang. The time depth allow for comparative study.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Ontology of Poems by Su Shi", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The collection is also a much larger text than the Tang 300, hence offers a good test case for our new OntEditor. Lastly, Su Shi traveled extensively, and is known to incorporate the local flora and fauna into his poetry. Hence, the collection of his poems offers a much more comprehensive sampling of the PACLIC 18, December 8th-10th, 2004, Waseda University, Tokyo contemporary knowledge.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Ontology of Poems by Su Shi", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We showed that the Shakespearean-garden approach toward construction of domain ontology facilitates representation and insightful studies of different knowledge systems. We also showed that the OntEditor interface help to reduce redundant human efforts in this process. Some insights on how to determine the ontological classifications and additional insights gained from this study will also be discussed. ", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
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| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "Tender Lyrics-The 300 Tang Poems", |
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| "year": null, |
| "venue": "Sinica BOW", |
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| "issue": "", |
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| "num": null, |
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| "raw_text": "Sinica BOW http://BOW.sinica.edu.tw/ SUMO: http://www.ontologyportal.org/ Tender Lyrics-The 300 Tang Poems (in Chinese) http://cls.admin.yzu.edu.tw/300/HOME.HTM WordNet: http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/", |
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| "raw_text": "Huang, Chu-Ren, Chang, Ru-Yng, Lee, Shiang-Bin. 2004a. Sinica BOW (Bilingual Ontological Wordnet): Integration of Bilingual WordNet and SUMO\". Presented at the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC2004). Lisbon. Portugal. 26-28 May, 2004.", |
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| "text": "one of the domain ontology constructed for example. It shows how specific ontology facilitates systematic comparison of knowledge systems. From this ontology, it is easy to observe that the main subclasses of vertebrates not attested in Tang 300 are: Amphibia, Aquatic Mammals, and Marsupial. We were also able to empirically support Tang's fascination with flying by showing that the most often referred to animals in the poems are flying animals: Birds in the vertebrates and insects in the invertebrates." |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Online Resources</td></tr><tr><td>CKIP Segmentation and Tagging Program</td></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "://corpus.ling.sinica.edu.tw/project/LanguageArchive/lc_index.html The Ontolgoy of 300 Tang Poems", |
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