| { |
| "paper_id": "Y05-1020", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:39:48.870931Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "In and Out: Senses and Meaning Extension of Mandarin Spatial Terms nei and wai", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Yiching", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Cui-Xia", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Weng", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Chu-Ren", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Huang", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper explores the semantic properties and extension paths of modern Mandarin Chinese spatial terms nei4 \u5167'in, inside' and wai4 \u5916'out, outside'. Their symmetric and asymmetric contrasts are accounted for with idealized cognitive models (ICMs) and metonymic models. These models are used to delineate the core meaning and main meaning extension routes of nei4 and wai4: from the area of a region to the length of the radius or side, and then to distance. Locations of the observer, marked foci, container metaphors and social backgrounds also contribute to the asymmetry of the two terms. The synchronic difference between nei4 and wai4 can also be attributed to diachronic changes.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "Y05-1020", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper explores the semantic properties and extension paths of modern Mandarin Chinese spatial terms nei4 \u5167'in, inside' and wai4 \u5916'out, outside'. Their symmetric and asymmetric contrasts are accounted for with idealized cognitive models (ICMs) and metonymic models. These models are used to delineate the core meaning and main meaning extension routes of nei4 and wai4: from the area of a region to the length of the radius or side, and then to distance. Locations of the observer, marked foci, container metaphors and social backgrounds also contribute to the asymmetry of the two terms. The synchronic difference between nei4 and wai4 can also be attributed to diachronic changes.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Nei4 \u5167 'in' and wai4 \u5916 'out' are two Mandarin location terms that represent speakers' conceptualization of space. It is shown that they behave similarly and share an extensive set of collocation patterns as in (1).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Symmetry and Asymmetry of nei4 and wai4 1", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1a. wu1nei2 \u5c4b\u5167 'in the house/room' wu1wai4 \u5c4b\u5916 'out of the house/room' The goal of this paper is to account for both the similarities and contrasts in terms of lexical conceptualization.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Symmetry and Asymmetry of nei4 and wai4 1", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "One possibility to account for the above asymmetry is to examine structural and functional contrasts. As noted, the above examples fall into the following patterns according to their internal structures:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Internal structure of nei4 and wai4 collocations", |
| "sec_num": "1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "3. a. Noun+ nei4/wai4, e.g. examples in (1a) and 2ab. nei4/wai4+ Noun, e.g. examples in (1b) and 2bc. Verb+ nei4/wai4, e.g. examples in 2dd. nei4/wai4+Verb, e.g. examples in (1c) and 2ce. zai4/yu2+ NP+yi3/zhi1+nei4/wai4, e.g. examples in (1d), (1e), (2e) and (2f)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Internal structure of nei4 and wai4 collocations", |
| "sec_num": "1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is clear that an explanatory account of the contrasts between nei4 and wai4 cannot rely solely on structural terms. In this paper, we will present a concept-based lexical account.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Internal structure of nei4 and wai4 collocations", |
| "sec_num": "1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As it turns out, the literature on nei4/wai4 (in/out) has as wide range as their distribution.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Literature review and comparison of English in and Chinese nei4", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this section, we will review English in and then propose questions regarding Chinese in and out.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Literature review and comparison of English in and Chinese nei4", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Clark (1973 ( ), Talmy (1983 , Jackendoff (1983:162-164) , Herskovits (1986) , Jackendoff and Landau (1992, 1993) , Levinson (1996 :186-187), Talmy (2001 have studied English in and explicitly showed the following properties of English in:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 6, |
| "end": 11, |
| "text": "(1973", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 12, |
| "end": 28, |
| "text": "( ), Talmy (1983", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 31, |
| "end": 56, |
| "text": "Jackendoff (1983:162-164)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 59, |
| "end": 76, |
| "text": "Herskovits (1986)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 79, |
| "end": 93, |
| "text": "Jackendoff and", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 94, |
| "end": 113, |
| "text": "Landau (1992, 1993)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 116, |
| "end": 130, |
| "text": "Levinson (1996", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 131, |
| "end": 153, |
| "text": ":186-187), Talmy (2001", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Literature review on English in", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "3a.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Literature review on English in", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In belongs to a Place concept. (Talmy 1983 (Talmy , 2001 b. In denotes a three-dimensional space, which can be entirely enclosed, partially enclosed, bounded or unbounded. (Clark 1973 , Jackendoff and Landau 1992 , 1993 , Levinson 1996 :186-187) c. The ground of in should contain an interior. (Jackendoff and Landau 1992, 1993) d. The relation between the Figure and Ground of in should be close. (Herskovits 1986) e. Other factors:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 31, |
| "end": 42, |
| "text": "(Talmy 1983", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 43, |
| "end": 56, |
| "text": "(Talmy , 2001", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 172, |
| "end": 183, |
| "text": "(Clark 1973", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 184, |
| "end": 212, |
| "text": ", Jackendoff and Landau 1992", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 213, |
| "end": 219, |
| "text": ", 1993", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 220, |
| "end": 235, |
| "text": ", Levinson 1996", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 294, |
| "end": 309, |
| "text": "(Jackendoff and", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 310, |
| "end": 328, |
| "text": "Landau 1992, 1993)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 398, |
| "end": 415, |
| "text": "(Herskovits 1986)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Literature review on English in", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(i) Perspective: close-up view, precise knowledge of the position (ii) salience, (iii) penetration, (iv) convention, (v) function. (Herskovits 1986 Come and go are deictic verbs and both of them can co-occur with in and out as in (4a) to (4d), which suggests that in and out are not underspecified by a perspective. Whether the observer is in the house or not, s/he can describe another person's being in or out the same house as in (5)-(6). Viewpoints of the observer do not seem to play an important role in in and out orientations. Further, as long as the Ground contains an interior, in and inside are synonyms, so are out and outside. They can be replaced by the other without violate any syntactic, morphological, or semantic rules.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 131, |
| "end": 147, |
| "text": "(Herskovits 1986", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Literature review on English in", |
| "sec_num": "2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Does Chinese nei4 act like English in? The answer may be both 'Yes' and 'No', because morphologically, both nei4 and in can be pre-nominal modifiers, e.g. nei4lu4 \u5167\uf9d3 and inland.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Comparison of in and nei4", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Furthermore, from the point of view on asymmetry, there are differences between Chinese nei4 and wai4, so are there between English in and out. For example, (7a)- 7c 8and (9) 3 :8a. sugar and milk in the coffee (Herskovits 1986:151) b. ka1fei1 nei4 you3 tang2 \u5496\u5561\u5167\u6709\ufa03 9a. in the clay (Herskovits 1986:151) b. nian2tu3 nei4 \u9ecf\u571f\u5167 However, English in and Chinese nei4 may behave differently. Concerning on the static spatial uses, in is a preposition whereas nei4 is a postposition in (10). Though both in and nei4 can collocate abstract nouns such as guan1xi5 \u95dc\u4fc2 'relation, relationship', only in can take memory as shown in (11). In as a preposition can co-occur with other spatial terms, but nei4 cannot, cf. (12a) and (12b). In addition to expressing states, in can also denotes certain functions as wearing in (13a) and receiving education in (13b) (Herskovits 1986 ). These sentences cannot be interpreted with nei4. It is reasonable to assume that mapping principles contributed the above asymmetrical phenomena. The direction of this metaphorical extension is from space to the others. (q.v.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 211, |
| "end": 232, |
| "text": "(Herskovits 1986:151)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 282, |
| "end": 303, |
| "text": "(Herskovits 1986:151)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 848, |
| "end": 864, |
| "text": "(Herskovits 1986", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Comparison of in and nei4", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Heine, Claudi and H\u00fcnnemeyer 1991: 161, OBJECT>SPACE>TIME>QUALITY.) We will try to tackle their metaphorical extensions.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Comparison of in and nei4", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this section we adopt the idealized cognitive models (ICM) proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1999) to account for the data of nei4 and wai4.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 74, |
| "end": 99, |
| "text": "Lakoff and Johnson (1999)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Metaphorical extension of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "What semantic elements can be used to delineate nei4 and wai4? Let us start to think about this issue from the symmetrical cases in (1a)-(1d). Those nouns in (1a) and (1d) denote an area or an object which denotes a region, e.g. guo2 \u570b 'country', xiao4 \u6821 'school', wu1 \u5c4b 'house, room', ch1 \uf902 'car', quan1 \u5708 'circle' in (1a), and huang2gong1 \u7687\u5bae 'palace' in (4a).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Idealized cognitive models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "They may function as a container. Nei4 and wai4 refer to the position of the object as inside or outside of the region or container. The region or container may have entrances or boundaries such as men2 \u9580 'door', sai4 \uf96c 'citadel', and guan1 \u95dc 'barrier'. It is obvious that the size and shape of the region or container are topological. The region/container may be as large as a country or as small as a car or a circle. It may have a regular shape as a circle or a square like a door, yet it may also have an irregular outlook as a country or a school. Hence, the idealized cognitive model for nei4 and wai4 may be a region, totally or partially enclosed, with or without an entrance, but normally with sides and boundaries or angles. The most important of all is that it must have a certain area which can be recognized as an interior. Therefore, the idealized cognitive model, a region or a container, can be illustrated as (14) below.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Idealized cognitive models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Region/container: area boundary/sides angles entrance The brackets mark the optional element of a region. The component elements in 14help to delimit the range of the elaborations.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "ICM of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "14." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A region may be depicted by an entity which covers the whole area such as guo2 \u570b 'country' and xiao4 \u6821 'school' and so on. It may be described by its area, the total coverage of the region. If the entity is in a square shape and the exact side length is known, then one may use an expression like 'its area is 100 m 2 ' or 'it is 25 cm 2 \u03c0' when it is a circle. Here are two simple arithmetic formulas: the area of a square is the square of the length of its side, and the area of a circle equals to the square of it radius multiples \u03c0. Therefore, it is possible for boundaries and sides to stand for regions:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Metonymic models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "15. Metonymic models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Metonymic models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Region: area \u25cb= (\u00bddiameter=radius) 2 x \u03c0 radius boundary \u25a1= (the length of a side) 2 side length side", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Metonymic models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Further more, since the radius and side length denote not only an area but also a length from a center to a boarder or an end of a line to the other end of the line, and hence there is an area-distance transfer as shown in 16 'There are no people in 100 km.' (17b) is more colloquial than (17a), in which fan1yuan2 \u65b9\u5713 'square and circle/area' marks bai3 li3 \u767e\uf9e9 '100 miles' a radius or the length of a side. There is no area marker in (17b), and hence yi4 bai3 gong1li3 \u4e00\u767e\u516c\uf9e9 '100 km' is interpreted as an area from the area-distance transfer.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Metonymic models of nei4 and wai4", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The above ICM can account for most of cases in (1a), and the metonymic models provide us a better understanding of (1d). However, nei4 and wai4 do allow different distance perspective and embodiment. When the area is viewed with a neutral perspective, both the inside and outside of the region are transparent as illustrated in (18a) below:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Perspective and embodiment", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "18a.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Perspective and embodiment", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In (18a), the observer takes an objective view of the region and both nei4 and wai4 are of the same transparency. Consequently, nei4 and wai4 are symmetric as in (1a)-(1d): guo2nei4 \u570b\u5167 'inside the country; domestic'/guo2wai4 \u570b\u5916 'outside the country; abroad'; nei4meng2 \u5167 \u8499 'Inner Mongolia'/ wai4meng2 \u5916\u8499 'Outer Mongolia'; nei4xiao1 \u5167\u92b7 'sell domestically'/wai4xiao1 \u5916\u92b7 'export', etc.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Perspective and embodiment", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition, there is also a common metaphor, BODY IS CONTAINER, in cases of (18a). A body is conceptualized as having an inside, an outside and a surface. Lexicons construed in this way include nei4ke1 \u5167\u79d1 'internal medicine'/wai4ke1 \u5916 \u79d1 'surgery', nei4shang1 \u5167 \u50b7 'internal injury'/wai4shang1 \u5916 \u50b7 'external injury, trauma', nei4yi1 \u5167\u8863 'underwear'/wai4yi1 \u5916\u8863 'outer garment(s)', and nei4fu2 \u5167\u670d 'for internal use'/wai4yong4 \u5916\u7528 'for external use' . 4 Nei4 is conceptualized as inside the body (e.g. nei4shang1 \u5167\u50b7 'internal injury'), closer to the body (e.g. nei4yi1 \u5167\u8863 'underwear'), inward direction (e.g. nei4fu2 \u5167\u670d 'to take (medicine)'), as well as being forced by physical needs (e.g. nei4ji2 \u5167\u6025 'hurry to the toilet (internal needs)' and nei4jiu4 \u5167\u759a 'feel guilty').", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Perspective and embodiment", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Wai4 also has similar converse senses. However, since need and guilty are conceptualized as driven by internal force, they do not collocate with wai4.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Perspective and embodiment", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is important to remember that human perception identifies a region by its contour, and such perception is also reflected in the linguistic description of shapes. Hence when we define a region in an ICM for IN and OUT, it is the description of the contour that is critical. And the description of a contour allows the possibility of the observers being internal to the contour or outside of the contour. However, when the region has an embodiment of a container, then the transparency is dependent on the perspective of the observer. In this case, what is contained in the container cannot be perceived from outside as shown in (18b) below. parallel expressions such as wai4biao3 \u5916\u8868 'appearance, surface, outside'/nei4zai4 \u5167\u5728 'internal, inside', and nei4zang4 \u5167\u81df 'internal organs'/wai4bu4qi4guan1 \u5916\u90e8\u5668\u5b98 'internal organs', where nei4 and wai4 are followed by different morphemes within the same semantic domain. For example, both fu2 \u670d 'to eat, to take' and yong4 \u7528 'to use, to apply' are different ways for medical cure, zai4 \u5728 'to be located' and biao3 \u8868'to appear, to show, surface' can both denote the position of a Theme, and zang4 \u81df 'internal organ(s)' is a hyponym of qi4guan1 \u5668\u5b98 'organ'.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Perspective and embodiment", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This perspective gives nei4 a privileged status and hence the only member allowed in compound formation, such as in nei4mu4 \u5167\u5e55 (xiao1xi2 \u6d88\u606f) 'inside (news)', nei4ding4 \u5167\u5b9a (ren2xuan3 \u4eba\u9078) 'tapped (candidate)' etc. In each case, the region defined is an exclusive container and hence the contained is the only salient concept to be lexicalized. It is important to note that in this case the concept of container is the most important, while the position of the observer is not. This is why nei4mu4 (xiao1xi2) 'inside (news)' can be used by both a speaker who knows the information and a speaker who is seeking the information. This applies similarly to nei4xin1 \u5167\u5fc3 'in the heart', which refers crucially to heart as a container of emotion as in nei4xin1 hen3 gao1xing4 \u5167\u5fc3\u5f88\u9ad8\u8208 'glad at heart ', but does not refer to whose emotion.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "18b.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Last, and perhaps the unmarked, case of ICM for IN/OUT does involve the location of the observer. The only possible position in this explicit observer model is that the observer is inside the region as in the following (19):19.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "18b.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this model, the crucial concept is that the area defines the identities of the speaker. In this sense, there is no more need to refer to what is, but only to what IS NOT. In this case, then the salient concepts are the ones that do not belong to the speaker. Hence, for this conceptualization, it is wai4 'out/outside' that is asymmetrically lexicalized. It is important to note that this scheme does produce the most number of lexicalization.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "18b.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Besides, from human experiences, a nearer object is more controllable than a further one; one may get more familiar with it, and regard it as formal or take it for granted and consider it as legal. On the other hand, objects which leave one far are more uncontrollable, and one usually is not as familiar with them as those near ones. Far objects turn out to be unfamiliar, new (e.g. wai4guo2 \u5916\u570b 'foreign country', wai4bi4 \u5916\u5e63 'foreign currency', wai4lai2yu3 \u5916 \uf92d\u8a9e 'foreign language', wai4xiao4 \u5916\u6821 'other schools, not the referring one', wai4zu2 \u5916 \u65cf 'other tribes, not the referring one; people not of the same clan', wai4ren2 \u5916\u4eba 'outsider(s)', pai2wai4 \u6392\u5916 'exclude foreigners; xenophobia', mei4wai4 \u5a9a\u5916 'to fawn on foreign powers', jian4wai4 \ufa0a\u5916 'be considered as an outsider'), unexpected, special (e.g. yi4wai4 \u610f\u5916 'accident', li4wai4 \uf9b5\u5916 'exception', ge2wai4 \u683c\u5916 'especially', extra (e.g. wai4kuai4 \u5916\u5feb 'extra income') 5 , or informal (e.g. wai4hao4 \u5916\u865f 'nickname(s), wai4shi3 \u5916 \u53f2 'an unofficial history'), abnormal (e.g. fa3wai4 \u6cd5\u5916 'beyond the law' (shi1en1 \u65bd\u6069 'to bestow favor')) and illegal (e.g. wai4yu4 \u5916\u9047 'extramarital affairs', hun1wai4qing2 \u5a5a\u5916\u60c5 'extramarital liaison').", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "18b.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Chinese society is a paternal society contrary to maternal societies such Amis and Siraya societies, where husbands move to live with their wives and fathers and mothers in law.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Social backgrounds", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Chinese society is husband or father centered. This hierarchy and relationship project to lexicons.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Social backgrounds", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Since husbands have power over wives, they are free to call their wives as jian4nei4 \u8ce4 \u5167 'my humble wife' while wives are not allowed to name their husbands as . * jian4wai4 \u8ce4 \u5916 'my humble husband'. Maternal relatives are more remote than paternal relatives because, usually, people do not live with maternal relatives but paternal relatives. This makes paternal relatives bear a shorter distance and closer relation and hence are more familiar with children and the family, and also makes maternal relation marked: maternal relatives are wai4qi1 \u5916\u621a 'outside relatives', mother's mother is wai4po2 \u5916\u5a46 'outside grandmother', and mother's father is wai4gong1 \u5916\u516c'outside grandfather' literally.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Social backgrounds", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Nowadays In Chou Li \u5468\uf9b6 (the ritual of the Zhou dynasty, written in about 770 B.C.-403 B.C.), nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba is a name for waitresses in the palace, and wai4ren2 \u5916\u4eba can be observed to have the meaning of outside people in Mencius \u5b5f\u5b50 (about 385 B.C.-304 B.C.). In other words, the original conceptualization is symmetric based on the area defined by the palace. At that time, it is quite natural for an empire to name females inside his court as nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba and people outside as wai4ren2 \u5916\u4eba. Hence it may be symmetric to the king at that stage.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Other factors and future study", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Later, when nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba shifts to refer to 'wife, concubine (a woman who has marital relation with a man)' in Li Chi \uf9b6\u8a18 (The book of rites), it cannot have wai4ren2 \u5916\u4eba as its counterpart 'husband' because wai4ren2 \u5916\u4eba already has the meaning of outsider. 7", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Other factors and future study", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition, the asymmetric phenomenon shown in (2e) did not appear in Jing Hua Yuan \u93e1\u82b1\u7de3, in Qing dynasty ((1644 A.D.-1912 A.D.) As shown in (20a) and (20b) above, both nei4 and wai4 can serve as the line of demarcation between a numeral range and the rest; nei4 marks the maximum limit and wai4 the minimum limit of the range. In modern Chinese, yi3wai4 is not used in non-spatial domain when preceded by a numeral phrase. Yi3shang4 \u4ee5\u4e0a serves as a counterpart of yi3nei4 in this 7 In Li Chi \uf9b6\u8a18 (The book of rites) both nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba and nei4zi3 \u5167\u5b50 carry the meaning of wife, but nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba 'wife' is a hypernym of nei4zi3 \u5167\u5b50 which refers to the formal wife of a senior official. Later, respect. Detailed accounts for the asymmetric phenomenon of modern nei4 and wai4 in non-spatial domain still await further study in historical language change.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 106, |
| "end": 128, |
| "text": "((1644 A.D.-1912 A.D.)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 480, |
| "end": 481, |
| "text": "7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Other factors and future study", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "nei4zi3", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Other factors and future study", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this paper, we used ICM to account for the grammatical distribution as well as lexicalization and meaning extension of nei4/wai4 IN/OUT in Mandarin Chinese. They both express spatial, referential and social relations, but when preceded by numerals only nei4 denotes temporal and the other non-spatial relation. We also show how human conceptualization is reflected linguistically and how conceptualization underlines and predicts linguistic representations.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusions", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Mandarin tones are marked with numerals. 1 stands for the first tone, a high level tone, 2 the second tone with a rising contour, 3 the third tone, a falling and rising tone, 4 the fourth tone, a high falling tone, and 5 the neutral tone.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Other asymmetric examples such as interior/*outterior/exterior, intramural /*outtramural/extramural, intrinsic /*outrinsic/extrinsic, etc. have French and Latin origins.3 Herskovits (1986:151) shows the difference between in and inside. Inside selects only objects only, e.g. sugar and milk in/*inside the coffee vs. in/inside the clay. Chinese li3(mian4) can take both kinds of objects.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition to nei4fu2 \u5167\u670d 'for internal use'/wai4yong4 \u5916\u7528 'for external use', (18a) can be applied to other", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Yuan2wai4 \u54e1\u5916, an old name for\uff40a rich person' usually used as a vocative, comes from an official name which means 'an extra official, not a regular formal official' during Jin dynasty (265 A.D.-420 A.D.) and Qing dynasty (1644 A.D.-1912 A.D.). 6 They may not be symmetric in Song dynasty (960-1279 A.D.) when wai4zi3 \u5916\u5b50 is a son born outside.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
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| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Zhu, Dexi. 1982. Yufa Jiangyi (Lecture Notes on Grammar). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan,. Website Addresses:", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF19": { |
| "ref_id": "b19", |
| "title": "Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese (Sinica Corpus", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese (Sinica Corpus): http://www.sinica.edu.tw/SinicaCorpus/ Scripta Sinica: http://serv2.sinica.edu.tw:8081/HandyWeb/", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "text": "\u5167\u5b50 can have the meaning of your wife in Yan Zi Chun Qiu \u664f\u5b50\u6625\u79cb (about 200 B.C.) and my wife in Tang dynasty (618 A.D.-907 A.D.).", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>ren4nei4 \u4efb\u5167 'during one's tenure'</td><td>*ren4wai4 \u4efb\u5916</td></tr><tr><td>b. *nei4guo2 \u5167\u570b</td><td>wai4guo2 \u5916\u570b 'foreign country'</td></tr><tr><td>*nei4qi1 \u5167\u621a</td><td>wai4qi1 \u5916\u621a 'maternal relatives'</td></tr><tr><td>nei4mu4 \u5167\u5e55 (xiao1xi2 \u6d88\u606f)</td><td>*wai4mu4 \u5916\u5e55(xiao1xi2 \u6d88\u606f)</td></tr><tr><td>'inside (news)'</td><td/></tr><tr><td>c. *nei4yu4 \u5167\u9047</td><td>wai4yu4 \u5916\u9047 'extramarital affairs'</td></tr><tr><td>nei4ding4 \u5167\u5b9a (ren2xuan4 \u4eba\u9078)</td><td>*wai4ding4 \u5916\u5b9a (ren2xuan4 \u4eba\u9078)</td></tr><tr><td>'tapped (candidate)'</td><td/></tr><tr><td>d. *pai2nei4 \u6392\u5167</td><td>pai2wai4 \u6392\u5916</td></tr><tr><td/><td>'exclude foreigners; xenophobia'</td></tr><tr><td>jian4nei4 \u8ce4\u5167 '(my) humble wife'</td><td>*jian4wai4 \u8ce4\u5916</td></tr><tr><td>e. zai4 wu3 nian2 yi3nei4 \u5728\u4e94\uf98e\u4ee5\u5167</td><td>* zai4 wu3 nian2 yi3wai4 \u5728\u4e94\uf98e\u4ee5\u5916</td></tr><tr><td>'within five years'</td><td/></tr><tr><td>f. yi4bai3 yuan2 yi3nei4 \u4e00\u767e\u5143\u4ee5\u5167</td><td/></tr><tr><td>'less than one hundred dollars'</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>zai4 huang2gong1 zhi1 wai4 \u5728\u7687\u5bae\u4e4b\u5916</td></tr><tr><td>'in the palace'</td><td>'out of the palace'.</td></tr><tr><td>e. yi4bai3 kong1chi3 yi3nei4 \u4e00\u767e\u516c\u5c3a\u4ee5\u5167</td><td>yi4bai3 kong1chi3 yi3wai4 \u4e00\u767e\u516c\u5c3a\u4ee5\u5916</td></tr><tr><td>'within one hundred meters'</td><td/></tr></table>", |
| "text": "b. nei4ce4 \u5167\u5074 'inside' wai4ce4 \u5916\u5074 'outside' c. nei4xiao1 \u5167\u92b7 'sell domestically' wai4xiao1 \u5916\u92b7 'export' d. zai4 huang2gong1 zhi1 nei4 \u5728\u7687\u5bae\u4e4b\u5167However, there are also significant contrasts in terms of compound word formation as in (2):2a. *ye3nei4 \u91ce\u5167 ye3wai4 \u91ce\u5916 'the field' *yi4nei4 \u610f\u5167 yi4wai4 \u610f\u5916 'unexpected, accident'", |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>)</td></tr><tr><td>Comparing with absolute coordinates, north, south, west, east, and relative or</td></tr><tr><td>anthropocentric coordinates, left, right, front, back, scholars seem to have implicitly suggested</td></tr><tr><td>that English in denote an intrinsic coordinate, cf.:</td></tr><tr><td>4a. John came in.</td></tr><tr><td>b. John went in.</td></tr><tr><td>c. John came out.</td></tr></table>", |
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| "TABREF3": { |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "text": "10a. John is in the house. b. Li3si4 zai4 wu1nei4 \uf9e1\u56db\u5728\u5c4b\u5167\u3002 11a. in his memory b. *ta1de5 ji4yi4 nei4 \u4ed6\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u5167 12a. in front of the house b. * wu1qian2nei4/*wu1nei4 qian2 \u5c4b\u524d\u5167/*\u5c4b\u5167\u524d 13a. a girl in red.", |
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| "content": "<table/>", |
| "text": "nei4zi3 \u5167\u5b50 'my wife (inside person)' and wai4zi3 \u5916\u5b50 'my husband (outside person)' seem to be symmetric. 6 However, nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba 'my wife' and wai4ren2 \u5916 \u4eba 'outsider' are asymmetric. The fact that wai4ren2 \u5916\u4eba 'outsider' is not comprehended as 'my husband' nor does nei4ren2 \u5167\u4eba 'my wife' refer to 'insider' may be under influence of the blocking effect.", |
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| "TABREF6": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td>:</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">20a. fan2 shi4bi4 nian2 er4shi2 yi3wai4 shang4wei4 hun1pei4 zhe3,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u51e1 \u4f8d\u5a62 \uf98e \u4e8c\u5341 \u4ee5\u5916</td><td>\u5c1a\u672a</td><td>\u5a5a\u914d</td><td>\u8005\uff0c</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">all waitress year twenty over</td><td>not yet</td><td colspan=\"2\">married person</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">'waitresses who are over twenty years old and not yet married,'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">ling4 qi2 fu4mu3 ling3hui2, wei4 zhi1 hun1pei4</td><td/></tr><tr><td>\uf9a8 \u5176 \u7236\u6bcd</td><td colspan=\"2\">\uf9b4\u56de\uff0c \u70ba \u4e4b \u5a5a\u914d</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">order their parents get back, for them marry</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">'make their parents fetch them back and arrange marriage for them'</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">(Jing Hua Yuan \u93e1\u82b1\u7de3, chap.44:160)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">b. fan2 xiao3er2 wu2lun4 nan2 n\u00fc3, san1 sui4 yi3nei4, yong4 chuan1lian4zi3 jiu3 ge5</td></tr><tr><td>\u51e1 \u5c0f\u5152</td><td colspan=\"2\">\u7121\uf941 \u7537 \uf981\uff0c \u4e09 \u6b72</td><td>\u4ee5\u5167\uff0c\u7528</td><td>\u5ddd\uf996\u5b50</td><td>\u4e5d \u500b</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "all children no matter boy girl, three years old within, use Chuanlianzi -medicine nine unit 'all the children, no matter boys or girls, take nine Chuanlianzi if they are younger than three'(Jing Hua Yuan \u93e1\u82b1\u7de3, chap.55: 223)", |
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