| { |
| "paper_id": "Y15-1043", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:41:22.461798Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "A Corpus-Based Study of zunshou and Its English Equivalents", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Ying", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Liu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Hong Kong", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "Tat Chee Avenue", |
| "settlement": "Kowloon, Hong Kong" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "yliu227-c@my.cityu.edu.hk" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper describes a corpus-based contrastive study of collocation in English and Chinese. In light of the corpus-based approach to identify functionally equivalent units, the present paper attempts to identify the collocational translation equivalents of zunshou by using a parallel corpus and two comparable corpora. This study shows that more often than not, we can find in English more than one translation equivalents. By taking collocates into consideration, we are able to establish bilingual equivalence with more accuracy. The present study indicates that semantic preference and semantic prosody play a vital role in establishing equivalence between corresponding lexical sequences in English and Chinese. The studies of collocation across languages have potentially useful implications for foreign language teaching and learning, contrastive linguistic and translation studies, as well as bilingual lexicography. 2 Research Method 2.1 Corpora The data analyzed in this study were obtained from one parallel corpus and two general corpora. The parallel corpus is the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Parallel Corpus (henceforth JDPC) (Wei and Lu, 2014). It is a 9-million bi-directional English-Chinese parallel corpus consisting of 3,626,890 English tokens and 5,362,748 Chinese characters. The three major categories in JDPC are politics, science and technology, and humanities.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "Y15-1043", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper describes a corpus-based contrastive study of collocation in English and Chinese. In light of the corpus-based approach to identify functionally equivalent units, the present paper attempts to identify the collocational translation equivalents of zunshou by using a parallel corpus and two comparable corpora. This study shows that more often than not, we can find in English more than one translation equivalents. By taking collocates into consideration, we are able to establish bilingual equivalence with more accuracy. The present study indicates that semantic preference and semantic prosody play a vital role in establishing equivalence between corresponding lexical sequences in English and Chinese. The studies of collocation across languages have potentially useful implications for foreign language teaching and learning, contrastive linguistic and translation studies, as well as bilingual lexicography. 2 Research Method 2.1 Corpora The data analyzed in this study were obtained from one parallel corpus and two general corpora. The parallel corpus is the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Parallel Corpus (henceforth JDPC) (Wei and Lu, 2014). It is a 9-million bi-directional English-Chinese parallel corpus consisting of 3,626,890 English tokens and 5,362,748 Chinese characters. The three major categories in JDPC are politics, science and technology, and humanities.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The importance of the concept of collocation has long been recognized in theoretical linguistics. It was first put forward as an academic terminology by Firth (1957) . Since then, there have been three major approaches to the study of collocation, which can be referred to as the semantic approach, the lexical approach (Halliday, 1966; Sinclair, 1966) and the integrated approach (Mitchell, 1971) . Since the 1980s, the notion of collocation has been at the center of much corpus-linguistic work. The corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches have been widely adopted in the study of collocation. Although numerous studies of collocation based on corpus data have been conducted, the features of collocation have mainly been explored in monolingual context and there are comparatively fewer attempts to investigate collocation across different languages. The use of parallel corpora has greatly facilitated cross-linguistic research in recent decades and indeed, \"they have been a principal reason for the revival of contrastive linguistics\" (Salkie, 1999) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 153, |
| "end": 165, |
| "text": "Firth (1957)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 320, |
| "end": 336, |
| "text": "(Halliday, 1966;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 337, |
| "end": 352, |
| "text": "Sinclair, 1966)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 381, |
| "end": 397, |
| "text": "(Mitchell, 1971)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1043, |
| "end": 1057, |
| "text": "(Salkie, 1999)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As a tentative attempt, the present study focuses on investigating the cross-linguistic collocational equivalents of one verb -\u9075\u5b88 zunshou using a bidirectional English-Chinese parallel corpus and two comparable corpora. A close observation of the right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou and its English equivalents in terms of semantic preference and semantic prosody (Louw, 1993; Sinclair, 1996) have been made, with a view to determining the collocational translation equivalents in English and Chinese.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 359, |
| "end": 371, |
| "text": "(Louw, 1993;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 372, |
| "end": 387, |
| "text": "Sinclair, 1996)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In what follows, we will first describe the research method of the present study in Section 2, which includes the corpora to be used, the procedure for the identification of translation equivalents, the approaches and analytical concepts of collocation. Section 3 will present our corpus findings, followed by some discussions in Section 4. Section 5 will conclude this research with various implications and prospects for future work.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition, JDPC has an associated database which contains 590,799 pairs of translation equivalents of varying lengths and grammatical ranks. JDPC serves as the point of departure from which the possible translation equivalents are extracted for further data analysis. The advantage of using a parallel corpus in this contrastive study of collocation is that \"it gives the benefit of such input in a more reliable manner; it offers a range of possible translation pairs that have already been identified and used by translators, in other words, verified by actual translation usage\" (Tognini-Bonelli, 2001 ).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 584, |
| "end": 606, |
| "text": "(Tognini-Bonelli, 2001", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The English general corpus is the British National Corpus (henceforth BNC) which consists of approximately 100 million words of British English, 90% from written texts, 10% from spoken texts. The written part of BNC was used in this study. The Chinese general corpus is the Modern Chinese Corpus (henceforth MCC). We use its core version, commonly known as the Main Corpus of MCC, which contains 20 million Chinese characters proportionally sampled from the whole corpus.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The procedure for identifying the collocational translation equivalents in English and Chinese involves three steps. The first step is to extract prima facie translation equivalents (Tognini-Bonelli, 2002: 81) from the parallel corpus. We searched \u9075\u5b88 zunshou in JDPC and found that there are three prima facie translation equivalents of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou, namely, abide by, adhere to and observe. However, what a parallel corpus can do is only to offer a set of possible translation pairs. It is more important to base our observation on the comparable corpora to establish correspondence between the form and function of the lexical items or sequences under study. Therefore, the second step is to observe the formal and functional features of the node words in the two monolingual corpora. So we turn to MCC and BNC. The right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou, abide by, adhere to and observe were extracted from MCC and BNC respectively.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 182, |
| "end": 209, |
| "text": "(Tognini-Bonelli, 2002: 81)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Procedure for the Identification of Translation Equivalents", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Then we come to the last stepto identify de facto translation equivalents. Based on the data extracted in the previous steps, we analyzed the four node words in terms of their collocates, semantic preference and semantic prosody, which will reveal the key patterning of the node words and help to establish equivalence across the two languages.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Procedure for the Identification of Translation Equivalents", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Generally, there are two approaches to the study of collocation using corpora, namely, the corpusbased approach and the corpus-driven approach.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Approaches to the Study of Collocation and Analytical Concepts", |
| "sec_num": "2.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although there is no clear-cut demarcation between them, the major difference is whether corpus data is analyzed in the pre-constructed grammatical framework. The corpus-based approach generalizes collocational patterns on the basis of colligation and lexical co-occurrences (Wei, 2002) , whilst the corpus-driven approach proceeds with data and uses purely statistical method to extract collocation. The present study adopts the former approach. The study to be presented in the remainder of this paper will be qualitative in nature and statistical test will not be applied due to the low frequency of many collocates of the node words. Through observing the concordance lines (the KWIC Format), we first generalized the colligation and then analyzed the right collocates of the node words in the colligational framework. The study involves two key analytical concepts: semantic preference and semantic prosody. As with Sinclair, semantic preference refers to \"the restriction of regular co-occurrence to items which share a semantic feature\" (Sinclair, 2004: 142) , and semantic prosody refers to the attitudinal meaning a node word and its co-selections convey, which essentially indicates the communicative purpose of the speaker (Sinclair, 1996: 87) . The four node words will be compared in terms of these two analytical concepts in order to establish the de facto cross-linguistic equivalence.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 275, |
| "end": 286, |
| "text": "(Wei, 2002)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1044, |
| "end": 1065, |
| "text": "(Sinclair, 2004: 142)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1234, |
| "end": 1254, |
| "text": "(Sinclair, 1996: 87)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Approaches to the Study of Collocation and Analytical Concepts", |
| "sec_num": "2.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An initial check of zunshou in JDPC yielded 30 occurrences which were translated by abide by in 10 times, by adhere to in 3 times, and by observe in 17 times of all cases. The profiles of the 30 prima facie collocational translation equivalents are presented in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Table 3 . \u9075\u5b88 zunshou and observe with their right collocates in JDPC", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 262, |
| "end": 290, |
| "text": "Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 305, |
| "end": 312, |
| "text": "Table 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Evidence from the Parallel Corpus", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Adopting the method as defined in Section 2.2, the present study obtained 497 instances of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou from the core part of MCC. In order to show its patterning, we present 10 concordance lines randomly selected from the overall data as shown in Table 4 below.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 246, |
| "end": 253, |
| "text": "Table 4", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Evidence from the Chinese Corpus", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u7528\u751f\u547d\u6362\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u73cd\u60dc\u5baa\u6cd5 \u9075\u5b88 \u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u73b0\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u7b2c\u4e94\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u4eba 2.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u53ea\u6709\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u6beb\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u5730 \u9075\u5b88 \u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u88c1\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7ef4\u62a4\u7edf 3.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u6c11\u4e8b\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u89c9 \u9075\u5b88 \u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u540c\u8fdd\u6cd5\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b 4.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u9119\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u62e5\u62a4\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a \u9075\u5b88 \u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u628a\u5206\u884c\u6539\u4e3a\u4ee3\u529e\u884c\uff01\u6731\u5fb7", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u51b3\u8981\u6c42\u56de\u5f52\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u7f8e\u65b9\u7ba1\u7406\u5f53\u5c40 \u9075\u5b88 \u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u6218\u4fd8\u516c\u7ea6\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u613f\uff1b\u4e3a\u4e86\u6211 6.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u6b22\u8fce\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6e1d\u5730 \u9075\u5b88 \u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8054\u5408\u516c\u62a5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\"\u662f\u4ee5\u53ea 7.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u8bb0\u5728\u5fc3\u91cc\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u5316\u4e3a\u529b\u91cf \u9075\u5b88 \u515a\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5162\u5162\u4e1a\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f67\u4f64\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u597d\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8c61 8.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u6761\u4ee4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6293\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9 \u9075\u5b88 \u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u4eba\u3002\"\u4ed6\u6ca1\u4e3a\u4eb2\u53cb\u529e\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u95e8 9.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u4fdd\u536b\u7956\u56fd\u554a\uff01\u90a3\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u81ea\u89c9\u5730 \u9075\u5b88 \u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u519b\u961f\u9700\u8981\u94c1\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u6bd4\u4e0d\u5f97\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5e72 10.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c \u9075\u5b88 \u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u4e0d\u673a\u68b0\u6284\u88ad\u73b0\u6210 Table 4 . Concordance lines of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou A close observation of the data reveals that over 90% of all the instances of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou are followed by a noun phrase. In a few cases, it is used to end a clause or sentence. Since the present study focuses on collocates in the right co-text and examination of the usage of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou in the sentence-final position does not reveal many new collocates, we only focus on analyzing the data in the first colligational framework.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 42, |
| "end": 49, |
| "text": "Table 4", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It has been observed that most of the right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou can be categorized into different groups according to two criteria: whether they are authoritative or compulsory. By being authoritative is meant that they are documented and enforced by a country's government or government organs (e.g. laws and regulations), or agreed between governments of different countries (e.g. treaty or declaration); by being compulsory is meant that they must be obeyed and if not, the related party should suffer the consequences. In terms of these two criteria, the right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou can be put in a hierarchy scale with differing degrees of authoritativeness and compulsoriness. For reasons of space, we only present those right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou with a frequency higher than five (including five) in Table 5 . Note that the raw frequencies of the collocates are listed in the brackets. It needs to be noted that the demarcation between these collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou is, in fact, not so clear-cut as Table 5 shows and the aim to present such a hierarchy scale is mainly for the sake of classification. As shown in Table 5 , at the top of the hierarchy scale are the most authoritative and compulsory collocates such as \u5baa \u6cd5 xianfa, \u6cd5\u5f8b falv, \u6cd5\u89c4 fagui, etc. Down the scale, we can find words such as \u89c4\u5219 guize and \u653f\u7b56 zhengce which are less authoritative and compulsory than words in the first layer. Words in the third layer include the non-compulsory \u7eaa\u5f8b jilv, \u9053\u5fb7 daode, \u516c\u5171\u79e9\u5e8f gonggong zhixu, etc. Although they might be authoritative, but people still can be free to choose to follow it or not. At the bottom of the hierarchy scale, we can find words such as \u547d\u4ee4 mingling and \u8981\u6c42 yaoqiu which are usually non-authoritative but still might be compulsory. In the following sections, the right collocates of the three node words (i.e. abide by, adhere to and observe) are also classified according to the same criteria.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 820, |
| "end": 827, |
| "text": "Table 5", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1020, |
| "end": 1027, |
| "text": "Table 5", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1134, |
| "end": 1141, |
| "text": "Table 5", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For the collocates of abide by, adhere to and observe, this study uses a span of up to five words to the right of the node. This is in line with Sinclair's (1991: 106) suggestion that beyond four words from the node there were no statistical indication of the attractive power of the node. It needs to be noted that the lists of the right collocates of these three node words in the following Table 7, Table 9 and Table 11 are not exhaustive and we also have removed a few collocates which seem to be of little relevance and importance. In addition, those collocates which are relevant to our study but difficult to categorize in terms of the two criteria defined above have been classified as \"others\".", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 145, |
| "end": 167, |
| "text": "Sinclair's (1991: 106)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 393, |
| "end": 422, |
| "text": "Table 7, Table 9 and Table 11", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Evidence from the English Corpus", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We have extracted in total 193 instances of abide by from BNC. In Table 6 , we report ten randomly selected concordance lines from the overall data to show the patterning of abide by.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 66, |
| "end": 73, |
| "text": "Table 6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abide by with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "united States, who accepted them and agreed to abide by the new constitution. Our constitutional 2.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "comes illegal which will I'm sure all people will abide by the law. I'm sorry about the turning a blind 3.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "troops in the area until the factions agreed to abide by a ceasefire. The SOC government issued a 4.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "achieve such aims, an advertiser usually has to abide by a number of laws and codes of practice. 5.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "demanded that the Efta states agree in advance to abide by a common defence policy which is as yet 6.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Hussein was under pressure on the one hand to abide by the UN resolution to impose sanctions on 7.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The government stated its willingness to abide by the UN sanctions policy, but sought to 8.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Indian tradition with the obedience required to abide by the rules governing non-violent action. 9.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "do its utmost to achieve reconciliation and to abide by the peace accord. Qian announced that 10.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "practice. Companies wishing to join will have to abide by a code of conduct. Not all have welcome Table 6 . Concordance lines of abide by", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 98, |
| "end": 105, |
| "text": "Table 6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As indicated in Table 6 , in terms of colligation, it has been observed that abide by is often followed by a noun phrase. Then we categorize the right collocates of abide by according to the two criteria mentioned in Section 3.2. Note that the raw frequencies of the collocates are listed in the brackets in Table 7 . For some words, we also give one example of a wider context (e.g. the federation's code of practice) to justify our classification.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 16, |
| "end": 23, |
| "text": "Table 6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 308, |
| "end": 315, |
| "text": "Table 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Authoritative & compulsory rule(s) (30), law(s) (7), terms (5), Code (4), regulations (3), treaty (3), policies (3), conditions (3), provisions (2), proviso (2), accord (2), contract (2), constitution (1), convention (1), declaration (1), resolution (1), ceasefire (1), settlement (1), sanctions (1), etc Compulsory (either from institutions or person in authority or as a must) code of practice (5) (e.g. the federation's code of practice), order (5) (e.g. the court order), directive (4) (e.g. the directive of the government), plan (4) (e.g. a peace plan), standards (3) (e.g. government-imposed standards), principle(s) (2) (e.g. principle of non-interference in the internal affairs), injunctions (1) (e.g. the injunction of official leaders), etc Others decision(s) (12), restrictions (2), words (2), maxim (2), oath (1), intention (1), etc. Table 7 . Right collocates of abide by", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 848, |
| "end": 855, |
| "text": "Table 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Criteria Right collocates of abide by", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In BNC, there are 274 occurrences of adhere to in total. In Table 8 below, we also present ten randomly selected concordance lines from the overall data to show the collocational patterning of adhere to.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 60, |
| "end": 67, |
| "text": "Table 8", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1. h leadership. Many people had struggled to adhere to a strict moral code for years (while others 2.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "selves, fellow workers or client employees, adhere to the rules relating to health and safety 3.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "in which it was reared, did not necessarily adhere to the principles of predictability, even had 4.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "the Charter, to settle disputes peacefully, to adhere to the principles of equal rights and self-deter 5.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "onarchies, as well as with those that claimed to adhere to Marxism-Leninism. How far this reorienta 6. nstrative staff. Departmental employees must adhere to the following guidelines to reduce the 7.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "not know how many agencies and courts still adhere to this policy and practice. The purpose of 8.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "responsibility of the employees concerned to adhere to these guidelines and procedures. No matter 9.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "plicature. So Grice's point is not that we always adhere to these maxims on a superficial level but 10.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "feature for more details). All members must adhere to a national Code of Practice, and a common Table 8 . Concordance lines of adhere to", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 96, |
| "end": 103, |
| "text": "Table 8", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As can be seen from Table 8 , similar to \u9075\u5b88 zunshou and abide by, adhere to is also frequently followed by a noun phrase at the colligational level. Table 9 below presents the categorization of the right collocates of adhere to in terms of the two criteria stated above. Note that the raw frequencies of the collocates are listed in the brackets in Table 9 and we also give one example of a wider context (e.g. ethical standards) for some words to justify our classification.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 20, |
| "end": 27, |
| "text": "Table 8", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 149, |
| "end": 156, |
| "text": "Table 9", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 349, |
| "end": 357, |
| "text": "Table 9", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Adhere to with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Right collocates of adhere to Authoritative & compulsory (but not so authoritative as laws) policy (9), rule(s) (7), regulations (5), treaty (4), sanctions (2), resolution(s) (2), protocol (1), etc Non-compulsory standards (9) (e.g. ethical standards), principle (7), code (5) ( e.g. moral code), doctrine(s) (3), guidelines (2), norm(s) (2) (e.g. cultural norms), disciplines (2) (eg. the economic and financial disciplines), school of thought (1), Marxism (1), Marxism-leninism (1), Pluralism (1), structuralism (1), ethic (1), code of practice (1), sect (1), ideals (1), scheme (1), etc Non-authoritative requirements (4), specification (2), demands (1), instructions (1), restrictions (1), etc Personal idea (2), position (2), convictions (1), arrangements (1), opinion (1), schedule(s) (2), timetable (1), lifestyle (1), etc Others practice(s) (6), procedure (5), programme (5), interpretations (2), values (1), etc Table 9 . Right collocates of adhere to", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 921, |
| "end": 928, |
| "text": "Table 9", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Criteria", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As can be seen from Table 7 in Section 3.3.1 and Table 9 above, abide by and adhere to share a few right collocates. However, a closer look at the modifiers of these shared collocates reveals marked differences between these two node words. Let us take standards for example. There are three cases of co-occurrences of abide by with standards in BNC. Let us look at a wider context as follows.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 20, |
| "end": 27, |
| "text": "Table 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 49, |
| "end": 56, |
| "text": "Table 9", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Criteria", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "the report as \"a gross distortion of the truth\", arguing that its members at least abide by government-imposed standards. 2. Ramprakash is a lad who could be a superb player, but there are standards you have to abide by. If you are an England player you have to behave in a certain way. 3. At the same time, the integrity of the profession was maintained by offering membership only to those who were willing to abide by prescribed standards.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The American Mining Congress has lambasted", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In Example 1, standards is premodified by government-imposed which indicates that the standards in question must be obeyed. In Example 2, abide by follows have to which shows that the standards are compulsory. In Example 3, abiding by prescribed standards is required as a must for offering membership. In contrast, with regard to adhere to, we can find a set of collocation such as proper standards of behavior, general standards of decency, ethical standards, etc. It can be seen that adhere to typically co-occurs with non-authoritative and noncompulsory standards. In addition to standards, we also find marked differences in other shared collocates such as code, rule, principles, etc. Here the point is that the shared collocates of abide by and adhere to co-occur with different modifiers whose meaning is in harmony with the whole environment, especially in harmony with the meaning indicated by the node words.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The American Mining Congress has lambasted", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The usage of observe is more complicated than that of abide by and adhere to due to the reason that observe is a polysemous word. It has five senses in Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary of English (2009), but only one meaning -\"If you observe something such as a law or custom, you obey it or follow it\" is relevant for the present study. In BNC, there are 1,623 instances of observe in total. Manually removing those concordances lines carrying the irrelevant senses, we got 248 instances for observe. Table 10 below presents ten randomly selected instances from the overall data to show the patterning of observe.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 505, |
| "end": 513, |
| "text": "Table 10", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Observe with Its Right Collocates", |
| "sec_num": "3.3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "ion qua members of the Commission had to observe the rules in performance of the treaty. The 2.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "then, although, as in the former case, they observe the law, the government is a pure 3.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "again, can the citizens of a city properly observe the laws by habit only, and without 4.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "ssion or assembly and knowingly failing to observe the conditions, and knowingly taking part 5.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "then, that it would be far more advisable to observe the treaty, which their sagacious 6.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "principle, which provides that a firm should observe high standards of integrity and fair dealing 7.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "necessity. The wardens of the agora shall observe the order appointed by law for the 8.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "instructions, labels or markings. You shall observe the requirements of UK legislation and any 9.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "nanted with the landlord to pay the rent and observe the covenants during the residue of the term 10.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "the question \"What causes the peasant to observe this ethic?\"; a question that can not really Table 10 . Concordance lines of observe", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 94, |
| "end": 102, |
| "text": "Table 10", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As shown in Table 10 , similar to abide by and adhere to, at the colligational level, observe is also typically followed by a noun phrase. In Table 11 below, we present the categorization of the right collocates of observe in terms of the two criteria defined in Section 3.2. Note that the raw frequencies of the collocates are listed in the brackets in Table 11 . ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 12, |
| "end": 20, |
| "text": "Table 10", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 142, |
| "end": 150, |
| "text": "Table 11", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 354, |
| "end": 362, |
| "text": "Table 11", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This section proposes an analysis of the four node words (i.e. \u9075\u5b88 zunshou, abide by, adhere to and observe) in terms of their semantic preference and semantic prosody. Semantic preference and semantic prosody are crucial in establishing collocational translation equivalents; only when they are equivalent will a collocation be available as a possible choice to a translator. Semantic preference refers to the semantic sets into which the collocates fall. The corpus evidence presented in Section 3 shows that \u9075\u5b88 zunshou, abide by, adhere to and observe allow collocates that fall into different semantic sets:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Discussion", |
| "sec_num": "4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1. \u9075\u5b88 zunshou usually collocates with things that must be or need to be obeyed or done. 2. Abide by allows collocates which are things that must be obeyed or done. 3. Adhere to is typically followed by things that need to be obeyed or done but not all of them are compulsory. 4. Observe allows collocates with a wider meaning. They are things that must be or need to be obeyed or done, either compulsory or non-compulsory.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Discussion", |
| "sec_num": "4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition to the comparison of semantic preference, the matching of equivalents has to be verified when all the components that are necessary for the unit to function have been identified (Tognini-Bonelli, 2001 ). That is, equivalence also needs to be achieved at the level of the ultimate pragmatic functionthe semantic prosody. In terms of semantic prosody, we can see that abide by is used to impose an obligation in various forms such as laws, regulations and rules.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 190, |
| "end": 212, |
| "text": "(Tognini-Bonelli, 2001", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Discussion", |
| "sec_num": "4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The function associated with adhere to is to ask people to obey something but still leaving some freedom for people to choose to follow it or not. Observe has an integrated function, incorporating the function of both abide by and adhere to. The semantic prosody of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou is, in fact, the combination of that of its three English equivalents.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Discussion", |
| "sec_num": "4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Taking account of the right collocates, the semantic preference and semantic prosody of the four node words, we can finally establish the following sets of de facto collocational translation equivalents in English and Chinese (see Table 12 below), the matching of which is not only at the formal and semantic level but also at the functional level.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 231, |
| "end": 239, |
| "text": "Table 12", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion and Implications", |
| "sec_num": "5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "English collocations \u9075\u5b88\u5baa\u6cd5 zunshou xianfa abide by the Constitution \u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b zunshou falv abide by/observe the law(s) \u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u89c4 zunshou fagui abide by/observe the code(s) \u9075\u5b88\u653f\u7b56 zunshou zhengce abide by /adhere to the policy \u9075\u5b88\u6761\u4f8b zunshou tiaoli abide by/adhere to/observe the regulation(s) \u9075\u5b88\u6761\u7ea6 zunshou tiaoyue abide by/ adhere to /observe the treaty \u9075\u5b88\u6761\u6b3e zunshou tiaokuan abide by/observe the provisions/term(s) \u9075\u5b88\u89c4\u5219 zunshou guize abide by/adhere to/observe the rule(s) \u9075\u5b88\u539f\u5219 zunshou yuanze abide by/adhere to/observe the principle(s) \u9075\u5b88\u7eaa\u5f8b zunshou jilv adhere to/observe the discipline(s) \u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7 zunshou daode adhere to/observe a moral code \u9075\u5b88\u547d\u4ee4 zunshou mingling abide by/observe the order(s) \u9075\u5b88\u8981\u6c42 zunshou yaoqiu adhere to/observe the requirement(s) Table 12 . De facto translation equivalents Obviously, in some cases, English offers more than one possible equivalents for Chinese. It has been shown that abide by, adhere to and observe are used together with a specific set of words and encoded with an inherent semantic prosody. By taking into collocation into consideration, we are able to establish bilingual equivalence with more accuracy. Also, semantic preference and semantic prosody is found to play a vital role in establishing cross-linguistic equivalence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 736, |
| "end": 744, |
| "text": "Table 12", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Chinese collocations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The present contrastive study of collocation has potentially useful implications for foreign language teaching and learning. It can enhance learners' awareness that the correspondence across different languages needs to be identified not only at the formal and semantic level but also at the functional level. There is certainly danger if learners are totally ignorant of the semantic preference and semantic prosody of the lexical items or sequences. With parallel and monolingual corpora at hand, contrastive studies of collocation can also shed new light on contrastive linguistic and translation studies, as well as bilingual lexicography. However, the study of collocation across languages from a contrastive angle is still in its infancy. The present study is only a smallscaled tentative attempt and it is desirable that further explorations in this direction can be done in the future.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Chinese collocations", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "Papers in Linguistics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "R" |
| ], |
| "last": "Firth", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1957, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Firth, J. R. (1957). Papers in Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "Lexis as a linguistic level", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [ |
| "A K" |
| ], |
| "last": "Halliday", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1966, |
| "venue": "memory of J. R. Firth", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "148--162", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Halliday, M. A.K. (1966). Lexis as a linguistic level. In C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday & R. H. Robins (Eds.). In memory of J. R. Firth, pp. 148-162. London: Longman.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF3": { |
| "ref_id": "b3", |
| "title": "Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "B", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Louw", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1993, |
| "venue": "Honour of John Sinclair", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "157--176", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Louw, B. (1993). Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini- Bonelli (Eds.). Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair, pp. 157-176. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "Linguistics 'Going On': Collocations and other Lexical Matters Arising on the Syntagmatic / Linguistics Record. ARCHIVUM LINGUISTICUM, 2 (new series", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [ |
| "F" |
| ], |
| "last": "Mitchell", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1971, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "35--69", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Mitchell, T. F. (1971). Linguistics 'Going On': Collocations and other Lexical Matters Arising on the Syntagmatic / Linguistics Record. ARCHIVUM LINGUISTICUM, 2 (new series, 35-69).", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "How can linguists profit from parallel corpora? Paper given at the symposium on parallel corpora", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Raphael", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salkie", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1999, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "22--23", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Salkie, Raphael. (1999). How can linguists profit from parallel corpora? Paper given at the symposium on parallel corpora, 22-23 April 1999, University of Uppsala.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF6": { |
| "ref_id": "b6", |
| "title": "Beginning the study of lexis", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sinclair", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1966, |
| "venue": "memory of J. R. Firth", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "148--162", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sinclair, J. (1966). Beginning the study of lexis. In C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday & R. H. Robins (Eds.). In memory of J. R. Firth, pp. 148-162. London: Longman.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF7": { |
| "ref_id": "b7", |
| "title": "Corpus, Concordance, Collocation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sinclair", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1991, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF8": { |
| "ref_id": "b8", |
| "title": "The search for the units of meaning", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sinclair", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1996, |
| "venue": "Textus", |
| "volume": "9", |
| "issue": "1", |
| "pages": "75--106", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sinclair, J. (1996). The search for the units of meaning. Textus, 9(1): 75-106.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF9": { |
| "ref_id": "b9", |
| "title": "Trust the Text. London: Routledge. The British National Corpus, version 3 (BNC XML Edition)", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sinclair", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2004, |
| "venue": "Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sinclair, J. (2004). Trust the Text. London: Routledge. The British National Corpus, version 3 (BNC XML Edition). (2007). Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF10": { |
| "ref_id": "b10", |
| "title": "Corpus Linguistics at Work", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Elena", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tognini-Bonelli", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2001, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Tognini-Bonelli, Elena. (2001). Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF11": { |
| "ref_id": "b11", |
| "title": "Functionally complete units of meaning across English and Italian: Towards a corpus-driven approach", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Elena", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tognini-Bonelli", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2002, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Tognini-Bonelli, Elena. (2002). Functionally complete units of meaning across English and Italian: Towards a corpus-driven approach. In B. Alenberg & S.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF12": { |
| "ref_id": "b12", |
| "title": "Lexis in Contrast", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Granger", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "73--95", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Granger (Eds.). Lexis in Contrast, pp. 73-95. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF13": { |
| "ref_id": "b13", |
| "title": "The Definition and Research System of the Word Collocation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Naixing", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wei", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2002, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Wei, Naixing. (2002). The Definition and Research System of the Word Collocation. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF14": { |
| "ref_id": "b14", |
| "title": "Phraseology in Contrast: Evidence from English-Chinese Corpora. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Naixing", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wei", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Lu", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2014, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Wei, Naixing and Lu, Jun. (Eds.). (2014). Phraseology in Contrast: Evidence from English-Chinese Corpora. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": ", limitations (1), constraint (1), proprieties (1), faith (1), maxim (1), etc" |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Chinese collocations</td><td>English collocations</td><td>Freq.</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b zunshou xianfa he falv</td><td>abiding by the Constitution and laws</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u515a\u7ae0 zunshou dangzhang</td><td>abide by the Party Constitution</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u9075\u5b88\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4 zunshou guojia de falv fagui abide by the laws and decrees of the State</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u5f8b zunshou renmin zhengfu falv</td><td>abiding by its laws</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u2026\u6cd5\u89c4\u548c\u5236\u5ea6 zunshou \u2026 fagui he zhidu</td><td>abide by the rules and regulations</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u7ea6\u6cd5\u516b\u7ae0 zunshou yuefa bazhang</td><td>abide by the following eight-point covenant</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u4e2d\u82f1\u8054\u5408\u58f0\u660e zunshou zhongying lianhe shengming</td><td>abide by the Sino-British Joint Declaration</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td/><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Chinese collocations</td><td>English collocations</td><td>Freq.</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u7740\"\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7684\u653f\u7b56\" zunshou zhe \"bu ganshe zhongguo neizheng de zhengce\"</td><td>adhered to a policy of non-interference in China's internal affairs</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u2026\u5b97\u65e8\u548c\u539f\u5219 zunshou \u2026 zongzhi he yuanze</td><td>adhere to the purpose and principles</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u2026\u5404\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u4ef6 zunshou \u2026 gexiang zhongyao wenjian</td><td>adhere to the important documents</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td/><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Chinese collocations</td><td>English collocations</td><td>Freq.</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u7eaa\u5f8b zunshou jilv</td><td>observe discipline</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u515a\u7684\u6307\u793a zunshou dang de zhishi</td><td>observe the directives of the party</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b zunshou xianfa he falv</td><td>observing the Constitution and laws</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u539f\u5219 zunshou zhengque de yuanze</td><td>observe the correct principles</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u2026\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4 zunshou \u2026 falv fagui</td><td>observe\u2026laws and regulations</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u515a\u7eaa\u56fd\u6cd5 zunshou dangji guofa</td><td>observe party discipline and state laws</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u515a\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b zunshou dang de zhangcheng</td><td>observe the provisions of the party constitution</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u2026\u539f\u5219 zunshou \u2026 yuanze</td><td>observing principles</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5fb7 zunshou shehui gongde</td><td>be polite and observe common courtesy</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>\u9075\u5b88\u57fa\u672c\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219 zunshou jiben xingwei zhunze</td><td>observing the basic code of conduct</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td/><td>17</td></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "\u9075\u5b88 zunshou and abide by with their right collocates in JDPC \u9075\u5b88 zunshou and adhere to with their right collocates in JDPC", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Most authoritative &</td><td>\u6cd5\u5f8b falv (39), \u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b xianfa he falv (17), \u5baa\u6cd5 xianfa (12), \u6cd5\u89c4</td></tr><tr><td>compulsory</td><td>fagui (7), \u6cd5\u4ee4 faling (5)</td></tr><tr><td>Authoritative & compulsory</td><td>\u89c4\u5219 guize (20), \u89c4\u5b9a guiding (8), \u653f\u7b56 zhengce (7), \u6761\u7ea6 tiaoyue (5)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u7eaa\u5f8b jilv (32), \u539f\u5219 yuanze (15), \u52b3\u52a8\u7eaa\u5f8b laodong jilv (11), \u89c4\u8303</td></tr><tr><td>Non-compulsory</td><td>guifan (11), \u9053\u5fb7 daode (11), \u515a\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b dang de jilv (9), \u516c\u5171\u79e9\u5e8f</td></tr><tr><td/><td>gonggong zhixu (7), \u6807\u51c6 biaozhun (5)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-authoritative</td><td>\u547d\u4ee4 mingling (6), \u8981\u6c42 yaoqiu (5), \u6307\u793a zhishi (5)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>Table 5. Right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou</td></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Right collocates of \u9075\u5b88 zunshou", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Right collocates of observe", |
| "html": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
