| { |
| "paper_id": "Y17-1043", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:33:23.389766Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Pronominal System of Southern Alta", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Marvin", |
| "middle": [ |
| "M" |
| ], |
| "last": "Abreu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "De La Salle University", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "marvinabreu01@gmail.com" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "Pronouns are one of the universal components of language and they provide information on the morphosyntactic characteristics of any languages such as Philippine languages. Past researches show various analyses on the morphosyntax of PLs, a recent typological study claims that Philippine languages (PLs) are ergative. Another study shows a similar claim; however, this study utilizes the pronominal systems of major Philippine languages and uses an ergative-absolutive framework. This research examines the pronouns of Southern Alta language. It aims to contribute in the typological studies of pronominal systems of Negrito and Non-negrito languages. This study employs an ergative-absolutive framework. The initial result shows that the pronominal systems of the Southern Alta language consist of absolutive, ergative, oblique, and genitive pronouns. The ergativeabsolutive framework unravels the morphosyntax of the pronominal system of Southern Alta. The framework helps describe the functions and characteristic of the different sets of pronouns. The study also reveals linguistic phenomena such as inclusivity/exclusivity, first person dual pronouns, homomorphy, cliticization, hierarchy, person-deixis interface and portmanteau pronouns. In conclusion, the ergative-absolutive framework fits the morphosyntactic analysis of the Southern Alta language. This study also suggests to examine the clausal construction including the noun phrases (NPs) of Southern Alta.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "Y17-1043", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Pronouns are one of the universal components of language and they provide information on the morphosyntactic characteristics of any languages such as Philippine languages. Past researches show various analyses on the morphosyntax of PLs, a recent typological study claims that Philippine languages (PLs) are ergative. Another study shows a similar claim; however, this study utilizes the pronominal systems of major Philippine languages and uses an ergative-absolutive framework. This research examines the pronouns of Southern Alta language. It aims to contribute in the typological studies of pronominal systems of Negrito and Non-negrito languages. This study employs an ergative-absolutive framework. The initial result shows that the pronominal systems of the Southern Alta language consist of absolutive, ergative, oblique, and genitive pronouns. The ergativeabsolutive framework unravels the morphosyntax of the pronominal system of Southern Alta. The framework helps describe the functions and characteristic of the different sets of pronouns. The study also reveals linguistic phenomena such as inclusivity/exclusivity, first person dual pronouns, homomorphy, cliticization, hierarchy, person-deixis interface and portmanteau pronouns. In conclusion, the ergative-absolutive framework fits the morphosyntactic analysis of the Southern Alta language. This study also suggests to examine the clausal construction including the noun phrases (NPs) of Southern Alta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The Philippines has over 150 languages (Reid, 2013, pp. 330-331) . This large inventory excludes the Sama varieties spoken in the Sulu Archipelago and the South Mindanao languages. Although these varieties are spoken within the Republic of the Philippines; they differ morphosyntactically from other Philippine languages and are generally not included in generalizations about Philippine languages (Himmelmann, 2005, p. 111) . However, Reid (2013) made a distinction between the original settlers and migrants of pre-colonial Philippines. They are the Negritos and non-Negritos, respectively. Although both groups spoke Austronesian languages, the former was non-Austronesian not until the first Austronesian inmigrant the Negritos came in contact 5,000 years ago while the latter groups are the Austronesianspeaking peoples in the Philippines. Reid and Liao (2004, p. 435 ) conducted a typological study of the syntax of most Philippine languages and claim that Philippine languages are ergative. In support to the previous claim, Dita (2011) conducted a typological study anchored on ergative-absolutive framework by examining the pronominal systems of most of the major languages of the Philippines.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 39, |
| "end": 64, |
| "text": "(Reid, 2013, pp. 330-331)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 398, |
| "end": 424, |
| "text": "(Himmelmann, 2005, p. 111)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 436, |
| "end": 447, |
| "text": "Reid (2013)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 845, |
| "end": 872, |
| "text": "Reid and Liao (2004, p. 435", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Dita (Dita, 2011, p . 1) explains that pronominals are a universal component of human languages and are considered basic vocabulary of any given language. In additon, she explains that personal pronouns are generally closed-class and are unaffected by borrowing or code-switching (Dita, 2011) . Pronouns exist together with other closedclass words such as prepositions, articles and conjunctions. Unlike open-class categories (e.g. verbs and nouns), pronouns do not change over time, and they signal grammatical relationships between the verb and the subject or object of a clause. The pronominal system of a language is one of the key components to uncover the morphosyntactic structure and properties of the languages, not to mention other linguistic features that may come along with the analysis. She also explains that this new analysis will provide ample understanding on the mophosyntax of many languages in the Philippines (Dita, 2010) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 5, |
| "end": 19, |
| "text": "(Dita, 2011, p", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 280, |
| "end": 292, |
| "text": "(Dita, 2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 931, |
| "end": 943, |
| "text": "(Dita, 2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Past studies on the pronominal systems of Negrito and non-Negrito languages focus on reconstructions such as word lists and phonologies (Reid, 1971) , Northern Cordilleran subgroup (Tharp, 1974) , Arta (Reid, 1989) , Alta languages (Reid, 1991) , Central Cagayan Agta (Liao, 2005) and Umiray Dumaget (Lobel, 2013) . Other topics include deictics (MacFarland, 2006) , reference grammar (Headland & Healey, 1974) , supplementary texts (Miller & Miller, 1991) . This study aims to contribute in the typological study of the pronominal system of Negrito and Non-negrito languages in the Philippines. Dita (2011) explains that early studies on Tagalog language (Bloomfield, 1917) utilized the nominative-accusative distinction and has then dominated the literature on PL for many years. She further explains other analyses have emerged such as active-stative analysis (Drossard, 1994) ; the fluid voice analysis (Shibatani, 1999) ; the hybrid analysis (Machlachlan 1996) , and the precategorial symmetrical voice analysis (Foley, 1998) . But many of the mophosyntactic analysis of Philippine languages remain unclear. However, ergativeabsolutive analysis that came about in the 1980s with the works of Payne (1982) and Starosa (1986) and, Gerdts (1988) show viable results.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 136, |
| "end": 148, |
| "text": "(Reid, 1971)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 181, |
| "end": 194, |
| "text": "(Tharp, 1974)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF21" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 202, |
| "end": 214, |
| "text": "(Reid, 1989)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 232, |
| "end": 244, |
| "text": "(Reid, 1991)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 268, |
| "end": 280, |
| "text": "(Liao, 2005)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 300, |
| "end": 313, |
| "text": "(Lobel, 2013)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 346, |
| "end": 364, |
| "text": "(MacFarland, 2006)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 385, |
| "end": 410, |
| "text": "(Headland & Healey, 1974)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 433, |
| "end": 456, |
| "text": "(Miller & Miller, 1991)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 596, |
| "end": 607, |
| "text": "Dita (2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 656, |
| "end": 674, |
| "text": "(Bloomfield, 1917)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 863, |
| "end": 879, |
| "text": "(Drossard, 1994)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 907, |
| "end": 924, |
| "text": "(Shibatani, 1999)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 947, |
| "end": 965, |
| "text": "(Machlachlan 1996)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1017, |
| "end": 1030, |
| "text": "(Foley, 1998)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1197, |
| "end": 1209, |
| "text": "Payne (1982)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1214, |
| "end": 1228, |
| "text": "Starosa (1986)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1234, |
| "end": 1247, |
| "text": "Gerdts (1988)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "One of the studies that introduces ergativeabsolutive framework is the study of Dixon (1972) on Dyirbal language. This framework is a departure from the nominative-accusative framework that has dominated the early studies of world\"s languages such as the Indo-European languages. It is, thus congruent to the fact that about a quarter of the world\"s languages have this unique casemarking. Dita (2011) compares the nominativeaccusative and ergative-absolutive analyses. She illustrates the analysis labeled as Figure 1 . Figure 1 shows two analysis, the one in the left is the ergative-absolutive alignment and on the right is the nominative-accusative alignment. The first row is labeled as A (agent) and O (patient), and they are core arguments of a canonical transitive agent (A) and object (O). The second row with only one argument is marked as S (subject). The object of the transitive clause (or the patient) and the sole argument of an intransitive clause (or the subject) in second row are treated alike, that is, they both receive absolutive case-marks. While on the right shows that the agent of a transitive clause and the subject of an intransitive clause are treated alike, thereby receiving the same case-marks. Dita (2010) simplifies, \"if S=A, then the language belongs to the nominative-accusative type, and if S=O, it belongs to the ergative-absolutive type\".", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 80, |
| "end": 92, |
| "text": "Dixon (1972)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 390, |
| "end": 401, |
| "text": "Dita (2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 510, |
| "end": 518, |
| "text": "Figure 1", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 521, |
| "end": 529, |
| "text": "Figure 1", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Below are examples in Tagalog language (1), (2), and (3) (Dita, 2010) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 57, |
| "end": 69, |
| "text": "(Dita, 2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) Bibili ako ng mangga.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "will.buy ABS.1S DET mango \"I will buy a mango (or some mangoes).\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) Binili ko ang mangga.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "bought ERG.1S DET mango \"I bought the mango.\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) Nakita nila ako saw ERG. ABS.1S \"They saw me.\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The absolutive is the actor in an intransitive clause, as in (1); and the ergative is the agent in a transitive clause, as in sentences (2), (3)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Previous analysis", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The Southern Alta language is one of the Alta languages, a single branch subgroup of the Meso-Cordilleran languages, an Austronesian language spoken by a group of Negritos in the Philippines.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Background of the Study", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The Southern Alta language with ISO 639-3 and a three-letter code agy is also known as Kabuloan Dumagat in the literature. They live primarily in the Sierra Madre of Eastern Nueva Ecija and the adjacent coastal areas of Quezon Province (north of Umiray Dumaget), Bulacan towns of San Mi-guel, Norzagaray (Reid, 1991; , and also in Sitio Bato, Baranggay Sapang Bulac, Dona Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan (Abreu, 2014) . They are also present in the areas of Luzon, coastal areas of Quezon and Aurora Province, east Nueva Ecija, Sierra Madre (Reid, 1991; . The language status of Southern Alta, according to the Ethnologue, is \"vigorous\" (Lewis, Simon, & Fenning, 2015) . However, Headland (2010) and Reid (pers. comm., 2016) consider Southern Alta as a \"highly endangered\" Philippine Negrito language.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 304, |
| "end": 316, |
| "text": "(Reid, 1991;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 399, |
| "end": 412, |
| "text": "(Abreu, 2014)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 536, |
| "end": 548, |
| "text": "(Reid, 1991;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 632, |
| "end": 663, |
| "text": "(Lewis, Simon, & Fenning, 2015)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 675, |
| "end": 690, |
| "text": "Headland (2010)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 695, |
| "end": 719, |
| "text": "Reid (pers. comm., 2016)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Background of the Study", |
| "sec_num": "1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Data includes oral and written forms. Oral data came from the fieldwork of the researcher last year while the written data came from the books or commentaries of the New Testament (Bible). The transcripts consist of elicitations and oral traditions of Dumagat elders while the commentaries of the New Testament are being used in Southern Alta communities in Nueva Ecija 1 . The list of abbreviations used is in the footnote. 2", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Methodology", |
| "sec_num": "2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The pronouns of Southern Alta consist of absolutive (3.1), ergative (3.2), oblique (3.3), and genitive pronouns (3.4). Each will be dealt separately including the subsets 3 : free and enclitic. The absolutive consists of the free (3.1.1), and enclitics (3.1.2). Similarly, ergative (3.2) consists of free and enclitics (3.2.1). They are followed by the oblique and genitive pronouns respectively. The subsets are labeled \"Free\" and \"Enclitic\". The former is a morphological terms which means free morpheme in contrast to the latter, \"Enclitic\" or bound morpheme. Table 1 -Pronoun System of Southern Alta Negritos A summary of Southern Alta pronouns is labeled as Table 1 . Pronouns in Southern Alta encode person, number, case, and respect 4 . The columns show person, number, and categories. Below the categories specify the subsets. Person refers to the speaker or 1st person, addressee or 2nd person, and the 3rd person \"is some person or thing which is neither speaker nor addressee\" (Dixon, 2010, p. 190) while number consists of uppercase S (singular), P (plural), and D (dual). Like other pronominal systems of Philippine languages such as Ilocano, Ibanag or Tagalog, the first person singular has exclusive (does not include the addressee) and inclusive (includes the addressee) forms. They are labeled above as 1PE for first person exclusive and 1PI for first person inclusive. The case system consists of four. They are absolutives (ABS), ergatives (ERG), obliques (OBL), and genitives(GEN) 5 .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 988, |
| "end": 1009, |
| "text": "(Dixon, 2010, p. 190)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 563, |
| "end": 570, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 663, |
| "end": 670, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The pronouns and their grammatical functions", |
| "sec_num": "3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Absolutive and genitive have two subsets: free and enclitic. All cases show no distinction on gender unlike English third person singular pronouns (he, she, or it). Neuter forms (e.g. English pronoun it) referring to animate or inanimate common nouns (e.g. such boar or arrow) are absent in the pronominal system of Southern Alta. Honorifics and respect in Southern Alta pronouns are shown in the second and third persons plural (see Table 1 ). Table 1 shows that the ergative (free) and genitive cases are similar in both respect. They are phonologically and morphologically identical, but they differ in their function and distribution.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 434, |
| "end": 442, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 446, |
| "end": 453, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The pronouns and their grammatical functions", |
| "sec_num": "3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This study follows the ergative-absolutive framework of Dita (2007; 2011) . The author explains that ergative is used to refer to the agent in a transitive construction while the term genitive is used to refer to the possessor in an NP. She also explains that if a pronoun precedes a verb, it is ergative, and if pronoun precedes a noun, it is geni-tive. The former is labeled ERG as agent of a transitive clause while the latter is labeled GEN as the possessor of a possessive construction. Sentence 4 shows that first person ko and second person yo pronouns. First person pronoun ko precedes a verb while the second person yo precedes a noun. The first pronoun functions as a subject and as agent of the transitive clause while the second pronoun yo functions as genitive. The genitive yo modifies the possessum, lahi; this distinguishes second pronoun yo as having a possessorpossessum relationship. A similar case in Sentence (5), second person mo also precedes a verb while first person ko precedes a verbal inflection or a nominal. Both sentences are deemed to provide ample evidence of an ergative-absolutive framework.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 56, |
| "end": 67, |
| "text": "Dita (2007;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 68, |
| "end": 73, |
| "text": "2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The pronouns and their grammatical functions", |
| "sec_num": "3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Absolutive pronouns have first person singular exclusive (1PE) and inclusive (1PI) both in free and bound forms. The singular first person siya has no gender distinction. Free absolutive pronouns may stand alone in an utterance. They are usually a response to a ques-tion or it can be a form of self-referencing from previous utterances. The functions of absolutives are as follows:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Absolutive pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(i) As a subject, a response from a previous inquiry, or as vocative. They are clause-initial. Example (6) is a transcript of an interview. Below the respondent uses absolutive, genitive, and oblique pronouns. All pronouns are first person singular. Pronouns in 7and 8 We, the Dumagats, (we) listen to the sounds made by the bird lutu.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Free Absolutives", |
| "sec_num": "3.1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(iv) As a form of respect or honorific. A singular addressee (13) is addressed in the plural form, such as God or any Supreme Being in (15). Sentence (16) is a reference to the elders. Taking care of the council is the responsibility of the elders in the council. They should teach and do the decisions on any matters that need to be done in the council.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Free Absolutives", |
| "sec_num": "3.1.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The \"short\" forms in Table 3 show the absolutive enclitics. Although some can stand alone, a few needs a host to complete its syntactic function. The functions are:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 21, |
| "end": 28, |
| "text": "Table 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Enclitic absolutives Table 3 -Enclitic absolutive pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(i) as subject in an intransitive clause (15), (16), (17), and (18) or as a sole argument or experiencer in an intransitive clause (19). He took care of them, the brothers.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Enclitic absolutives Table 3 -Enclitic absolutive pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(vi) As respect to God (24) and to the elders (14). Example 14and 24 Adam said, we heard You walking towards us, so we hid ourselves and I was scared (of You) because I am nude. Dita (2011) explains that genitives are morphologically identical with ergatives. It is with this morphological synonymity that prompted some Philippinists to use the label GEN to both ergative and genitive pronouns. She argues that these items should not receive similar treatment. Again to distinguish the two, PL genitives are generally postnominals whereas ergatives are postverbals (Dita, 2011) . Table 4 is a summary of the ergative (free and enclitic) pronouns. Then, God said to the snake, \"Because of what you\"ve done, you will carry your belly on the ground from this day onward.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 178, |
| "end": 189, |
| "text": "Dita (2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 565, |
| "end": 577, |
| "text": "(Dita, 2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 580, |
| "end": 587, |
| "text": "Table 4", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF9" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Enclitic absolutives Table 3 -Enclitic absolutive pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.1.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Person Oblique Gloss Description 1S diyak \"to me\" 1 st person sing 2S dikaw \"to you\" (singular) 2 nd person sing 3S dikana \"to him/ her\" 3 rd person sing 1D dikita \"to me and you\" 1 st person dual 1PE dikame to both of us 1 st person excl 2P dikayo \"to you\" (plural) 2 nd person plural 3P dikade \"to them\" 3 rd person plural 1PI dikitam \"to us\" 1 st person incl Table 5 -Oblique pronouns Dita (2010) explains that oblique pronouns are used to express direction towards a person or persons, or the transmission of an object towards the entity or party specified by the oblique pronoun. They are formed by adding pronouns to the stem di-. Long ago, these people are companions of Paul there.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 388, |
| "end": 399, |
| "text": "Dita (2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 362, |
| "end": 369, |
| "text": "Table 5", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Oblique pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In 33, the proximal spatial demonstrative Yie (this) can be replaced with third person plural side (we) such as 34 ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Oblique pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Genitive pronouns encode possession. The noun (possessum) follows the pronoun (the possessor) which is opposite to the phrase structure like English language (e.g. my book, possessorpossessum) (Payne, 1997) . Table 6 shows the genitive pronouns. Besides possessive phrases (36) and (37), many other examples are shown in sentence (6). ", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 193, |
| "end": 206, |
| "text": "(Payne, 1997)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 209, |
| "end": 216, |
| "text": "Table 6", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF13" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Genitive pronouns", |
| "sec_num": "3.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This study uncovers other linguistic phenomena, similar to the results found in Dita (2010) . These are homomorphy (3.5.1), cliticization (3.5.2), hierarchy (3.5.3), and person-deixis interface (3.5.4). Dita (2010) explains that ergatives and genitives are spelled and pronounced the same but they differ in their distributional properties. Consider the sentences (23) and (24), and compare them with sentences (38) and (39). The third person plural de is labeled ERG (23) while GEN in (38) . And also the first person singular na is labelled ERG (24) while GEN (39). Consider also sentence (29), second person singular ERG and GEN co-exist in the clause.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 80, |
| "end": 91, |
| "text": "Dita (2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 203, |
| "end": 214, |
| "text": "Dita (2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 486, |
| "end": 490, |
| "text": "(38)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Other linguistic phenomena", |
| "sec_num": "3.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Clitics are grammatical words that are unable to stand on their own phonologically, but must instead lean on another adjacent word. They must be incorporated into the prosodic structure of another word. Dita (2010) explains that pronominal clitics exhibit various characteristic. Examine Table 1 above. Absolutives and genitives have enclitics and they enclitizes with the preceding word such as sentence (13), (15), (25) and 29, and they all enclitize with the predicate.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 203, |
| "end": 214, |
| "text": "Dita (2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 288, |
| "end": 295, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Cliticization", |
| "sec_num": "3.5.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Another note-worthy observation is the study of Schachter (1973) on Tagalog language (in Dita, 2010) . According to him, monosyllabic pronouns always precede disyllabic. Consider the sentences (4), (23), (25), (30), (31), and (33).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 89, |
| "end": 100, |
| "text": "Dita, 2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Hierarchy", |
| "sec_num": "3.5.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Another note-worthy study is done by MacFarland (2006) on Tagalog language (in Dita, 2010) . He explains that it is quite common in PL to use a deictic pronoun in place of a personal pronoun. Consider the sentences (34) and 35and the revised sentences (36) and (37). The revised sentences are replaced with third person plural pronouns, and yet the contextual meanings of the clauses are the same.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 37, |
| "end": 54, |
| "text": "MacFarland (2006)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 79, |
| "end": 90, |
| "text": "Dita, 2010)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Person-deixis interface", |
| "sec_num": "3.5.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Dita (2011) explains that portmanteau pronouns exist in Philippine languages. These portmanteau pronouns is a combination of ERG.1s and ABS.2s, where the former is the agent and the latter the patient in a clause. Data shows that it is also present in Southern Alta language. Interlinear gloss and symbols use 1D instead of 1s in Dita 2011 ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Portmanteau", |
| "sec_num": "3.5.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This initial analysis shows that the pronominal systems of the Southern Alta language consist of absolutive, ergative, oblique and genitive pronouns. The ergative-absolutive framework unravels the morphosyntax of the pronominal systems of Southern Alta. The framework help describe the functions and characteristic of the different sets of pronouns. Other linguistic phenomena are revealed such as inclusivity/exclusivity, first person dual pronouns, homomorphy, cliticization, hierarchy, person-deixis interface and portmanteau. In conclusion, the ergative-absolutive framework fits the morphosyntactic analysis of the Southern Alta language. In conclusion, the ergative-absolutive framework fits the morphosyntactic analysis of the Southern Alta language. This study also suggests to examine the clausal construction including the noun phrases (NPs) of Southern Alta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Summary and Recommendation", |
| "sec_num": "4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The initial letter of some pronouns that may refer to God or any Supreme Being is capitalized, and the translation is italicized.5 Like other pronominal systems of Philippine languages such as Ilocano, Ibanag or Tagalog, the first person singular has exclusive (E) and inclusive (I) forms, they are labeled above as 1PE for exclusive and 1PI as inclusive.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "My sincerest thanks to my all-time adviser, Dr. Shirley Dita, for the inspiring words and wisdom to pursue this study. I am also very thankful to Dr. Lawrence Reid, who never forgets the helpful tips and keen suggestions despite his busy trips and schedules. I am thankful to our Dean Dr. Crisol Bruza and his associates at the CAS for their unwavering support. Thank you also for the time, words, and wisdom to all of my Kabuloan Dumagat respondents and friends, Rogelio Del Monte, Sonny Del Monte, Johny Bote, Ruping Ramos, and their families.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Acknowledgments", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "The Dumaget language. An unpublished short paper on AgraPhil", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Abreu", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2014, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Abreu, M. (2014). The Dumaget language. An unpublished short paper on AgraPhil, Manila.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "The Austronesian languages of the Asia and Madagascar: A historical perspective", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Adelaar", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2005, |
| "venue": "The Austronesian languages of the Asia and Madagascar", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--42", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Adelaar, A. (2005). The Austronesian languages of the Asia and Madagascar: A historical perspective. In A. Adelaar, & N. Himmelmann (Eds.), The Austronesian languages of the Asia and Madagascar (pp. 1-42). New York, USA: Routledge.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "The Austronesian languages. The Australian National University", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Blust", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2013, |
| "venue": "Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Canberra: Asian-Pacific Linguistics", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Blust, R. (2013). The Austronesian languages. The Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Canberra: Asian-Pacific Linguistics.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF3": { |
| "ref_id": "b3", |
| "title": "A Reference Grammar of Ibanag", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Dita", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2007, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Dita, S. (2007). A Reference Grammar of Ibanag. De La Salle University, DEAL. Manila: De La Salle University.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "A morphosyntactic analysis of pronominal system of Philippine languages", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Dita", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2011, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "45--59", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Dita, S. (2011). A morphosyntactic analysis of pronominal system of Philippine languages. Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (pp. 45-59). Institute of Digital Enhancement of Cognitive Processing, Waseda University.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "Basic Lingusitic Theory", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Dixon", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2010, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "2", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Dixon, R. (2010). Basic Lingusitic Theory (Vol. 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF6": { |
| "ref_id": "b6", |
| "title": "Thirty endangered languages in the Philippines. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Headland", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2003, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "47", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--12", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Headland, T. (2003). Thirty endangered languages in the Philippines. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 47, 1-12.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF7": { |
| "ref_id": "b7", |
| "title": "Why the Philippine Negrito languages are endangered", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Headland", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2010, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "110--120", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Headland, T. (2010). Why the Philippine Negrito languages are endangered. In Florey, M., Endangered Languages of Austronesia (pp. 110-120). Oxford: Oxford University Press.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF8": { |
| "ref_id": "b8", |
| "title": "Grammatical sketch of Dumagat (Casiguran). Pacific Linguistics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Headland", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Healey", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1974, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--54", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Headland, T., & Healey, A. (1974). Grammatical sketch of Dumagat (Casiguran). Pacific Linguistics, 1- 54.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF9": { |
| "ref_id": "b9", |
| "title": "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: Typological characteristics", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "N", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Himmelmann", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2005, |
| "venue": "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "110--181", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Himmelmann, N. (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: Typological characteristics. In A. Adelaar, & N. Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar (pp. 110-181). New York: Routledge.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF10": { |
| "ref_id": "b10", |
| "title": "Ethnologue: Languages of the World", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lewis", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "G", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Simon", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2015, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Lewis, P., Simon, G., & Fenning, C. (Eds.). (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Texas, USA: SIL-International.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF11": { |
| "ref_id": "b11", |
| "title": "Pronominal forms in Central Cagayan Agta", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Liao", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2005, |
| "venue": "Manila: LSP: SIL-Philippines", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "346--363", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Liao, H. (2005). Pronominal forms in Central Cagayan Agta. In H. Liao, & C. Rubino, Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics and Anthropology: Parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid (pp. 346-363). Manila: LSP: SIL-Philippines.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF12": { |
| "ref_id": "b12", |
| "title": "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lobel", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2013, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Lobel, J. (2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. University of Hawai'i, Graduate Division. Manoa: University of Hawai'i.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF13": { |
| "ref_id": "b13", |
| "title": "Mamanwa Texts. Quezon City: LSP and SIL", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Miller", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Miller", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1991, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Miller, H., & Miller, J. (1991). Mamanwa Texts. Quezon City: LSP and SIL.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF14": { |
| "ref_id": "b14", |
| "title": "Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field liguists", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Payne", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1997, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Payne, T. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field liguists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF15": { |
| "ref_id": "b15", |
| "title": "Philippine minor languages: Word lists and phonologies", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Reid", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1971, |
| "venue": "Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--241", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Reid, L. (1971). Philippine minor languages: Word lists and phonologies. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, 1-241.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF16": { |
| "ref_id": "b16", |
| "title": "Arta, another Philippine negrito language", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Reid", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1989, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "47--74", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Reid, L. (1989). Arta, another Philippine negrito language. Oceanic Linguistic, 47-74.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF17": { |
| "ref_id": "b17", |
| "title": "The Alta languages of the Philippines", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Reid", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1991, |
| "venue": "Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "265--297", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Reid, L. (1991). The Alta languages of the Philippines. In R. Harlow (Ed.), Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (pp. 265-297). Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF18": { |
| "ref_id": "b18", |
| "title": "On reconstructing the morphosyntax of Proto-Northern Luzon", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Reid", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2006, |
| "venue": "Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--73", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Reid, L. (2006). On reconstructing the morphosyntax of Proto-Northern Luzon. Paper presented at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (pp. 1-73). Palawan: SIL-International.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF19": { |
| "ref_id": "b19", |
| "title": "Who are the Philippine Negritos?: Evidence from language", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Reid", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2013, |
| "venue": "Human Biology", |
| "volume": "85", |
| "issue": "1", |
| "pages": "1--32", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Reid, L. (2013). Who are the Philippine Negritos?: Evidence from language. Human Biology, 85(1), 1-32.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF20": { |
| "ref_id": "b20", |
| "title": "A brief syntactic typology of Philippine languages", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Reid", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Liao", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2004, |
| "venue": "Language and Linguistics", |
| "volume": "5", |
| "issue": "2", |
| "pages": "433--490", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Reid, L., & Liao, H. (2004). A brief syntactic typology of Philippine languages. Language and Linguistics, 5(2), 433-490.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF21": { |
| "ref_id": "b21", |
| "title": "The Northern Cordilleran subgroup pf Philippine languages", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tharp", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1974, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Tharp, J. (1974). The Northern Cordilleran subgroup pf Philippine languages. University of Hawai'i, Department of Linguistics. University of Hawai'i.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Ergative-absolutive alignment and nominative-accusative alignment", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "such as (40). In addition, the absolutive pronoun in (25) encodes ABS.1D+ERG.2P as a form of respect to a Supreme Being. (40) Besan taka. read ta=ka. read ERG.1D+ABS.2SLet us read this biblical passage.", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF5": { |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">LIG DET alta LIG</td><td colspan=\"2\"><ma>mahala DET DEM</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">\u2026\"(iii) As appositive in (12)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(12) \"Tikami a pala Dumaget</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">ABS.1P LIG PL</td><td>Dumaget</td></tr><tr><td>we</td><td colspan=\"2\">LIG PL</td><td>Dumagat</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">ay mondongol kami na lutu.\"</td></tr><tr><td>TL listen</td><td colspan=\"3\">ABS.1P DET lutu</td><td>are used as a subject, while</td></tr><tr><td>TL listen</td><td>we</td><td/><td>DET lutu</td><td>(9) is vocative.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>(6) \"Tiyak ti Sonny.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ABS.1S PN Sonny</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>I</td><td>PN Sonny</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Pangawi diyak na pamilya ko, Yayo.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>nickname OBL1S DET family</td><td>GEN.1S Yayo</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Asawa ko ay ti Ema.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Yi panganay me,</td><td>ti Latdok, at</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>PN eldest</td><td>GEN. 1PE PN Latdok</td><td>TL</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ti Lagyu ti pangaduwa.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>PN Lagyu</td><td>OBL second</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Ti Salon duman ay pangsangay\u2026</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>PN Salon EXP</td><td>TL third</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Tiyak a tatlongpu at pito.\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ABS.1S LIG thirty</td><td>and three</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>I</td><td>LIG thirty</td><td>and three</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>I am thirty-seven years old.\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>(7) Tikitam i</td><td>pala anak Na.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ABS.1PI</td><td>DET PL</td><td>anak GEN.3S</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>We(all)</td><td>DET PL</td><td>child His</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>We (including you) are His children.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>(8) Side I umawit.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ABS.3P DET <um>awit</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>they</td><td>DET PERF.sang</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>They are the ones who sang.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>(9) \"Tiatin i</td><td>ki adi tu sundang?\" \"Tiyak.\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Q</td><td>DET EXIST adi DET dagger</td><td>ABS. 1S</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>\"Who owns the dagger?\" \"I am (or I own it).\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>(ii) Serves as predicates of identificational</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>constructions such as (10) and (11)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>(10) \"Tikaw linaway ko</td><td>nuapon.\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ABS.2S l<in>way ERG.2S TIME</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>you</td><td>PERF-saw I</td><td>yesterday</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>You are the one I saw yesterday.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ABS.1S PART</td><td>DET <peta>ng GEN.1S</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>you</td><td>PART</td><td>DET choice my</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>a tu alta a mamahala nu iddi.\"</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "My wife(\"s name) is Ema. My eldest son(\"s name) is Latdok, and the second is Lagyu. Salon is the third. You are the one, my chosen person, who will take care of these.", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF7": { |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>They knew him.</td><td colspan=\"4\"><naka>kan=(n)yak din.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">already.eat=ABS.1S</td></tr><tr><td>(v) As object in a triadic transitive clause (24) Olagean Na sid mopatud</td><td colspan=\"4\">eat=I I have already eaten, too. (lit. Already ate I) already</td></tr><tr><td><o>alage<an> ERG.3S ABS.3P <mo>patud GF-took care of he they male siblings</td><td colspan=\"4\">(15) \u2026sinabi ni Lot, a \"Umakang kitam.\" s<in>abi PN Lot LIG <um>akang ABS.1PI</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">PERF-said PN Lot LIG AF-walk</td><td>we</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">\u2026Lot said, \"Let\"s walk.\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">(16) Ta=din kita.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">let go 1D.ABS</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>let go</td><td colspan=\"2\">I and you</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Come, let\"s go. (lit. I and you go.)</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">(17) Mun i budi kita.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>like</td><td colspan=\"2\">1D.ABS</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>like</td><td colspan=\"2\">I and you</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">We like one another. (lit. I and you like.)</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">(19) \u2026molamang modognin siya.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>PART</td><td/><td><mo>dognin ABS.3S</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>probably</td><td colspan=\"2\">feel.cold</td><td>he and she</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">\u2026 probably, he feels very cold.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">(ii) As a subject of a monadic intransitive</td></tr><tr><td/><td>clause,</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(20) Sumubli</td><td colspan=\"2\">kayo.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">s<um>ubli</td><td colspan=\"2\">ABS.2P</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">AF.come back you-P</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Come back, all of you.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">(iii) As subject in a dyadic intransitive clause:</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">(21) Linumukdes</td><td>siya</td><td>ti gebunay.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">l<inum>ukdes</td><td>ABS. 3S OBL gebunay</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">AF-descended down he</td><td>on earth</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">He descended down on earth.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">(iv) As object in a dyadic transitive clause</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">(22) Sinabi na</td><td>dut a apostol siya.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">s<in>abi 3S.ERG PART LG apostle 3S.ABS</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">PERF-said</td><td colspan=\"2\">PART LG apostle he</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">He also said that he is an apostle.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>Person</td><td>Short</td><td/><td>Gloss</td><td>Description</td></tr><tr><td/><td>1S</td><td colspan=\"2\">yak=(y)ak</td><td>I</td><td>1 st person sing</td></tr><tr><td/><td>2S</td><td>ka</td><td/><td>you (singular)</td><td>2 nd person sing</td></tr><tr><td/><td>3S</td><td>siya</td><td/><td>he or she</td><td>3 rd person sing</td></tr><tr><td/><td>1D</td><td>kita</td><td/><td>I and you</td><td>1 st person dual</td></tr><tr><td/><td>1PE</td><td>kami</td><td colspan=\"2\">we (excluding \"you\") 1 st person excl</td></tr><tr><td/><td>2P</td><td>kayo</td><td/><td>you (plural)</td><td>2 nd person plural</td></tr><tr><td/><td>3P</td><td>sid</td><td/><td>They</td><td>3 rd person plural</td></tr><tr><td/><td>1PI</td><td>kitam</td><td colspan=\"2\">we (meaning \"all\")</td><td>1 st person incl</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">(23) Inabuyanan de</td><td>siya</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\"><in>abuyanan ERG. 3P ABS.3S</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">PERF-knew they</td><td>he</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "Nakakannak din.", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF9": { |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Ergative (Free and Enclitic) Pronouns</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(i) As subject of a transitive clause, either dy-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">adic (26) and triadic (27) and (28).</td></tr><tr><td>(26) ... iatod ko</td><td>dikayo at</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><i>atod ERG.1S OBL.2P CONJ</td></tr><tr><td>GF-give I</td><td>to you and</td></tr><tr><td>nu pala lahi</td><td>yo.\"</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF10": { |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Person Ergative</td><td>Gloss</td><td>Description</td></tr><tr><td>1S</td><td>ko=k</td><td>I</td><td>1 st person sing</td></tr><tr><td>2S</td><td>mo=m</td><td>you (singular)</td><td>2 nd person sing</td></tr><tr><td>3S</td><td>na</td><td>he or she</td><td>3 rd person sing</td></tr><tr><td>1D</td><td>ta</td><td>I and you</td><td>1 st person dual</td></tr><tr><td>1PE</td><td>me</td><td colspan=\"2\">we (excluding \"you\") 1 st person excl</td></tr><tr><td>2P</td><td>yo</td><td>you (plural)</td><td>2 nd person plural</td></tr><tr><td>3P</td><td>de</td><td>they</td><td>3 rd person plural</td></tr><tr><td>1PI</td><td>tam</td><td>we (meaning \"all\")</td><td>1 st person incl</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "shows the oblique pronouns. Their functions are the following:", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF13": { |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "Genitive Pronouns", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
