| { |
| "paper_id": "Y95-1012", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:38:50.112546Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Clitic Analyses of Korean \"Little Words\"", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Hee-Rahk", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Chae", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies Mohyun-myun", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "Yongin-gun", |
| "postCode": "449-791", |
| "settlement": "Kyunggi", |
| "country": "Korea" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "hrchae@maincc.hufs.ac.kr" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "In Korean, there are many little words that can best be analyzed as clitics: The copula i-and the adjectival ha-, as well as some nominal and verbal particles. Among others, the clitic analysis of adjectival ha-leads to a unified account of light predicate constructions.", |
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| "paper_id": "Y95-1012", |
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| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "In Korean, there are many little words that can best be analyzed as clitics: The copula i-and the adjectival ha-, as well as some nominal and verbal particles. Among others, the clitic analysis of adjectival ha-leads to a unified account of light predicate constructions.", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
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| "text": "\"Clitics\" are grammatical units which have some properties of inflectional morphology and some of independent words. The existence of clitics is widely attested in the languages of the world ( [1] ). Even though Korean has many \"little words\" which show clitic-like properties, not enough attention has been paid to the possibility that these units might actually be clitics.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 193, |
| "end": 196, |
| "text": "[1]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. Introduction", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "They have usually been analyzed as various types of simple affixes. However, it is clear that they have some properties of independent words, at least from a syntactic point of view.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. Introduction", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this paper, I will show that there are many little words in Korean that should be analyzed as clitics: some (nominal and verbal) particles, the copula i-( `to be'), the \"adjectival\" ha-( `to do/be'), and others. We will focus on the analysis of adjectival ha-. The existence of these clitics will also lead to the conclusion that we need to distinguish between \"Phonological Words\" and \"Syntactic Words.\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. Introduction", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Clitics: Theoretical Background Clitics are those elements which have some properties of affixes and words. However, they are different from affixes and words. [2] and [3] provide some criteria for distinguishing clitics from inflectional affixes, and [4] provides some tests/criteria to distinguish clitics from (independent) words. When contrasted with independent words, clitics have some of the properties of affixes (especially inflectional affixes), and when contrasted with clitics, words have some of the properties of syntactic phrases.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 160, |
| "end": 163, |
| "text": "[2]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 168, |
| "end": 171, |
| "text": "[3]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 252, |
| "end": 255, |
| "text": "[4]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "II.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As for Korean nominal particles, [5] initiates the argument that Nom/Acc case markers are clitics, as well as the \"delimiter\" -man (`only'). I have shown in [6] If it is a derivational affix, we must say that the relative clause in (3a)", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 33, |
| "end": 36, |
| "text": "[5]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 157, |
| "end": 160, |
| "text": "[6]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "modifies a verb (chrk-i-ta) rather than a noun (chx.k). In (3b) tense markers occur in between the copula and the declarative ending. If it is an inflectional affix, we must assume either that a noun (chr_10 can have a verbal affix (a tense marker) or that an affix (i.e. the copula) can have its own affixes. The copula is not an independent word either because i) it cannot stand alone (e. g. , as an answer to a question), ii) no words can be inserted between it and the NP preceding it, and iii) it alone cannot be repeated in a sentence.", |
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| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "There are many different types of ha-(`to do') in Korean: the verbal ha-, the \"adjectival/stative verbal\" haand the derivational ha-. Each type has its own morphological status as a word, an affix or something else. I will show that the adjectival ha-can best be analyzed as a clitic. Traditionally this hahas been treated as a derivational affix.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "First of all, let us consider the distributional and/or morphotactic properties of the three types of ha-( [9] ): Nom English Acc study do Pres Dec (`John studies English.') b. kopu-t41 ha-n-ta (-t41: Subject Plural Marker).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 107, |
| "end": 110, |
| "text": "[9]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "c. koepu-man/n4n/to ha-n-ta (-man: 'only'; -non: Contr; -to: 'also').", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "d. kovu-141 ha-n-ta (-141: Acc).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "e. kopu (acu) cal ha-n-ta (acu: 'really/very'; cal: 'well'). c. * phi-man/n4n/to-ha-n-ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "d. * phi-ka/l41-ha-n-ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "e. * phi acu/cal -ha-n-ta.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is evident that the verbal hain (4) is an independent word and that the derivational hain (6) is an affix. Various kinds of little words and adverbs can be inserted between the verbal noun k7Pflicao and ha-in (4), but none of them can be added in between the element phi-and hain (6). On the other hand, only the Plural Subject Marker -t4.1 and delimiters -man/(04n/to can be inserted between the (adjectival) noun karlica.5 and the adjectival hain (5) . The Nom/Acc case markers and adverbs are not allowed.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 452, |
| "end": 455, |
| "text": "(5)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Now, focusing on the adjectival ha-in (5), In sentence (9), noun kamka5 is modified by a relative clause, and yet the sentence is ungrammatical. Hence our argument based on sentence (7a) does not seem to hold. In sentence (10a), hain kankag-haseems to be repeated in the sentence. If this is true, it shows that hais an independent word.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "However, there is an independent reason behind the ungrammaticality of sentence (9) . Sentence (9), but not sentence (7a), is an example of a \"light adjective construction,\" which requires a \"predicate noun\" that cannot be modified ( [9] ). Notice that Icanka9 is a (adjectival) predicate noun but as is not a predicate noun. In sentence (10a), the second ha-is not an adjectival ha-, but a pro-predicate. It repeats the whole unit of 1cnka,5-harather than haalone, as shown in (10b). Therefore, we can maintain our original arguments about the clitic-hood of the adjectival ha-. Now, we have established that the adjectival hais a clitic. It is an independent word from a syntactic point of view (i.e. a Syntactic Word). One of the most significant results of this analysis is that we can account for the light verb construction (LVC) in (4) and the construction in (5) (a \"light adjective construction\") as the same phenomenon of the \"light predicate construction.\" Both hahave the same properties of being \"light\" in the sense that they are thematically incomplete. Sentence (4) exemplifies a typical LVC, where the subject and the object are (originally) the complements of the verbal noun klpu rather than that of verb ha-. That is, the verb's arguments are \"transferred\" from the verbal noun ( [10] ). We can see the same phenomenon of lightness in the construction of sentence (5) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 80, |
| "end": 83, |
| "text": "(9)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 234, |
| "end": 237, |
| "text": "[9]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1300, |
| "end": 1304, |
| "text": "[10]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1384, |
| "end": 1387, |
| "text": "(5)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The thematic role of Patient/Theme is assigned to the subject by the adjectival predicate noun (PN). In this construction, different predicate nouns impose different selectional restrictions on the subject.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If we assume that the hain (5) is a derivational ending and hence [PN + ha] is a single word, we need to account for the single phenomenon of lightness with reference to two different mechanisms. However, in our approach, the verbal haand the adjectival haare both independent syntactic words even though the latter is not independent phonologically.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I think more verbal elements in the [NP/XP + V] format can be analyzed as clitics in Korean. Some elements in the [V + V] format might also be analyzed as clitics. I will leave these issues for future research.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "III. Clitic Analyses of \"Particles\"", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In view of the research in this paper, I argue, first, that the morphological status of (lexical) entries should be specified in the lexicon.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "V. Morphological Status and the Lexicon", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Those lexical entries can be derivational/inflectional affixes, (various kinds of) clitics, or independent words. Second, cognates with different morphological statuses should be treated as different (lexical) entries (e.g., independent word ha-, clitic ha-, and derivational ha-). <Bibliography>", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "V. Morphological Status and the Lexicon", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
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| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "a. John-i yap -141 [kospu ha-n -ta]." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "a. John-4n [kankaTha -ta]. Topic health do/be Dec (`John is healthy.') b. kankaTt41-ha-ta. c. kankairman4n/to-ha-ta (-in: Contr). d. *kankaTit41-ha-ta (-i: Nom; -44: Acc). e. *kalkam acu -ha-ta. (6) a. John-i sansmnim-41 [phi-ha-n -ta].Nom teacher Acc avoid Pres Dec ('John avoids his teacher.') b. * phi-t41-ha-n-ta." |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "html": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"5\">Some might argue against our position that adjectival ha-is neither an</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">affix nor a word, based on the following data:</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(9) *John-4-n [nam</td><td colspan=\"2\">incag-ha</td><td>-non] kankaj -ha</td><td>-ta.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">Top others Nom acknowledge Mod health do/be Dec</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(Intended to mean 'John 'is healthy/has health, as others acknowledge.')</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(10) a. John-4n kankah -ha</td><td>-ki</td><td>ha-pnita.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Top health do/be Nominal Constr do Dec</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(I accept that) John is healthy.'</td></tr><tr><td>b. k4.</td><td>san</td><td colspan=\"2\">nop-ki</td><td>ha-pnita.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">that mountain Nom high Nominal Constr do Dec</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(I admit that) the mountain is high.'</td></tr><tr><td/><td>Nom</td><td>Acc like</td><td colspan=\"2\">Mod seems Dec</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">'John seems to like Mary.'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">b. kanka9-ha I-ta/ kankaTha-y2ss-ta/ kanka5-ha-kess-ta.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">health do/bo Pres</td><td colspan=\"2\">Past</td><td>Future</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(8) a. kankaD-t41 -ha-ta/ kanka5-man-ha-ta.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">health SPlur</td><td/><td>only</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">we can see, just as in the case of copula -i above, that the complex</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">is-ha-ta can be preceded by a relative clause (7a) (hence, not a</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">derivational ending), and tense markers can occur after ha-(7b) (hence, not</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Plural Subject Marker -t44 and the delimiter -man, which are known to be typical clitics. Notice that clitics can follow other clitics, but derivational and inflectional affixes cannot follow clitics. The adjectival ha-is not an independent word, either. It does not show the properties of regular words.", |
| "num": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
