| { |
| "paper_id": "Y95-1030", |
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| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:38:53.540728Z" |
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| "title": "A Corpus-Based Study of Adverbial Clauses in Mandarin Chinese Conversations: A Preliminary Analysis", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Yu-Fang", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wang", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "National Taiwan Normal University", |
| "location": {} |
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| "email": "" |
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| "abstract": "In conversation, adverbial clause subordination is most commonly achieved through temporal, conditional, concessive, and causal conjunctions, such as dang (` when'), ruguoCin, suiran (`although'), yinwei (` because'), etc. in Mandarin Chinese. This study aims at exploring adverbial clauses in spoken Mandarin conversations on the basis of quantitative analysis. There were two-hour conversation database in this research. The adverbial clauses in our database were divided into (a) preposed clauses to their modified material with continuing intonation, (b) postposed clauses to their modified material with continuing intonation, and (c) postposed clauses to their modified material with final intonation (rising question intonation or final falling intonation). After an inspection of our data, we find that the temporal, conditional, and concessive clauses favor to occur before their modified material; and the causal ones, after their associated material. Our data show that causal clauses are fundamentally different from temporal, conditional, and concessive ones in their use.", |
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| "text": "In conversation, adverbial clause subordination is most commonly achieved through temporal, conditional, concessive, and causal conjunctions, such as dang (` when'), ruguoCin, suiran (`although'), yinwei (` because'), etc. in Mandarin Chinese. This study aims at exploring adverbial clauses in spoken Mandarin conversations on the basis of quantitative analysis. There were two-hour conversation database in this research. The adverbial clauses in our database were divided into (a) preposed clauses to their modified material with continuing intonation, (b) postposed clauses to their modified material with continuing intonation, and (c) postposed clauses to their modified material with final intonation (rising question intonation or final falling intonation). After an inspection of our data, we find that the temporal, conditional, and concessive clauses favor to occur before their modified material; and the causal ones, after their associated material. Our data show that causal clauses are fundamentally different from temporal, conditional, and concessive ones in their use.", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
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| "text": "The study of the different types of adverbial clauses in the past has been done almost exclusively by logicians, who analyzed the relationship between the adverbial clause and the main clause in terms of truth value, material implication, presupposition, etc. This solely semantic analysis did not allow for notions such as organization and content of the discourse, communicative intent or pragmatic motivations of speaker and hearer. Since these notions did not become the concern of linguistics until recently, we still do not have a clear understanding of the behavior of the different types of adverbial clauses in discourse.", |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
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| "text": "One of the most recent discourse analysis of different types of adverbial clauses is Chafe's ( [2] ). This study analyzes the adverbial clauses in spoken and written texts and suggests that adverbial clauses vary their functions with respect to two factors. One has to do with their position in relation to the main clause; the other has to do with how tightly the adverbial clause is bound to its main clause. Another work concerning this type of phenomenon is Ford's study on the distribution of adverbial clauses in American English conversations ( [7] ). She aims at defining the distribution of adverbial clauses in discourse. Especially her study analyzes the interactional factors that determine whether an adverbial clause will be placed before or after its main clause and concludes that preposed and postposed clauses with different intonation are performing different functions in discourse.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 95, |
| "end": 98, |
| "text": "[2]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
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| { |
| "start": 552, |
| "end": 555, |
| "text": "[7]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
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| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
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| "text": "The above mentioned two studies offered illuminating insights into the behavior of different types of adverbial clauses. Following their models, this study is an attempt to investigate adverbial clauses in spoken Mandarin conversations on the basis of quantitative analysis.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
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| "text": "My corpus contains eleven naturally occurring face-to-face, two party, and multi-party conversations, totaling 123:43 minutes. They were taped via audio cassette and transcribed into intonation units (for details, see [5] ). Clauses ending with a fall intonation were marked with a period. Short pauses between words not extending beyond .6 seconds were separated by two or three dots, and longer pauses were timed and indicated in parentheses in the transcript. Question marks indicated clause final rising intonation and brackets were used for overlapping between interlocuters. The markers introducing temporal, conditional, concessive, and causal clauses found in my data with their English counterparts were listed in 11 (100%) 123 (100%) 272 (100%) Of the initial adverbial clauses, 65 were temporal, 50 were conditional, 9 were concessive, and 27 were causal. Of the final adverbial clauses, 11 were temporal, 4 were conditional, 1 was concessive, and 80 were causal. Adverbial clauses without main clauses were primarily causal (N=13). This table also displays that there were few concessive clauses in my data.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
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| "start": 218, |
| "end": 221, |
| "text": "[5]", |
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| "section": "Data and Methods", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "In addition, we can find that the adverbial clauses in our data appeared both before and after their linked clauses. However, among the clauses in question, temporal, conditional and concessive clauses preferred to occur before the material they modify, all accounting more than 80% of their cases respectively. By contrast, causal clauses tended to occur after the material they modify (65%).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "Data and Methods", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "All of the initial adverbial clauses ended in continuing intonation contours. These cases involved intonational as well as grammatical signals of more-to-come. Dissimilar to initial adverbial clauses in the corpus, which always end in continuing intonation, when adverbial clauses appear after their associated modified material, they may be connected to that material across continuing or ending intonation. This distinction between continuing and final intonation reflects speakers' decisions to signal that an utterance is not yet completed (continuing intonation), or that an utterance is possibly complete (final intonation). Since our final causal clauses had a large portion, we calculated the final adverbial clauses appearing in a continuing or ending intonation, as in Table 3 . Table 3 . shows that there were few temporals, conditionals and concessives occurring after their linked clauses, but there was a majority of final causal adverbials following ending intonation. Twenty out of eighty, or 25%, of the final causals followed continuing intonation. Sixty out of eighty, or 75%, of the final causals followed ending intonation. 4 ", |
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| "end": 1146, |
| "text": "4", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
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| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 779, |
| "end": 786, |
| "text": "Table 3", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "start": 789, |
| "end": 796, |
| "text": "Table 3", |
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| "section": "Data and Methods", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In our data we find that temporal clauses are used to introduce time frames and encode shifts in time: shifts from a general or non-specific time to a more specific time reference, from one specific time to another, from one generic time to another, or from specific to generic. For example, in (1) the speaker shifts from a specific time to a generic time reference. While, conditional clauses are used to present options that follow from points reached in prior discourse (as in (4)), or to present contrasts to material presented in prior talk (manifested in (5) , where the conditional cooccurred with the contrast marker keshi 'be). to mind it, that will be difficult, too.\" In all these cases, initial adverbial clauses form pivotal points in the development of talk and present explicit background for material that follows.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 562, |
| "end": 565, |
| "text": "(5)", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| ], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": ". Discussion", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the contrary, the adverbial clauses appearing after their associated clause only complete a unit of information without creating discourse-level links or shifts. When placed after a main clause but in continuing intonation, an adverbial clause presents new information elaborating the associated clause instead of providing a pivotal frame for what follows, as shown in (2) . Different from the former, of which continuing intonation signals that there is more to come and the the present utterance is still in progress, the adverbial clauses that follow ending intonation, though displayed through conjunctions to be extensions of previous units, also stand for separate units in their own right ( [7] :102), e.g.: --> ..ymwel,_ because ..ta benlai chuguo jiushi nian zhege.\\ (C&S) she originally go abroad in order to study this C: 'Since she came back from U.S.. She wanted to take in counseling. Because it's her original purpose to study abroad.' In example like these it would seem that the speaker had at first decided to end his/her statement after the clause. Having produced a clause-final falling pitch at that point, he/she decided it would be better to add some account or elaboration as a separate comment. As has been seen in the above, the most striking pattern that emerges from this last grouping is that causal clauses appear as separated, intonationally disconnected units much more often than do temporals, conditonals, and concessives. In a word, these final causal clauses appear to serve a quite different function, being more in the nature of coordinated clauses, which comment on a cause, relevant to the preceding clause.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 373, |
| "end": 376, |
| "text": "(2)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 702, |
| "end": 705, |
| "text": "[7]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": ". Discussion", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "To conclude, in Chinese conversation, the prototypical use of a temporal, conditional or concessive clause is to prepose it before the material they link in conversation. Discoursestructuring functions are realized through initial adverbial clauses to introduce and form the background for associated modified material. On the other hand, causal clauses are wellsituated for appearing after the proposition, to be expanded upon, and for introducing background elaboration.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
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| "FIGREF0": { |
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| "text": "Distribution of final adverbial clauses by intonation and type in the corpus . . . . . . . . . :. :. . . :. :::), :i. . i. :::. : : : : : . : . : *. : : : . : i i i iiiii4 '.. . . . . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : ' ............ ......-\u2022 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::iff:if:::::::i::::::::::3-..:::00#00....... . ... . . .:. .. ' . ..-\u2022 . . . % \u2022\u2022,.........4::::::::::,............ ::::::\u20224\u2022:, :::\u2022:\u2022:::. :. ::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : i i i i : :P.i .RT... . ..,t_i.t,44:;:::::iii::. : \u2022 : : : : : i i i : : : , : , . . . f ." |
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| "text": "that making tea is still (to be included in this job), because it needs boiling, infusing, and the like. It's a routine.\" that she actually doesn't want to work in the compilation and translation section, according to my understanding to her.\"3. Findings and ResultsThere were 272 adverbial clauses in total: 151 initial adverbial clauses, making up 55% of Concessive the adverbial clauses, and 96 final ones, making up 32%, as shown inTable 2. tribution of adverbial clauses by position and type in the corpus", |
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| "text": "To him/her who comes here, if you're willing, we can accompany you to sing songs together, to see video tapes together, or to listen to tapes to-", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>yiqi</td><td>ting luyindai,</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">together listen tapes</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">.. you fenxiang de shijian.1</td><td>(A&H)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">have sharing DE time</td></tr><tr><td>\"gather.\"</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>(5) S: yi</td><td colspan=\"2\">Lujun de gexing</td><td>ta ye bu keneng qu tao.\\</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">according to Lujun DE character 3SG also NEG possible to escapes</td></tr><tr><td>\u2022 keshi,</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>but</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>--> ruguo,</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>if</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">\u2022 ni jiao ta buyao jieyi, _</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">2SG ask 3SG NEG mind</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">na you hen nan.1</td><td/><td>(C&S)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">that also very difficult</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">\"It's impossible for Lujun to escape (the situation). But, if you persuade her never</td></tr><tr><td>G1:.. jiushi lai</td><td>zhebian, _</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">that is come here</td><td/></tr><tr><td>--> ruguo, _</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>if</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u2022 ni yuanyi dehua, _</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">2SG willing CONJ</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">.. women keyi pei</td><td>ni yiqi</td><td>changge, _</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">1PL can accompany 2SG together sing</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u2022 ranhou women keyi yiqi</td><td colspan=\"2\">kan luyingdai, _</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">then 2PL can together watch video tapes</td></tr></table>" |
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