{ "paper_id": "2021", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T16:43:42.816745Z" }, "title": "A Dependency Treebank for Classical Arabic Poetry", "authors": [ { "first": "Sharefah", "middle": [], "last": "Al-Ghamdi", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "King Saud University", "location": {} }, "email": "sharefah@ksu.edu.sa" }, { "first": "Hend", "middle": [], "last": "Al-Khalifa", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "King Saud University", "location": {} }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Abdulmalik", "middle": [], "last": "Al-Salman", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "King Saud University", "location": {} }, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "This paper introduces the first syntactically annotated corpus for Classical Arabic poetry, a morphologically rich ancient Arabic text. The paper describes how the dependency treebank was prepared, focusing on some issues dealing with Classical Arabic poems in which syntactic constructions require special attention. We also present the results of the baseline experiments on Classical Arabic poetry dependency parsing with this treebank.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "2021", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "This paper introduces the first syntactically annotated corpus for Classical Arabic poetry, a morphologically rich ancient Arabic text. The paper describes how the dependency treebank was prepared, focusing on some issues dealing with Classical Arabic poems in which syntactic constructions require special attention. We also present the results of the baseline experiments on Classical Arabic poetry dependency parsing with this treebank.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "With the massive development of natural language processing (NLP) applications and tools, treebanks (TB) (syntactically parsed text corpora) are considered an essential basic language resource. The existence of a treebank is the first step toward parser creation and evaluation for any natural language. Unfortunately, classical Arabic (CA) has only one treebank, which is for the Holy Quran text (Dukes and Buckwalter, 2010) . This motivated us to contribute to the Arabic NLP resources by constructing the first Arabic Poetry Treebank (ArPoT).", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 397, "end": 425, "text": "(Dukes and Buckwalter, 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "CA (aka Quranic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of the Arabic language; It consists of the Holy Quran text and literary texts such as poetry, elevated prose, and oratory. However, it differs in its vocabulary and phraseology from the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) that came with the prevalence of literacy, universal education, journalism, and written media. Moreover, CA poems are characterized by symmetry, eloquence, and rhetoric (Zwettler, 1978; Ahmed and Trausan-Matu, 2017) . To maintain the rhyme and rhythm of poems, poets would violate the grammatical requirements showing, called the Poetic Necessity (Najjar, 2012) . Thus, this work explores the dependency syntactic analysis of CA poems, and we expect that it would be a starting point for further studies on CA poetry parsing.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 442, "end": 458, "text": "(Zwettler, 1978;", "ref_id": "BIBREF20" }, { "start": 459, "end": 488, "text": "Ahmed and Trausan-Matu, 2017)", "ref_id": "BIBREF0" }, { "start": 620, "end": 634, "text": "(Najjar, 2012)", "ref_id": "BIBREF14" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "For our annotation scheme, we have chosen the part of speech (POS) tag sets, dependency labels and guidelines released by Habash et al. (2009) , which have been applied during constructing Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB). We selected this schema based on two considerations. First, it is closer to the traditional Arabic grammar; however, it maintains the ability to do a future conversion to other different representations such as Universal dependency (UD) (Habash et al., 2009; Taji et al., 2017 ) . Second, there is a publicly available parser that trained on Columbia Arabic Treebank, which we used in the initial annotation step. So that it would simplify and speed up the development process.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 122, "end": 142, "text": "Habash et al. (2009)", "ref_id": "BIBREF7" }, { "start": 460, "end": 481, "text": "(Habash et al., 2009;", "ref_id": "BIBREF7" }, { "start": 482, "end": 501, "text": "Taji et al., 2017 )", "ref_id": "BIBREF18" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "This paper describes the annotation process and outlines some of the issues and interesting phenomena found during the annotation of ArPoT. The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews the Arabic treebanks. Section 3 introduces the dataset that has been used to construct the ArPoT. Next, the annotation process is described in Section 4. Then, Section 5 discusses the challenges and issues we had tackled. Finally, we present the results of the baseline parsing experiments on our treebank in Section 6, and conclude the paper with future work in Section 7.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "Most of the well-known syntactic Arabic TBs are constructed for MSA, such as: constituency Penn Arabic Treebank (PATB) by Maamouri et al. (2004) , Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank (PADT) by Hajic et al. (2004) and dependency Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB) by Habash et al. (2009) . For CA, Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank (QADT) of the Holy Quran text by Dukes et al. (2010) is the only known TB. Its linguistic framework is termed a hybrid dependency-phrase structure grammar and focuses more on visualizing the grammatical annotation. The syntactic layer of QADT covers 37,578 words (~ 49% of the full Quranic text) (Dukes and Habash, 2011) .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 122, "end": 144, "text": "Maamouri et al. (2004)", "ref_id": "BIBREF12" }, { "start": 191, "end": 210, "text": "Hajic et al. (2004)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8" }, { "start": 262, "end": 282, "text": "Habash et al. (2009)", "ref_id": "BIBREF7" }, { "start": 361, "end": 380, "text": "Dukes et al. (2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" }, { "start": 624, "end": 648, "text": "(Dukes and Habash, 2011)", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Related Work", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "In addition to the above, several TBs for Arabic dialects have been produced, such as: Levantine Arabic Treebank (LATB) (Maamouri et al., 2006) , Egyptian Arabic Treebank (Maamouri et al., 2014) , and dependency treebank of Arabic tweets (Albogamy et al., 2017) . However, there is no Arabic poetry Treebank that has been created yet. ", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 120, "end": 143, "text": "(Maamouri et al., 2006)", "ref_id": "BIBREF11" }, { "start": 171, "end": 194, "text": "(Maamouri et al., 2014)", "ref_id": "BIBREF10" }, { "start": 238, "end": 261, "text": "(Albogamy et al., 2017)", "ref_id": "BIBREF1" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Related Work", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "Poems in ArPoT have been collected initially from Arabic literary poems websites such as ADAB 1 and ALDIWAN 2 . They offer thousands of written poems for transmitted oral poetry from the earliest pre-Islamic era until today. For this work, we only focus on Classical poetry, which commonly refers to old oral poems transmitted from the early (6th to 13th) centuries. The selected verses are diverse; they are from more than 775 poems for 34 different Classical eras poets. Our final corpus contains 2685 verses (35,459 tokens).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Poems collection", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "Classical verses consist of two parts that follow the metric rule, which is not the case of modern free poetry verses. Figure 1 shows example 1 for Classical verse along with its transliteration 3 and English translation. In addition, Table 1 ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 119, "end": 127, "text": "Figure 1", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 235, "end": 242, "text": "Table 1", "ref_id": "TABREF1" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Poems collection", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "In this stage, we have prepared the poetry text for annotation. After verses had been scraped from the webpages into text files, we concatenated the two parts of each verse using our implemented java code. Then, the spelling mistakes were corrected manually. During this phase, we removed the identical verses which are accidentally repeated on the websites. Also, there were some verses that were clearly broken and had several missing words shown as dots. The syntactic structure analysis for such verses was not able, so we removed them from the dataset. The \" \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufec4\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufede\u202c / Atatweel/ Kashedah\" has been removed as well. Since the verses are from transmitted old oral classical poems, the punctuation is uncommon and very rare. Therefore, the punctuation has been eliminated in this dataset. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Preprocessing", "sec_num": "3.2" }, { "text": "To maintain the annotation process cost (in terms of money and time), we considered the strategy of automatic annotation followed by manual correction instead of creating the Arabic Poetry Treebank from scratch. Figure 2 shows the flowchart for the annotation steps.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 212, "end": 220, "text": "Figure 2", "ref_id": "FIGREF1" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Annotation process", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "After reviewing the dependency parsers for the Arabic language, we chose the CamelParser (Shahrour et al., 2016) for the initial automatic annotation. It is a publicly available system for Arabic syntactic dependency analysis that is trained on CATiB (Habash et al., 2009) . Although it was developed on MSA, its initial parsing shortened the annotation process. It applies the tokenization and POS tagging with reasonable accuracy, and it constructs the syntactic trees we provide to the annotators for manual corrections.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 89, "end": 112, "text": "(Shahrour et al., 2016)", "ref_id": "BIBREF15" }, { "start": 251, "end": 272, "text": "(Habash et al., 2009)", "ref_id": "BIBREF7" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Initial automatic annotation", "sec_num": "4.1" }, { "text": "The CamelParser offers the output in different formats. However, we decided to produce a valid CoNLL-U format that can train most of the current parsers and tree visualization tools.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "File Format transformation", "sec_num": "4.2" }, { "text": "While CamelParser was trained on MSA corpus, it handles the CA poems with tokenization, POS tagging, and dependency relation labeling errors. The manual correction phase starts with correcting the tokenization errors to give the ability to calculate the Inter Annotation Agreement (IAA) between the annotators. Three paid annotators have carried out this phase. They were Arabic native speakers and linguistic experts. PALMYRA, a graphical dependency tree visualization and editing software, has been used for this step (Javed et al., 2018; Taji and Habash, 2020) . The manual correction was completed within four months.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 520, "end": 540, "text": "(Javed et al., 2018;", "ref_id": "BIBREF9" }, { "start": 541, "end": 563, "text": "Taji and Habash, 2020)", "ref_id": "BIBREF17" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Manual Verification", "sec_num": "4.3" }, { "text": "CamelParser's tokenization was incorrect for around 52% of words. Thus, to report its accuracy on the CA poems, we compared the verses that have true tokenization with the final gold annotated verses which were verified by annotators. The result gave us 55% Exact Match (EM) -the percentage of tokens with correct POS tags, heads and relation labels.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Manual Verification", "sec_num": "4.3" }, { "text": "We used the Kappa coefficient for IAA between annotators (Cohen, 1960) . The first part of the data, which covers ~ 83% of the corpus, was revised by two full-time annotators with a 0.97 kappa value on 10% of this part. To check the agreement, the second part of the data, which covers ~17% of the corpus plus 10% of the first part, has been revised by a third annotator. The result of IAA was 0.85 for the kappa coefficient; then, after the second round of revision, the IAA increased to 0.96. The small size of the data and the few tags included in the guidelines positively affected the agreement score. Moreover, the CATiB annotator's manual provided to the annotators decreased the disagreement cases.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 57, "end": 70, "text": "(Cohen, 1960)", "ref_id": "BIBREF2" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Manual Verification", "sec_num": "4.3" }, { "text": "Like the Quranic text, CA poetry consists of verses, which might be one complete sentence. However, the verse may act as a modifier for prior or posterior verse so that the complete sentence would be in two, three or more verses. Although sentence boundary detection is essential for NLP, there is no available system that could detect the sentence boundaries of the CA poetry. Therefore, we concatenated the verses' dependency trees for the same sentence during the alignment phase. Moreover, delaying the alignment step after the manual verification has simplified the visualization during the correction, while large trees after alignment become more complicated.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Alignment", "sec_num": "4.4" }, { "text": "During the manual verification, we added a syntactic label to the root in case it has a relation with another verse and recorded the index of the parent token. Then, in the alignment phase, we just connected the related verses to produce one complete sentence in one syntactic tree. This broad tree shows the whole meaning that the verses will provide. For example, Figure 3 (a) shows the dependency tree for verse example 2 which is the subsequent of verse example 1 in the same poem (shown in Figure 1) . The head token of example 2 syntactic tree has TMZ \" \u202b\ufe97\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufeb0\u202c / tamyiz/ specification\" relation with the word \" \u202b\ufe9f\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u062f\u202c \u202b\u064a\u202c / juwudy/ be generous\" in the verse example 1. After the alignment for these contiguous verses to form a complete sentence, the connected tree for verse example 2 is shown with gray shade in Figure 3 (b) .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 366, "end": 378, "text": "Figure 3 (a)", "ref_id": "FIGREF3" }, { "start": 495, "end": 504, "text": "Figure 1)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 837, "end": 849, "text": "Figure 3 (b)", "ref_id": "FIGREF3" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Alignment", "sec_num": "4.4" }, { "text": "Although the main guiding principle followed during the construction of ArPoT v1.0 serves as a general guideline, some syntactic structure issues and phenomena of CA poetry have been encountered. In the following, we present two categories of issues along with the solution strategies we applied. \"flood as the generous pails flood from camels\" Figure 4 . Dependency tree for the verse example 3 that shows the elision case.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 345, "end": 353, "text": "Figure 4", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CA Poetry Annotation Issues", "sec_num": "5" }, { "text": "Linguistic deletion or elision ( \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufea4\u202c \u202b\ufeac\u202c \u202b\u0641\u202c / AlHa\u00f0f) is a common syntax feature in Classical Arabic language, mainly in Quranic text and poetry, where a major element of the sentence is omitted but often implied and recovered based on contextual clues (Suleiman, 1990) . On the other hand, the process of allowing implicit syntactic roles to be made explicit is known as reconstructing ( \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufed8\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c / Altaqdir). Adding the ellipse to the sentence structure through reconstruction provides new information or meaning which unable to clarify except with ( \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufed8\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c / Altaqdir). Thus, we followed Dukes and Buckwalter (2010) in their treatment of elision cases by showing the empty nodes in the syntactic tree. In ArPoT, only 0.6% of the tokens are ellipses. During the manual verification, annotators added those dropped words manually to the treebank in the form (word (*)).", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 262, "end": 278, "text": "(Suleiman, 1990)", "ref_id": "BIBREF16" }, { "start": 640, "end": 667, "text": "Dukes and Buckwalter (2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Elision and Reconstruction", "sec_num": "5.1" }, { "text": "Ellipsis in ArPoT includes different categories such as: verbs, subject of nominal sentences, and particles deletion. For example, the deleted preposition ( \u202b\u0631\u202c \u064f \u202b\u0628\u202c \u202b\ufc60\u202c / rub~a) has been added to the verse syntactic tree of verse example 3 as shown in Figure 4 . In this example, ( \u202b\u0631\u202c \u064f \u202b\u0628\u202c \u202b\ufc60\u202c / rub~a) gives the meaning of ( \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufed8\u202c \u202b\ufee0\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufede\u202c / taqliyl/ reduction), which means it is rare that one candle can give that much light. The preposition ( \u202b\u0631\u202c \u064f \u202b\u0628\u202c \u202b\ufc60\u202c / rub~a) is obviously used in CA. In the Arabic language, it is known as a semi- As mentioned earlier in this paper, the selected poems were transmitted from an earlier era, using ancient CA. Since then, Arabic books have been published for each poet to collect and interpret their poems which guide the annotators during the manual verification work. These references show that some transmitted verses are broken, with missing parts or words. Also, some poems were incomplete. For example, the poem starts with a verse that should be dependent on another unavailable previous verse. Therefore, broken and incomplete verses have been excluded from the corpus.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 254, "end": 262, "text": "Figure 4", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Elision and Reconstruction", "sec_num": "5.1" }, { "text": "| | | \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202c (PRT) \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c (PRT) mutasadaA/ widely fi/ in mina/ of | | OBJ OBJ | | \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufef7\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u202b\ufe9f\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u0621\u202c (NOM) \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c (NOM) Al\u00c2rjaA'i/ surroundings Annwri/ light", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Elision and Reconstruction", "sec_num": "5.1" }, { "text": "Although most of the related verses were sequential, we found more complicated cases that brought us to the alignment step in the annotation process. For example, the two contiguous verses (example 4 and 5) shown in Figure 5 have dual relations in both directions. Each verse includes a token headed by a parent token in the other verse. To illustrate the relations, we shaded all tokens in the dependency tree for the verse example 5. Its first word ( \u202b\ufea7\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u0621\u202c \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c / xalaA'ayni / empty), bordered by a red line, headed by a token and it heads another token that both are in the verse example 4. Placing the two verses in one syntactic tree shows the full structure that cannot be represented by an individual tree for each verse.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 216, "end": 224, "text": "Figure 5", "ref_id": "FIGREF4" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Elision and Reconstruction", "sec_num": "5.1" }, { "text": "To test the effectiveness of the proposed annotations, we carried out some parsing experiments using dependency parsing models that adapted two different neural-based architectures. They achieved remarkable accuracies in dependency parsing for multilingual treebanks. The first model is the novel leftto-right dependency parser based on pointer networks developed by Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez and G\u00f3mez-Rodr\u00edguez (2019). The second is the accurate and straightforward sequence tagging parser for Vacareanu et al. (2020) .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 489, "end": 512, "text": "Vacareanu et al. (2020)", "ref_id": "BIBREF19" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Evaluation", "sec_num": "6" }, { "text": "We have split the ArPoT v1.0 randomly, dedicating 80% of the dataset for training. Due to the small size of the treebank and for a more confident result, 12% was used for testing and 8% for development. Words in this version are without \" \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufeb8\u202c \u202b\ufedc\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufede\u202c / Taskeel/ Diacritics\". We are planning to include them in the future. The treebank is available here: https://github.com/arpot-ksu.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Evaluation", "sec_num": "6" }, { "text": "Method UAS LAS Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez and G\u00f3mez-Rodr\u00edguez 2019Transition based 81.52 75.25 Vacareanu et al. (2020) Labeling 78.43 70.95 Table 2 : Evaluation results on the ArPoT 1.0 test set for the two neural-based parsing models 4 .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 87, "end": 110, "text": "Vacareanu et al. (2020)", "ref_id": "BIBREF19" } ], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 132, "end": 139, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Model", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The parsing results are found in Table 2 . We used the standard metrics for dependency parsing, Labelled Attachment Score (LAS) and Unlabeled Attachment Score (UAS). The reported scores are the average of three runs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 33, "end": 40, "text": "Table 2", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Model", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The accuracy of the transition-based pointer networks model is UAS of 81.52% and LAS of 75.25%, whereas the tagging model obtains a UAS of 78.43% and LAS of 70.95%. Overall, the results are promising for small treebank such as ArPoT. However, a more in-depth error analysis would be necessary to better understand the challenges of parsing models and provide an accurate analysis of CA poetry.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Model", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "This work described the first syntactically annotated corpus for Classical Arabic poetry. The treebank consists of 35,460 tokens. In addition to the annotation process, this paper discussed some issues during the development of the ArPoT treebank. We also posed an initial set of experiments with two neuralbased parsing systems that show the appropriate settings of our treebank.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion and Future Work", "sec_num": "7" }, { "text": "Future work plans will include more verses in our treebank and conduct a comparison study with other MSA treebanks. Also, we intend to further investigate the dependency parsing approaches on CA poetry. Besides, ArPoT might help in building a sentence boundary detection tool, which would be beneficial in our research.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion and Future Work", "sec_num": "7" }, { "text": "https://www.adab.com/ 2 https://www.aldiwan.net/ 3 All Arabic transpirations are according to(Habash et al., 2007) transliteration scheme.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "For both parsers we used the predefined settings.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "Using Natural Language Processing for Analyzing Arabic Poetry Rhythm", "authors": [ { "first": "Munef", "middle": [], "last": "Ahmed", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Stefan", "middle": [], "last": "Abdullah", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Trausan-Matu", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2017, "venue": "16th Networking in Education and Research RoEduNet International Conference", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "1--5", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Ahmed, Munef Abdullah, and Stefan Trausan-Matu. 2017. 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Classical Arabic verse", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF1": { "text": "Annotation Process of ArPoT", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF3": { "text": "The Alignment for two contiguous verses that have dependency relation in between.", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF4": { "text": "Dependency tree for two verses with dual syntactic relations5.2 Broken and Complex Structure", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "TABREF1": { "num": null, "type_str": "table", "content": "
WordGlossWordGlossWordGlossWordGloss
Example 1Example 3Example 4Example 5
\u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202coh\u202b\u0648\u202cand\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufe88\u202c \u202b\u0646\u202cif\u202b\ufea7\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u0621\u202c \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202cempty
\u202b\ufecb\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202ceye\u202b\u0631\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202crare\u202b\u0623\u202c \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufeda\u202cI cry\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202cafter
\u202b\ufe9f\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u062f\u202c \u202b\u064a\u202cbe generous\u202b\ufeb7\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufe94\u202ccandle\u202b\ufed7\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202cmy people\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufea4\u202c \u202b\ufee0\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202cmeekness
\u202b\u0628\u202cwith\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufeb0\u202c \u202b\ufed7\u202c \u202b\ufe96\u202ctears up\u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202coh\u202b\u0648\u202cand
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0639\u202ctears\u202b\ufe9b\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202cgarment\u202b\ufee7\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202cproper name\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufea0\u202c \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u202b\ufede\u202crudeness
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u062a\u202cshedding\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufec8\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u0645\u202cdarkness\u202b\u0641\u202cso\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202cin
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufea2\u202cpouring\u202b\u0628\u202cwith\u202b\u0625\u202c \u202b\ufee7\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202cI\u202b\u06be\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202cthem
Example 2\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202cthat\u202b\u0623\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u202b\u0649\u202csee\u202b\u0648\u202cand
\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufec0\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202cflood\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufe9c\u202c \u202b\ufe96\u202cspread\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufea0\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\u064a\u202cmosques\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202cafter
\u202b\ufedb\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202cas\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202cof\u202b\u06be\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202ctheir\u202b\ufecb\u202c \u202b\ufe92\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202croar
\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u0636\u202cflood\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202clight\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202cof\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\u0649\u202crain
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufed0\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c \u202b\u0648\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202cpails\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202cin\u202b\u06be\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202cthem\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufeca\u202crush
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c \u202b\ufecb\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u062a\u202cgenerous\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufef7\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u202b\ufe9f\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u0621\u202csurroundings\u202b\u0643\u202cas--
\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202cfrom\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202cwidely\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe92\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\ufed7\u202c \u202b\ufeca\u202cdesolate home--
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufebf\u202c \u202b\ufea2\u202ccamels
", "html": null, "text": "lists a word for word glosses for all examples of CA verses that used in this work." }, "TABREF2": { "num": null, "type_str": "table", "content": "
Example 2:\u202b\ufea2\u202c\u202b\ufebf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufc60\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c \u064e\u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u062a\u202c \u064f\u202b\ufecb\u202c\u202b\ufeae\u202c\u202b\ufe98\u202c\u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\u0640\u064f\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\u0648\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202c \u064f\u202b\u0640\u202c \u064f \u202b\ufeae\u202c \u064f\u202b\ufed0\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u0636\u202c \u064e\u202b\ufed3\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\ufedb\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u064b\u202b\ufec0\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u0652ROOT
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---
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\u202b\u064a\u202c\u202b\u062f\u202c\u202b\ufeee\u202c\u202b\ufe9f\u202c(VRB)
ROOTjuwudiy/ generous
|
TMZTMZMODMOD
||||
\u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufec0\u202c\u202b\ufbff\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c(NOM)\u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufec0\u202c\u202b\ufbff\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u0628\u202c + (PRT)\u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (PRT)
fay.DA\u00e3/ floodfay.DA\u00e3/ floodbi/ withyaA/ oh
||||
MODMODOBJOBJ
||||
\u202b\ufedb\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (PRT) \u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\ufedb\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (PRT) \u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\u0639\u202c\u202b\ufeee\u202c\u202b\ufee3\u202c\u202b\ufeaa\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)\u202b\ufecb\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufbff\u202c
KmA/ asKmA/ asAlddmwdi /tearsdayni/ eye
||
OBJOBJ
||MODMOD
\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\u0636\u202c (VRB) \u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\u0636\u202c (VRB) \u202b\ufe8e\u202c||
fADa/ floodfADa/ flood\u202b\u0627\u202c AsswaAifH/ shedding Almusthil~aAti/ pouring \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufea2\u202c (NOM) \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u062a\u202c (NOM)
MOD | \u202b\ufee6\u202c (PRT) \u202b\ufee3\u202c mina/ from | OBJSBJ | \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufed0\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c Alguruwubu/ pails \u202b\u0648\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202c (NOM) | MODMOD | \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c (PRT) mina/ from |SBJ | \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c (NOM) Alguruwubu/ pails \u202b\ufed0\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c \u202b\u0648\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202c |
||OBJMOD
\u202b\ufea2\u202c\u202b\ufebf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\ufeee\u202c\u202b\ufee8\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u062a\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufecb\u202c\u202b\ufeae\u202c\u202b\ufe98\u202c\u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)||
AlnnwADH./ camelsAlmutradAatu/ generous\u202b\ufea2\u202c\u202b\ufebf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\ufeee\u202c\u202b\ufee8\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u062a\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufecb\u202c\u202b\ufeae\u202c\u202b\ufe98\u202c\u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)
AlnnwADH./ camels AlmutradAatu/ generous
", "html": null, "text": "" }, "TABREF3": { "num": null, "type_str": "table", "content": "
extra preposition ( \u202b\ufeaa\u202c Example 3: MOD\u202b\ufea3\u202c \u202b\ufeae\u202c \u202b\u0641\u202c \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c MOD \u202b\ufeb7\u202c \u202b\ufe92\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufbab\u202c | \u202b\u0628\u202c + (PRT) bi/ with | OBJ | \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (NOM) maA/ that | MOD | \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufe9c\u202c \u202b\ufe96\u202c (VRB) baq~at/spread \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufeb0\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufe8b\u202c ). \u202b\u0648\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u064f \u202b\u0628\u202c \u0651 ) * ( \u202b\ufeb7\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufe94\u202c \u064d \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufeb0\u202c \u0651 \u202b\ufed7\u202c \u202b\ufe96\u202c \u202b\ufe9b\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202c \u064e \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufec8\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u0645\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\u0640\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c baq~at mina Annwri fi Al\u00c2rjaA'i mutasadaA \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufe9c\u202c \u0651 \u202b\ufe96\u202c \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u0651 \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufef7\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u202b\ufe9f\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\u0621\u202c \u0650 ROOT | ---| (VRB) \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufeb0\u202c \u202b\ufed7\u202c \u202b\ufe96\u202c maz~aqat/ tears up OBJ SBJ | | \u202b\ufe9b\u202c \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufeb7\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufe94\u202c (NOM) qawba/ garment \u0161amda\u0127\u0129/ candle | IDF MOD MOD | | | \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufec8\u202c \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u0645\u202c (NOM) ) * ( \u202b\u0631\u202c \u202b\u0628\u202c (PRT) \u202b\u0648\u202c (PRT) A\u010e\u010ealaAami/ darkness rub~a/ rarely wa/ and MOD MOD
", "html": null, "text": "This means that it illustrates the sentence's meaning, but it does not relate to its object like other original prepositions. Thus, we attached it under its object with MOD relation." }, "TABREF4": { "num": null, "type_str": "table", "content": "
Example 4:\u202b\ufedb\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufe92\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\ufed7\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufeca\u202c \u0650\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202c \u064f\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufeb4\u202c \u0652 \u202b\ufea0\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufee2\u202c \u0652\u202b\u0623\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u064e \u202b\u0649\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufe88\u202c \u202b\ufee7\u202c \u0651 \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202c\u202b\ufee7\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u064e \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c \u064f\u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\u0652\ufeee\u202c \u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202c\u202b\ufed7\u202c \u064e\u202b\u0623\u202c \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u0652 \u202b\ufeda\u202c \u0650\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufe88\u202c \u202b\u0646\u202c \u0652
Example 5:\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u064f \u202b\ufe98\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufed3\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufeca\u202c \u0650\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u0651 \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u064e \u202b\u0649\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c \u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202c \u0651\u0650\u202b\ufecb\u202c \u202b\ufe92\u064f\u202c\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u0652 \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u064e\u202b\u0648\u202c \u064e\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufbff\u202c \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u202b\ufee4\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\u0648\u202c \u064e \u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufea0\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufbad\u202c \u202b\ufede\u202c \u0650\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufea4\u202c \u0650 \u202b\ufee0\u202c \u0652 \u202b\ufee2\u202c \u0650\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufecc\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c \u064e\u202b\ufea7\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufefc\u202c \u202b\u0621\u202c \u064e \u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c \u0650
xalaA'ayni ROOT
|
---
|
\u202b\u0646\u202c\u202b\u0625\u202c(PART)
\u01cdn~a/ that
PRDSBJMODMOD
||||
\u202b\u0623\u202c \u202b\u0649\u202c (VRB) \u202b\u0631\u202c+ \u202b\u064a\u202c (NOM)\u202b\u0641\u202c + (PRT)\u202b\u0625\u202c \u202b\u0646\u202c (PRT)
\u00c2ra\u00fd/ seeiy/ Ifa/ because\u01cdn/ if
MODMODOBJOBJMOD
|||||
\u202b\ufee6\u202c\u202b\ufbfe\u202c\u202b\u0621\u202c\u202b\ufefc\u202c\u202b\ufea7\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u0643\u202c + (PRT)\u202b\u064a\u202c\u202b\ufeaa\u202c\u202b\ufea0\u202c\u202b\ufeb4\u202c\u202b\ufee3\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u0623\u202c \u202b\ufeda\u202c (VRB) \u202b\ufe91\u202c\u202b\u0641\u202c + (PRT)
xalaA'ayni/emptyka/ asmasjiday/ mosques\u00c2bki/ cryfa/ No meaning
|||
MODMODOBJIDFMODOBJ
||||||
\u202b\ufee3\u202c \u202b\ufee6\u202c (PRT)\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufecc\u202c\u202b\ufeca\u202c\u202b\ufed7\u202c\u202b\ufefc\u202c\u202b\ufe92\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u06be\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202c (NOM)\u202b\ufbfe\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (PRT).\u202b\ufed7\u202c \u202b\u0645\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufeee\u202c
min/ frombadda/ afterAlbalaAaqidi/ desolate homehim/ theiryaA/ ohqawm/ people
|||
OBJMODIDFOBJIDF
|||||
\u202b\u06be\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202c (NOM)\u202b\u0648\u202c + (PRT)\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\ufee2\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufea4\u202c \u202b\ufee0\u202c\u202b\ufee7\u202c \u202b\u0631\u202c (PROP) \u202b\ufeee\u202c \u202b\u0627\u202c+ \u202b\u064a\u202c (NOM)
him/ them wa/ andAlHilmi/ meeknessnaw~aAru/ Nawaariy/ my
||
OBJMODMOD
|||
\u202b\ufe91\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufecc\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c \u202b\ufef2\u202c (PRT)\u202b\u0648\u202c + (PRT)
badda/ afterfi/ inwa/ and
|||
IDFOBJOBJ
|||
\u202b\ufef2\u202c\u202b\ufe91\u202c\u202b\ufe8e\u202c\u202b\ufe92\u202c\u202b\ufecb\u202c(NOM)\u202b\u06be\u202c \u202b\ufe8e\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\ufede\u202c\u202b\ufbad\u202c\u202b\ufea0\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)
dubabiy/ roarhimaA/ thereAljahli/ rudeness
|
IDF
|
\u202b\u0627\u202c \u202b\u0649\u202c (NOM) \u202b\ufedf\u202c \u202b\ufee8\u202c \u202b\ufeaa\u202c
Annad\u00fd/ rain
|
MOD
|
\u202b\ufeca\u202c\u202b\ufed3\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c\u202b\ufeaa\u202c\u202b\ufe98\u202c\u202b\ufee4\u202c\u202b\ufedf\u202c\u202b\u0627\u202c(NOM)
AlmutadaAfidI / heavy
", "html": null, "text": "" } } } }