{ "paper_id": "P81-1024", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T09:14:59.116708Z" }, "title": "PRESUPPOSITION AND IMPLICATURE IN MODEL-THEORETIC PRAGMATICS", "authors": [ { "first": "Douglas", "middle": [ "B" ], "last": "Moran", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "P81-1024", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [], "body_text": [ { "text": "Model-theoretic pragmatics is an attempt to provide a formal description of the pragmatics of natural language as effects arising from using model-theoretic semantics in a dynamic environment.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The pragmatic phenomena considered here have been variously labeled ~resupposition [I] and eonven\u00a2ional implicature [6] .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 83, "end": 86, "text": "[I]", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 116, "end": 119, "text": "[6]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The models used in traditional model-theoretic semantics provide a complete and static representation of knowledge about the world, llowever, this is not the environment in which language is used.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Language is used in a dynamic environmentthe participants have incomplete knowledge of the world and the understanding of a sentence can add to the knowledge of the listener. A formalism which allows models to contain incomplete knowledge and to which knowledge can be added has been developed [2, 3, 12] .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 294, "end": 297, "text": "[2,", "ref_id": "BIBREF1" }, { "start": 298, "end": 300, "text": "3,", "ref_id": "BIBREF2" }, { "start": 301, "end": 304, "text": "12]", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In model-theoretic semantics, the relationships between words is not inherent in the structure of the model. These relationships between words are given by logical formulas, called meaning postulazes.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In traditional model-theoretic semantics (with static models), these meaning postulates can be evaluated when the model is chosen to insure that it is a Peasonable model for the language.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In dynamic model-theoretic semantics, these relationships must be verified as information is added to the model to insure that the new information does not violate any of these relationships.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "This verification process may cause the addition of more information to the model. The processing of the formula representing a sentence adds to the dynamic model the information given as the assertion of the sentence -the pr~maz~j information of the sentence -if it is not already in the model. The addition of this primary information can cause -through the verification of a meaning postulate -the addition of 8econ~x~ information. This secondary information is not part of the assertion 0\u00a3 the sentence, but is needed in the processing of the assertion. This characterization of secondary information is very similar to the classical definition of presupposition [I] .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 667, "end": 670, "text": "[I]", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "This approach displays different behavior for the three different cases of information contained in the model.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the first case, neither the assertion nor the presuppositions and implicatures are known.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The attempt to add the assertion activates the verification of the meaning postulates giving the presuppositions and implicatures, thus causing that secondary information to be added to the model as a prerequisite to the addition of the primary information.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the second case, the presuppositions and implicatures are known (either true or false) and the assertion is unknown.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The attempt to add the primary information again activates the verification of the meaning postulates.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "However, in this case, the presuppositions and implicatures are simply being checked -the verification process is not interrupted to add this secondary information to the model. This case corresponds to what Grice and others have termed to be a well-structured conversation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the third case, the assertion of the sentence is known to be true or false.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Since no new information needs to be added to the model to process the semantic representation of the sentence, the verification of meaning postulates is not activated.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The presuppositions and implicatures need not be verified because they had to have been verified before the assertion of the sentence or its negation could have been entered into the model.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Oregon State University", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The problem of when and how such presuppositions become those of the matrix sentence is known as the pPoSeotion problem [13].", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The system described here provides a simple and motivated solution to the projection problem. The models used in this system are partial models; a clause which has a presupposition or implicature which is not true has an undefinable denotation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "An intensional logic [ii] is used to provide the semantic representations of sentences and the intensionality establishes transparent and opaque contexts (hoLg8 and plug8 [7]) which determine whether or not an undefinable value indicating the failure of a presupposition for a subordinate clause can propagate and force the matrix sentence to have an undefinable value.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 21, "end": 25, "text": "[ii]", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the case where the presuppositions and implicatures are projected up from the subordinate clause to the matrix sentence, undefinable values are allowed to propagate, and thus a failure of a projected presupposition or implicature affects not only the subordinate clause in which it originates, but also the matrix sentence.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The determination of the projection characteristics is claimed to be an integral part of the meanings of words and not a separable feature.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "There are two other major attempts to handle presuppositions and implicatures in a model-theoretic framework.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Karttunen and Peters [g, 9, 10] produce a formula giving the conventional implicatures of a sentence from its syntactic structure.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Gazdar [4, S] accumulates sets of propositions, cancelling out those which are incompatible.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 7, "end": 13, "text": "[4, S]", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Moran [12] compares the approach taken here to that of Karttunen and Peters and shows how this approach is simpler and better motivated. Gazdar's system is broader, but this approach is shown to correctly handle sentences which are incorrectly handled by Gazdar, and ways are suggested to expand the coverage of this system.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 6, "end": 10, "text": "[12]", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The presuppositions and implicatures of subordinate clauses do not necessarily become presuppositions and implicatures of the whole sentence.", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "On sense and reference", "authors": [ { "first": "G", "middle": [], "last": "Frege", "suffix": "" } ], "year": null, "venue": "Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "56--78", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "G. Frege (1892), \"On sense and reference\", in P. Geach and M. Black (eds.) (1966), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, Blackwell, Oxford, 56-78.", "links": null }, "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "Explicit finite intensional models for PTQ", "authors": [ { "first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Friedman", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Moran", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "~arren", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1978, "venue": "American Journal of Computational Linguistics", "volume": "74", "issue": "", "pages": "23--96", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "J. Friedman, D. Moran, and D. ~arren (1978), \"Explicit finite intensional models for PTQ\", American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 74, 23-96.", "links": null }, "BIBREF2": { "ref_id": "b2", "title": "Dynamic Interpretations", "authors": [ { "first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Friedman", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Moran", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Warren", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1979, "venue": "Computer Studies in", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "J. Friedman, D. Moran and D. Warren (1979), \"Dynamic Interpretations\", Computer Studies in", "links": null }, "BIBREF3": { "ref_id": "b3", "title": "Pragmatics: Implicature r Presupposition~ and Logical Form", "authors": [ { "first": "G", "middle": [], "last": "Gazdar", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1979, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "G. Gazdar (1979), Pragmatics: Implicature r Presupposition~ and Logical Form, Academic Press, New York.", "links": null }, "BIBREF4": { "ref_id": "b4", "title": "A solution to the projection problem", "authors": [ { "first": "G", "middle": [], "last": "Gazdar", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1979, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "57--89", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "G. Gazdar (1979), \"A solution to the projection problem\", in Oh and Dinneen (eds.), 57-89.", "links": null }, "BIBREF5": { "ref_id": "b5", "title": "Presuppositions of compound sentences", "authors": [ { "first": "H", "middle": [], "last": "Grice", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1973, "venue": "Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "169--193", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "H. Grice (1975), \"Logic and conversation\", in P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, Academic Press, New York, 41-58. [73 L. Karttunen (1973), \"Presuppositions of compound sentences\", Linguistic Inquiry, ~, 169-193.", "links": null }, "BIBREF6": { "ref_id": "b6", "title": "Conventional implicature in Montague GraEmar", "authors": [], "year": 1975, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "266--278", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "L. Karttunen and 5. Peters (1975], \"Conventional implicature in Montague GraEmar\", Berhelev Linguistic Societ[, !, 266-278.", "links": null }, "BIBREF7": { "ref_id": "b7", "title": "What indirect questions conventionally implicate", "authors": [ { "first": "L", "middle": [], "last": "Karttunen", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "S", "middle": [], "last": "Peters", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1976, "venue": "Chica~o Linguistic 5ocietz", "volume": "12", "issue": "", "pages": "351--568", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "L. Karttunen and S. Peters (1976), \"What indirect questions conventionally implicate\", Chica~o Linguistic 5ocietz, 12, 351-568.", "links": null }, "BIBREF8": { "ref_id": "b8", "title": "Conventional implicatures", "authors": [], "year": 1979, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "1--56", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "[I03 h. Karttunen and 5. Peters (1979), \"Conventional implicatures\", in Oh and Dinneen (eds.), 1-56.", "links": null }, "BIBREF9": { "ref_id": "b9", "title": "The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary \u00a3nglish", "authors": [ { "first": "~", "middle": [], "last": "Montague", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1975, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "~. Montague (1975~, \"The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary \u00a3nglish\", in J.", "links": null }, "BIBREF10": { "ref_id": "b10", "title": "Formal Philosoph[: Selected Papers of Richard Monta~ue", "authors": [], "year": 1974, "venue": "Approaches to Natural Language, D. Reidel, Dordrecht", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "247--270", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Hintikka, J. Moravcsik and P. Suppes [eds.) Approaches to Natural Language, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 221-242; reprinted in R. Montague (1974), Formal Philosoph[: Selected Papers of Richard Monta~ue, edited and with an introduction by Richmond Thomason, Yale University Press, 247-270.", "links": null }, "BIBREF12": { "ref_id": "b12", "title": "D~namic Models and an Application to Presupposition and lmplicature, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer and Communication Sciences", "authors": [], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "D~namic Models and an Application to Presupposition and lmplicature, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer and Communication Sciences, The University of Michigan.", "links": null }, "BIBREF13": { "ref_id": "b13", "title": "On the treatment of presupposition in transformational grammar", "authors": [ { "first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Morgan", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1969, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "167--177", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "J. Morgan (1969), \"On the treatment of presupposition in transformational grammar\", Chicago Linguistic Society, ~, 167-177.", "links": null }, "BIBREF14": { "ref_id": "b14", "title": "Syntax and Semantics Ii: Presupposition", "authors": [], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "C. Oh and D. Dinneen (eds.), Syntax and Semantics Ii: Presupposition, Academic Press, New York.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": {} } }