Question: What is the weight of the primary packaging (aseptic bag) for the 10 kg aseptic tomato paste product? Express this as grams of packaging material.

GRECI
INDUSTRIA
ALIMENTARE S.p.a.
Code 381
SPECIFICATION
POLPACHEF
Quality
Assurance
Service
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: Prepared from selected varieties of ripe and sound tomatoes
which are roughly diced. It's almost completely removed of seeds and skins by means
of an extrusion operation. The crushed tomatoes are prepared using only tomatoes
that have been cultivated in accordance with the provisions of the Integrated Pest
Management specifications of the Emilia-Romagna regions, thanks to which the
product has been certified as CQ "Controlled Quality" and "100% Italian tomato".
USE: Ideal for all preparation which include tomato (pizzas, bruschetta, sauces, and
typical Mediterranean recipies).
INGREDIENTS: 100% Tomato pulp
ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS
Consistency: creamy
Colour: red, characteristic
Odour: typical of tomato, without aftertaste
Flavour: sweet, typical of tomato
MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Total Mesophilic microbic load
<100 ufc/g
Lactic bacteria
<1 ufc/g
Yeast
<1 ufc/g
Moulds
<1 ufc/g
Salmonella
<1 ufc/g
Listeria monocytogenes
<1 ufc/g
S. Aureus
<1 ufc/g
Bacillus Cereus
<10 ufc/g
Bacilli ssp
<100 ufc/g
E. Coli
<1 ufc/g
Total coliforms
<1 ufc/g
GMO: This product does not contain genetically modified organisms.
Date: 05/05/2014
Verified: QA
Approved: QAM
GRECI
INDUSTRIA
SPECIFICATION
Code 381
POLPACHEF
ALIMENTARE S.p.a.
Quality
Assurance
Service
PROCESSING: Following careful sorting, the tomato is washed, blanched, pressed,
drained and its seeds and skins are removed by means of an extrusion process. It is
then transformed into a puree which, after heating, undergoes thermal treatment
which guarantees the retention of its organoleptic characteristics while at the same
time guaranteeing health and safety standards. It is then immediately filled in aseptic
bag in box in an aseptic ambient.
PRODUCTS DATA
Packaging: bag 10/1
Net weight: 10 kg
Pack size: 1 bag
STORAGE DATA
Shelf life: 24 months
Sealed product: keep in a cool and dry place
Open product: keep refrigerated
Once opened, the product must be consumed within 2-4 days.
Transport temperature: room temperature
PRIMARY PACKAGING DESCRIPTION
Primary packaging description: multilayer aseptic bag
Height: 505.0 mm
Diameter: 400.0 mm
Packaging weight: 89.00 gr
SECONDARY PACKAGING DESCRIPTION
Secondary packaging description: carton
Length: 186.0 mm
Width: 182.00 mm
Height: 317.0 mm
Second packaging dimensions. mm: 186*182*317
Weight of secondary packaging: 250.00 gr
Date: 05/05/2014
Verified: QA
Approved: QAM
GRECI
INDUSTRIA
ALIMENTARE S.p.a.
PALLET COMPOSITION
Code
381
SPECIFICATION
Quality
Assurance
POLPACHEF
Service
Standard pallet: 80 X 120
Boxes number per layer: 24
Layer numbers per pallet: 3
Boxes number per pallet: 72
EAN Code:
Ean 13: 8004980003817
ITF14: 08004980103814
NUTRIONATIONAL VALUE X 100 G:
Energetic value: (kcal): 20.60
Energetic value: (KJ): 86.00
Proteins: 1.20 gr
Carbohydrates: 3.00 gr
Fats: 0.50gr
Fiber: 0.90 gr
ALLERGENS:
Absence of allergens: yes
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Suitable for vegetarians: yes
Suitable for vegans: yes
Suitable for celiac: yes
Contains alcohol: no
Contains pork: no
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
pH:
Refractometric residue (°Brix):
Consistency (Bostwick):
4,15-4,35
5.5 - 7.0
4,0-6,0 cm
Date: 05/05/2014
Verified: QA
Approved: QAM


Question: What is the typical mass percentages of K2O in standard float glass composition? Answer in %.

PNNL-13958

Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory
Operated by Battelle for the
U.S. Department of Energy

Thermochemical Optimization of
Float Glass Composition:
Low-Alumina Glass Development

August 2002

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830

DEPARTMENT

ENERGY

1. UNITED

UNITED STA

OF AMERIC

DSTAT

DISCLAIMER

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endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government
or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions
of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof.

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online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm

This document was printed on recycled paper.
(8/00)

PNNL-13958

Thermochemical Optimization of Float Glass
Composition: Low-Alumina Glass Development

P. R. Hrma

D. E. Smith

J. D. Yeager

O. P. Lam

August 2002

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Richland, Washington 99352

Abstract

The liquidus temperature (TL) was measured for a float-glass-type composition region with 72.7 to
74.0 mass% SiO2, 0.1 to 0.45 mass% Al2O3, 8.0 to 9.0 mass% CaO, 3.0 to 4.0 mass% MgO, and 13.1 to
14.2 mass% Na2O. Crystalline phases were identified at 900°C as cristobalite, wollastonite, and devitrite.
The primary phases were tridymite and wollastonite. Partial specific Ts were obtained from the data and
compared with the literature.

E:

Contents

Abstract....

111

Introduction...

Experimental..

5

Results

7

13

Discussion.

Conclusions..

17

References...

19

Figures

Figure 1. Map of Tridymite Liquidus Surface in Na₂O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 System; Shahid and Glasser
(1972), reproduced in Roth et al. (1981)..

1

Figure 2. XRD Pattern of Low-Al2O3-Low-Na2O Glass Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h.
Figure 3. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-Low-CaO Glass, 1020°C...
Figure 4. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-Low-MgO Glass, 1000°C.
Figure 5. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-High-CaO Glass, 970°C
Figure 6. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 965°C
Figure 7. Crystals of Wollastonite in Low-Al2O3-High-CaO Glass, 995°C.
Figure 8. Crystals of Wollastonite in High-Al2O3-High-Na₂O Glass, 965°C.

7

9

9

10

10

Figure 9. Crystals of Wollastonite, Nucleated on a Bubble, in Low-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 995°C... 10

Figure 10. Crystals of Wollastonite and Probably Devitrite, Nucleated on a Bubble, in High-Al2O3-
Baseline Glass, 975°C

10

Figure 11. Crystals of Devitrite and Wollastonite in High-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 950°C.

11

Figure 12. The Effect of CaO on the Maximum Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium......

13

Figure 13. The Effect of MgO on the Maximum Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium.....

13

Figure 14. The Effect of Na₂O on the Maximum Temperature at Which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium.

14

Figure 15. T;, Calculated vs. Measured.

14

Figure 16. Comparison of Experimental T; Values for VGS Glass with Babcock's TL Values for Soda-
Lime Glass..

15

Figure 17. Comparison of Experimental T Values for VGS Glass with T Values Predicted by Various
Models

15

Tables

Table 1. Component Coefficients TL in °C

2

Table 2. Component Coefficients π in °C in the Nonlinear Model by Backman et al. (a)
Table 3. Composition Regions for VGS Glasses and for Published Models (mass%)(a).
Table 4. Test Glass Compositions in Mass% of Oxides

3

5

Table 5. Source Chemicals

Table 6. Mass Fractions of Crystalline Phases in Glasses Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h...

8

Table 7. Maximum Temperatures (°C) at Which Individual Crystalline Phases Occurred in VGS
Glasses (a)(b)

8

Table 8. Component Coefficients (T;;) for the Maximum Temperatures at which Tridymite, Devitrite,
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glasses at Equilibrium (in °C)(a).

13

Introduction

Substantial savings can be achieved if low-alumina float glass is produced. It has been proposed to
decrease the Al2O3 content in the float glass produced by the VGS Glass Systems (VGS) from the original
0.45 mass% to 0.10 mass%. However, the removal of alumina from the current composition must not
negatively impact important glass properties, such as viscosity, liquidus temperature (TL), and chemical
durability.

Float glass is essentially a four-component mixture within the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO system with
minor addition, introduced either deliberately (Al2O3, Se2O3, C03O4) or as impurities (Fe2O3, K₂O). An
important processability requirement is that the glass must avoid the tridymite primary phase field.
Chemical durability and thermal expansion requirements then place the composition to the neighborhood
of the devitrite-wollastonite boundary—see Figure 1. When Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are present in the mixture,
this boundary shifts towards the Na2O corner of the diagram because Al2O3 and Fe2O3 bound Na₂O for
charge compensation (this allows these oxides to be glass formers).

(CaO)

(CaO)

SiO2

61.4

(SiO₂-Saturated)}

1320

-1300-

(SiO2-Saturated)

B

1200-

>

CaSiO3

62.5

CaSiO3

1375%

73 73

1035°

---

-1100-

K

Diopside

Diopside

Na2C03S16016

-74
LNa2CO3Si6016

74

980°

827°

900

74 D

75

780°
11:5
C77271
A 710°

Protoenstatite

Protoenstatite

::5 74
73 C
75 75
11:43:8

755°

995°

1:5:12
77

800°

M

750

No₂Mg2SiO15

1:5:12

Na2Mg2Si6O15

76 75 74.

18:4

3:8

78.0

77.0

74

74

74

1250° 1018°

780°

733°

(MgO)

(No₂O) (MgO)

(Na₂O)

Wt %

Wt%

Figure 1. Map of Tridymite Liquidus Surface in Na₂O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 System;
Shahid and Glasser (1972), reproduced in Roth et al. (1981)

Optimizing glass composition with respect glass properties is done most effectively using glass
property-composition relationship in the form of simple models. For small composition regions, these
models have usually a form of linear functions. Thus, the maximum temperatures (T;) at which j-th
crystals are at equilibrium with glass can be expressed as a function of glass composition using the
following relationship:

N

T = ΣΤ

(1)

j

i=1

1

where Tji is the i-th component j-th phase coefficient, x; is the i-th component mass fraction, and N is the
number of components. If N is smaller then the actual number of glass components, mass fractions are
normalized in such a way that

N

Σ x = 1

(2)

i=1

Several TL models for commercial glasses exist in the literature. Scholze (1990) reports two such
models: Šašek et al. (1973) and Cuartas (1984). Other models were presented by Babcock (1977) and
Backman et al. (1997). Component coefficients for these models are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Table
1 lists component coefficients for linear models represented by Equation (1). Models by Babcock and
Šašek et al. are linear in terms of mass fractions of components (x;). The original model by Cuartas, which
is linear in x;/xsi02, was converted into the form of Equation (1) by setting Xsio2 = 0.73. Backman et al.'s
(1997) model is nonlinear. Table 2 shows only coefficients relevant for the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3
system.

Table 1. Component Coefficients TL in °C
Babcock (a)

Tridymite Devitrite Wollastonite Šašek et al. (a) Cuartas (b)

Babcock

SiO2

2324

833

938

1336

1384

1604

Al2O3

-7016

2093

2533

1459

304

3834

1229

Fe2O3
CaO

8936

-342

3307

4349

3061

2365

2060

-1225

MgO

89

-765

Na₂O -4115

-2105

-2756

-1619

69

K₂O

3096

-2200

(a) Babcock's and Šašek et al.'s models were transformed to the form of Equation (1); the resulting

coefficients are shown.

(b)

Cuartas' coefficients were adjusted to float glass region with 73 mass% SiO2.

Table 2. Component Coefficients T in °C in the Nonlinear Model by Backman et al.(a)

(°C/mass%)

8.90E+02

Intercept
CaO

3.07E+01

-1.83E+00

Na₂OxNa₂O

Al2O3 Na₂O

2.69E+00

2.83E-01

Na₂OxCaOxMgO

CaOxCaOxMgO×MgO

-5.30E-02

Na₂Ox Na₂O × Na₂O × Na₂O

2.10E-03

(a)

Only coefficients applicable to the VGS composition region are shown.

Unfortunately, the usefulness of T coefficients that cover multiple primary phase fields is rather
dubious. Because the effect of glass components on T substantially, even dramatically, changes from one
primary phase to another, the global models have a significant lack of fit. Global polynomial forms only
partly remedy the problem. In addition, polynomial models cannot be extrapolated beyond their
experimental domain.

2

Generally, it is not recommended to apply models beyond the composition region of their validity.
Composition regions of the literature models are compared with the float-glass composition region in
Table 3. Babcock used Silverman's (1939) data and a large database available at Owens-Illinois
laboratories. Babcock does not provide the composition region of his Owens-Illinois data. Therefore, only
the composition region of Silverman's study is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Composition Regions for VGS Glasses and for Published Models (mass%) (a)

Šašek et al.

Cuartas

Backman
(1997)
min max

Silverman

(1984)
min max

Experimental

(1973)

(1939)

Float

min max

min max

min

min max

max

67.5 77.2

69.4 76

SiO2

73.1

72.7

74

64.9

50.2

68.2

59 79

0.45

0.3

Al2O3

0.4

0.5

0.1

2

0.1

4

0.5

3

0.2

8.2

Fe2O3

1.5

0

0

0

0

0

0.1

0.7

0.7

0

0.5

0.9

12.2

9

9

6.6

14.2

CaO

7

8

7

8.5

2.7

6

18

MgO

3

2.5

4.5

3

0.1 4.9

0.5

0.2

0.2

4

4

5

13.1

11.8 14.8

14.2

11

Na₂O

12

8.4 22.9

15

13 16

17

2 0.03

K₂O

0

0 0.5 0.1 2.3 0.5

7

0.1

(a) Values are highlighted yellow/green where maximum/minimum values of
component ranges were lower/higher than the corresponding maximum/minimum of
the experimental range.

3

Experimental

A test matrix of 14 glasses, shown in Table 4, was developed by the VGS project.

Table 4. Test Glass Compositions in Mass % of Oxides

High Al2O3

Low CaO High CaO

(mass%)

Standard
73.18

Low MgO

High MgO

Low Na₂O

High Na₂O

73.68

73.68

SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
Fe2O3

72.68

72.68

73.68

72.68

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

8.95

CaO

8.45

7.95

8.45

8.45

8.45

8.45

3.47

3.47

3.47

3.47

2.97

MgO
Na₂O
K₂O

3.97

3.47

13.63

13.63

13.13

13.63

13.63

13.63

14.13

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

100.00

100.00

Sum

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Low Al2O3

Low Na₂O

High CaO

High Na₂O

(mass%)

Low CaO

Low MgO

High MgO

Standard

73.53

73.03

74.03

74.03

SiO2

73.03

74.03

73.03

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Al2O3
TiO2
Fe2O3
CaO

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

8.45

8.45

8.45

8.45

8.45

7.95

8.95

3.97

MgO

3.47

3.47

3.47

2.97

3.47

3.47

13.70

13.70

13.70

13.20

Na₂O
K₂O
Sum

13.70

13.70

14.20

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

The test matrix consists of two standard glasses one for high-alumina (0.45 mass%) glass and the
other for low-alumina (0.10 mass%) glass. Both standards are equal in Al2O3+SiO2 content and in
Na2O+K₂O content (the K2O content is 0.10 mass% in the high-alumina standard glass and 0.03 mass% in
the low-alumina standard glass. The remaining glasses are derived from the standard glasses by one-at-a-
time changes in CaO, MgO, and Na2O. These changes are compensated for by equal changes in the SiO2
fraction. The composition regions covered by the VGS test matrix is shown as the experimental region in
Table 3 and represented by a parallelogram in Figure 1.

As evident form Table 3, Šašek et al.'s (1973) composition region is broader than the experimental
composition region, except for Al2O3. The Cuartas (1984) composition region is wider than Šašek's
composition region, except for the upper limit for the range of SiO2. Backman et al. (1997) studied
glasses with the SiO2 content <68.2 mass%. Their glasses also had at least 0.5 mass% of each of the
following oxides: Al2O3, K₂O, B2O3, SrO, and BaO. Composition regions in these studies covered several
primary phase fields, including tridymite, devitrite, wollastonite, and other phases, such as diopside.

5

Because the composition variations are small (see bold numbers in Table 4), careful preparation of
glasses and precise measurements of the T were required. Batches were prepared from chemicals listed
in Table 5.

Table 5. Source Chemicals

Chemical

Manufacturer Lot Number

Al2O3

006627

Fisher

CaCO3

007112

Fisher

Fisher

005612

Fe2O3
K2CO3

031384

Aesar

Aldrich

08629JF

MgO

Na2CO3

Fisher

006825

SiO2

Fisher

010455

TiO2

J.T. Baker

525355

The chemicals were weighed to obtain batches for 250-g glass. Batches were blended, first by hand in
a plastic bag (roll and shake), and then milled in an agate disc mill for 2 min. The glass was melted twice,
each time in a Pt-10%Rh crucible for 1 h at 1450°C. After the first melt, the glass was hand crushed and
then milled in a tungsten carbide disc mill for 2 min.

The TL was measured in a gradient temperature furnace. Pt boats filled with crushed glass (between
20 and 40 mesh size) were heat treated for 24 h in the temperature gradient of 1.0°C/mm, spanning the
temperature interval from 800°C to 1050°C. Rods of heat-treated glass were mounted in epoxy, and the
portion exposed to T >936°C was thin-sectioned for microscopic evaluation.

To identify phases, approximately 2.5-g samples of each glass were heat-treated in a Pt crucible for
24 h at 900°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on these samples (using Scintag DMC-008) to
detect the crystalline phases present and to measure their concentrations. CaF2 (5 mass%) was added to
the samples as the standard to evaluate fractions of crystalline phases. Jade software was used for the
analysis.

Results

XRD analysis detected three phases in the samples: cristobalite (SiO2), devitrite (Na2O.3CaO 6SiO2),
and wollastonite (CaO-SiO2) (Figure 2). Table 6 shows the fractions of these phases in the glasses at
900°C. The visual appearances of crystals of these phases were identified using both XRD data and the
literature (Bartuška 2001). Using the optical microscope (Olympus PMG-3), the maximum temperatures
(T;) at which j-th crystals were observed in the thin sections were determined (Table 7); typical examples
are shown in Figures 3 to 11. The Ts (the highest T;) are shown in bold in Table 7.

IVGS-13.rd] VGS-13

5000-

4500-

4000-

3500-

Intensity (Counts)

3000-

2500-

2000-

1500-

1000-

500-

0

77-2245> CaF2 - Calcium Fluoride

39-1425> Cristobalite, syn Si02

23-0671> Na2Ca3 Si6016 - Sodium Calcium Silicate

27-0088> Wollastonite-2M- CaSiO3

10

30

40
2-Theta()

70

20

50

60

PNNL

[JADE|h3085125]<c:\program files Jade WVGS glasses> Thursday, Jul 25, 2002 02:39p (MDI/JADE6)

Figure 2. XRD Pattern of Low-Al2O3-Low-Na₂O Glass Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h

7

Table 6. Mass Fractions of Crystalline Phases in Glasses Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h

Cristobalite Devitrite Wollastonite

High Al2O3

Standard

0.033

0.060

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO

0.041

0.061

0.043

0.045

0.047

0.061

0.061

High MgO

Low Na₂O

0.072

0.076

0.076

High Na₂O

0.020

0.079

Low Al2O3

Standard

0.052

0.066

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO

0.071

0.046

0.129

0.061

0.067

0.055

0.031

High MgO

0.057

Low Na₂O

0.079

0.072

0.092

High Na₂O 0.027

0.055

Table 7. Maximum Temperatures (°C) at Which Individual Crystalline
Phases Occurred in VGS Glasses (a)(b)

Tridymite

Devitrite Wollastonite

TL

High Al2O3

Standard

967

992

992

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO
High MgO

952

973

990

990

973

1011 1011

962

997

980

997

975

1001 1001

Low Na₂O

1011

971

998 1011

High Na₂O

989 989

965

Low Al2O3

995

Standard

965

977 995

968

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO
High MgO

1024

968

1024

1000

1000

965

980 1026

970

1026

965

994 994

1044(c)

Low Na₂O

962

990 1044

High Na₂O

979

970

979

(a)936°C was the minimum temperature at which glasses were evaluated.
(b)Bold numbers indicate T (see also the last column)
(1044°C was the maximum temperature at which glasses were evaluated; repeated tests showed that this was also
the TL value for the low-Al2O3-low-Na2O glass.

8

VGS-9, Cristobalite, 1020°C 0.010 mm

0.010 mm

VGS-11, Cristobalite, 1000°C

Figure 4. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-
Low-MgO Glass, 1000°C

Figure 3. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-
Low-CaO Glass, 1020°C

VGS-10, Devitrite, 970°C

VGS-12, Devitrite, 965°C

0.1 mm

0.1 mm

Figure 5. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-
High-CaO Glass, 970°C

Figure 6. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-
High-MgO Glass, 965°C

9

VGS-7, Wollastonite, 965°C

VGS-10, Wollastonite, 995°C 0.010 mm

0.1 mm

Figure 7. Crystals of Wollastonite in Low-Al2O3-
High-CaO Glass, 995°C

Figure 8. Crystals of Wollastonite in High-Al2O3-
High-Na₂O Glass, 965°C

VGS-1, Devitrite, 975°C

0.1 mm

VGS-12, Wollastonite, 995°C

0.010 mm

Figure 10. Crystals of Wollastonite and Probably
Devitrite, Nucleated on a Bubble, in High-Al2O3-
Baseline Glass, 975°C

Figure 9. Crystals of Wollastonite, Nucleated on a
Bubble, in Low-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 995°C

10

VGS-5, Devitrite, 950°C

0.1 mm

Figure 11. Crystals of Devitrite and Wollastonite
in High-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 950°C

11

Discussion

Figures 12 to 14 show that T; is a nearly linear function of composition. To fit Equation (1) to data,
mass fractions were normalized to the following five components: SiO2, Na2O, CaO, MgO, and Al2O3.
The resulting coefficient values are listed in Table 8. The T; values calculated with these coefficients,
using Equation (1), are compared with measured T;s in Figure 15.

Table 8. Component Coefficients (T;;) for the Maximum Temperatures at which Tridymite,
Devitrite, Wollastonite Occur in Float Glasses at Equilibrium (in °C)(a)

Devitrite
863

Wollastonite

TL
1669

Tridymite

CCCC

SiO2
Al2O3

3033

763

2787

862

-1936

-7560

4235
2499

-2525

CaO

1756

1521

-3418

MgO
Na₂O

1260

281

-2646

-230

-6593

962

R²

0.233

0.608

0.997

0.950

adj R²

-0.108

0.991

0.434

0.927

3.3

1.9
7

6.0
14

13.2

S

14

14

n

(a) The coefficients are valid for the experimental composition region shown in Table 3.
Note that the effect of Al2O3 is compounded with the effect of K₂O replacing Na₂O. The
symbols on the two bottom lines: s is the standard error, and n is the number of
observations.

▲ wollastoniteHiAl

▲ wollastonite HiAl

devitrite HiAI
devitriteLoAl

devitrite HiA
devitrite LoAl

tridymiteHiAl
◇ tridymiteLoAl

◆tridymiteHiAl
◇ tridymiteLoAl

MgO Effect

CaO Effect

A wollastoniteLoA

A wollastoniteLoAl

1030

1030

1020

1020

1010

1010

Temperature °C

Temperature °C

1000

1000

990

990

980

980

Δ

970

970

960

960

950

940

950

7.8

8

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8

9

3.2

3.6

2.8

MgO mass%

CaO mass%

Figure 13. The Effect of MgO on the Maximum
Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium

Figure 12. The Effect of CaO on the Maximum
Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium

13

◆ tridymiteHiAl
◇ tridymiteLoAl

devitrite HiAI
devitriteLoAI

▲ wollastoniteHiAl

1060

Na₂O Effect

A wollastoniteLoAl

1060

1040

1040

Temperature °C

Calculated T; (°C)

1020

1020

1000

A

1000

980

◆ Tridymite

980

◉

960

Devitrite

940

▲ Wollastonite

960

13.9

14.3

13.1

13.5

Na₂O mass%

940

Figure 14. The Effect of Na₂O on the Maximum
Temperature at Which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium

940

990

1040

Measured T; (°C)

Figure 15. T;, Calculated vs. Measured

At 900°C, the crystalline form of silica as detected by XRD was cristobalite (Figure 2). At
temperatures below 1470°C, the stable form of silica in soda-lime glasses is tridymite; however, as
reported by Bartuska (2001), cristobalite occurs in industrial glasses at lower temperatures, alone or
together with tridymite. No attempt was made to distinguish between these two forms in this study.
However, we assume that tridymite was the primary phase.

As Table 7 shows, tridymite was the primary phase in all glasses in which the SiO2 content was >75.3
mass%. In all other glasses, the primary phase was wollastonite. In these glasses cristobalite did not form
at T >936°C, but was detected in some glasses that were heat-treated at 900°C (Table 6). Devitrite and
wollastonite were found in all glasses, though wollastonite disappeared at lower temperatures and was not
detected at 900°C in most glasses (Table 6). The highest temperature at which devitrite was observed was
virtually independent of composition. It varied within a narrow temperature interval of 950°C to 975°C,
but these variations in T; cannot be explained in terms of composition variation: note the low R² value for
Tdevitrite in Table 8.

Table 8 shows that the Tcristobalite increases with SiO2 fraction and decreases with the addition of any
other component, most notably Al2O3 and Na₂O. The formation of wollastonite is promoted mainly by
CaO, but also by MgO and Al2O3, whereas NaO2 suppresses its formation. The component coefficients
for tridymite and wollastonite are much different for each component, showing that the slopes of the
corresponding liquidus surfaces are substantially different and even opposite in Al2O3, CaO, and MgO
components. Therefore, the linear model for T (the last column in Table 8) is not a good representation
of the real behavior. This is well illustrated in Figures 12 to 14.

The low-Al2O3 standard glass is close to the boundary between the tridymite and wollastonite primary
phases. Its T is only 3°C higher than that of the high-Al2O3 standard; this difference is within the
standard deviation for Tj; of wollastonite (Table 8). It is, however, possible to decrease low Al2O3 glass TL
by changing the MgO-to-CaO ratio.

Figures 16 and 17 compare T; and TË measured values with those calculated using different models. It
is not surprising, as seen in Figure 17, that linear or polynomial models are subjected to a large error.

14

1200

1150

1150

1100

1050
1100
650

Calculated T; (°C)

Calculated T✓ (°C)

1050

1000

◆ Tridymite
Devitrite

Sasek
Cuartas

1000

950

▲ Babcock +
◆ Backman

▲ Wollastonite

◇ Babcock Cristobalite

950

TL

Babcock Devitrite

900

A Babcock Wollastonite

850

900

950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

850

900

1050
Measured T (°C)

900

950

1000

1100

1150

Measured T; (°C)

Figure 17. Comparison of Experimental TL
Values for VGS Glass with T Values Predicted
by Various Models

Figure 16. Comparison of Experimental T;
Values for VGS Glass with Babcock's T₁ Values
for Soda-Lime Glass

Using Babcock's coefficients, T; values were predicted for experimental compositions normalized to
the Na₂O-CaO-SiO2 system. As seen in Figure 16, Babcock's models overestimate T; values for tridymite
and underestimate T; values for devitrite and wollastonite. These differences can be attributed to the effect
of MgO in the experimental glasses.

As a comparison of the coefficients in Table 8 with those in Table 1 shows, Cuartas' coefficients are
closer to our empirical coefficients than those by Šašek et al. (1973). Hence, even though Šašek et al.'s
(1973) composition region is closer to our experimental composition region than that of Cuartas (1984),
T₁ values from Šašek et al.'s model less closely match the experimental Ts (Figure 17).

The main cause of the difference between our Al2O3 coefficients for T and those by other authors is
probably the confounding between substituting SiO2 for Al2O3 together with substituting K₂O for Na2O.
Our Al2O3 coefficient accounts for this four-component change and thus cannot be compared with studies
in which the Al2O3 fraction was an independent variable. Another factor is the extremely narrow range of
Al2O3 content in our study (0.10 to 0.45 mass% as compared to 0.2 to 8.2 mass% of Silverman [1939]).

The experimental composition region of this study is shown in Figure 1 as a parallelogram. Figure 1
displays isotherms and SiO2 fractions on the SiO2 saturation surface in the Na2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system.
When the experimental glasses are normalized to this four-component system, the SiO2 mass fraction
varies from 0.737 to 0.747. Glasses with tridymite primary phase are those with a SiO2 mass fraction
higher than 0.741 (within the Na₂O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system). This is in excellent agreement with SiO2
contours in Figure 1.

Figure 1 suggests that glasses outside of the tridymite primary phase field are located in the devitrite
primary phase field, whereas the experimental glasses had wollastonite as their primary phase. As
mentioned earlier, this shift was probably caused by Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in the experimental glass. These
two oxides become network formers by immobilizing Na+ ions. Therefore, the effective Na₂O content is

15

lower in the experimental glasses, which would shift the experimental composition region into the
wollastonite fields.

16

Conclusions

Low-alumina the standard glass has nearly identical TL (995°C) as the high-alumina the standard
glass (992°C). Its primary phase is tridymite, while wollastonite is the primary phase of the latter glass.
Decreasing SiO2 fraction by as little as 0.3 mass% (by replacing it with CaO, MgO, Na2O, or their
combination) shifts the glass into the wollastonite primary phase field. While in this field, the secondary
phase is devitrite.

Neither of the two standard glasses contains wollastonite when equilibrated at 900°C; both contain
cristobalite and devitrite, the low-alumina glass at somewhat higher fraction. This, however, should not be
a problem in float glass manufacturing.

The effects of SiO2, CaO, MgO, and Na₂O on the T within each primary phase field were expressed
as partial-specific Ts. These coefficients allow a further optimization on the low-alumina glass.

The partial-specific T coefficients published in the literature do not predict the T values
satisfactorily. It appears that two conditions are necessary for a correct prediction of T: 1) separate
models are developed for each primary phase field and 2) the major components of the model are the
same as the major components of the composition region of interest.

117

References

Babcock CL. 1977. Silicate Glass Technology Methods. John Wiley, New York.

Backman R, KH Karlsson, M Cable, and NP Pennington. 1997. “Model for Liquidus Temperature of
Multi-Component Silicate Glasses." Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 38, 103-109.

Bartuška M. 2001. “Crystalline Inclusions.” In Glass Flaws (in Czech), Bartuška M, Editor, Práh,
Prague, Czech Republic.

Cuartas R. 1984. "Calculo teorico de propiedades del vidrio: viscosidad, parametros termicos y
parametros de desvitrificacion." Ceram. Vidrio 23, 105-111.

Roth RS, T Negas, and LP Cook. 1981. Phase Diagrams for Ceramists. Volume IV. American
Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio.

Šašek L, M Bartuška, and V Van Thong. 1973. “Utilization of Mathematico-Statistical Methods in
Silicate Research. 2. Determination of Mathematical Relations for the Calculation of Crystallization
Properties from Chemical Composition of Sheet and Container Glass” (in Czech). Silikaty 17, 207-217.
Scholze H. 1990. Glass Nature, Structure, and Properties. Springer, New York.

Shahid KA and FP Glasser. 1972. Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 13, 27 (referenced in Roth et al.
1981).

Silverman WB. 1939. “Effect of Alumina on Devitrification of Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses." Journal of
the American Ceramics Society 22, 378-384.

19

PNNL-13958

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Distr. 1

minor addition, introduced either deliberately (Al2O3, Se2O3, C03O4) or as impurities (Fe2O3, K₂O).

the K2O content is 0.10 mass% in the high-alumina standard glass and 0.03 mass% in
the low-alumina standard glass.

Metal, mineral, plastic & glass products


Question: What is the typical mass percentages of Fe2O3 in standard float glass composition? Answer in %.

PNNL-13958

Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory
Operated by Battelle for the
U.S. Department of Energy

Thermochemical Optimization of
Float Glass Composition:
Low-Alumina Glass Development

August 2002

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830

DEPARTMENT

ENERGY

1. UNITED

UNITED STA

OF AMERIC

DSTAT

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PNNL-13958

Thermochemical Optimization of Float Glass
Composition: Low-Alumina Glass Development

P. R. Hrma

D. E. Smith

J. D. Yeager

O. P. Lam

August 2002

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Richland, Washington 99352

Abstract

The liquidus temperature (TL) was measured for a float-glass-type composition region with 72.7 to
74.0 mass% SiO2, 0.1 to 0.45 mass% Al2O3, 8.0 to 9.0 mass% CaO, 3.0 to 4.0 mass% MgO, and 13.1 to
14.2 mass% Na2O. Crystalline phases were identified at 900°C as cristobalite, wollastonite, and devitrite.
The primary phases were tridymite and wollastonite. Partial specific Ts were obtained from the data and
compared with the literature.

E:

Contents

Abstract....

111

Introduction...

Experimental..

5

Results

7

13

Discussion.

Conclusions..

17

References...

19

Figures

Figure 1. Map of Tridymite Liquidus Surface in Na₂O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 System; Shahid and Glasser
(1972), reproduced in Roth et al. (1981)..

1

Figure 2. XRD Pattern of Low-Al2O3-Low-Na2O Glass Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h.
Figure 3. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-Low-CaO Glass, 1020°C...
Figure 4. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-Low-MgO Glass, 1000°C.
Figure 5. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-High-CaO Glass, 970°C
Figure 6. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 965°C
Figure 7. Crystals of Wollastonite in Low-Al2O3-High-CaO Glass, 995°C.
Figure 8. Crystals of Wollastonite in High-Al2O3-High-Na₂O Glass, 965°C.

7

9

9

10

10

Figure 9. Crystals of Wollastonite, Nucleated on a Bubble, in Low-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 995°C... 10

Figure 10. Crystals of Wollastonite and Probably Devitrite, Nucleated on a Bubble, in High-Al2O3-
Baseline Glass, 975°C

10

Figure 11. Crystals of Devitrite and Wollastonite in High-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 950°C.

11

Figure 12. The Effect of CaO on the Maximum Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium......

13

Figure 13. The Effect of MgO on the Maximum Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium.....

13

Figure 14. The Effect of Na₂O on the Maximum Temperature at Which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium.

14

Figure 15. T;, Calculated vs. Measured.

14

Figure 16. Comparison of Experimental T; Values for VGS Glass with Babcock's TL Values for Soda-
Lime Glass..

15

Figure 17. Comparison of Experimental T Values for VGS Glass with T Values Predicted by Various
Models

15

Tables

Table 1. Component Coefficients TL in °C

2

Table 2. Component Coefficients π in °C in the Nonlinear Model by Backman et al. (a)
Table 3. Composition Regions for VGS Glasses and for Published Models (mass%)(a).
Table 4. Test Glass Compositions in Mass% of Oxides

3

5

Table 5. Source Chemicals

Table 6. Mass Fractions of Crystalline Phases in Glasses Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h...

8

Table 7. Maximum Temperatures (°C) at Which Individual Crystalline Phases Occurred in VGS
Glasses (a)(b)

8

Table 8. Component Coefficients (T;;) for the Maximum Temperatures at which Tridymite, Devitrite,
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glasses at Equilibrium (in °C)(a).

13

Introduction

Substantial savings can be achieved if low-alumina float glass is produced. It has been proposed to
decrease the Al2O3 content in the float glass produced by the VGS Glass Systems (VGS) from the original
0.45 mass% to 0.10 mass%. However, the removal of alumina from the current composition must not
negatively impact important glass properties, such as viscosity, liquidus temperature (TL), and chemical
durability.

Float glass is essentially a four-component mixture within the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO system with
minor addition, introduced either deliberately (Al2O3, Se2O3, C03O4) or as impurities (Fe2O3, K₂O). An
important processability requirement is that the glass must avoid the tridymite primary phase field.
Chemical durability and thermal expansion requirements then place the composition to the neighborhood
of the devitrite-wollastonite boundary—see Figure 1. When Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are present in the mixture,
this boundary shifts towards the Na2O corner of the diagram because Al2O3 and Fe2O3 bound Na₂O for
charge compensation (this allows these oxides to be glass formers).

(CaO)

(CaO)

SiO2

61.4

(SiO₂-Saturated)}

1320

-1300-

(SiO2-Saturated)

B

1200-

>

CaSiO3

62.5

CaSiO3

1375%

73 73

1035°

---

-1100-

K

Diopside

Diopside

Na2C03S16016

-74
LNa2CO3Si6016

74

980°

827°

900

74 D

75

780°
11:5
C77271
A 710°

Protoenstatite

Protoenstatite

::5 74
73 C
75 75
11:43:8

755°

995°

1:5:12
77

800°

M

750

No₂Mg2SiO15

1:5:12

Na2Mg2Si6O15

76 75 74.

18:4

3:8

78.0

77.0

74

74

74

1250° 1018°

780°

733°

(MgO)

(No₂O) (MgO)

(Na₂O)

Wt %

Wt%

Figure 1. Map of Tridymite Liquidus Surface in Na₂O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 System;
Shahid and Glasser (1972), reproduced in Roth et al. (1981)

Optimizing glass composition with respect glass properties is done most effectively using glass
property-composition relationship in the form of simple models. For small composition regions, these
models have usually a form of linear functions. Thus, the maximum temperatures (T;) at which j-th
crystals are at equilibrium with glass can be expressed as a function of glass composition using the
following relationship:

N

T = ΣΤ

(1)

j

i=1

1

where Tji is the i-th component j-th phase coefficient, x; is the i-th component mass fraction, and N is the
number of components. If N is smaller then the actual number of glass components, mass fractions are
normalized in such a way that

N

Σ x = 1

(2)

i=1

Several TL models for commercial glasses exist in the literature. Scholze (1990) reports two such
models: Šašek et al. (1973) and Cuartas (1984). Other models were presented by Babcock (1977) and
Backman et al. (1997). Component coefficients for these models are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Table
1 lists component coefficients for linear models represented by Equation (1). Models by Babcock and
Šašek et al. are linear in terms of mass fractions of components (x;). The original model by Cuartas, which
is linear in x;/xsi02, was converted into the form of Equation (1) by setting Xsio2 = 0.73. Backman et al.'s
(1997) model is nonlinear. Table 2 shows only coefficients relevant for the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3
system.

Table 1. Component Coefficients TL in °C
Babcock (a)

Tridymite Devitrite Wollastonite Šašek et al. (a) Cuartas (b)

Babcock

SiO2

2324

833

938

1336

1384

1604

Al2O3

-7016

2093

2533

1459

304

3834

1229

Fe2O3
CaO

8936

-342

3307

4349

3061

2365

2060

-1225

MgO

89

-765

Na₂O -4115

-2105

-2756

-1619

69

K₂O

3096

-2200

(a) Babcock's and Šašek et al.'s models were transformed to the form of Equation (1); the resulting

coefficients are shown.

(b)

Cuartas' coefficients were adjusted to float glass region with 73 mass% SiO2.

Table 2. Component Coefficients T in °C in the Nonlinear Model by Backman et al.(a)

(°C/mass%)

8.90E+02

Intercept
CaO

3.07E+01

-1.83E+00

Na₂OxNa₂O

Al2O3 Na₂O

2.69E+00

2.83E-01

Na₂OxCaOxMgO

CaOxCaOxMgO×MgO

-5.30E-02

Na₂Ox Na₂O × Na₂O × Na₂O

2.10E-03

(a)

Only coefficients applicable to the VGS composition region are shown.

Unfortunately, the usefulness of T coefficients that cover multiple primary phase fields is rather
dubious. Because the effect of glass components on T substantially, even dramatically, changes from one
primary phase to another, the global models have a significant lack of fit. Global polynomial forms only
partly remedy the problem. In addition, polynomial models cannot be extrapolated beyond their
experimental domain.

2

Generally, it is not recommended to apply models beyond the composition region of their validity.
Composition regions of the literature models are compared with the float-glass composition region in
Table 3. Babcock used Silverman's (1939) data and a large database available at Owens-Illinois
laboratories. Babcock does not provide the composition region of his Owens-Illinois data. Therefore, only
the composition region of Silverman's study is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Composition Regions for VGS Glasses and for Published Models (mass%) (a)

Šašek et al.

Cuartas

Backman
(1997)
min max

Silverman

(1984)
min max

Experimental

(1973)

(1939)

Float

min max

min max

min

min max

max

67.5 77.2

69.4 76

SiO2

73.1

72.7

74

64.9

50.2

68.2

59 79

0.45

0.3

Al2O3

0.4

0.5

0.1

2

0.1

4

0.5

3

0.2

8.2

Fe2O3

1.5

0

0

0

0

0

0.1

0.7

0.7

0

0.5

0.9

12.2

9

9

6.6

14.2

CaO

7

8

7

8.5

2.7

6

18

MgO

3

2.5

4.5

3

0.1 4.9

0.5

0.2

0.2

4

4

5

13.1

11.8 14.8

14.2

11

Na₂O

12

8.4 22.9

15

13 16

17

2 0.03

K₂O

0

0 0.5 0.1 2.3 0.5

7

0.1

(a) Values are highlighted yellow/green where maximum/minimum values of
component ranges were lower/higher than the corresponding maximum/minimum of
the experimental range.

3

Experimental

A test matrix of 14 glasses, shown in Table 4, was developed by the VGS project.

Table 4. Test Glass Compositions in Mass % of Oxides

High Al2O3

Low CaO High CaO

(mass%)

Standard
73.18

Low MgO

High MgO

Low Na₂O

High Na₂O

73.68

73.68

SiO2
Al2O3
TiO2
Fe2O3

72.68

72.68

73.68

72.68

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

8.95

CaO

8.45

7.95

8.45

8.45

8.45

8.45

3.47

3.47

3.47

3.47

2.97

MgO
Na₂O
K₂O

3.97

3.47

13.63

13.63

13.13

13.63

13.63

13.63

14.13

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

100.00

100.00

Sum

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Low Al2O3

Low Na₂O

High CaO

High Na₂O

(mass%)

Low CaO

Low MgO

High MgO

Standard

73.53

73.03

74.03

74.03

SiO2

73.03

74.03

73.03

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Al2O3
TiO2
Fe2O3
CaO

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

8.45

8.45

8.45

8.45

8.45

7.95

8.95

3.97

MgO

3.47

3.47

3.47

2.97

3.47

3.47

13.70

13.70

13.70

13.20

Na₂O
K₂O
Sum

13.70

13.70

14.20

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

The test matrix consists of two standard glasses one for high-alumina (0.45 mass%) glass and the
other for low-alumina (0.10 mass%) glass. Both standards are equal in Al2O3+SiO2 content and in
Na2O+K₂O content (the K2O content is 0.10 mass% in the high-alumina standard glass and 0.03 mass% in
the low-alumina standard glass. The remaining glasses are derived from the standard glasses by one-at-a-
time changes in CaO, MgO, and Na2O. These changes are compensated for by equal changes in the SiO2
fraction. The composition regions covered by the VGS test matrix is shown as the experimental region in
Table 3 and represented by a parallelogram in Figure 1.

As evident form Table 3, Šašek et al.'s (1973) composition region is broader than the experimental
composition region, except for Al2O3. The Cuartas (1984) composition region is wider than Šašek's
composition region, except for the upper limit for the range of SiO2. Backman et al. (1997) studied
glasses with the SiO2 content <68.2 mass%. Their glasses also had at least 0.5 mass% of each of the
following oxides: Al2O3, K₂O, B2O3, SrO, and BaO. Composition regions in these studies covered several
primary phase fields, including tridymite, devitrite, wollastonite, and other phases, such as diopside.

5

Because the composition variations are small (see bold numbers in Table 4), careful preparation of
glasses and precise measurements of the T were required. Batches were prepared from chemicals listed
in Table 5.

Table 5. Source Chemicals

Chemical

Manufacturer Lot Number

Al2O3

006627

Fisher

CaCO3

007112

Fisher

Fisher

005612

Fe2O3
K2CO3

031384

Aesar

Aldrich

08629JF

MgO

Na2CO3

Fisher

006825

SiO2

Fisher

010455

TiO2

J.T. Baker

525355

The chemicals were weighed to obtain batches for 250-g glass. Batches were blended, first by hand in
a plastic bag (roll and shake), and then milled in an agate disc mill for 2 min. The glass was melted twice,
each time in a Pt-10%Rh crucible for 1 h at 1450°C. After the first melt, the glass was hand crushed and
then milled in a tungsten carbide disc mill for 2 min.

The TL was measured in a gradient temperature furnace. Pt boats filled with crushed glass (between
20 and 40 mesh size) were heat treated for 24 h in the temperature gradient of 1.0°C/mm, spanning the
temperature interval from 800°C to 1050°C. Rods of heat-treated glass were mounted in epoxy, and the
portion exposed to T >936°C was thin-sectioned for microscopic evaluation.

To identify phases, approximately 2.5-g samples of each glass were heat-treated in a Pt crucible for
24 h at 900°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on these samples (using Scintag DMC-008) to
detect the crystalline phases present and to measure their concentrations. CaF2 (5 mass%) was added to
the samples as the standard to evaluate fractions of crystalline phases. Jade software was used for the
analysis.

Results

XRD analysis detected three phases in the samples: cristobalite (SiO2), devitrite (Na2O.3CaO 6SiO2),
and wollastonite (CaO-SiO2) (Figure 2). Table 6 shows the fractions of these phases in the glasses at
900°C. The visual appearances of crystals of these phases were identified using both XRD data and the
literature (Bartuška 2001). Using the optical microscope (Olympus PMG-3), the maximum temperatures
(T;) at which j-th crystals were observed in the thin sections were determined (Table 7); typical examples
are shown in Figures 3 to 11. The Ts (the highest T;) are shown in bold in Table 7.

IVGS-13.rd] VGS-13

5000-

4500-

4000-

3500-

Intensity (Counts)

3000-

2500-

2000-

1500-

1000-

500-

0

77-2245> CaF2 - Calcium Fluoride

39-1425> Cristobalite, syn Si02

23-0671> Na2Ca3 Si6016 - Sodium Calcium Silicate

27-0088> Wollastonite-2M- CaSiO3

10

30

40
2-Theta()

70

20

50

60

PNNL

[JADE|h3085125]<c:\program files Jade WVGS glasses> Thursday, Jul 25, 2002 02:39p (MDI/JADE6)

Figure 2. XRD Pattern of Low-Al2O3-Low-Na₂O Glass Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h

7

Table 6. Mass Fractions of Crystalline Phases in Glasses Heat-Treated at 900° C for 24 h

Cristobalite Devitrite Wollastonite

High Al2O3

Standard

0.033

0.060

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO

0.041

0.061

0.043

0.045

0.047

0.061

0.061

High MgO

Low Na₂O

0.072

0.076

0.076

High Na₂O

0.020

0.079

Low Al2O3

Standard

0.052

0.066

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO

0.071

0.046

0.129

0.061

0.067

0.055

0.031

High MgO

0.057

Low Na₂O

0.079

0.072

0.092

High Na₂O 0.027

0.055

Table 7. Maximum Temperatures (°C) at Which Individual Crystalline
Phases Occurred in VGS Glasses (a)(b)

Tridymite

Devitrite Wollastonite

TL

High Al2O3

Standard

967

992

992

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO
High MgO

952

973

990

990

973

1011 1011

962

997

980

997

975

1001 1001

Low Na₂O

1011

971

998 1011

High Na₂O

989 989

965

Low Al2O3

995

Standard

965

977 995

968

Low CaO
High CaO
Low MgO
High MgO

1024

968

1024

1000

1000

965

980 1026

970

1026

965

994 994

1044(c)

Low Na₂O

962

990 1044

High Na₂O

979

970

979

(a)936°C was the minimum temperature at which glasses were evaluated.
(b)Bold numbers indicate T (see also the last column)
(1044°C was the maximum temperature at which glasses were evaluated; repeated tests showed that this was also
the TL value for the low-Al2O3-low-Na2O glass.

8

VGS-9, Cristobalite, 1020°C 0.010 mm

0.010 mm

VGS-11, Cristobalite, 1000°C

Figure 4. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-
Low-MgO Glass, 1000°C

Figure 3. Crystals of Cristobalite in Low-Al2O3-
Low-CaO Glass, 1020°C

VGS-10, Devitrite, 970°C

VGS-12, Devitrite, 965°C

0.1 mm

0.1 mm

Figure 5. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-
High-CaO Glass, 970°C

Figure 6. Crystals of Devitrite in Low-Al2O3-
High-MgO Glass, 965°C

9

VGS-7, Wollastonite, 965°C

VGS-10, Wollastonite, 995°C 0.010 mm

0.1 mm

Figure 7. Crystals of Wollastonite in Low-Al2O3-
High-CaO Glass, 995°C

Figure 8. Crystals of Wollastonite in High-Al2O3-
High-Na₂O Glass, 965°C

VGS-1, Devitrite, 975°C

0.1 mm

VGS-12, Wollastonite, 995°C

0.010 mm

Figure 10. Crystals of Wollastonite and Probably
Devitrite, Nucleated on a Bubble, in High-Al2O3-
Baseline Glass, 975°C

Figure 9. Crystals of Wollastonite, Nucleated on a
Bubble, in Low-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 995°C

10

VGS-5, Devitrite, 950°C

0.1 mm

Figure 11. Crystals of Devitrite and Wollastonite
in High-Al2O3-High-MgO Glass, 950°C

11

Discussion

Figures 12 to 14 show that T; is a nearly linear function of composition. To fit Equation (1) to data,
mass fractions were normalized to the following five components: SiO2, Na2O, CaO, MgO, and Al2O3.
The resulting coefficient values are listed in Table 8. The T; values calculated with these coefficients,
using Equation (1), are compared with measured T;s in Figure 15.

Table 8. Component Coefficients (T;;) for the Maximum Temperatures at which Tridymite,
Devitrite, Wollastonite Occur in Float Glasses at Equilibrium (in °C)(a)

Devitrite
863

Wollastonite

TL
1669

Tridymite

CCCC

SiO2
Al2O3

3033

763

2787

862

-1936

-7560

4235
2499

-2525

CaO

1756

1521

-3418

MgO
Na₂O

1260

281

-2646

-230

-6593

962

R²

0.233

0.608

0.997

0.950

adj R²

-0.108

0.991

0.434

0.927

3.3

1.9
7

6.0
14

13.2

S

14

14

n

(a) The coefficients are valid for the experimental composition region shown in Table 3.
Note that the effect of Al2O3 is compounded with the effect of K₂O replacing Na₂O. The
symbols on the two bottom lines: s is the standard error, and n is the number of
observations.

▲ wollastoniteHiAl

▲ wollastonite HiAl

devitrite HiAI
devitriteLoAl

devitrite HiA
devitrite LoAl

tridymiteHiAl
◇ tridymiteLoAl

◆tridymiteHiAl
◇ tridymiteLoAl

MgO Effect

CaO Effect

A wollastoniteLoA

A wollastoniteLoAl

1030

1030

1020

1020

1010

1010

Temperature °C

Temperature °C

1000

1000

990

990

980

980

Δ

970

970

960

960

950

940

950

7.8

8

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8

9

3.2

3.6

2.8

MgO mass%

CaO mass%

Figure 13. The Effect of MgO on the Maximum
Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium

Figure 12. The Effect of CaO on the Maximum
Temperature at which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium

13

◆ tridymiteHiAl
◇ tridymiteLoAl

devitrite HiAI
devitriteLoAI

▲ wollastoniteHiAl

1060

Na₂O Effect

A wollastoniteLoAl

1060

1040

1040

Temperature °C

Calculated T; (°C)

1020

1020

1000

A

1000

980

◆ Tridymite

980

◉

960

Devitrite

940

▲ Wollastonite

960

13.9

14.3

13.1

13.5

Na₂O mass%

940

Figure 14. The Effect of Na₂O on the Maximum
Temperature at Which Tridymite, Devitrite, and
Wollastonite Occur in Float Glass at Equilibrium

940

990

1040

Measured T; (°C)

Figure 15. T;, Calculated vs. Measured

At 900°C, the crystalline form of silica as detected by XRD was cristobalite (Figure 2). At
temperatures below 1470°C, the stable form of silica in soda-lime glasses is tridymite; however, as
reported by Bartuska (2001), cristobalite occurs in industrial glasses at lower temperatures, alone or
together with tridymite. No attempt was made to distinguish between these two forms in this study.
However, we assume that tridymite was the primary phase.

As Table 7 shows, tridymite was the primary phase in all glasses in which the SiO2 content was >75.3
mass%. In all other glasses, the primary phase was wollastonite. In these glasses cristobalite did not form
at T >936°C, but was detected in some glasses that were heat-treated at 900°C (Table 6). Devitrite and
wollastonite were found in all glasses, though wollastonite disappeared at lower temperatures and was not
detected at 900°C in most glasses (Table 6). The highest temperature at which devitrite was observed was
virtually independent of composition. It varied within a narrow temperature interval of 950°C to 975°C,
but these variations in T; cannot be explained in terms of composition variation: note the low R² value for
Tdevitrite in Table 8.

Table 8 shows that the Tcristobalite increases with SiO2 fraction and decreases with the addition of any
other component, most notably Al2O3 and Na₂O. The formation of wollastonite is promoted mainly by
CaO, but also by MgO and Al2O3, whereas NaO2 suppresses its formation. The component coefficients
for tridymite and wollastonite are much different for each component, showing that the slopes of the
corresponding liquidus surfaces are substantially different and even opposite in Al2O3, CaO, and MgO
components. Therefore, the linear model for T (the last column in Table 8) is not a good representation
of the real behavior. This is well illustrated in Figures 12 to 14.

The low-Al2O3 standard glass is close to the boundary between the tridymite and wollastonite primary
phases. Its T is only 3°C higher than that of the high-Al2O3 standard; this difference is within the
standard deviation for Tj; of wollastonite (Table 8). It is, however, possible to decrease low Al2O3 glass TL
by changing the MgO-to-CaO ratio.

Figures 16 and 17 compare T; and TË measured values with those calculated using different models. It
is not surprising, as seen in Figure 17, that linear or polynomial models are subjected to a large error.

14

1200

1150

1150

1100

1050
1100
650

Calculated T; (°C)

Calculated T✓ (°C)

1050

1000

◆ Tridymite
Devitrite

Sasek
Cuartas

1000

950

▲ Babcock +
◆ Backman

▲ Wollastonite

◇ Babcock Cristobalite

950

TL

Babcock Devitrite

900

A Babcock Wollastonite

850

900

950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200

850

900

1050
Measured T (°C)

900

950

1000

1100

1150

Measured T; (°C)

Figure 17. Comparison of Experimental TL
Values for VGS Glass with T Values Predicted
by Various Models

Figure 16. Comparison of Experimental T;
Values for VGS Glass with Babcock's T₁ Values
for Soda-Lime Glass

Using Babcock's coefficients, T; values were predicted for experimental compositions normalized to
the Na₂O-CaO-SiO2 system. As seen in Figure 16, Babcock's models overestimate T; values for tridymite
and underestimate T; values for devitrite and wollastonite. These differences can be attributed to the effect
of MgO in the experimental glasses.

As a comparison of the coefficients in Table 8 with those in Table 1 shows, Cuartas' coefficients are
closer to our empirical coefficients than those by Šašek et al. (1973). Hence, even though Šašek et al.'s
(1973) composition region is closer to our experimental composition region than that of Cuartas (1984),
T₁ values from Šašek et al.'s model less closely match the experimental Ts (Figure 17).

The main cause of the difference between our Al2O3 coefficients for T and those by other authors is
probably the confounding between substituting SiO2 for Al2O3 together with substituting K₂O for Na2O.
Our Al2O3 coefficient accounts for this four-component change and thus cannot be compared with studies
in which the Al2O3 fraction was an independent variable. Another factor is the extremely narrow range of
Al2O3 content in our study (0.10 to 0.45 mass% as compared to 0.2 to 8.2 mass% of Silverman [1939]).

The experimental composition region of this study is shown in Figure 1 as a parallelogram. Figure 1
displays isotherms and SiO2 fractions on the SiO2 saturation surface in the Na2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system.
When the experimental glasses are normalized to this four-component system, the SiO2 mass fraction
varies from 0.737 to 0.747. Glasses with tridymite primary phase are those with a SiO2 mass fraction
higher than 0.741 (within the Na₂O-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system). This is in excellent agreement with SiO2
contours in Figure 1.

Figure 1 suggests that glasses outside of the tridymite primary phase field are located in the devitrite
primary phase field, whereas the experimental glasses had wollastonite as their primary phase. As
mentioned earlier, this shift was probably caused by Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in the experimental glass. These
two oxides become network formers by immobilizing Na+ ions. Therefore, the effective Na₂O content is

15

lower in the experimental glasses, which would shift the experimental composition region into the
wollastonite fields.

16

Conclusions

Low-alumina the standard glass has nearly identical TL (995°C) as the high-alumina the standard
glass (992°C). Its primary phase is tridymite, while wollastonite is the primary phase of the latter glass.
Decreasing SiO2 fraction by as little as 0.3 mass% (by replacing it with CaO, MgO, Na2O, or their
combination) shifts the glass into the wollastonite primary phase field. While in this field, the secondary
phase is devitrite.

Neither of the two standard glasses contains wollastonite when equilibrated at 900°C; both contain
cristobalite and devitrite, the low-alumina glass at somewhat higher fraction. This, however, should not be
a problem in float glass manufacturing.

The effects of SiO2, CaO, MgO, and Na₂O on the T within each primary phase field were expressed
as partial-specific Ts. These coefficients allow a further optimization on the low-alumina glass.

The partial-specific T coefficients published in the literature do not predict the T values
satisfactorily. It appears that two conditions are necessary for a correct prediction of T: 1) separate
models are developed for each primary phase field and 2) the major components of the model are the
same as the major components of the composition region of interest.

117

References

Babcock CL. 1977. Silicate Glass Technology Methods. John Wiley, New York.

Backman R, KH Karlsson, M Cable, and NP Pennington. 1997. “Model for Liquidus Temperature of
Multi-Component Silicate Glasses." Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 38, 103-109.

Bartuška M. 2001. “Crystalline Inclusions.” In Glass Flaws (in Czech), Bartuška M, Editor, Práh,
Prague, Czech Republic.

Cuartas R. 1984. "Calculo teorico de propiedades del vidrio: viscosidad, parametros termicos y
parametros de desvitrificacion." Ceram. Vidrio 23, 105-111.

Roth RS, T Negas, and LP Cook. 1981. Phase Diagrams for Ceramists. Volume IV. American
Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio.

Šašek L, M Bartuška, and V Van Thong. 1973. “Utilization of Mathematico-Statistical Methods in
Silicate Research. 2. Determination of Mathematical Relations for the Calculation of Crystallization
Properties from Chemical Composition of Sheet and Container Glass” (in Czech). Silikaty 17, 207-217.
Scholze H. 1990. Glass Nature, Structure, and Properties. Springer, New York.

Shahid KA and FP Glasser. 1972. Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 13, 27 (referenced in Roth et al.
1981).

Silverman WB. 1939. “Effect of Alumina on Devitrification of Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses." Journal of
the American Ceramics Society 22, 378-384.

19

PNNL-13958

Distribution

No. of

No. of
Copies

Copies

OFFSITE

ONSITE

10 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

1 James V. Jones

D-S Kim

Technical Fellow

K6-24

Advanced Technology and Engineering

J. D. Vienna

K6-24

Visteon Glass System

P. R. Hrma (7)

K6-24

15000 Commerce Drive

M. A. Khaleel

K2-18

N. Dearborn, MI 48120

Edward N. Boulos, Ph.D. (3)

3

Senior Technical Fellow

Advanced Technology and Engineering

Visteon Corporation
Visteon Glass System

15000 Commerce Drive

N. Dearborn, MI 48120

1

Dr. Theodore M. Besmann, Head

Surface Processing and Mechanics Group

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

1 Bethel Valley Road

P.O. Box 2008

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6063

Distr. 1

Float glass is essentially a four-component mixture within the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-MgO system with minor addition, introduced either deliberately (Al2O3, Se2O3, C03O4) or as impurities (Fe2O3, K₂O).


Question: What is the exact material composition (mass fractions or percentages) of PVB resin in Trosifol PVB film? Provide the specific values as mass fractions or percentages.

ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION

as per ISO 14025 and EN 15804+A2

Owner of the Declaration Kuraray Europe GmbH

Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU)

Publisher

Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU)

Programme holder

EPD-KUR-20230072-CCI1-EN

Declaration number

Issue date

12/05/2023

Valid to

11/05/2028

PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)
Kuraray Europe GmbH

Institut Bauen
und Umwelt e.V.

www.ibu-epd.com | https://epd-online.com

ECO PLATFORM

EPD

VERIFIED

ALIEK

kuraray

General Information

Kuraray Europe GmbH
Programme holder

PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

Owner of the declaration
Kuraray Europe GmbH
Philipp-Reis-Str. 4

IBU - Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.

Hegelplatz 1
10117 Berlin

65795 Hattersheim
Germany

Germany

Declaration number

Declared product / declared unit

Trosifol® PVB.

EPD-KUR-20230072-CCI1-EN

The declared unit is 1 m².

This declaration is based on the product category rules:

Scope:

Trosifol PVB, manufactured in Troisdorf based on MowitalⓇ resin from
Frankfurt.

Plate glass for construction and interlayers, 01/09/2022
(PCR checked and approved by the SVR)

The owner of the declaration shall be liable for the underlying information
and evidence; the IBU shall not be liable with respect to manufacturer
information, life cycle assessment data and evidences.

Issue date

12/05/2023

The EPD was created according to the specifications of EN 15804+A2. In
the following, the standard will be simplified as EN 15804.

Valid to

Verification

11/05/2028

The standard EN 15804 serves as the core PCR
Independent verification of the declaration and data according to ISO
14025:2011

internally ☑

externally

Nam Paten

Dipl.-Ing. Hans Peters

(Chairman of Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.)

Ham Peter
Dipl.-Ing. Hans Peters

Мили

Dr. Matthew Fishwick,
(Independent verifier)

(Managing Director Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.)

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

kuraray

Product

schueren/

Product description/Product definition

Constructional data

Kuraray's polyvinyl butyral (PVB) thermoplastic films are tough,
resilient safety interlayers used in laminated architectural safety
glass. These TrosifolⓇ PVB interlayers offer safety advantages
by retaining dangerous shards in case of glass breakage. They
are commonly used as safety glass interlayers available
worldwide.

Unit

Value

Name

Refractive index acc. to DIN EN ISO 489

1.48

0.21 W/mK

Thermal conductivity acc. to DIN EN 993-15
Thermal expansion coefficient acc. to ISO
11359-2

0.00017 K-1

Specific heat capacity

1.9 kJ/kgK
1E+13 Ω

This EPD covers all TrosifolⓇ PVB products produced in
Troisdorf based on MowitalⓇ resin produced in Frankfurt.
Product codes TrosifolⓇ B2XX and Trosifol B8XX.

Surface resistivity acc. to DIN 53482
Tensile strength acc. to ISO 527-3
Elongation at break acc. to ISO 527-3

N/mm²

20

250

%

Tg acc. to DMA, 3K/min, 1Hz

For the use and application of the product, the respective
national provisions at the place of use apply, in Germany, for
example, the building codes of the federal states and the
corresponding national specifications.

°C

32

Performance data of the product with respect to its
characteristics in accordance with the relevant technical
provision (no CE-marking).

Application

Base materials/Ancillary materials

TrosifolⓇ PVB film needs to be laminated between two pieces
of glass. This sandwich arrangement is called laminated safety
glass according to EN ISO 14449. Special TrosifolⓇ PVB
grades offer additional decorative, acoustic, UV managing and
structural properties.

The main constituents of TrosifolⓇ PVB film are (in mass
percentages):

-PVB resin ~72 %

-Plasticizer ~27-28 %

-Additives and water <1%

1) This product contains substances listed in the candidate list
(date: 17.01.2023) exceeding 0.1 percentage by mass: no

Technical Data

For calculating the light, solar and heat parameters of glazing
specifically containing films from the TrosifolⓇ & SentryGlasⓇ
product range, please go to:

2) This product contains other Carcinogenic, Mutagenic,
Reprotoxic (CMR) substances in categories 1A or 1B which are
not on the candidate list, exceeding 0.1 percentage by mass:

https://www.trosifol.com/winslt-tool/

no

Sound Control data can be found here:

3) Biocide products were added to this construction product or it
has been treated with biocide products (this then concerns a
treated product as defined by the (EU) Ordinance on Biocide
Products No. 528/2012): no

https://www.trosifol.com/soundlab-ai/

The following data are valid for TrosifolⓇ Clear / TrosifolⓇ
UltraClear. Other product's data can be found in our laminator
brochure:

Reference service life

The reference service life is typically determined by the glass
and not by the interlayer.

https://www.trosifol.com/de/salessupport/downloads/produktbro

LCA: Calculation rules

products and energy, as well as waste processing up to the
end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the
product stage.

Declared Unit

This declaration refers to the declared unit of 1 m² of PVB film
(TrosifolⓇ). The grammage of the PVB film is 0.775 kg/m².

These modules consider the manufacturing of system
components/raw materials, the transport to the production site
and the production processes of the products under study. The
impact of packaging materials is included.

Declared unit - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

Name

Value

Unit
m²
kg/m^2

Declared unit

1
0.775
0.00076
1.07

Grammage

Module A5:

Layer thickness

m

Treatment and disposal of packaging material. Credits for
potential avoided burdens due to energy substitution of
electricity and thermal energy generation are declared in
module D and affect only the rate of primary material (no
secondary materials).

Density

g/cm^3

System boundary

The type of EPD is cradle-to-gate with options, modules C1-
C4, and module D (A1-A3, C, D and additional module A5). In
the following section, a detailed description of the specific
system boundaries is given:

Module C1 to C4:

The end-of-life scenarios are as follows:

C1 Deconstruction/demolition: Dismantling is manual
(no environmental burden).

•

Module A1 to A3:

The product stage includes the provision of all materials,

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

2

kuraray

• C2 - Transport to treatment/disposal site: Average
transport distance from the demolition site to waste
treatment is assumed as 50 km to the landfill.

Land or region, in which the declared product system is
manufactured, used or handled at the end of the product's
lifespan: Europe

• C3 - Waste processing for reuse, recovery or recycling:
No waste processing (no environmental burden).
• C4 - Disposal: PVB film is 100% landfilled.
Module D:

Comparability

Basically, a comparison or an evaluation of EPD data is only
possible if all the data sets to be compared were created
according to EN 15804 and the building context, respectively
the product-specific characteristics of performance, are taken
into account. Background datasets: GaBi ts 10.6 software
system and GaBi Professional 2022.1 LCI database.

For the thermal and electrical energy generated in Module A5
due to the thermal treatment of packaging and product waste,
avoided burdens have been calculated by the inversion of the
electricity grid mix and thermal energy from natural gas, using
European datasets.

Geographic Representativeness

LCA: Scenarios and additional technical information

End of life (C1-C4)

Characteristic product properties biogenic carbon
Biogenic carbon is only present in the packaging (wooden
pallets and cartons).

The end-of-life scenarios are as follows:

C1 The deconstruction of the PVB film is assumed to be done
manually. Therefore, no environmental loads for the dismantling
of this product are considered.
C2 - Transport to treatment/disposal site: Average transport
distance from the demolition site to waste treatment is assumed
as 50 km to landfill.

Assumed water content in wooden pallets (packaging): 18 %.
Assumed carbon content: dry wood mass consists of 50 %
biogenic carbon and paper/cardboard 43 %.

C4 - Disposal: The PVB film is 100% landfilled.
Name

The biogenic carbon content of the packaging is thus: 0.129 kg
pallet/declared unit * 0.82 * 0.5 kg C / kg pallet (abs. dry) +
0.082 kg *0.43 kg C/kg cardboard= 0.08815 kg C/declared unit.
Information on describing the biogenic Carbon Content at
factory gate

Value Unit

Collected as mixed construction waste [PVB film
per FU]

0.775 kg

0.775 kg

Landfilling [PVB film per FU]

Name

Value Unit
0.08815

Biogenic carbon content in accompanying
packaging

kg
C

Reuse, recovery and/or recycling potentials (D), relevant
scenario information

For the thermal and electrical energy generated in Module A5
due to the thermal treatment of packaging, avoided burdens
have been calculated by the inversion of the electricity grid mix
and thermal energy from natural gas, using European datasets.

The following technical scenario information is required for the
declared modules.

Installation into the building (A5)

The packaging material treatment and disposal are also
considered in module A5.

Value Unit

Name

Output substances following waste treatment on
site [packaging materials per FU]

0.2301 kg

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

3

kuraray

LCA: Results

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BOUNDARY (X = INCLUDED IN LCA; ND = MODULE OR INDICATOR NOT DECLARED; MNR =
MODULE NOT RELEVANT)

Benefits and
loads beyond
the system
boundaries

Construction
process stage

Product stage

Use stage

End of life stage

Operational energy

Transport from the

Operational water

2 Waste processing
C3

C1
2 De-construction

Refurbishment

☑ gate to the site
A4

Manufacturing

Raw material

Replacement

Maintenance

Recovery-

Recycling-

demolition

Assembly

Transport

Transport

Disposal

potential

Reuse-

supply

Repair

Use

use

use

DX

A2

A3

A5

C2

C4

A1

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

MND X MND MND MNR MNR MNR MND MND

✗

✗

X

✗

RESULTS OF THE LCA - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT according to EN 15804+A2: 1 m² PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)
Parameter

Unit

A1-A3

A5

C2

C3

C1

C4

D

kg CO2 eq

3.26E+00

2.37E-03

-1.19E-01

GWP-total

3.77E-01

0

0

5.49E-02

kg CO2 eq

GWP-fossil

2.37E-03

3.55E+00

5.77E-02

0

0

5.49E-02

-1.18E-01

GWP-biogenic

kg CO2 eq

3.2E-01

-2.95E-01

0

0

0

0

-6.05E-04

kg CO2 eq

9.09E-06

GWP-luluc

5.4E-04

5.85E-06

0

2.67E-05

-1.3E-05

0

kg CFC11 eq

1.91E-09

ODP

5.63E-14

0

4.84E-16

7.38E-14

-7.99E-13

0

4.67E-03

mol H+ eq

1.63E-04

AP

7.13E-05

0

7.48E-06

0

-1.56E-04

EP-freshwater

kg P eq
kg N eq
mol N eq
kg NMVOC
eq
kg Sb eq
MJ
m³ world eq
deprived

-1.63E-07

2.99E-05

1.62E-08

0

4.71E-09

0

1.03E-05

EP-marine
EP-terrestrial

3.5E-06

-4.22E-05

1.47E-03

2.45E-05

0

3.6E-05

0

3.28E-04

1.64E-02

3.95E-04

0

3.9E-05

0

-4.52E-04

6.56E-05

POCP

5.78E-03

0

6.82E-06

0

1.16E-04

-1.18E-04

-1.78E-08

ADPE

1.61E-06

1.45E-09

0

2.36E-10

0

3.81E-09

ADPF

7.95E+01

1.39E-01

0

3.13E-02

7.79E-01

-2.01E+00

0

WDP

3.87E-02

-7.12E-01

0

1.01E-05

0

-5.42E-04

-1.26E-02

GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP =
Eutrophication potential; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil
resources; ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential)
RESULTS OF THE LCA - INDICATORS TO DESCRIBE RESOURCE USE according to EN 15804+A2: 1 m² PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)
Parameter

A5
45
3.42E+00

A1-A3
1.03E+01

Unit
MJ

C1

C2

C4

D

C3

2.06E-03

PERE

0

6.41E-02
0

-5.52E-01

0

3.39E+00

PERM

-3.39E+00

0

MJ

0

0

0
-5.52E-01
-2.01E+00
0
-2.01E+00

|PERT

1.37E+01

MJ

3.22E-02

0

2.06E-03

0

6.41E-02

2.5E+01

PENRE

MJ

5.47E+01

6.94E-01

0

3.13E-02

0

-2.43E+01

PENRM

2.48E+01

-5.55E-01

0

0

0

MJ

PENRT

7.96E+01

1.39E-01

0

3.13E-02

0

7.8E-01

MJ

SM

kg
MJ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

RSF

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

NRSF

MJ
m³

0
1.64E-02

0

0

0
0

0

0

0
9.16E-04

1.6E-06

1.01E-05

-5.31E-04

FW

0

PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary
energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy
excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw
materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels;
NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water

RESULTS OF THE LCA – WASTE CATEGORIES AND OUTPUT FLOWS according to EN 15804+A2:

1 m² PVB film (Trosifol®)

Parameter

Unit

A1-A3
8.63E-08

A5
1.17E-11

C3

C1

C2

C4

D

1.2E-10
7.72E-01
9.58E-06

kg

0

1.37E-13

-2.73E-10

HWD

0

-1.02E-03

kg

3.89E-02

2.29E-02

0

5.1E-06

NHWD

0

3.94E-08

kg

7.58E-04

6.07E-06

0

0

-1.58E-04

RWD

CRU

kg

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

MFR

kg

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

MER

kg

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5.32E-01

EEE

MJ

0

0

0

0

0

0

EET

MJ

0

9.58E-01

0

0

0

0

0

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

4

kuraray

HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use;
MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy

RESULTS OF THE LCA - additional impact categories according to EN 15804+A2-optional:

1 m² PVB film (Trosifol®)

Parameter

Unit
Disease
incidence

A1-A3

A5

C1

C2

C3

C4

D

PM

6.26E-08

5.26E-10

0

4.26E-11

0

1.56E-09

-1.29E-09

IR

kBq U235 eq
CTUe

7.89E-02

9.02E-04

0

0

1.41E-03

-2.68E-02

4E-06

8.63E-02

7.63E-01

ETP-fw

6.53E+01

0

2.4E-02

0

-4.41E-01

-2.03E-11

HTP-C
HTP-nc

CTUh

9.32E-09

4.13E-12

0

4.81E-13

0

3.42E-11

CTUh
SQP

4.94E-08
4.91E+01

2.77E-11

2.79E-10
3.71E-02

0

0

2.87E-09

-7.8E-10

SQP

0

9.38E-03

0

5.61E-02

-3.59E-01

PM = Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions; IR = Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative
Toxic Unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative Toxic Unit for humans (cancerogenic); HTP-nc = Potential comparative Toxic Unit for humans
(not cancerogenic); SQP = Potential soil quality index

Disclaimer 1 - for the indicator "Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235". This impact category deals mainly with the
eventual impact of low-dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible
nuclear accidents, occupational exposure or radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the
soil, radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.

Disclaimer 2 - for the indicators 'abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources', 'abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources',
'water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption', 'potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems', 'potential
comparative toxic unit for humans - cancerogenic', 'Potential comparative toxic unit for humans - not cancerogenic', 'potential soil
quality index'. The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties on these results are high
as there is limited experience with the indicator.

References

EN ISO 14025:2011, Environmental labels and declarations —
Type III environmental declarations - Principles and
procedures.

Standards

DIN 53482

DIN 53482:1967-01, Testing of Insulating Materials;
Determination of Electrical Resistances Values.

Further References

DIN EN ISO 489

DIN EN ISO 489:1999-08, Plastics - Determination of the
refractive index (ISO 489:1999).

Candidate list

Candidate List of substances of very high concern for
Authorisation, published on ECHA website, latest version
17.01.2023 (https://echa.europa.eu/candidatelist-table)

DIN EN 993-15

DIN EN 993-15:2005-07, Methods of test for dense shaped
refractory products - Part 15: Determination of thermal
conductivity by the hot-wire (parallel) method.

GaBi

GaBi Software System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering, 1992-2021, Sphera Solutions GmbH, Leinfelden-
Echterdingen, with acknowledgement of
LBP University of Stuttgart, program version GaBi 10; database
version 2022.1.

DIN EN ISO 527-3

DIN EN ISO 527-3:2019-02, Plastics - Determination of tensile
properties - Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets (ISO
527-3:2018).

GaBi documentation

GaBi dataset documentation for the software system and
databases, LBP, University of Stuttgart and Sphera Solutions
GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen,

EN 15804

EN15804:2012+A1:2013, Sustainability of construction works
- Environmental Product Declarations Core rules for the
product category of construction products.

-

2021. (http://www.gabi-

software.com/support/gabi/gabi[1] database-2021-lci-

documentation/)

EN 15804

EN 15804:2012+A2:2019+AC:2021, Sustainability of
construction works - Environmental Product Declarations -
Core rules for the product category of construction products.

IBU 2021

Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.: General Instructions for the
EPD programme of Institut Bauen und Umwelt e. V., Version
2.0, Berlin: Institut Bauen und Umwelt e. V., 2021 HYPERLINK
"http://www.ibu-epd." www.ibu-epd.com

EN ISO 14449

EN 14449:2005/AC:2005, Glass in building - Laminated glass
and laminated safety glass - Evaluation of conformity/Product
standard.

Ordinance on Biocide Products No. 528/2012
Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available
on the market and use of biocidal products

ISO 11359-2

ISO 11359-2:2021-11, Plastics - Thermomechanical analysis
(TMA) - Part 2: Determination of coefficient of linear thermal
expansion and glass transition temperature.

PCR Part A

PCR Part A: Calculation rules for the Life Cycle Assessment
and Requirements on the Background Report according to EN

ISO 14025

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

5

kuraray

15 804+A2:2019, Version 1.3, Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.,
2020.

Product Category Rules for Building Products, Part B:

Requirements on the EPD for plate glass for construction and
interlayers, version 1.6, 2022 www.bau-umwelt.de

PCR Part B

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

6

kuraray

Publisher

Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.

+49 (0)30 3087748-0
info@ibu-epd.com
www.ibu-epd.com

Hegelplatz 1
10117 Berlin
Germany

Institut Bauen
und Umwelt e.V.

Programme holder

+49 (0)30 3087748-0
info@ibu-epd.com
www.ibu-epd.com

Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.
Hegelplatz 1

10117 Berlin
Germany

Institut Bauen
und Umwelt e.V.

Author of the Life Cycle Assessment

Sphera Solutions GmbH

+49 711 341817-0
info@sphera.com
www.sphera.com

spheraⓇ

Hauptstraße 111-113

70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen
Germany

Owner of the Declaration

Kuraray Europe GmbH
Philipp-Reis-Str. 4

+49 69 305 85 300
trosifol@kuraray.com
https://www.kuraray.eu/

kuraray

65795 Hattersheim
Germany

Environmental-Product Declaration - Kuraray Europe GmbH - PVB film (TrosifolⓇ)

7

The main constituents of TrosifolⓇ PVB film are (in mass percentages):


Question: What is the keyboard unit weight (product weight excluding packaging). I need specific numeric values in pounds or grams/kg.

133

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Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

Sculpted for
comfort and
performance.

For professionals wanting to reduce the fatigue associated with spending long
hours typing each day, the Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard
supports all-day comfort and productivity with style.

The sculpted ergonomic design and curved key layout promotes proper hand
and wrist posture, accommodating the natural contour of your hands to provide
a more comfortable and productive typing experience. Performance-enhancing
features include multiple connectivity options, government-grade encryption
security, universal compatibility, and a long-lasting rechargeable battery.

Complementing a modern workspace, the Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL
Rechargeable Keyboard is an ideal choice for professionals seeking to elevate
their typing experience with style, comfort, and performance.

Ergonomic design

•

Supports up to three devices

•

reddot winner 2024

Windows and macOS compatible

•

Swift Pair Technology reduces pairing hassles for Windows devices

•

PLASTIC

CONTAINS

Video conferencing keys

•

• RGB indicators for connection status, caps lock, and battery life

RECYCLED

Customizable keys

43%

•

POST

Includes 43% post-consumer recycled (PCR) content of total plastic components
(Excludes PCB assembly, rechargeable battery, 2.4GHz dongle and charging cable)

•

• 3-year limited warranty

•

Kensington

Product

Sheet

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

CONTAINS

PLASTIC

RECYCLED

43%

POST-

2.4GHz

Swift Pair Technology

Sustainability Attributes
Includes 43% post-
consumer recycled (PCR)
content of total plastic
components (Excludes PCB
assembly, rechargeable
battery, 2.4GHz dongle and
charging cable).

Ergonomic Design

Multiple Connection
Options

The thoughtfully designed
compact curved key
layout, built-in wrist pad,
and front keyboard legs
support optimal hand

Enhanced Bluetooth®
connection technology
designed to reduce pairing
hassles and simplify
connections for Windows
devices.

Supports up to three
devices two via

Bluetooth connections,
one via the 2.4GHz USB
receiver with 128-bit
AES government-grade
encryption security.
Windows and macOS
compatible.

and wrist positioning for
all-day ergonomic comfort
and productivity.

(4)
500
mAh

F10 F11F12D

E

Backspace

Home

P

]

[

O

Customizable Keys

Productivity Enhancing
Keys and Lights

Long-Lasting Power

The built-in 500mAh
rechargeable battery
includes a convenient
USB-C charging port and
cable for uninterrupted
productivity.

Customize your experience
by programming keys,
creating macros, adjusting
key mappings, managing
profiles, and more with
the optional Kensington
Konnect™ software.

Video conferencing keys
support efficient meeting
transitions. Vibrant RGB
indicators allow you
to easily monitor your
connection status, caps
lock, and battery life.

Kensington

Technical
Specifications

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

System Requirements

1 x USB-A

System Resource Requirement

for charging and wired connection.
Windows, macOS

Operating Systems Supported

Product Features

2.4GHz, Bluetooth

Connection
Multi-device

Up to 3 (2 x BT 5.2, 1 x 2.4GHz)

TKL, 93 keys (89 + 4 meeting control buttons)

Key Layout

Meeting control button
Switches

4 (Mute or Unmute/Video off or on/Share Screen/End call)
Membrane

Outer case and keycaps

43% PCR ABS

Wrist pad

Yes (Non-Detachable)

Backlight

ΝΑ

Battery

Rechargeable Battery

Keyboard: USB-C / Host: USB-A

Charging port

Charging time

3 hours to fully charged from low battery
At least 2.5 months after fully charged
Windows and macOS

Battery life

Kensington Konnect™ Support

Programmable keys
Keyboard Color

20

Black

Product Dimensions

Keyboard Unit Dimensions
(Width x Length x Height)
Keyboard Unit Weight
Keyboard Color

8.7 x 14.8 x 1.37"

(220.9 x 375.9 x 34.8mm)

1.32lbs (0.6kg)

Black

Packaging Dimensions

Packaging Style
Packaging Dimensions
(Width x Length x Height)
Packaging Weight

Retail box (FSC) with inner brown box (FSC)
Unit: 10.15 x 15.62 x 1.73" (258 x 397 x 44mm)
Carton: 11.5 x 16.3 x 8.07" (292 x 414 x 205mm)

Unit: 2.16lbs (0.98kg)

Master Carton: 9.92lbs (4.5kg)

Master Carton
Packaging Content

4pcs

1 x Keyboard

1 x 6' (1.8m) USB-C to USB-A cable

1 x 2.4GHz Wireless receiver

1 x Welcome card

1 x Instruction guide

1 x Battery warning insert

1 x Compliance sheet

1 x Warranty card

Kensington

Technical
Specifications

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

Power & Environmental

500mAh rechargeable battery

Battery

32 to 104°F (0 to 40°C)

Operating Temperature

5 to 140°F (-15 to 60°C)

Storage Temperature

Relative Humidity

0% to 85% non-condensing

Country of Origin, Regulatory, And Warranty

Country of Origin

China

3-year Limited

Warranty

Certifications & Compliance

FCC, IC, RCM, CB, China SRRC, RoHS, ACCO RSL, BC,
NrCAN, CE, UKCA, WEEE, NOM, PSTI

Sustainability

Outer Case and Keycaps
Paper Packaging

Made with 43% Post Consumer Recycled ABS
FSC™-certified

Kensington

All specifications are subject to change without notice. Products may not be available in all markets. Kensington and the ACCO
name and design are registered trademarks of ACCO Brands. Kensington The Professionals' Choice is a trademark of ACCO Brands.
All other registered and unregistered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 2024 Kensington Computer
Products Group, a division of ACCO Brands. All rights reserved.

ACCO
BRANDS

The Professionals' Choice™

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: 1-855-692-0054 | sales@kensington.com


Question: What is the packaging weight for a keyboard unit? I need specific numeric values in pounds or grams/kg.

133

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Kensington

Product
Sheet

F10

P

0

9

A

^

9

H

F6

n

Kensington

F2

R

E

2

Esc

W

D

C

S

A

Tab

X

Caps Lock

Z

ea

Fn

Ctri

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

Sculpted for
comfort and
performance.

For professionals wanting to reduce the fatigue associated with spending long
hours typing each day, the Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard
supports all-day comfort and productivity with style.

The sculpted ergonomic design and curved key layout promotes proper hand
and wrist posture, accommodating the natural contour of your hands to provide
a more comfortable and productive typing experience. Performance-enhancing
features include multiple connectivity options, government-grade encryption
security, universal compatibility, and a long-lasting rechargeable battery.

Complementing a modern workspace, the Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL
Rechargeable Keyboard is an ideal choice for professionals seeking to elevate
their typing experience with style, comfort, and performance.

Ergonomic design

•

Supports up to three devices

•

reddot winner 2024

Windows and macOS compatible

•

Swift Pair Technology reduces pairing hassles for Windows devices

•

PLASTIC

CONTAINS

Video conferencing keys

•

• RGB indicators for connection status, caps lock, and battery life

RECYCLED

Customizable keys

43%

•

POST

Includes 43% post-consumer recycled (PCR) content of total plastic components
(Excludes PCB assembly, rechargeable battery, 2.4GHz dongle and charging cable)

•

• 3-year limited warranty

•

Kensington

Product

Sheet

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

CONTAINS

PLASTIC

RECYCLED

43%

POST-

2.4GHz

Swift Pair Technology

Sustainability Attributes
Includes 43% post-
consumer recycled (PCR)
content of total plastic
components (Excludes PCB
assembly, rechargeable
battery, 2.4GHz dongle and
charging cable).

Ergonomic Design

Multiple Connection
Options

The thoughtfully designed
compact curved key
layout, built-in wrist pad,
and front keyboard legs
support optimal hand

Enhanced Bluetooth®
connection technology
designed to reduce pairing
hassles and simplify
connections for Windows
devices.

Supports up to three
devices two via

Bluetooth connections,
one via the 2.4GHz USB
receiver with 128-bit
AES government-grade
encryption security.
Windows and macOS
compatible.

and wrist positioning for
all-day ergonomic comfort
and productivity.

(4)
500
mAh

F10 F11F12D

E

Backspace

Home

P

]

[

O

Customizable Keys

Productivity Enhancing
Keys and Lights

Long-Lasting Power

The built-in 500mAh
rechargeable battery
includes a convenient
USB-C charging port and
cable for uninterrupted
productivity.

Customize your experience
by programming keys,
creating macros, adjusting
key mappings, managing
profiles, and more with
the optional Kensington
Konnect™ software.

Video conferencing keys
support efficient meeting
transitions. Vibrant RGB
indicators allow you
to easily monitor your
connection status, caps
lock, and battery life.

Kensington

Technical
Specifications

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

System Requirements

1 x USB-A

System Resource Requirement

for charging and wired connection.
Windows, macOS

Operating Systems Supported

Product Features

2.4GHz, Bluetooth

Connection
Multi-device

Up to 3 (2 x BT 5.2, 1 x 2.4GHz)

TKL, 93 keys (89 + 4 meeting control buttons)

Key Layout

Meeting control button
Switches

4 (Mute or Unmute/Video off or on/Share Screen/End call)
Membrane

Outer case and keycaps

43% PCR ABS

Wrist pad

Yes (Non-Detachable)

Backlight

ΝΑ

Battery

Rechargeable Battery

Keyboard: USB-C / Host: USB-A

Charging port

Charging time

3 hours to fully charged from low battery
At least 2.5 months after fully charged
Windows and macOS

Battery life

Kensington Konnect™ Support

Programmable keys
Keyboard Color

20

Black

Product Dimensions

Keyboard Unit Dimensions
(Width x Length x Height)
Keyboard Unit Weight
Keyboard Color

8.7 x 14.8 x 1.37"

(220.9 x 375.9 x 34.8mm)

1.32lbs (0.6kg)

Black

Packaging Dimensions

Packaging Style
Packaging Dimensions
(Width x Length x Height)
Packaging Weight

Retail box (FSC) with inner brown box (FSC)
Unit: 10.15 x 15.62 x 1.73" (258 x 397 x 44mm)
Carton: 11.5 x 16.3 x 8.07" (292 x 414 x 205mm)

Unit: 2.16lbs (0.98kg)

Master Carton: 9.92lbs (4.5kg)

Master Carton
Packaging Content

4pcs

1 x Keyboard

1 x 6' (1.8m) USB-C to USB-A cable

1 x 2.4GHz Wireless receiver

1 x Welcome card

1 x Instruction guide

1 x Battery warning insert

1 x Compliance sheet

1 x Warranty card

Kensington

Technical
Specifications

Pro Fit™ Ergo KB675 EQ TKL Rechargeable Keyboard

Part Number: K75491US | UPC Code: 0 85896 75491 6

Power & Environmental

500mAh rechargeable battery

Battery

32 to 104°F (0 to 40°C)

Operating Temperature

5 to 140°F (-15 to 60°C)

Storage Temperature

Relative Humidity

0% to 85% non-condensing

Country of Origin, Regulatory, And Warranty

Country of Origin

China

3-year Limited

Warranty

Certifications & Compliance

FCC, IC, RCM, CB, China SRRC, RoHS, ACCO RSL, BC,
NrCAN, CE, UKCA, WEEE, NOM, PSTI

Sustainability

Outer Case and Keycaps
Paper Packaging

Made with 43% Post Consumer Recycled ABS
FSC™-certified

Kensington

All specifications are subject to change without notice. Products may not be available in all markets. Kensington and the ACCO
name and design are registered trademarks of ACCO Brands. Kensington The Professionals' Choice is a trademark of ACCO Brands.
All other registered and unregistered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 2024 Kensington Computer
Products Group, a division of ACCO Brands. All rights reserved.

ACCO
BRANDS

The Professionals' Choice™

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: 1-855-692-0054 | sales@kensington.com

Packaging Style
Packaging Dimensions
(Width x Length x Height)
Packaging Weight