The Voluntary carbon market. what is the voluntary carbon market?what types are there how do they affect businesses in Kenya and africa. indicate the challenges businesses face towards offsetting their carbon footprint in Kenya. Indicate what role Msitu Africa is playing and how its helping businesses.Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

Climate Change


The Voluntary carbon market. what is the voluntary carbon market?what are the different mechanisms? how do they affect businesses in Kenya and africa? indicate the challenges businesses face towards offsetting their carbon footprint in Kenya. Indicate what role Msitu Africa is playing and how its helping businesses.Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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Write me an exciting and engaging linkedin post on The Voluntary carbon market. what is the voluntary carbon market?what are the different mechanisms such as clean development mechanism and REDD plus?explain? How do they affect businesses in Kenya and africa? indicate the challenges businesses face towards offsetting their carbon footprint in Kenya. Indicate what role Msitu Africa is playing and how its helping businesses.Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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How can fintech play a role towards climate change, how can fintech help businesses offset their carbon footprint? how can fintech play a role in carbon framing and tree planting initiatives in Kenya and Africa. What challenges do farmers in kenya face and how can fintech help them. what role can msitu africa play towards achieving this goals. Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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The Voluntary carbon market. what is the voluntary carbon market?what are the different mechanisms? how do they affect businesses in Kenya and africa? indicate the challenges businesses face towards offsetting their carbon footprint in Kenya. Indicate what role Msitu Africa is playing and how its helping businesses.Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa. You can also add on the clean development mechanism and REDD plus.

Climate Change


Write me an exciting! and engaging! linkedin post on The Voluntary carbon market. what is the voluntary carbon market?what are the different mechanisms such as clean development mechanism and REDD plus?explain? How do they affect businesses ESG/CSR initiatives in Kenya and africa? indicate the challenges businesses face towards offsetting their carbon footprint in Kenya. Indicate what role Msitu Africa is playing and how its helping businesses.Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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I am applying for the Alexander von humboldt stiftung International Climate Protection Fellowship, Fellowship for prospective leaders. The fellowship requires that the fisrt degree should be within 12 years. mine is 13 years . They have asked me to send my CV to see if i have qualified to apply. Kindly write the email that will accompany my CV

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minmize this pragraph:The data presented support a common role for climatic fluctuation, and the consequent fragmentation of forest habitat within South-East Asia (van der Kaars 1991; Kealhofer & Penny 1998; Penny 2001; Hope et al. 2004; White et al. 2004), in driving diversification and shaping the distribution of genetic diversity in nine species of Anopheles mosquito across the region. The best fitting demographic models for all six widespread species tested were those that included two allopatric refugia within the mountainous regions of northeast and northwest South-East Asia. With the exception of An. sawadwongporni, which may have increased in population size very recently, all species with sufficient sample sizes exhibited late Pleistocene (100–300 kya) demographic expansions, which are likely to have been triggered by the spread of forest habitat from refugia during warm, moist interglacial periods (Heaney 1991). Allopatric isolation within these refugia has presumably led to the simultaneous divergence of the eastern and western lineages of the CO2 gene observed in An. annularis, An. minimus, An. splendidus and An. philippinensis. This pattern of east–west divergence is also shared by An. baimaii and An. dirus, which have western and eastern distributions, respectively, although divergence in this case has resulted in speciation (Morgan et al. 2010). In contrast, no deep divergences were observed in An. aconitus, An. sawadwongporni or An. maculatus. Despite such different outcomes in patterns of genetic structure, the demographic modelling process was nonetheless able to detect a common influence of environmental history on the distribution of genetic diversity across all species. Differences between species in the patterns of genetic diversity, which are present despite a common influence of Pleistocene environmental change, can be explained by a combination of stochastic effects and differences in species biology. The SPLATCHE modelling approach can provide some insight into the latter. The fit of real to simulated data sets was influenced by levels of pre-expansion migration between refugial regions, representing levels of gene flow as populations expanded from allopatric refugia during the interglacials. Whereas An. minimus and An. philippinensis best fitted a model of low pre-expansion migration, all remaining species best fitted a model with higher levels of gene flow, potentially representing differences in dispersal capacity. The model fitting was also influenced by the breadth of altitudinal range of high carrying capacity and low friction during glacial periods, corresponding to a species’ tolerance to glacial habitats. Anopheles minimus and An. baimaii best fit models that have a low altitudinal range, consistent with our understanding that these species are highly forest dependent (Reid 1968; Darsie & Pradhan 1990; Rattanarithikul et al. 2006). Anopheles aconitus and An. sawadwongporni are the only species that best fit evolutionary scenarios with a wider altitudinal range, indicating greater flexibility to glacial habitats. Anopheles aconitus is more of an ecological generalist, utilizing exposed larval habitats such as rice paddies and ditches (Overgaard et al. 2003). During glacial periods, An. aconitus may have been able to survive in a relatively wide range of habitats, providing they retained sufficient moisture to provide appropriate larval habitat. A similar argument may apply to An. sawadongporni as its larval habitats, shaded streams (Rattanarithikul et al. 2006), could also potentially occur across a wider altitudinal range than forest habitats. However, it would then be surprising that An. maculatus, which is apparently ecologically similar and closely related to An. sawadongporni (Rattanarithikul et al. 2006; Morgan et al. 2009), best fitted models with narrow altitudinal ranges of suitable glacial habitat. This apparent difference is also striking given that over the same area of mainland South-East Asia (i.e. excluding eastern China, Taiwan and Sri Lanka), the gene trees of both species indicate recent range expansions. This suggests that the differences in the altitudinal ranges of suitable glacial habitat for these two species may be due to limitations in the SPLATCHE modelling approach, for example, in the limited number of scenarios modelled and/or the greater geographical sampling coverage for An. maculatus. If An. aconitus, An. sawadongporni and perhaps also An. maculatus are more plastic in their habitat requirements, this may underlie their lack of formation of deeply divergent lineages, presumably owing to lower levels of isolation during glacial periods compared to the other more forest-associated species in this study. The spatially explicit modelling approach provided strong evidence for the persistence of mosquito populations in two allopatric northern refugia, in the east and the west of South-East Asia, during the Pleistocene glacial periods. The approach had insufficient power, however, to distinguish between the potential eastern regions of northern Vietnam and Yunnan, and between the potential western regions of northern Myanmar and northeastern India. Northern Vietnam, northeastern India and northern Myanmar were all identified as putative forest refugial regions, based on a phylogenetic study of the Neocellia Series of Anopheles mosquitoes (Morgan et al. 2009). Northern Vietnam has also been proposed as a refugial region for the following forest-associated taxa: Anopheles baimaii (Morgan et al. 2010), the bird species Sasia ochracea (Fuchs et al. 2008) and Colobinae monkeys (Brandon-Jones 1996). The substantial population structure within Anopheles jeyporiensis, which is limited to the north of South-East Asia, further supports the persistence of suitable forest habitat in the north throughout the Pleistocene. Increased, high-density sampling throughout the mountainous northern regions may enable the locations of Pleistocene forest refugia to be more precisely pinpointed, the relative importance of those refugia defined and any additional complexity, such as microrefugia (Rull 2010), identified. Because of the long-term persistence of populations within glacial refugia, such regions are expected to accumulate greater diversity than recently colonized, less stable regions (Hewitt 1999, 2001). For example, within continental Europe, the long-term survival of many species in southern refugia has led to greater genetic diversity in the south relative to the more recently colonized north (Hewitt 2001, 2004). In the forest-dependent South-East Asian taxa studied here, a similar pattern is evident, but genetic diversity increases with increasing latitude. North–south clines of decreasing diversity along similar regions of the Thai–Myanmar border have also been noted at the intraspecific level in the black fly, Simulium tani (Pramual et al. 2005) and at the species level in sphingid moths (Beck et al. 2007). This commonality of latitudinal diversity gradient together with the demographic modelling supports a scenario of long-term survival in mountainous northern refugia followed by more recent colonization of the south for a range of taxa. All of the putative refugial areas, northeast India, northern Myanmar, Yunnan and northern Vietnam, are not only rich in genetic diversity as observed here but are also noted regions of high species biodiversity and endemicity (Pramual et al. 2005; Sterling & Hurley 2005; Ying-shan et al. 2007). The results of this study support the importance of montane regions as sources and sinks of tropical biodiversity, as has previously been documented in Borneo, Malaya and Sumatra (in Crematogaster ants; Quek et al. 2007), in Africa (Fjeldså & Lovett 1997; Roy 1997; Bowie et al. 2006) and in South America (Fjeldså & Rahbek 2006). The Thai–Myanmar border is a suture zone where the deeply divergent eastern and western lineages of An. minimus and An. annularis overlap, and also a potential hybrid zone where the sister taxa An. dirus and An. baimaii meet (Morgan et al. 2010). Increased sampling within the region is necessary to determine whether An. splendidus and An. philippinensis also have suture zones along the Thai–Myanmar border. Simultaneous divergence of eastern and western lineages within An. annularis, An. minimus, An. philippinensis and An. splendidus is strongly supported by hABC analysis and estimated to have occurred within the mid-Pleistocene, ∼900 or ∼1300 kya, depending on the divergence rate used. The ∼900 kya estimate is likely to be more accurate because this used the divergence rate of 2.3% pmy (Brower 1994), which was estimated from groups taxonomically similar to Anopheles (e.g. several Diptera) and the same gene, CO2. Conversely, the 1.5% pmy divergence rate estimated by Quek et al. (2004) used a very broad range of arthropods (including crabs) and a different gene, CO1. Allopatric divergence in the speciation of An. dirus and An. baimaii also dates to a similar time period, ∼1 Ma using the faster Brower (1994) rate of divergence (Morgan et al. 2010). The simultaneous and apparently coincident formation of suture/hybrid zones across several species suggests that this divergence was indeed driven by a common influence of environmental change. The estimated date (using either molecular clock) is too recent to have been triggered by tectonic activity or orogony, which dates back to 5 Ma or earlier in this mainland region (Hall 2002). A more likely explanation for the initial driving of divergence is the change in Pleistocene glacial cycles approximately 1 Ma, such that the cycles occurred more rapidly and with increased severity (Imbrie et al. 1992). The increased environmental pressures resulting from this change may have intensified the fluctuations in forest cover, triggering diversification within forest-associated taxa. The positioning of the suture zone may result from the southwards projection of the northern mountainous region into the narrow mountainous formation along the Thai–Myanmar border (see Fig. 1). At the transition into the post-glacial period, the regions close to the mountains are likely to have been reforested prior to the more distant and initially more arid areas of central Myanmar and Thailand. Consequently, the mountainous projection along the Thai–Myanmar border could facilitate early southwards dispersal from eastern and western refugia along its eastern and western flanks to form the suture zone. If the common patterns in the distribution of genetic diversity detected in this study are also found in other forest-associated taxa, the refugial regions of the mountainous north of South-East Asia and the suture zone on the Thai–Myanmar border would have particularly high conservation value. These regions not only currently possess high and unique genetic diversity but would also be important for the generation and maintenance of biodiversity in the long term. Thus, northern Vietnam, Yunnan, northern Myanmar and northeastern India, as well as the border region of Thailand and Myanmar, are highlighted as important regions for further study. In this respect, Anopheles mosquitoes will be useful in more fine-scale studies of these regions to characterize in greater detail the effects of Pleistocene environmental change. Above all, it is imperative that comparable studies of other forest-dependent taxa, including vertebrates, are conducted to determine the taxonomic generality of the findings of this study and ensure that this understanding can be taken into account in planning conservation policy.

Climate Change


日本排放核废水对全球生态影响

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Describe how the project will meet the goals for sustainability

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How does the SME climate hub work?

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什么是碳足迹

Climate Change


rewrite this report in the style of a world bank report. It should have a consistent style and give the reader an overall impression of Climate Risk and overall geopolitical impacts. Do not use the phrase 'In Conclusion' or use bullet points Geopolitical Report and Analysis on Climate Risk and its Potential Impacts Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive geopolitical analysis of climate risk and its potential impacts on the global economy, environment, and people. Climate change is a pressing issue that has far-reaching consequences, transcending national borders and affecting various aspects of human life. Understanding the geopolitical implications of climate risk is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to develop effective strategies for mitigating and adapting to its impacts. Climate Risk and the Global Economy Economic Disruptions: Climate-related events such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and changing precipitation patterns can disrupt global supply chains, damage infrastructure, and lead to production losses. This can result in economic slowdowns, higher production costs, and reduced trade flows. Financial Stability: Climate risk can also pose a threat to financial stability. As the frequency and intensity of climate-related events increase, insurance companies, banks, and other financial institutions may face significant losses. The reallocation of capital away from industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels can also impact financial markets and investment portfolios. Climate Risk and the Environment 3.1 Biodiversity Loss: Climate change is a major driver of species extinction and loss of biodiversity. Rising temperatures, habitat destruction, and changing ecosystems can disrupt delicate ecological balances, leading to the collapse of ecosystems and the loss of valuable natural resources. Water Scarcity: Changing precipitation patterns and rising temperatures can exacerbate water scarcity in many regions, leading to conflicts over water resources. This can have severe consequences for agriculture, food security, and human settlements. Impact of Climate Change on Water Scarcity Climate change is expected to have a significant impact on water scarcity, exacerbating existing challenges and creating new ones. Changing precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and increased evaporation rates are projected to reduce water availability in many regions, leading to water stress and scarcity. The consequences of water scarcity can be severe, affecting agriculture, food security, human health, and economic development. Specific Countries Impacted: 1. India: India is one of the countries expected to be worst impacted by water scarcity due to climate change. The country is heavily reliant on monsoon rains for its agricultural sector, which employs a significant portion of the population. Changing precipitation patterns and increased droughts are projected to reduce water availability, leading to crop failures and food insecurity. It is estimated that by 2030, around 40% of India's population will be living in areas with high water stress. 2. South Africa: South Africa is already facing water scarcity challenges, and climate change is expected to worsen the situation. The country has experienced severe droughts in recent years, leading to water shortages and agricultural losses. Climate change projections indicate that these droughts may become more frequent and intense, further straining water resources. It is estimated that by 2030, South Africa could face a water deficit of 17% of its total water supply. 3. Yemen: Yemen is already facing severe water scarcity issues, and climate change is expected to exacerbate the situation. The country relies heavily on groundwater resources, which are being depleted at an unsustainable rate. Changing precipitation patterns and increased evaporation rates are projected to further reduce water availability, leading to increased competition and conflicts over water resources. It is estimated that around 16 million people in Yemen currently lack access to clean water, and this number is expected to increase due to climate change. Risk treatment options 1. Water Conservation and Efficiency: Implementing water conservation measures and promoting efficient water use can help mitigate the impacts of water scarcity. This can include the adoption of water-saving technologies in agriculture, industries, and households, as well as the implementation of water pricing mechanisms that incentivize conservation. 2. Water Storage and Management: Developing effective water storage and management infrastructure can help mitigate the impacts of changing precipitation patterns. This can include the construction of reservoirs, dams, and rainwater harvesting systems to capture and store water during periods of high rainfall for use during dry periods. 3. Integrated Water Resource Management: Implementing integrated water resource management approaches can help ensure sustainable and equitable use of water resources. This involves considering the needs of different sectors, such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use, and balancing them with environmental considerations. 4. Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices can help reduce the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to water scarcity. This can include the adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties, efficient irrigation techniques, and agroforestry practices that help conserve water and improve soil moisture retention. 5. International Cooperation: Addressing water scarcity requires international cooperation, particularly in transboundary river basins. Collaborative efforts, such as sharing data, coordinating water management strategies, and resolving disputes through diplomatic means, can help ensure sustainable and equitable use of shared water resources. It is important to note that the impacts of water scarcity due to climate change will vary across regions and depend on various factors, including local climate conditions, water management practices, and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, tailored solutions and strategies are needed to address the specific challenges faced by each country and region. Rising Sea Levels: One of the most visible impacts of climate change is the rising sea levels. This poses a significant threat to coastal communities, infrastructure, and low-lying island nations. The forced displacement of populations can lead to social and political instability, as well as increased migration pressures. Climate Risk and People 4.1 Human Health: Climate change can have significant impacts on human health, including increased prevalence of infectious diseases, heat-related illnesses, and malnutrition due to agricultural disruptions. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and low-income communities, are particularly at risk. Social Disruptions: Climate-related events can lead to social disruptions, including displacement, conflict, and migration. This can strain social cohesion, exacerbate existing inequalities, and contribute to political instability. Climate Justice: Climate change affects different regions and populations unequally, with developing countries often bearing the brunt of its impacts despite contributing less to greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing climate risk requires a just and equitable approach, ensuring that the burden is shared fairly across nations and communities. Climate change and the Economy Climate change poses significant risks to the global economy, including the potential to exacerbate the sovereign debt crisis. The impacts of climate change, such as increased costs, reduced productivity, financial instability, and limited access to aid and debt relief, can strain government budgets and increase debt levels. Addressing the sovereign debt crisis in the context of climate change requires international cooperation and support, particularly for developing countries that are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. By recognizing the interconnected nature of climate change and the sovereign debt crisis, policymakers can develop strategies that promote both economic stability and environmental sustainability. International Cooperation: Addressing the sovereign debt crisis in the context of climate change requires international cooperation. Developed countries, which have historically contributed the most to greenhouse gas emissions, should provide financial and technical support to developing countries to help them transition to low-carbon economies and build resilience to climate change. International financial institutions and donors should also consider debt relief and restructuring mechanisms that take into account the additional burden imposed by climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Costs: The costs associated with mitigating and adapting to climate change can also strain government budgets and contribute to the sovereign debt crisis. Investing in renewable energy infrastructure, implementing climate change policies, and developing resilience measures require significant financial resources. For countries already facing high levels of debt, these additional costs can be overwhelming and further increase their vulnerability to a debt crisis. International Aid and Debt Relief: Climate change can also affect the ability of countries to access international aid and debt relief. As countries face the impacts of climate change, they may require additional financial assistance to support their adaptation and mitigation efforts. However, the availability of aid and debt relief may be limited, as donor countries themselves may be dealing with the impacts of climate change or facing their own economic challenges. This can further exacerbate the sovereign debt crisis, as countries struggle to meet their financial obligations while addressing climate-related challenges. Financial Instability: The impacts of climate change can also create financial instability, which can worsen the sovereign debt crisis. As climate-related events become more frequent and severe, insurance companies and other financial institutions may face significant losses, impacting their ability to provide credit and support economic growth. Additionally, the reallocation of capital away from carbon-intensive industries can lead to stranded assets and financial market volatility, further destabilizing economies and increasing the risk of a debt crisis. Reduced Economic Productivity: Climate change can also lead to reduced economic productivity, further contributing to the sovereign debt crisis. Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can negatively affect agriculture, leading to lower crop yields and food shortages. This can result in increased import costs and dependence on foreign aid, further burdening national economies and increasing debt levels. Economic Impacts: Climate change can have significant economic impacts, including exacerbating the sovereign debt crisis. As countries face the consequences of climate-related events such as extreme weather events and rising sea levels, they may experience increased costs for disaster response and recovery, as well as the need to invest in adaptation measures. These additional expenses can strain government budgets and increase public debt levels, potentially leading to a sovereign debt crisis. Climate and Terrorism: Addressing the risks associated with conflict and terrorism caused by climate change requires a comprehensive approach that combines conflict prevention, climate adaptation, and sustainable development strategies. By promoting inclusive governance, addressing social inequalities, and investing in resilience-building measures, policymakers can reduce the likelihood of conflicts and terrorism fueled by climate change. International cooperation and collaboration are also essential to address the transboundary nature of these risks and ensure a coordinated response to the geopolitical challenges posed by climate change. Cross-Border Conflicts: Climate change can also exacerbate tensions between countries and increase the risk of cross-border conflicts. Disputes over shared water resources, territorial claims, or migration flows can escalate into conflicts if not managed effectively. Climate change can amplify these disputes by intensifying resource scarcity and migration pressures, further straining diplomatic relations and increasing the risk of conflicts. Weak Governance and State Fragility: Climate change can weaken governance structures and contribute to state fragility, making countries more susceptible to conflicts and terrorism. The strain on government resources and the inability to effectively respond to climate-related challenges can undermine trust in institutions and create power vacuums that extremist groups can exploit. Additionally, the displacement of populations can disrupt social structures and create conditions conducive to the emergence of terrorist safe havens. Social and Economic Inequalities: Climate change can exacerbate social and economic inequalities, leading to social unrest and conflict. Vulnerable communities, such as marginalized ethnic or religious groups, are often disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change. The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities can create grievances and fuel social tensions, which can escalate into conflicts or provide fertile ground for terrorist recruitment. Displacement and Migration: Climate change can force populations to migrate due to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, or the loss of agricultural land. The displacement of people can strain host communities and lead to social tensions and conflicts, particularly in regions with limited resources and weak governance structures. Additionally, the movement of people can create opportunities for terrorist groups to exploit vulnerable populations and recruit new members. Resource Scarcity: Changing precipitation patterns and rising temperatures can lead to water and food scarcity, particularly in regions that are already experiencing high levels of poverty and political instability. Competition over scarce resources can intensify existing conflicts or trigger new ones, as communities and nations fight for access to essential resources. Climate change can exacerbate existing conflicts and contribute to the emergence of new conflicts, as well as increase the risk of terrorism. The impacts of climate change, such as resource scarcity, displacement, and social disruptions, can create conditions that fuel tensions and lead to violent conflicts. The following are some of the risks associated with conflict and terrorism caused by climate change:

Climate Change


I have a developed an entreprenuership course lesson 9 covers the following Lesson 9: Case Studies and Best Practices - Examining successful African entrepreneurs and their climate change initiatives - Analyzing case studies of innovative business models and approaches - Learning from local and international best practices write a paragraph to introduce the lesson and what the the learners would have learnt at the end of the lesson

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Describe planet named Chearthobyl, an alternate Earth become new Chernobyl in the parallel universe, it has green atmosphere.

Climate Change


请帮我分析一下环保可再生资源产业发展现状,要求2000字

Climate Change


Je rédige une document stratgique régional sur la gestion des arbres dans la Région Grand est. Pourrais tu t'inspirer du texte suivant pour me rédiger une partie (2 ou 3 paragraphes) sur les rapport entre l'exploitation des arbres et la société. Les inquiétudes et les attentes de la société évoluent au sujet de la forêt. Elles sont depuis quelques années très vives. Les premiers dépérissements du fait des changements climatiques inquiètent nos concitoyens et renvoient aux interrogations de certains forestiers eux-mêmes. Les fondements traditionnels de la gestion des forêts en France, jusqu’à présent légitimement intégrés dans la gestion certifiée « soutenable », ne sont plus partagés. La montée en puissance de la sensibilité de l’opinion publique à la récolte de bois sur fond d’anxiété Ces dernières années, la forêt fait l’objet d’une attention sociétale et médiatique considérablement renforcée, qui rappelle l’épisode de « pluies acides » des années 80. On est passé d’une situation de plutôt bienveillance envers les forêts et les forestiers (en 2017, une analyse des médias ne mettait pas en évidence de conflits lourds entre société et forestiers) à une situation d’inquiétude et de défiance. Il y a une éco-anxiété qui s’exprime envers les forêts. Aujourd’hui, les menaces sur la forêt (changement climatique, risques sanitaires, méga-feux, dégradation et déforestation en zones tropicale) confortent l’opinion publique sur la fragilité de la forêt et la nécessité de la préserver, voire de la sanctuariser. Une part croissante de la société est de plus en plus sensible à la coupe des arbres (refus des « coupes à blanc » dans les forêts péri-urbaines) et à « l’industrialisation » de la forêt (cf. l’extraordinaire succès de l’ouvrage « La vie secrète des arbres » de Peter Wohlleben, le film « Le temps des forêts » de François-Xavier Drouet...). À cet égard, la perception et la sensibilité paysagères sont certainement un puissant moteur d’opinion. Le changement de paysage est vécu comme une agression et un signe de dérèglement. Dernièrement, ce mouvement général de l’opinion a pu basculer dans l’extrémisme : occupations de terrains, dégradations de matériel, bâtiments et plantations... Réseaux sociaux et messages médiatiques entrainent de la confusion dans l’esprit de nos concitoyens, en amalgamant sujets mondiaux et locaux. Chacun développe un avis plus ou moins valide sur ce qu’il convient de faire en matière de gestion forestière. Des investisseurs institutionnels (assureurs, banques, utilisateurs de produits bois, constructeurs...) sont de plus en plus sensibles à ce risque d’image. Ils veulent voir évoluer le modèle sylvicole, pour qu’il colle mieux aux objectifs RSE et à la sensibilité de l’opinion publique. Des Français de plus en plus urbains, de plus en plus éloignés du monde rural et des réalités du vivant Les impressions et parfois les idées reçues résultent aussi d’une méconnaissance croissante des Français, de plus en plus éloignés des réalités du monde rural. La société valorise le bois, mais accepte de moins en moins de couper des arbres, croyant la forêt en recul et en danger. Souvent, prévaut une vision fixiste de la forêt et certains ne comprennent pas pourquoi on coupe un arbre, tout en achetant leur cuisine intégrée avec du bois importé. Trop souvent, nous ne faisons pas la connexion entre le bois, dont l’image est positive, et les forêts alentours. Les forêts constituent le poumon vert d’équilibre des milieux urbains, un lieu de ressourcement, d’évasion, constaté dès la fin du confinement. Par leur interaction avec l’atmosphère, les arbres ont un effet sur la qualité de l’air et par conséquent sur la santé humaine. Ils contribuent également à réguler l’environnement local : en ville, ils limitent l’effet d’îlot de chaleur. Peu de gens savent que l’eau qui coule à leur robinet provient souvent de ressources en eau de qualité captée sous couvert forestier. Alors que les jeunes générations sont de plus en plus sensibles à la surconsommation des ressources naturelles, il est impératif de partager entre les forestiers et la société un contrat social clair, afin de faire face ensemble aux crises climatiques à venir. Prendre en compte l’attente et les inquiétudes sur l’avenir des forêts – y compris de la part des forestiers eux-mêmes – demande de s’engager sans attendre dans une dynamique d’apprentissage collectif et un nouveau paradigme de la gestion des forêts. La prise en compte des réalités et des enjeux liés à la forêt et au bois dans l‘enseignement primaire et secondaire est essentiel pour construire ce nouveau contrat social forestier sur des bases saines. Des sorties en forêt ou des « classes vertes » sont à redynamiser. La formation des citoyens aux sciences naturelles est essentielle. Expliquer le cycle de la forêt et les services écosystémiques, faire participer à des actions sur le terrain apparait primordial. La nécessité de renforcer la transparence, les lieux de dialogue et de concertation, au plus proche des territoires Les documents d’aménagement forestier des forêts publics sont accessibles (excepté des informations de nature commerciale), mais cet accès reste difficile et confidentiel. Les documents de gestion des forêt (PSG) ne sont pas accessibles au public. Tous ces documents restent très « foresto-forestiers » et peu compréhensibles par un lecteur non initié. Cette opacité et ce manque de transparence favorisent la défiance. Les parcs naturels régionaux (PNR), les chartes forestières de territoire, les comités de massif autour de grande forêts domaniales, les comités « forêts d’exception » sur quelques forêts domaniales... sont autant de lieu de dialogue, de concertation, d’expérimentation, qui fonctionnent plutôt bien et méritent d'être renforcés. Toutefois, la communication et la concertation prennent du temps et demandent des moyens que n’ont plus suffisamment les opérateurs (ONF, CNPF...). Les « sachants » forestiers, dont la légitimité et l’expertise n’étaient pas mise en doute, doivent dorénavant intégrer écoute et concertation, en faisant appel aux nombreuses ressources et connaissances des acteurs locaux. En outre, l’adaptation des forêts et de la filière bois au changement climatique va entraîner de profondes modifications des paysages et des pratiques. Le diagnostic initial et les actions à conduire ne peuvent s’envisager sans une concertation débouchant sur un consensus sociétal. Ce dernier doit être décliné au niveau territorial car les sensibilités et les contextes sont très variées selon les territoires. Pédagogie, dialogue et concertation sont ainsi indispensables à la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation, de l’échelle locale au national. Les sciences participatives et citoyennes créent du lien et rapprochent le public. Plus généralement, on constate également une appétence des consommateurs pour des labels apportant des garanties sur les conditions de production ou l’origine des produits. A ce titre, la certification forestière qui s’est développée depuis une trentaine d’année (avec deux principaux systèmes : PEFC et FSC) est un bon outil mais les surfaces certifiées plafonnent Arbres en ville et forêts urbaines, en écho aux forêts de nos territoires La stratégie européenne pour la biodiversité nous incite à conforter la place de l’arbre en ville (Cf. annexe « Quelques repères sur... les récentes stratégies de l’Union européenne »). Les espaces verts, parcs urbains, squares, arbres d’alignements... rendent de nombreux services écosystémiques, améliorent la qualité de l’air, limitent les effets de chaleur urbains. Les arbres urbains représentent une solution très avantageuse et peu coûteuse pour lutter contre la pollution atmosphérique et la chaleur en ville. En plus de ce double avantage, ils offrent également un cadre de vie agréable aux citadins en multipliant les espaces verts et en fournissant des habitats pour la faune urbaine (oiseaux notamment). Un récent rapport de l’Organisation Mondiale pour la Santé faisant la synthèse des impacts sanitaire des espaces verts en milieu urbain indique que les arbres « apportent de nombreux bienfaits à la santé publique, notamment en termes de relaxation psychologique et de réduction du stress, d’augmentation de l’activité physique et de réduction potentielle de l’exposition à la pollution de l’air, au bruit et à la chaleur excessive". Outre le problème de la pollution, les villes sont en effet également confrontées au danger des ilots de chaleur urbains, causés par les épisodes caniculaires de plus en plus fréquents et intenses, comme durant l’été 2003, où la canicule a fait 20 000 victimes. De nombreuses villes et métropole, conscientes de l’intérêt apporté par l’arbre pour la cité, multiplient les projets et actions pour ramener la nature au cœur des milieux urbains. Le projet SESAME, mené par le Cerema en partenariat avec la ville de Metz et la communauté d’agglomération Metz Métropole, constitue un projet novateur ; son objectif concret étant de permettre aux gestionnaires des espaces verts de la Ville et de la Métropole de choisir et de planter les espèces ligneuses les mieux adaptées en anticipant les contraintes (en particulier climatiques) et les besoins de services écosystémiques futurs, à la fin du 21e siècle, lorsque les arbres auront atteint leur pleine maturité. La métropole du Grand Lyon (534 km2 et 1,7 millions d’habitants) utilise l’indice de canopée49 pour suivre sa politique : elle s’est fixé pour objectif de le porter de 27 % à 30 % d’ici 2030 en plantant 300 000 arbres supplémentaires. À mi-chemin entre la ville et la forêt, l’arbre champêtre, même si sa place a beaucoup régressé, conserve une symbolique forte. Qu’il soit isolé au milieu d’un champ avec un port majestueux, en alignement dans une haie, en bosquet, associé à une culture dans une parcelle en agroforesterie, le long d’une route... l’arbre apporte toujours une multitude de services (cf. annexe L’arbre en milieu rural et agroforesterie). Cet arbre champêtre est aussi un arbre de proximité pour beaucoup de nos concitoyens. L’attachement au paysage bocager est profond pour les habitants des territoires où il existe encore, autant que celui qui nous lie à la forêt. L’arbre est toujours un symbole de nature et un élément structurant de nos paysages quotidiens. Comme celui des villes ou celui des sylves profondes, l’arbre de nos campagnes est menacé par le changement climatique et mérite une attention particulière. Le forestier est moins concerné, mais les agriculteurs et les collectivités sont en première ligne.

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治水工作总结,六污同治,截污管网建设,支管到户,小区错混接改造,工厂雨污分流,农业尾水治理,公共建筑雨污分流,落实河长制

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Are you able to locate this publication CIGI Special Report Climate Change in Africa: Adaptation, Mitigation and Governance Challenges

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怎么客观看待日本把核废水排海

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The Government of Kenya led by H.E. Dr. WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO initiated planting of 15 billion trees by 2032, a move aimed at: reducing greenhouse emissions, stopping and reversing deforestation and, restoring 5.1 million hectares of deforested and degraded landscapes through the African Landscape Restoration Initiative which was launched 19 Jan 2023.

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Write me an, engaging and exciting linkedin post on the kenyan government’s 15b tree plugged. Indicate how msitu africa can help in the fight against climate change. The Government of Kenya led by H.E. Dr. WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO initiated planting of 15 billion trees by 2032, a move aimed at: reducing greenhouse emissions, stopping and reversing deforestation and, restoring 5.1 million hectares of deforested and degraded landscapes through the African Landscape Restoration Initiative which was launched 19 Jan 2023. Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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edit the text as part of thesis's abstract:"Atmospheric extreme events are rare events with large anomalies that are statistically far from the concentration point of abundance. Among the extreme phenomena, we can mention maximum extreme rainfalls, which are the main cause of floods, landslides, soil erosion and environmental, social and economic damages. The heavy rain on the fifth of April 2018 (March 25, 2019) in Shiraz is an example of extreme rains in this region, which caused floods and many human and financial losses. In this research, in order to investigate various factors in the formation of convective storm with heavy rainfall in Shiraz, first, with the help of ERA5 reanalysis data with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 degrees, the similitude of this event has been investigated. Then, the simulation of this system using the WRF model and using ERA5 data as initial values and boundary conditions for two nested areas with a separation of 9 and 3 km for a period of 66 hours from UTC 12 March 24 to UTC 06 It was done on March 26, 2019. To evaluate the simulation results, observational data from a number of synoptic stations in Fars province were used. In the following, to investigate the instability conditions and the formation of potential wave dipoles in the mesoscale and convective scale, the fields of equivalent potential wave (EPV) and saturated equivalent potential wave (SEPV), equivalent potential temperature (θ_e) And saturation equivalent potential temperature (θ_es), frontal function (F) and absolute temperature were calculated with the help of ERA5 data and model output for two areas. Also, the role of horizontal dipoles in the potential wave was investigated by calculating the potential wave with the Coriolis parameter (absolute potential wave) and without the Coriolis parameter (relative potential wave) using the simulation results of the model."

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I would like to facilitate the following Lesson 5: Ideation and Opportunity Assessment - Introduction to design thinking principles - Brainstorming potential climate change-related entrepreneurial ideas - Conducting a quick market assessment and validation exercise How will the teaching content look like? Include presentation ideas, reading assignments, hands on assignments and case studies

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I would like to facilitate the following Lesson 9: Case Studies and Best Practices - Examining successful African entrepreneurs and their climate change initiatives - Analyzing case studies of innovative business models and approaches - Learning from local and international best practices How will the teaching content look like? Include presentation ideas, reading assignments, hands on assignments and case studies

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Write a fake news report during summer where temperatures drop to 2 degrees and heavy rain will last 4 days, State this is a "return to winter", State that summer will resume in a few days

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Why do you want to join the Children and Youth Pavilion at COP28 and the chosen Task Force/s specifically? (Maximum 100 words.)

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True greenfield land—the sort the public treasures—could be just as well protected by designating more of it as national parks, or areas of outstanding natural beauty or special scientific interest and the like.分析句子结构

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writing an introduction to the calculation of the CO2-equivalent emissions while driving, from electric cars while charging them from Germany energy mix und solar energy

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What do you think of the effect of climate change in recent years answer in 5 sentences

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Wayne nj 环境社区

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الهيئات والمؤسسات الجمعيات الحكومية وغير الحكومية المعنيه بالبيئة والتغير المناخي في الامارات

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India's roadmap to renewable energy essay in 1000 words

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какой может быть состав в процентном соотношении атмосферы выдуманной планеты если: цвет атмосферы - жёлтый и зелёный, плотность атмосферы в 3 раза больше земной, температура днём - +142, ночью - +82. также планета находится на расстоянии около 0.7 ае, а в качестве звезды для упрощения возьмём Солнце.

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write effectively essay about impact climate change on meteorological parameters such as droughts, precipitation and evaporation in Tigris River basin - Iraq

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帮我改一下文献综述吧2.1 Climate Change Affects Wildfire Risks Wildfires have become a growing concern globally due to their increasing scale and impact. Many studies have shown that climate change is one of the most critical factors contributing to the rising wildfire risk (An, Gan, & Cho, 2015; Yao et al., 2017; Barbero et al., 2019; Zhao & Liu, 2019; Hartter et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2023), particularly in arid regions such as mountains and grasslands (Carter et al., 2018). As climate change alters temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind patterns, it can have direct and indirect effects on wildfire activity, with positive and negative feedback loops operating at different temporal and spatial scales (Kennedy et al., 2021). The impact of wildfires on the environment and public health has also garnered attention. For instance, wildfires and smoke exposure have been linked to respiratory health problems such as asthma exacerbations in places like Australia, Northeast, and Western United States (Reid & Maestas, 2019; Liu et al., 2016). Moreover, wildfires worsen air quality and pose adverse health impacts expected to significantly contribute to future air pollution in high anthropogenic emission scenarios (Yang et al., 2022). As a result of changing weather conditions, areas previously unaffected by wildfires like Aotearoa New Zealand are now experiencing extreme wildfire weather (Melia et al., 2022). According to Millar et al. (2015), despite debates over whether climate change causes wildfires, it remains essential to prepare and respond to such events. Aside from the immediate impact on surrounding areas, wildfires can also have significant atmospheric effects. For example, wildfire plumes' early development can cause significant warming, affecting atmospheric temperature structures and short-term climates in the stratosphere (Stocker et al., 2021). Additionally, Arctic tundra ecosystems are experiencing increased wildfire activity with warm and dry conditions from late spring to mid-summer playing a significant role (Masrur et al., 2018). Although media coverage commonly attributes wildfires to climate change compared to hurricanes, policymaking addressing climate change challenges is not significantly impacted overall (Molder & Calice, 2023). Interestingly, Brenkert-Smith et al. (2015) found that there seems to be a positive relationship between being a climate denier and the level of wildfire risk mitigation, while climate change beliefs do not significantly impact wildfire reduction actions in general. To mitigate the risk of wildfires, various early warning systems have been developed, such as the DISARM project that forecasts wildfire danger, detects them with remote sensing techniques, and models fire and weather to assess wildfire risk in the Eastern Mediterranean region (Kotroni et al., 2020). Additionally, historical climate suitability models can be projected into future climate spaces to evaluate the changing spatial distribution of climate suitability of significant wildfires in Colorado and Wyoming (West et al., 2016). (这段作为针对气候变化带来的野火风险人们采取的预警系统/前人的研究模型,需要扩展一下,加点实施效果和别人对这两个预警系统的肯定/批判) Overall, climate change has impacted wildfire risks globally, and effective mitigation and adaptation strategies are necessary to address their impacts on human health, air quality, and ecosystems. (前面加一段因为气候变化带来的野火对ecosystems 的影响)Increased wildfire hazards and burnt areas are projected for Southern Europe, particularly Mediterranean mountains, due to warmer and drier conditions (Dupuy et al., 2020). Luo et al. (2013) declared that future atmospheric environments in the mountainous regions of the Western US are expected to facilitate erratic wildfires with a higher risk for rapid growth and spread, while heat-induced fire-weather types are projected to increase in the Mediterranean Basin, which has been associated with some of the largest recent wildfires (Ruffault et al., 2020). (这2句要不要移个位子或者删了,感觉加在这里有点突兀? As such, accounting for future wildfire occurrence on a warming planet is crucial (Baker, 2022), and policymakers must consider negative impacts on public health and daily activities in implementing strategies such as public safety power shutoffs in California (Wong-Parodi, 2022). (+ 指明因为这些影响说明这个课题值得去研究)

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Explain any green chemistry process that are used for the preparation of solvents (minimum two examples)

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New providence 环境

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Can you Research and Collect Data on Net carbon positivity, carbon neutrality, and Carbon positive work-life community Buildings, with a preference for examples on stilts and storm surge resilience. Make sure to focus on Architectural data. Or put the data in terms an architect can use in an upcoming project. Include sources and links in the research.

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Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023

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Write me a LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, CARBON TRADING ,carbon credit policy.

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Write me an engaging LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, CARBON TRADING ,carbon credit policy. Does msitu africa play any role? Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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Write me a short LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, CARBON TRADING,carbon credit policy. Does Msitu Africa play any role? Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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Write me an informative and creative LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, touching on CARBON TRADING,carbon credit policy. In the conclusion, indicate how Msitu Africa is playing a significant role. Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

Climate Change


Write me an informative LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, touching on CARBON TRADING,carbon credit policy. How does it affect or impact Msitu Africa's mission? Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

Climate Change


Write me an informative LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, touching on CARBON TRADING,carbon credit policy. How does it impact on ESG compliance in Kenya? How does it all fit with Msitu Africas mission? Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

Climate Change


Write me an informative,captivating and exciting! LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, touching on CARBON TRADING,carbon credit policy. How does it impact on ESG compliance in Kenya? How does it all fit with Msitu Africas mission? Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa. You can also add onto the upcoming Africa climate summit 2023

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Write an informative, captivating, and exciting LinkedIn post about the Kenya Climate Change (Amendment) Bill, 2023, and its connection to the upcoming Africa Climate Summit 2023 held from 4-8 September. Highlight the key points of the bill, such as carbon trading and the carbon credit policy, and discuss their impact on ESG compliance in Kenya. Additionally, emphasize how these initiatives align with Msitu Africa's mission. Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance, a unique non-profit fintech organization, is dedicated to helping businesses reduce their carbon footprint. With the implementation of our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa, contributing to environmental sustainability.

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Write me an informative,captivating! and exciting! LinkedIn post about the Kenya CLIMATE CHANGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023, touching on CARBON TRADING,carbon credit policy.interloop its significance with the upcoming Africa climate summit 2023 4-8 September. How does the bill impact on ESG compliance in Kenya? How does the bill all fit with Msitu Africa's mission? Msitu Africa Carbon Alliance is a unique non-profit fintech organization dedicated to assisting businesses in mitigating and lowering their carbon footprint. Implementing our game-changing API, businesses can automate donations towards supporting carbon farming and tree planting programs in Kenya and Africa.

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A meme shows a picture of a diagram at a natural history museum. The picture shows a lever with the text "Lift bar to create a mass extinction" above it. The lever is broken at the bottom of the shaft. What does this mean imply?

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Sollte man Flugreisen stärker besteuern? Pro und contra Argumente

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How does climate change correlate with crime injustices

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日本核污水真的不会影响环境吗

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продолжи список "аномальная жара и холод, лесные пожары, ливни, ураганы, эпидемии болезней"

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what are the main points of this article: https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/why-us-diners-can-expect-more-plant-based-menu-options-over-the-next-year/

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база статей по экологии и природопользованию

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How present generation needs are fulfilled without compromising future generation needs

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哪些玻璃制造公司有 用到碳排放/碳中和领域有交叉。

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Make this better and more profesional. We have developed an innovative solution that revolutionizes the donation process for carbon offset initiatives and programs. Through our game-changing API, we implement a comprehensive business-to-farmer paradigm that automates and simplifies the entire process.With ease and efficiency, our robust API collects predetermined donations from various digital platforms (Businesses) then effectively allocates the funds to carbon farming and tree planting programs.

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will the temperature change if you replace thermal pads that have leaked?:

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如果全世界的冰川融化会怎么样

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Umweltbewusst leben. Möglichkeiten und ihre Vor und Nachteile.

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How to protect the Earth The Earth is our home, and we should protectit Ihe Earth was a beautiful place,there are plants animals, moutains,rivers,sea and forest.But now the Earth is very dirty People burn things to make energy,so the air is very dirty.People put dirty water into the sea, so the sea is very dirty.People catch a lot of fish every year, so there are fewer and fewer fish in the sea each year.People cut down a lot of trees,so many animals have no home.People throw away a lot of rubbish into the rivers so rivers s are very dirty... We should protect the Earth,but how to protect the Earth?We mustn't throw away alot of rubbish everywhere. We mustn't put dirty water into the rvers.We mustn't kill a lot of animals and fish.We must stop burning things to make energy.We should plant a lot of flowers and trees.We should ride bike or by bus to go someplace. The Earth is only one,we should protect it.Weshowd stop doing somethings,it is important for us to protect the Earth for ourfuture.

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Umweltschutz am Arbeitsplatz. Möglichkeiten und ihre Vor- und Nachteile.

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Umweltschutz an der Uni. Möglichkeiten und ihre Vor- und Nachteile.

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环境友好型电机及电机驱动技术发展趋势

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Which terrestial plant can capture CO2 fastest?

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What is climate justice/

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Essay about global warming

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ترجم إلى العربية باحترف India's starting position in the race to reach 'Net-Zero' is not comparable to the fiscal space of four economies including the US, EU, China and Japan, but it stands out in its ability to position itself well in the new industrial era, according to a report. The new report, ‘Competing in the new zero-carbon industrial era’ by think tank, Strategic Perspectives, compares the performance of five major economies - US, China, EU, India and Japan on zero carbon technologies. It shows that the net-zero transition policies have significantly strengthened competitiveness, energy security and future economic prosperity. The report also points out a few positive development points that show that India is on the right track in the race to zero-carbon technologies. According to the report, the first point is that "India is among few countries which are on track to meet its Nationally Determined Contributions target, however, it will need to invest USD 12.7 trillion to reach net zero emission by 2050. India remains one of the fastest-growing major economies, especially as China's post-pandemic recovery has slowed and India has become the fifth-largest economy in the world." "India is making progress in incorporating solar and wind into its electricity generation, almost doubling its share from 2017 figures (5 per cent to 9 per cent)," it added. Thirdly, the electric vehicle industry is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 49 per cent between 2022 and 2030 creating 50 million jobs by 2030. Fourthly, the pro-transition policies like the Energy Conservation Act are giving the impetus to investors and industry Regarding international public financial flows, for 2020-21, India was the top recipient for the past two years (USD 2.9 billion, with 66 per cent for solar energy), as per the report. "While China and the EU continue to lead in the wind sector, the US and India are following each other closely in terms of manufacturing capacities and could continue gaining market shares as their respective domestic policies are implemented," the report read. The report further says that it is clear that India cannot be compared on equal footing with the other economies given its different entry position on economic development.

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puedes decir este texto a tu manera: La conservación de la biodiversidad es necesaria por varias razones: Razones éticas: - Todos los seres vivos tienen derecho a exústir y a ser respetados. - Como seres humanos, tenemos la responsabilidad de proteger y preservar la vida en todas sus formas. Razones comerciales: - Muchos productos y recursos provienen de la biodiversidad, como alimentos, medicamentos, maderas, fibras naturales, entre otros. - La conservación de la biodiversidad puede beneficiar a las comunidades locales y a la economía en general a través del ecoturismo y la explotación sostenible de recursos naturales. Razones estéticas: - La biodiversidad proporciona belleza a través de p: variedad de especies animales y vegetales. - La diversidad de formas, colores y comportamientos de los seres vivos enriquece nuestra experiencia visual y emocional. ajes naturales, coloridos arrecifes de coral, majestuosos bosques y una Razones científicas: -La biodiversidad es una fuente continua de conocimientos científicos. Cada especie, incluso aquellas aparentemente insignificantes, puede tener características y adaptaciones únicas que pueden ser estudiadas para ampliar nuestra comprensión de la vida y cómo funciona. - La pérdida de biodiversidad supone la pérdida de posibles soluciones a problemas y desafíos futuros, como el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos, la seguridad alimentaria y la adaptación al cambio climático.

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Afrika kan med sina stora naturresurser hjälpa världen att slå in på en grönare väg. Det framhålls med stark röst från klimattoppmötet i Kenya. Men det kräver pengar och att rika länder betalar sin klimatskuld, understryker värdlandets president. Sofia Eriksson/TT Tusentals delegater – statschefer, ministrar och företagsledare – befinner sig i Nairobi i Kenya där Afrikanska unionens klimattoppmöte pågår till och med onsdag. Kontinentens 1,3 miljarder invånare är bland de hårdast drabbade av klimatförändringen, trots att de bidragit minst till de utsläpp som värmer planeten. Men toppmötet ska visa att Afrika ”inte bara är ett offer” utan en kontinent med lösningar för världen, enligt ordförande Joseph Nganga. Omkring 60 procent av världens förnybara energitillgångar och mer än 30 procent av mineralerna som är nyckeln till förnybar koldioxidsnål teknik finns här, enligt nyhetsbyrån AP. – Vi är inte bara en kontinent rik på resurser. Vi är ett kraftpaket med outnyttjad potential, ivriga att involveras och rättvist konkurrera på de globala marknaderna, säger Kenyas president William Ruto. Men utmaningarna är stora, i synnerhet på grund av stora skuldfällor och brist på finansiering. Missnöjet är stort över att rikare länder ännu inte lever upp till sitt löfte om 100 miljarder dollar om året i klimatfinansiering till utvecklingsländer. Under tiden äter klimatförändringarnas effekter ”obevekligt upp” Afrikas ekonomiska framsteg och gör så att kontinenten tappar 5–15 procent i BNP-tillväxt varje år, enligt Ruto. Presidenten efterlyser globala samtal om koldioxidskatt för de länder som släpper ut mest. – De som producerar skräpet vägrar betala notan, säger han, enligt AP. Afrikanska länder kan producera tillräckligt mycket ren energi för att täcka såväl kontinentens behov som att exportera den utomlands, konstaterar EU-kommissionens ordförande Ursula von der Leyen. – Men då behöver Afrika massiva investeringar, säger hon på mötet. På tisdagen lovade Förenade arabemiraten, som står värd för FN:s klimattoppmöte COP28 i Dubai senare i år, att investera 4,5 miljarder dollar i ren energi i Afrika. I samband med mötet uppmanar flera aktörer de största utsläppsländerna Kina och USA att lägga sina meningsskiljaktigheter åt sidan för att tillsammans tackla den globala uppvärmningen. – Jag hoppas att Kina och USA kan komma samman (när det gäller klimatförändringarna). Klimatet är ingen bilateral fråga, det är ett universellt hot mot planeten, säger USA:s klimatsändebud John Kerry, enligt nyhetsbyrån AFP. skriv kort sammanfattning om allt detta'

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Hoi, wil je mij een hele korte puntige samenvatting geven hoe de temperatuur kan worden gemeten in het verleden om zo de temperatuur in de toekomst te voorspellen?

Climate Change


What regions in Sweden have been worst affected by flooding the last 3 years?

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‘iklim değişikliği hakkında genel bilim içeren akademik yayınlar’

Climate Change


интенсивное использование водных ресурсов влияет на обмеление

Climate Change


1. How is the ecological footprint of a person’s lifestyle connected to social and economic impacts? 2. Would the production, use, and disposal of these everyday items be sustainable if only a small number of people purchased the items? 3. How would the impacts associated with an item change if everyone in the world purchased or used it? 4. Does lessening our impacts necessarily mean reducing our quality of life? Why, or why not? 5. How might businesses be encouraged to produce these items in ways that have more positive impacts on the environment and on people? 6. Often negative impacts associated with an item are not paid directly by the people who purchase and use the items, this is known as externalizing costs. Who might end up paying for those impacts? Why do you think these impacts are not included in an item’s purchase price?

Climate Change


Read the following and tell me the key points and arguments and important info it's trying to convey: "Climatic conditions, including rainfall, seasonal water balance, the length of growing seasons, and winter temperatures, can strongly influence plant and animal species (Prentice et al. 1992; Woodward et al. 1995). Changes in climate may therefore have a profound impact on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Many studies have shown how climatic variations in the recent geologic past have caused major shifts in the composition and distribution of terrestrial ecosystems (eg COHMAP 1988). The possibility of future climate change, fueled by increases in greenhouse gases, has also spurred speculation on the future makeup of the biosphere (Cramer et al. 2001). While it may be obvious that the climate affects terrestrial ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems can also affect the climate, particularly through their vegetative cover and soils. This may happen by means of processes that are both biophysical (ie changes in water, energy, or momentum balance) and biogeochemical, including changes in the proportion of important trace gases, such as CO2 and methane, in the atmosphere. We have become increasingly aware of this two-way link. A new generation of computer models has been developed over the past decade to analyze this coupled behavior (eg Foley et al. 1998, 2000; Cox et al. 2000; Delire et al. in press). These models are useful for examining how variations in the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems can affect the evolution of the climate system, either through human land-use practices or the impacts of global climate change. The atmosphere responds to the exchange of energy, water, and momentum from the land, ocean, or ice. Any change in this surface flux can strongly affect atmospheric thermodynamics and circulation – changes such as an increase in ocean temperatures during an El Niño event, the collapse of a massive ice sheet, or the replacement of a tropical rainforest with pasture. Changes in land use and cover can also affect biophysical surface fluxes in several ways. First, they can modify the surface albedo (the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected), thereby changing the energy balance and the surface temperature. This, in turn, affects how the surface cools itself, by shifting the balance between sensible heat loss (the cooling of a warm surface by the wind) and latent heat loss (cooling through evapotranspiration). Finally, vegetative height and density affect the roughness of the land surface, which itself influences the mixing of air close to the ground. Rough surfaces mix air more efficiently, enhancing both cooling processes. Changes in albedo, surface roughness, and the ratio between sensible and latent heat loss can all affect surface fluxes and, as a result, modify the climate. Much of the world’s land surface has already been cleared for agriculture or human settlements. Together, croplands, pasture, and urban areas cover nearly 35% (about 55 million km2 ) of the continental surfaces (Ramankutty and Foley 1999; Ramankutty et al. unpublished). To a large extent, the only two remaining areas to be exploited for human use, excluding the desert and polar regions, are the tropical rainforests of South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, and the boreal forests of Canada and Russia (Figure 1). Pressures to develop these last frontiers are increasing, especially as growing human populations continue to demand more and more forest and agricultural products. The effects of tropical deforestation on climate have been analyzed many times in the past two decades (Dickinson and Henderson-Sellers 1988; Lean and Warrilow 1989; Costa and Foley 2000). Typically, the climatic impacts of tropical deforestation have been evaluated using a global climate model (GCM), linked to a biophysical land surface model that explicitly represents the characteristics of changing vegetation cover (eg changes in canopy height, leaf density, or rooting depth). According to most climate modeling studies, large-scale patterns of tropical deforestation will probably cause a considerable increase in surface temperature and a decrease in annual rainfall and evapotranspiration (Bonan 2002; Costa in press). These changes result from fundamental shifts in the surface energy, water, and momentum balance that accompany deforestation (Figure 2). In general, replacing a tropical forest with a grassland or pasture increases albedo and decreases roughness, green leaf area index, and vegetation rooting depth (Costa and Foley 2000). Changes in temperature as a result of tropical deforestation can affect both surface energy and water budgets. First, the increase in albedo tends to cool the surface, by reducing the amount of solar radiation it can absorb. However, surface roughness, leaf area, and root depth are lower in pastures than in forests; this dramatically reduces evapotranspiration from the smoother surface, which in turn substantially increases its temperature. As a result, the cooling effect of the higher albedo is completely offset, and often surpassed, by the reduction in evaporative cool ing. The net effect is a warming of approximately 1–2 ̊C in tropical regions undergoing large-scale deforestation (Costa and Foley 2000). The reduction in precipitation in these huge cleared areas is also a consequence of the changes in the energy and water balance. First, the reduction in absorbed solar radiation and the increase in surface temperature both lead to a decrease in the net radiative heating of the land surface, defined as the difference between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing longwave (infrared) radiation. This leaves less energy to fuel atmospheric circulation, which ultimately results in a cooling of the upper atmosphere, followed by subsidence (sinking air) and less precipitation over the deforested region (Eltahir 1996). Second, the reduction in surface roughness, leaf area, and root depth dramatically limits how much water vapor can be recycled into the atmosphere locally through evapotranspiration – an important component of the hydrologic cycle of tropical rainforests (Salati et al. 1979; Eltahir and Bras 1994; Costa and Foley 1999). By reducing evapotranspiration, deforestation results in less water being pumped into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the decrease in rainfall. The effects of deforestation on the tropical climate may enhance the impacts of global warming. Costa and Foley (2000) suggested that the increases in temperature associated with deforestation in the Amazon basin may be around 1.4 ̊C, compared to a warming of approximately 2.0 ̊C that would be expected from a doubling of atmospheric CO2. They also showed that tropical deforestation would lead to a substantial decrease in rainfall over the Amazon basin, while global warming might increase rainfall. The net effect of global warming and widespread deforestation in the Amazon may therefore be a significantly warmer and somewhat drier local climate. While the impacts of tropical deforestation have received considerable attention, other studies have shown that land-use and land-cover change in semi-arid (Zeng et al. 1999; Wang and Eltahir 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2000d), temperate (Copeland et al. 1996; Bonan et al. 1997, 1999; Reale and Dirmeyer 2000; Reale and Shukla 2000; Heck et al. 2001) and boreal ecosystems (Bonan et al. 1992, 1995) can also greatly affect the climate. In addition, several modeling exercises have examined the consequences of global-scale land-cover changes on climate systems (eg Betts 1999; Bounoua et al. 2002; Brovkin et al. 1999; Zhao et al. 2001). These studies have shown that such changes can substantially affect the climate over large regions – sometimes more than the changes expected from global warming. These effects are mainly confined to a few geographic regions, however. Characterizing the climatic significance of land-cover change is not as easy as discussing global warming. There are no simple generalities; some regions become warmer while others become colder, some become wetter as others become drier. As a result, the impacts on the global climate are fairly small on average. Unlike the warming effect of increasing greenhouse gases, these variations are extremely dependent on geography, and cannot simply be reduced to an average value. Any assessments of future climate change should therefore consider both the impacts of greenhouse gases and land-use practices on local, regional, and global scales. What about indirect effects on vegetation cover that might result from global warming? Could shifting plant patterns also affect the climate, and would these changes amplify or reduce the warming effects? Biophysical feedbacks can occur through the two-way interactions between climate and vegetation cover (Figure 3). For example, global warming may affect the structure and distribution of terrestrial ecosystems around the world. These climate-induced changes may affect biophysical processes at the land–atmosphere boundary and, as a result, create a positive or negative feedback effect. A new suite of computer models has recently been developed to consider the interactions between vegetation and climate. Most of these models are based on existing GCMs of the atmosphere, linked to representations of land surface processes and global vegetation dynamics (Foley et al. 1998, 2000). These models build on a long tradition of global climate modeling and the more recent inclusions of detailed, mechanistic models of surface biophysical processes. Coupled climate–vegetation models are still in the early development stages, however, and their representation of ecological processes (including plant growth and competition, succession, and disturbance) remains somewhat crude. Levis et al. (1999, 2000) used a fully coupled climate–vegetation model to investigate the potential effects of altered vegetation cover on future climate change. They considered global warming scenarios in which vegetation patterns either remained fixed in their current state or were allowed to vary in response to the shifting climate patterns. By comparing the two scenarios, the authors were able to identify the additional climate variations induced by changing vegetation – the “vegetation feedback” on global warming. They demonstrated that changes in vegetation cover could substantially amplify global warming in high northern latitude regions, through a positive feedback process involving several steps (Figure 4): (1) Increases in greenhouse gases warm the planet, especially in the high northern latitudes. (2) As the high latitudes begin to warm, the evergreendominated boreal forests of North America and Eurasia move northward, replacing treeless tundra. (3) The expansion of evergreen forests, which are much darker than tundra (especially in the snowy winter and early spring), causes a significant decrease in albedo. (4) The darker forest cover absorbs more sunlight than the tundra, warming the region even more (Bonan et al. 1992; Foley et al. 1994). According to Levis et al., a doubling of atmospheric CO2 would warm landmasses between 45 ̊ and 90 ̊ N latitude by about 3.3 ̊C in the spring, even without the vegetation feedbacks, which would increase the warming by an additional 1.1–1.6 ̊C. While the impacts of vegetation feedbacks on global warming may be localized, they are nonetheless important to helping us understand the future of the climate system. Terrestrial ecosystems may also affect the climate by changing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. These biogeochemical feedbacks occur as a result of the two-way interaction between climate and terrestrial ecosystems (Figure 5). In particular, global warming could affect the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to process C through photosynthesis and respiration and store it in biomass and soil organic matter. Such climate-induced changes in terrestrial C storage may affect the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and, as a result, create a feedback effect on the climate. In the 1990s, humans were releasing roughly 6 billion tons of C into the atmosphere annually by burning fossil fuels (Marland 2000), and another 1–2 billion tons through the burning associated with deforestation (Bolin et al. 2000; Houghton 2000). This C becomes CO2 in the atmosphere. The other half is – temporarily at least – absorbed by the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere (Rayner et al. 1999; Bousquet et al. 2000; Prentice et al. 2001; Schimel et al. 2001). As we continue to pump more CO2 into the atmosphere, we should remember that the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans may not always be able to absorb such a large amount of our emissions. What if the terrestrial biosphere suddenly stopped absorbing so much CO2 – or actually started releasing it instead? The amount of C absorbed by the biosphere is the difference between how much C plants absorb through photosynthesis and how much is released to the atmosphere by plant and microbial respiration. In addition, natural disturbances such as fire, blowdowns, insect outbreaks, and human-caused alterations in land cover, can dramatically alter terrestrial C storage. Generally speaking, these events tend to release C from terrestrial ecosystems. Long-term changes in land use will therefore affect the net C balance. The terrestrial biosphere appears to have acted as a net C sink for the last few decades, absorbing roughly 1.4 billion tons of C per year in the 1990s, or about 22% of anthropogenic emissions (Prentice et al. 2001; Schimel et al. 2001). Will this continue in the future, as climatic variations become more pronounced? Changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations are likely to alter many aspects of the terrestrial C balance by affecting the rates of photosynthesis, respiration, vegetation mortality, and disturbance. Two recent modeling studies have shown how this might occur. Research by the UK Hadley Center (Cox et al. 2000) suggests that global warming could cause the biosphere to switch from being a net sink to a net source of CO2. In their simulation, global warming causes a large reduction in rainfall over the Amazon, which causes a severe dieback of tropical rainforests by around 2050. Combined with increasing losses from soil organic material, this dieback releases CO2 back into the atmosphere and further accelerates global warming. Overall, the simulation indicates a global average temperature increase of 4 ̊C (global warming alone with no feedback from terrestrial ecosystems) to 5.5 ̊C (including the feedbacks). Another modeling study obtained qualitatively similar (although less dramatic) results. Friedlingstein et al. (2001) showed that global warming could reduce the ability of the biosphere to absorb CO2 by as much as 25%. In this study, the biosphere did not become a net source of C, but still became much less efficient at absorbing it. While these results differ in the details, the central message is clear. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere will be determined not only by human activity, but also by the terrestrial biosphere and the ocean. Global warming could be substantially accelerated in a warmer world with more CO2, if the terrestrial biosphere cannot absorb as much CO2, or terrestrial ecosystems start releasing it from dying vegetation. As we consider the future of the climate and how it may be affected by human activities, we must remember that the atmosphere does not operate in isolation. It is also affected by the ocean and by terrestrial ecosystems. We are beginning to realize that the biosphere exerts considerable control over the physical systems in the atmosphere and the ocean. A new generation of climate models that allow for the two-way interactions between physical and biological systems is starting to show how important these processes are. The role of the biosphere cannot be ignored when forecasting the possible climatic changes of the century. We must take into account the potential for ecological feedbacks on climate, which may enhance or reduce the effects of global warming. So far, however, only a few exploratory studies have considered whether changes in the biosphere could affect global warming. At this stage, it is impossible to come to any general conclusions about the magnitude and implications of these feedbacks. It is intriguing to note, however, that the studies published to date suggest that ecological processes would amplify the warming caused by greenhouse gases, not reduce it. These studies provide a powerful motivation to further examine the interaction between climate and the biosphere. In particular, we must reevaluate future scenarios of global change to consider the potential for vegetation feedback mechanisms. For example, scenarios of CO2-induced global warming, already amplified in the high latitudes by snow and sea-ice feedbacks, may be substantially modified by long-term changes in the boundaries of evergreen forests and tundra. Furthermore, several GCM simulations have indicated that continental interiors may become much drier in response to global warming, but this prediction does not take into account the potential feedbacks caused by alterations in vegetation cover. Clearly, models used to simulate the future climate must be improved to take into account variations in ecosystems, and their consequent feedbacks on the atmosphere. Future research efforts should be concentrated along several lines. First, the research community must continue to develop fully coupled models of climate and terrestrial ecosystems, which will allow us to explore the interactions between atmosphere, oceans, ice, and the terrestrial biosphere. Many modeling groups are already moving in this direction, but a range of models would ideally be used, including simple analytical models, earth system models of “intermediate complexity” (simpler, computationally efficient climate models), and the highly complex and computationally expensive global climate models. We must also put more effort into measuring the effects of terrestrial ecosystems on climate. For example, can we document the effects of land-use and land-cover change on climate? Can we see biophysical vegetation feedbacks operating in the current climate system, on seasonal or multi-year timescales? Can we monitor long-term changes in terrestrial C storage, and how terrestrial ecosystems respond to long-term climate changes? Finally, policy analysts must determine how important the uncertainties ecological processes introduce into future climate scenarios ultimately are. How will these uncertainties play out in the policy arena, and how are they viewed through the lens of the “precautionary principle”?

Climate Change