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The Act was essentially an attempt by Adams and his party to frustrate his successor, as he used the act to appoint 16 new circuit judges and 42 new justices of the peace. The appointees were approved by the Senate, but they would not be valid until their commissions were delivered by the Secretary of State.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliam Marbury had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia, but his commission was not delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to compel the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver the documents. Marbury, joined by three other similarly situated appointees, petitioned for a writ of mandamus compelling the delivery of the commissions.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDo the plaintiffs have a right to receive their commissions?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECan they sue for their commissions in court?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EDoes the Supreme Court have the authority to order the delivery of their commissions?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Court found that Madison\u2019s refusal to deliver the commission was illegal, but did not order Madison to hand over Marbury\u2019s commission via writ of mandamus. Instead, the Court held that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 enabling Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court\u2019s original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III, Section 2, established.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMarshall expanded that a writ of mandamus was the proper way to seek a remedy, but concluded the Court could not issue it. Marshall reasoned that the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with the Constitution. Congress did not have power to modify the Constitution through regular legislation because Supremacy Clause places the Constitution before the laws.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn so holding, Marshall established the principle of judicial review, i.e., the power to declare a law unconstitutional.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":62559,"name":"Charles Lee","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/charles_lee","view_count":0,"last_name":"Lee","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"charles_lee"},"advocate_description":"for Marbury","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21171"},{"advocate":{"ID":62719,"name":"Levi Lincoln, Sr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/levi_lincoln_sr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Lincoln","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"levi_lincoln_sr_"},"advocate_description":"for 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