</nowiki> Charles A. Canfield (May 15, 1848 – August 15, 1913) was an American oilman and real estate developer. He pioneered oil drilling in California and Mexico. He also co-founded Beverly","title":"Charles A. Canfield"},{"id":"6383949","text":"appointed as a member of the War Industries Board (Petroleum Service Division), as well as the Director of the Bureau of Sales in the Alien Property Custodian's office during World War I. Guffey suffered financial setbacks in oil speculation during World War I. He was indicted by a federal grand jury for misuse of funds under his control as Sales Director. The charges were later dropped as part of a deal made during the Harding/Coolidge administrations' Teapot Dome Scandal. Guffey served as a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1920 through 1928. Guffey and his lieutenant, David L. Lawrence","title":"Joseph F. Guffey"},{"id":"11687680","text":"the field to the northeast, towards Bakersfield. Many oil fields underlie the southwestern portion of Kern County. Adjacent to the Buena Vista field to the southwest is the enormous Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the largest in California and third-largest in the United States, and just north of the Buena Vista field is the Elk Hills Oil Field, famous for the Teapot Dome scandal as one of the illicit leases that brought corruption charges upon the administration of Warren G. Harding. Until January 1, 1958, the Buena Vista field was considered to be part of the larger Midway-Sunset Field to the southwest;","title":"Buena Vista Oil Field"},{"id":"13287920","text":"office was leased as cover for German spies seeking to prevent America's intervention in World War I (then called \"The Great War\"). The plot involved an attempt to draw the United States into a diversionary war with Mexico and Japan. The plot was exposed on March 1, 1917, with news reports of an intercepted telegram decoded by British cryptographers, the notorious \"Zimmermann Telegram\", which prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare war against Germany a month later. Shortly afterward, the entire building was leased by the Sinclair Oil Company, responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal of 1922. Prior to the 1974","title":"Liberty Tower (Manhattan)"},{"id":"19890715","text":"the United States Armed Forces. The federal statute was passed by the United States 89th Congressional session and enacted into law by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson on November 3, 1966. The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 was repealed by the United States 91st Congressional session enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1970. The United States statute was confirmed as a federal law by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on April 3, 1970. Oil Pollution Act of 1924 Oil Pollution Act of 1924 is a United States federal","title":"Oil Pollution Act of 1924"},{"id":"18981968","text":"lot from him. He knows where all the bodies are buried.\" Kael observed, \"It's an odd, cryptic speech. In the first draft, Raymond \"literally\" knew where the bodies were buried: Mankiewicz had dished up a nasty version of the scandal sometimes referred to as the Strange Death of Thomas Ince.\" Referring to the suspicious 1924 death of the American film mogul after being a guest on Hearst's yacht, and noting that Kael's principal source was Houseman, film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote that \"it seems safe to conclude, even without her prodding, that some version of the story must have cropped","title":"Sources for Citizen Kane"},{"id":"4302351","text":"whom he became embroiled in the Teapot Dome scandal. McLean falsely told investigating Senator Thomas J. Walsh that he had given Fall a $100,000 loan when, in fact, Fall had illegally received money from private oil companies. When Walsh threatened to have McLean charged with perjury, McLean admitted the falsity of his claim. This admission was later characterized as \"the first climactic sensation\" and \"the smoking gun\" of the scandal. The McLean marriage ended with much publicized and bitterly contested divorce proceedings, initiated by Mrs. McLean on grounds of infidelity in October 1931. Edward McLean filed for divorce in a","title":"Edward Beale McLean"},{"id":"6236586","text":"by BP for all costs related to the oil spill, including those arising under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. In December 2015, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ordered Anadarko to pay a civil fine under the Clean Water Act of $159.5 million, or $50 per barrel of oil spilled as a result of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion. The judge stated Anadarko was not at fault for the spill, but the company's 25% ownership stake made it responsible. Barbier wrote that the $159.5 million fine \"strikes the appropriate balance between Anadarko's lack of culpability and the extreme seriousness","title":"Anadarko Petroleum"},{"id":"12764323","text":"Director Smith also served as Chairman of a three-man commission appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in March 1924, after the Teapot Dome scandal, to study the efficient management of the naval petroleum reserves, and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the Cabinet-level Federal Oil Conservation Board established in December 1924 to reappraise Federal oil policies. In the fall of 1929, the first Hoover budget called for increased funds for scientific agencies, including $100,000 for fundamental research in geologic sciences, the first substantial increase in Federal funds for geologic investigations since 1915. In the spring of 1930, Congress appropriated $2.87","title":"George Otis Smith"},{"id":"504737","text":"1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir they experienced immediately following the 1920 elections was ending, and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo from California, who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians, would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election. The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for party initially, though further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan; Edward Doheny for example, whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal, ranked highly in the Democratic party of California, contributing highly","title":"1924 United States presidential election"},{"id":"15029664","text":"all out of his own money. Other problems included the possibility of his workers being drafted to serve in the army (which he solved by writing to Hylan), and the low salaries of his workers, which averaged less than $4,000 a year (approximately $ today). In 1924, Norris was called in to investigate the mysterious insanity and deaths of workers in a plant that made tetraethyllead. It was mostly made in Standard Oil's plant at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. TEL was compounded in a small red brick building which was soon nicknamed the \"looney gas building\", due to","title":"Charles Norris (medical examiner)"},{"id":"11679773","text":"dwarfed a year later by the colossal Lakeview Gusher, by which California's largest oil field, the Midway-Sunset in Kern County, was first known. In the early years of the field, competition was fierce between different oil companies, with a particularly sharp conflict between a group of independent oil producers and Standard Oil, which operated as a gigantic trust until its breakup by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1911. According to an article published in the New York Times in 1905, Standard attempted to force its competitors out of business by artificially holding down the price of oil to as little","title":"Coalinga Oil Field"},{"id":"6398737","text":"oil museums in Kern County, California and the libraries and museums in the area around Silver City, New Mexico, as well as the period photography, which played a large part in shaping his screenplay and the film. Oil! Oil! is a novel by Upton Sinclair, first published in 1926–27 and told as a third-person narrative, with only the opening pages written in the first person. The book was written in the context of the Harding administration's Teapot Dome Scandal and takes place in Southern California. It is a social and political satire skewering the human foibles of all its characters.","title":"Oil!"},{"id":"8936044","text":"of Fame trainer Max Hirsch. He remained a maiden until his fifth start. Hirsch raced him until he won the Champagne Stakes for two-year-olds, then sold him to Harry F. Sinclair of Sinclair Oil (famous for his close connection to the 29th President of the United States, Warren G. Harding, and involved in the infamous Teapot Dome scandal). Sinclair took enormous pleasure in his recently purchased no-expense-spared Rancocas Stable in New Jersey while buying every horse that took his fancy. The trainer, Hall of Famer Sam Hildreth, not as well-heeled as Sinclair nor as happy about the horse—a superstitious man,","title":"Grey Lag"},{"id":"20187799","text":"escape and there is hope the missing will be accounted for.\" A later dispatch by the United Press stated that practically all of the 36 crew were accounted for at dawn. The total loss of the dock and the steamer was put at $1,500,000. SS Alden Anderson The SS \"Alden Anderson\" was a tanker ship owned and operated by the Associated Oil Company. The vessel was named for Alden Anderson, lieutenant governor of the State of California, from 1903 to 1907. It was destroyed by fire on the night of 29-30 October 1924. The oil tanker SS \"Alden Anderson\", of","title":"SS Alden Anderson"},{"id":"2987110","text":"playing poker for money if they liked it, but it irked me to see it in the White House. Several of Harding's Ohio Gang associates lost no time enriching themselves at the public expense. Soon rumblings began to be heard over possible malfeasance in various government departments, including Daugherty's Department of Justice. Then on April 14, 1922, the \"Wall Street Journal\" broke a sensational story about a secret bribery scheme involving oil company kickbacks to government officials in exchange for the granting of extraordinarily favorable oil extraction leases via single-bid contracts. The next day Wyoming Democratic Senator John B. Kendrick","title":"Harry M. Daugherty"},{"id":"3601129","text":"attorney was former politician Joseph Weldon Bailey, who clashed frequently with the judge. The jury found Cook guilty on 14 counts of fraud, and, in November 1923, Judge Killits sentenced Cook and 13 other oil company promoters to prison terms. Cook drew the longest sentence, 14 years 9 months. His attorney appealed the verdict, but the conviction was upheld. Cook was imprisoned until 1930. Roald Amundsen, who believed he owed his life to Cook's extrication of the \"Belgica\", visited him several times. Cook was pardoned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, ten years after his release and shortly before","title":"Frederick Cook"},{"id":"504740","text":"reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border. The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest. At the time, however, he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received \"an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement,\" since the Doheny companies had \"several hundred million dollars of property at stake, our services, had they been effective, would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee.\" In fact, the lawyer received","title":"1924 United States presidential election"},{"id":"793219","text":"of 1921. He was convicted of bribery in 1929, and served one year in prison, for his part in the controversy. A major factor in the scandal was a transfer of certain oil leases from the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy to that of the Department of the Interior, at Fall's behest. Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt—already facing criticism related to his alleged hostility to environmentalism and his support of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interests, and for banning The Beach Boys from playing a 1983 Independence Day","title":"United States Department of the Interior"},{"id":"19705702","text":"pressure, he refused to dismiss Denby, who instead resigned of his own accord in March 1924. That same month, after Daugherty refused to resign, Coolidge fired him. Coolidge also replaced the Director of the Bureau of Investigation, William J. Burns, with J. Edgar Hoover. The investigation by Pomerene and Roberts, combined with the departure of the scandal-tarred Harding appointees, served to disassociate Coolidge from the Harding administration's misdeeds. By May 1924, Harding's scandals had largely receded from public attention, though a separate scandal involving former Postmaster General Will H. Hays would briefly garner headlines in 1928. During Coolidge's presidency, the","title":"Presidency of Calvin Coolidge"},{"id":"5420143","text":"were rumours that the two were having an affair. The full story was never clear. The police were not called until three hours after the shots had been fired, despite several members of the family being at home and having heard the yelling. The Los Angeles authorities immediately blamed Plunkett in the murder-suicide. In addition to the indictment of Edward Doheny in the Teapot Dome scandal, both Doheny and Plunkett had been indicted in the alleged bribe of Albert Fall—as Ned (accompanied by Plunkett) had delivered the money. They had already gone through some trials. Raymond Chandler, a former oil","title":"Edward L. Doheny"},{"id":"20527981","text":"'motor spirit'. In 1924 Vacuum Oil opened its bulk petroleum products terminal at Pulpit Point, a small peninsula at Hunter's Hill on Sydney Harbour. In October of that year, the company-owned oil tanker \"H.T Harper\" – built in 1921 – arrived at this new facility with a 1.8 million gallon bulk cargo of 'gasoline'. About the \"H.T.Harper\", it was noted that, \"\"Every precaution is taken to prevent fire.\"\" The amount of 'case oil' shipped to Australia declined after 1924 and from that year some petroleum was refined locally. Thereafter, 'case oil' shipped by sea was more commonly kerosene, or other","title":"SS Canastota"},{"id":"1088986","text":"\"Ethyl\" that had been proposed by Kettering in its marketing materials, thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word \"lead\". Early research into \"engine knocking\" (also called \"pinging\" or \"pinking\") was also led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher-compression engines. In 1924, Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO/EXXON) and General Motors created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Deepwater, NJ across the river from","title":"Tetraethyllead"},{"id":"16905903","text":"Frank Tinney Frank Aloysius Robert Tinney (March 29, 1878 – November 28, 1940) was an American blackface comedian and actor. Tinney achieved considerable success in vaudeville and on Broadway in the early 20th century. Comedian Joe Cook considered Tinney \"the greatest natural comic ever developed in America.\" Tinney's career and marriage were ruined after he was accused of beating his mistress, Ziegfeld girl Imogene \"Bubbles\" Wilson in May 1924. Although he was never formally charged, the ensuing publicity ruined his reputation. Tinney suffered a number of health problems after the scandal and eventually had a nervous breakdown. He never regained","title":"Frank Tinney"},{"id":"2951638","text":"is credited with hastening the breakup of Standard Oil, which came about in 1911, when the Supreme Court of the United States found the company to be violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. The subsequent decision splintered the company into 34 \"baby Standards.\" The value of Rockefeller's shares rose after the breakup as the new companies had a positive development on the stock exchange. The original book was a two-volume hardcover set. An abridged paperback edition was released later. The inspiration behind \"The History of Standard Oil Company\" was largely fueled by Ida Tarbell's childhood experiences. Her father, Franklin Tarbell, worked","title":"The History of the Standard Oil Company"},{"id":"248003","text":"Vend\" was able to maintain its monopoly due to trade union assistance, and material advantages (primarily coal geography). During the early 20th century, as a result of comparable monopolistic practices in the Australian coastal shipping business, the Vend developed as an informal and illegal collusion between the steamship owners and the coal industry, eventually resulting in the High Court case Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd v. R. & AG. Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it became the largest oil refiner in the world. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and","title":"Monopoly"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17449260\",\n \"text\": \"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company (PAT) was an oil company founded in 1916 by the American oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny after he had made a huge oil strike in Mexico. Pan American profited from fuel demand during World War I, and from the subsequent growth in use of automobiles. For several years Pan American was the largest American oil company, with holdings in the United States, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela. In 1924 Pan American was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal over irregularities in the award of a U.S. government oil\",\n \"title\": \"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2898226\",\n \"text\": \"of the scandal to erupt in April 1922 when the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\" reported that Secretary Fall had decided that two of his friends, oilmen Harry F. Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corporation) and Edward L. Doheny (Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company), should be given leases to drill in parts of these Naval Reserves without open bidding. His acceptance of bribes for the leases resulted in the Teapot Dome scandal. During congressional hearings concerning the scandal in 1924 he explained the concept of oil field drainage with a remark that was later adapted as a line of dialogue in the 2007 film\",\n \"title\": \"Albert B. Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20305470\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1920s and 30s. His most notable case was his defense of oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny and the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company in a series of trials from 1924 to 1930. In what came to be known as the Teapot Dome scandal, Doheny was accused of bribing Interior Secretary Albert Fall to lease the oil production rights at Elk Hills Oil Field. The company was forced to cancel its lease, but Hogan succeeded in clearing Doheny on charges of bribery and conspiracy to defraud the government. In 1935 he successfully defended Andrew Mellon on charges of tax\",\n \"title\": \"Frank J. Hogan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17449267\",\n \"text\": \"Petroleum & Transport Company. Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. On 24 January 1924 Doheny testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, and admitted that he had loaned Fall $100,000 in cash with no security some months before the oilfield leasing arrangement was made. Doheny said the loan was a personal one. Pan American\",\n \"title\": \"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420138\",\n \"text\": \"prices were high. The Mexican Petroleum Company was the largest in Mexico, and Mexico was the largest oil producer in the world. In 1922 Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased the oil field at Elk Hills, California, to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company. Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. Doheny's reputation was somewhat\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3186980\",\n \"text\": \"oil fields to friends who were heads of oil companies in exchange for over $400,000 in personal loans. Despite attempts to keep the deal secret, the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\" leaked news of the leasing, and the Senate decided to launch an inquiry into the matter. The investigation began in October 1923 after Harding's death, and the Senate Committee on Lands and Public Surveys, which carried out the inquiry, concluded in 1924 that the Teapot Dome and Elk Hills leases to the oil companies had been fraudulent and corrupt. Both Denby and Fall were forced to resign from office as a\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin Denby (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549708\",\n \"text\": \"April 1922 when the Wall Street Journal reported that United States Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall had granted an oil lease to Sinclair Oil without competitive bidding. The oil field lease was for government land in Wyoming that had been created as an emergency reserve for the United States Navy. What became known as the Teapot Dome scandal, ultimately led to a United States Senate establishing a Committee on Public Lands and Surveys to conduct hearings into the circumstances surrounding the government oil lease. The result was a finding of fraud and corruption which led to a number\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6134420\",\n \"text\": \"county road to Union Ave. (old US 99 and SR 99 Business), where it becomes Panama Rd. Highway 119 is commonly known as Taft Highway. It passes through some of Kern County's most famous oil fields, including the Midway-Sunset, the third-largest oil field in the United States; the Buena Vista Oil Field; and runs adjacent to the Elk Hills Oil Field, formerly the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, infamous as one of the two illicit leases – the other being Teapot Dome – part of the scandal which marred the administration of President Warren G. Harding in the 1920s. SR\",\n \"title\": \"California State Route 119\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2898138\",\n \"text\": \"was badly hurt by the revelation that he had previously accepted a $25,000 contribution from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in 1922 in the Teapot Dome scandal. McAdoo had returned the normal-course contribution once he learned of Doheny's possible bribes to Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall to get oil leases. At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, McAdoo notably did not reject the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Despite these Doheny and KKK issues, McAdoo led after the first ballot of the convention, and on dozens of ballots thereafter, before John W. Davis won the\",\n \"title\": \"William Gibbs McAdoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14043598\",\n \"text\": \"to the capitol as a freelance reporter. His early work on the Teapot Dome Scandal disclosed that Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, had accepted a bribe of $230,000 to lease oil lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California to branches of Standard Oil. His performance convinced Bovard to rehire him in 1924. In that same year he was sent to Chicago to cover the trial of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb, both 19, who had abducted and murdered 14-year-old Bobby Franks. Loeb and Leopold were both the sons of very wealthy families. In 1925, he was sent\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Y. Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2736549\",\n \"text\": \"He was the manager of Warren G. Harding's successful campaign for the Presidency of the United States in the 1920 election and was subsequently appointed Postmaster General. While serving in the Harding Administration, he became peripherally involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. Oilman Harry Ford Sinclair devised a scheme in which twenty-five cents was diverted from the sale of every barrel of oil sold from the oil field leases that were the focus of the Teapot Dome scandal. Sinclair testified that he \\\"loaned\\\" Will H. Hays, then-chairman of the Republican National Committee, $185,000 worth of Liberty Bonds, later getting back\",\n \"title\": \"Will H. Hays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420125\",\n \"text\": \"American Petroleum & Transport Company, one of the largest oil companies in the world in the 1920s. In the 1920s, Doheny was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal and accused of offering a $100,000 bribe to United States Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. Doheny was twice acquitted of offering the bribe, but Fall was convicted of accepting it. Doheny and his second wife and widow, Carrie Estelle, were noted philanthropists in Los Angeles, especially regarding Catholic schools, churches and charities. The character J. Arnold Ross in Upton Sinclair's 1927 novel \\\"Oil!\\\" (the inspiration for the 2007 film \\\"There Will\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9019837\",\n \"text\": \"Teapot Dome Service Station The Teapot Dome Service Station is a former gas station built in the shape of a teapot located in Zillah, Washington, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located at 117 First Avenue, the station is an example of novelty architecture. It was intended as a reminder of the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked the presidency of Warren G. Harding and sent Interior Secretary Albert Fall to prison for his role in leasing government oil reserves in, among other places, Teapot Dome, Wyoming. The station was built in 1922 on what\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome Service Station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229501\",\n \"text\": \"that keep me walking the floor nights!\\\" The only scandal which was openly discovered during Harding's lifetime was in the Veteran's Bureau. Yet the gossip became rampant after the suicides of Charles Cramer and Jess Smith. Harding responded aggressively to all of this with a mixture of grief, anger and perplexity. The most notorious scandal was Teapot Dome, most of which came to light after Harding's death. This affair concerned an oil reserve in Wyoming that was covered by a teapot-shaped rock formation. For years, the country had taken measures to ensure the availability of petroleum reserves, particularly for the\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3221314\",\n \"text\": \"on Public Lands, their images were tarnished. At the New York state election, 1924, Roosevelt was the Republican nominee for Governor of New York. His cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) spoke out on Ted's \\\"wretched record\\\" as Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the oil scandals. In return, Ted said of FDR: \\\"He's a maverick! He does not wear the brand of our family.\\\" Eleanor Roosevelt, more closely related to Ted by blood but married to FDR, had been infuriated by these remarks. She dogged Ted on the New York State campaign trail in a car fitted with a \\\"papier-mâché\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3522798\",\n \"text\": \"purpose \\\"to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red-light menace generally conceived by the sticks\\\". Though \\\"dry\\\" organizations that supported continuing the prohibition of alcohol opposed the choice of New York, it won McAdoo's grudging consent in the fall of 1923, before the oil scandals made Smith a serious threat to him. (McAdoo's candidacy was hurt by the revelation that he had accepted money from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal.) McAdoo's own adopted state, California, had played host to the Democrats in 1920. McAdoo swept the primaries\",\n \"title\": \"1924 Democratic National Convention\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12253204\",\n \"text\": \"commanding the small (four or five Marine) detachment that was dispatched by Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall to evict a drilling rig crew belonging to the Mutual Oil Company from the Teapot Dome oil field in Natrona County, Wyoming on July 30, 1922, and thus precipitating one of the major sources of scandal during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. (The eviction preceded without incident; the officials of the company even fed lunch to Captain Schuler and the men of his detachment after drilling operations had ceased.) (pages 81–83, Teapot Dome, Morris R. Werner and Starr, John, Viking\",\n \"title\": \"George K. Shuler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387963\",\n \"text\": \"Teapot Dome scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 19211923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. The leases were the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies, Fall became the first presidential cabinet member to go to prison; no one was convicted of paying the bribes. Before the Watergate scandal,\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11390531\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. history. Oil is also plentiful throughout the state. In 1924, irregularities over the allocation of naval reserves near Casper resulted in the Teapot Dome Scandal. Natural gas, bentonite and uranium have also been mined through the state's history. One exception is the copper mines in Carbon County west of Encampment. The Ferris-Haggarty Mine Site supplied copper for the electrification of the world in the late 1800s and early 1900s. After 1890 Wyoming pageants and parades, as well as school courses, increasingly told a nostalgic story of Wyoming as rooted in the frontier West. During the 1940s, Wyoming millionaire William\",\n \"title\": \"History of Wyoming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"318858\",\n \"text\": \"then and Kettering was directly warned by Robert Wilson of MIT, Reid Hunt of Harvard, Yandell Henderson of Yale, and Charles Kraus of the University of Potsdam in Germany about its use. Kraus had worked on tetraethyllead for many years and called it \\\"a creeping and malicious poison\\\" that had killed a member of his dissertation committee. On 27 October 1924, newspaper articles around the nation told of the workers at the Standard Oil refinery near Elizabeth, New Jersey who were producing TEL and were suffering from lead poisoning. By 30 October, the death toll had reached five. In November,\",\n \"title\": \"Gasoline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9019839\",\n \"text\": \"First Avenue. Teapot Dome Service Station The Teapot Dome Service Station is a former gas station built in the shape of a teapot located in Zillah, Washington, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located at 117 First Avenue, the station is an example of novelty architecture. It was intended as a reminder of the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked the presidency of Warren G. Harding and sent Interior Secretary Albert Fall to prison for his role in leasing government oil reserves in, among other places, Teapot Dome, Wyoming. The station was built in 1922\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome Service Station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499527\",\n \"text\": \"were practical. In 1924, a delegation from the American Sinclair Oil Corporation visited Shukhov. Sinclair Oil apparently wished to suggest that the patent of Burton and Humphreys, in use by Standard Oil, was derived from Shukhov's patent for oil cracking, as described in the Russian patent. If that could be established, it could strengthen the hand of rival American companies wishing to invalidate the Burton-Humphreys patent. In the event Shukhov satisfied the Americans that in principle Burton's method closely resembled his 1891 patents, though his own interest in the matter was primarily to establish that \\\"the Russian oil industry could\",\n \"title\": \"Cracking (chemistry)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549712\",\n \"text\": \"Ford Sinclair retired as president of Sinclair Oil and Gas Company in January 1949. He died a wealthy man in Pasadena, California in 1956 and was interred in the Roman Catholic Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles. Harry Ford Sinclair Harry Ford Sinclair (July 6, 1876 in Benwood, West Virginia – November 10, 1956 in Pasadena, California) was an American industrialist, founder of Sinclair Oil. He was implicated in the 1920s Teapot Dome Scandal, and served six months in prison for jury tampering. Afterwards he returned to his former life and enjoyed its prosperity until his death. He was an avid\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387964\",\n \"text\": \"Teapot Dome was regarded as the \\\"greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics\\\". It damaged the reputation of the Harding administration, which was already severely diminished by its controversial handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and Harding's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922. In the early 20th century, the U.S. Navy largely converted from coal to fuel oil. To ensure that the Navy would always have enough fuel available, several oil-producing areas were designated as naval oil reserves by President Taft. In 1921, President Harding issued an executive order that transferred control of\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455244\",\n \"text\": \"that it had to do with Smith but, when Hoover enquired as to Daugherty's possible involvement, Harding refused to answer. The scandal which has likely done the greatest damage to Harding's reputation is Teapot Dome. Like most of the administration's scandals, it came to public light after Harding's death, and he was not aware of the illegal aspects. Teapot Dome involved an oil reserve in Wyoming which was one of three set aside for the use of the Navy in a national emergency. There was a longstanding argument that the reserves should be developed; Wilson's first Interior Secretary Franklin Knight\",\n \"title\": \"Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2705894\",\n \"text\": \"number of promissory notes and prepared to weather the Depression with the remaining supply of cash. Between 1921 and 1922, Sinclair leased oil production rights to Teapot Dome in Wyoming without competitive bidding. This led to the Teapot Dome scandal. During the Great Depression, Sinclair saved a number of other petroleum companies from receivership or bankruptcy, and acquired others to expand its operations. In 1932, Sinclair purchased the assets of Prairie Oil and Gas's pipeline and producing companies in the southern United States, and the Rio Grande Oil Company in California. The purchase of Prairie also gave Sinclair a 65%\",\n \"title\": \"Sinclair Oil Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5227140\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"felon\\\" (derived from fallen, morally). Various sources attribute the origin of fall guy to Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot. This has been largely discredited. One popular myth is that the word's origin dates to the 1920s, during the administration of U.S. President Warren G. Harding (1921–1923), when Albert B. Fall, a U.S. Senator from New Mexico who served as Secretary of the Interior during Harding's years in office, became notorious for his involvement in the infamous Teapot Dome Scandal. Though this is a popular story, references to 'fall guy' and Albert Fall have not been found. The book\",\n \"title\": \"Fall guy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"980572\",\n \"text\": \"adding \\\"new energy and independence into the agency\\\", as well as increasing the commission's (and, by extension, his own) power. In 1922, Long won a lawsuit against the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases, Long successfully argued the case on appeal before the United States Supreme Court resulting in cash refunds totaling $440,000 being sent to 80,000 overcharged customers. After the case, Chief Justice William Howard Taft described Long as one of the best legal minds he had ever encountered. Long ran for governor of Louisiana in the election of 1924, attacking outgoing Governor Parker, Standard Oil,\",\n \"title\": \"Huey Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3228218\",\n \"text\": \"in his annual message to Congress a suggestion that he might open talks with the Soviet Union on trade—the Bolshevik government had not been recognized since the 1917 October Revolution and Borah had long urged relations. Under pressure from the Old Guard, Coolidge quickly walked back his proposal, depressing Borah, who concluded the president had deceived him. In early 1924, the Teapot Dome scandal broke, and although Coolidge had no involvement in the affair, some of the implicated cabinet officers, including Attorney General Harry Daugherty, remained in office, backed by the Old Guard. Coolidge sought the support of Borah in\",\n \"title\": \"William Borah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11649763\",\n \"text\": \"that brought on the Teapot Dome scandal which ruined the reputation of the administration of Warren G. Harding, now commonly considered to be one of the most corrupt in U.S. history. In 1927 the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated the lease, and returned the Elk Hills to the U.S. government. The oil field went largely untapped, held as a reserve, until the mid-1970s, when Congress passed the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act in response to the 1973-1974 Arab Oil Embargo. In 1976 the Ford Administration opened the lands for drilling and production again. NPR-1, operated by Williams Brothers Engineering Company, reached\",\n \"title\": \"Elk Hills Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877044\",\n \"text\": \"member. Burns later refused to turn over Department of Justice documents to Congressional investigators, who in turn began investigating the BOI; Senate hearing revelations of BOI misdeeds were avidly covered in the press, and became known as the Daugherty-Burns scandal. Burns' BOI field agents made visits to the offices of newspapers around the country who had presented the BOI's actions in a negative light; their clumsy attempts to intimidate newspaper editors caused a backlash in public opinion and Congress. Burns was forced to resign in 1924 at the request of Attorney General Harlan Fiske Stone and on May 10, 1924,\",\n \"title\": \"William J. Burns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420139\",\n \"text\": \"tainted by a bribe paid to the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall in 1921. He made the \\\"gift\\\" of $100,000 in connection with obtaining a lease of 32,000 acres (130 km²) of government-owned land used for the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve near Taft, California. The resulting scandal broke soon after that, over similar bribes Fall accepted for leasing Teapot Dome in Wyoming. Doheny (his son Ned, who had delivered the money, and his assistant Hugh Plunkett, were also indicted) was charged with bribing Fall but, in 1930, was acquitted. Nevertheless, Fall was convicted of accepting the bribe.\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387969\",\n \"text\": \"forgotten to cover up: Doheny's $100,000 loan to Fall. This discovery broke open the scandal. Civil and criminal suits related to the scandal continued throughout the 1920s. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled that the oil leases had been corruptly obtained. The Court invalidated the Elk Hills lease in February 1927, and the Teapot Dome lease in October. Both reserves were returned to the Navy. In 1929, Albert Fall was found guilty of accepting bribes from Doheny. Conversely, in 1930, Edward L. Doheny was acquitted of paying bribes to Fall. Further, Doheny's corporation foreclosed on Fall's home in Tularosa Basin,\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18813305\",\n \"text\": \"Leo Koretz Leopold Koretz (1879–1925) was an American lawyer and stockbroker who ran an elaborate Ponzi scheme in Chicago, called the \\\"Bayano oil fraud,\\\" which garnered an estimated $30 million (about $400 million today) from dozens of investors in Chicago. The scheme used fraudulent claims of oil interests in Panama in a criminal career that predated his contemporary, Charles Ponzi. Koretz was so trusted and admired that after Ponzi's fraud was exposed in 1920, his investors nicknamed him \\\"Our Ponzi,\\\" never suspecting they were being duped as well. Leopold Koretz was born to German Jewish parents on July 30, 1879\",\n \"title\": \"Leo Koretz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387972\",\n \"text\": \"recently for the alleged misconduct during the Trump administration and of Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke it is not the only time that members of the United States cabinet have been so accused. Teapot Dome has been described as the previous \\\"high water mark\\\" of cabinet corruption. Teapot Dome scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 19211923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2823070\",\n \"text\": \"Henry W. O'Melveny. On March 5, 1929, President Hoover nominated Wilbur as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior confirmed by the Senate, and assumed office the same day. His tenure ended on March 4, 1933, as Hoover left office. As Interior Secretary, Wilbur addressed corruption in granting contracts for naval oil reserves, which had caused controversy during the Harding administration's Teapot Dome scandal. Wilbur promulgated a policy that no new oil leases would be granted to private individuals except when mandated by law. Wilbur was criticized by political opponents for his allocation of power from Boulder Dam to private utilities.\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Lyman Wilbur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17184165\",\n \"text\": \"in the American economy and political arena. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge created the Federal Oil Conservation Board in an effort to control oil production and stabilize the oil market. However, The American Petroleum Institute (API), representing over 500 oil companies, opposed the program because it feared many of its affiliated oil corporations would go out of business. Ultimately, through API’s resistance, Coolidge’s program never gained sufficient power. In 1929, however, the sense of crisis in the oil market grew as vast amounts of oil supplies were going unused in Southern California and throughout the US. The API reversed its\",\n \"title\": \"History of oil in California through 1930\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12330604\",\n \"text\": \"in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida M. Tarbell's classic exposé \\\"The History of the Standard Oil Co.\\\" in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company. By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard (\\\"Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey\\\"), which eventually became Exxon, and Socony (\\\"Standard Oil Co. of New York\\\"), which eventually became Mobil. Over the next few decades, Jersey Standard\",\n \"title\": \"ExxonMobil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387968\",\n \"text\": \"two years, Walsh pushed forward while Fall stepped backward, covering his tracks as he went. No evidence of wrongdoing was initially uncovered, as the leases were legal enough, but records kept disappearing mysteriously. Fall had made the leases appear legitimate, but his acceptance of the money was his undoing. By 1924, the remaining unanswered question was how Fall had become so rich so quickly and easily. Money from the bribes had gone to Fall's cattle ranch and investments in his business. Finally, as the investigation was winding down with Fall apparently innocent, Walsh uncovered a piece of evidence Fall had\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229507\",\n \"text\": \"the early days of the Calvin Coolidge administration, then resigned on March 28, 1924, amidst allegations that he accepted bribes from bootleggers. Daugherty was later tried and acquitted twice for corruption. Both juries hung—in one case, after 65 hours of deliberation. Daugherty's famous defense attorney, Max D. Steuer, blamed all corruption allegations against Daugherty on Jess Smith, an aide at the Justice Department who had committed suicide. Harding's Attorney General hired William J. Burns to run the Justice Dept.'s Bureau of Investigation, Burns was said to be unabashed in his willingness to conduct unauthorized searches and seizures of political enemies\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398728\",\n \"text\": \"Oil! Oil! is a novel by Upton Sinclair, first published in 1926–27 and told as a third-person narrative, with only the opening pages written in the first person. The book was written in the context of the Harding administration's Teapot Dome Scandal and takes place in Southern California. It is a social and political satire skewering the human foibles of all its characters. The main character is James Arnold Ross Jr., nicknamed Bunny, son of an oil tycoon. Bunny's sympathetic feelings toward oilfield workers and socialists provoke arguments with his father throughout the story. The novel served as a loose\",\n \"title\": \"Oil!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13663862\",\n \"text\": \"an emergency. It was one of several related fields in the area, the largest of which was the Salt Creek Oil Field. By comparison with the Salt Creek Field's peak production of of 1923, the Teapot Dome field had about 64 wells, with a few producing more than . In February 2015, the field was sold by the Department of Energy. Teapot Rock Teapot Rock is a distinctive sedimentary rock formation in Natrona County, Wyoming that lent its name to a nearby oil field that became notorious as the focus of a bribery scandal during the Presidential administration of Warren\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10717358\",\n \"text\": \"Fund for purchases of prints and drawings. The purchaser in 1918 was the self-made oil millionaire Harry F. Sinclair, who lived in the house until 1930. Sinclair is best known for founding Sinclair Oil in 1916 and was made notorious by his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal in 1922. After Sinclair sold it in 1930 it became known as the Augustus and Anne van Horne Stuyvesant House; the unmarried brother and sister, descendents of Peter Stuyvesant, had moved from their house at 3 East 57th Street, when that stretch of Fifth Avenue had become unalterably commercial. Since 1955 it\",\n \"title\": \"Harry F. Sinclair House\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250567\",\n \"text\": \"The Baldwin Hills area had tempted drillers for years, but all early attempts to find oil were unsuccessful, probably because erosion and faulting made the anticlinal structure appear farther east than it really was. The first well to find oil was completed September 28, 1924 by Standard Oil Company, one of the predecessors of Chevron Corporation. Development of the field commenced rapidly but in a more orderly way than was usual for a Los Angeles Basin oil field. Peak production occurred less than a year after the first well was installed. The first companies to work the field were Associated\",\n \"title\": \"Inglewood Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"918474\",\n \"text\": \"Progressive nominee Robert M. La Follette Sr. as a dangerous radical who sympathized with the Bolsheviks. Dawes was elected Vice President of the United States on November 4, 1924 with more popular votes than the candidates from the Democratic and Progressive parties combined. The inauguration was held on March 4, 1925. On March 10, the president's nomination of Charles B. Warren to be United States Attorney General was being debated. In the wake of the Teapot Dome scandal and other scandals, Democrats and Progressive Republicans objected to the nomination because of Warren's close association with the Sugar Trust. At midday,\",\n \"title\": \"Charles G. Dawes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4551987\",\n \"text\": \"Eighth Circuit. He served on the court from 1922 until his death in 1933. In 1926, he wrote the Eighth Circuit's ruling in the principal civil suit arising from the Teapot Dome scandal. Reversing a federal district court in Wyoming, the appellate court panel ordered the lower court to cancel the Mammoth Oil Co.'s leases, demand an accounting of the oil which had been taken from Teapot Dome, and enjoin the company was enjoined from trespassing further on U.S. Government property. While a sitting federal judge, Kenyon was the subject of numerous offers of appointive and elective office. In January\",\n \"title\": \"William S. Kenyon (Iowa politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890714\",\n \"text\": \"the 68th United States Congressional session and confirmed as a federal law by the 29th President of the United States Warren G. Harding on June 7, 1924. The 1924 environmental law provided seven codified sections defining territorial jurisdiction for the United States inland navigable waters. The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 amended the 1924 public law requiring vessel ownerships to recover oil discharges in relationship to the adjoining shorelines and navigable waters of the United States. The 1966 amendment designated the authority of the Act to the U.S. Department of the Interior with a provision allowing enforcement activities by\",\n \"title\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1008241\",\n \"text\": \"industry is cotton farming. According to the United States Census Bureau, Buttonwillow has an area of , all of it land. Buttonwillow is also locally known as the cotton country, due to the abundant planting of cotton in the vicinity. Beginning about south of town along Elk Hills Road, between Buttonwillow and Taft, is the enormous Elk Hills Oil Field, formerly the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, which figured prominently in the Teapot Dome scandal that tarnished the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Occidental Petroleum bought the reserve from the U.S. Department of Energy in 1998, and is the\",\n \"title\": \"Buttonwillow, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3601128\",\n \"text\": \"continued expeditions. In 1919, Cook started promoting startup oil companies in Fort Worth. In April 1923, Cook and 24 other Fort Worth oil promoters were indicted in a federal crackdown on fraudulent oil company promotions. Three of Cook's employees pleaded guilty, but Cook insisted on his innocence and was put on trial. Joining him in the trial was his head advertising copywriter, S. E. J. Cox, who had been previously convicted of mail fraud in connection with his own oil company promotions. Among other deceptive practices, Cook was charged with paying dividends from stock sales, rather than from profits. Cook's\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14948033\",\n \"text\": \"technological development, while social and political instability drove off the foreign investments. The Revolution did not, in fact, destroy the industrial sector, either its factories, extractive facilities, or its industrial entrepreneurs, so that once the fighting stopped in 1917, production resumed. The full text of the Bucareli Treaty, published after it was signed, verifies the absence of prohibitions on technology or anything similar. When Plutarco Elías Calles took office on December 1, 1924, one of the main points of contention between the U.S. and Mexico still was oil. Calles quickly rejected the Bucareli Treaty and began drafting a new oil\",\n \"title\": \"Bucareli Treaty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387971\",\n \"text\": \"Fountains rode home from a meeting at Fall's ranch. Another significant outcome was the Supreme Court's ruling in \\\"McGrain v. Daugherty\\\" (1927) which, for the first time, explicitly established that Congress had the power to compel testimony. The field was then idled for 49 years, but went back into production in 1976. After earning over $569 million in revenue having extracted of oil over the previous 39 years, in February 2015, the Department of Energy sold the oil field for $45 million to Stranded Oil Resources Corp. Although this scandal has been infamously used as a basis of comparison most\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455127\",\n \"text\": \"Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923, a member of the Republican Party. At that time, he was one of the most popular U.S. Presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration such as Teapot Dome eroded his popular regard, as did revelations of an affair by Nan Britton, one of his mistresses. In historical rankings of the U.S. Presidents, Harding is often rated among the worst. Harding lived in rural Ohio all his\",\n \"title\": \"Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18813311\",\n \"text\": \"Koretz was buried the following afternoon in a graveside service at Waldheim Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois. Leo Koretz Leopold Koretz (1879–1925) was an American lawyer and stockbroker who ran an elaborate Ponzi scheme in Chicago, called the \\\"Bayano oil fraud,\\\" which garnered an estimated $30 million (about $400 million today) from dozens of investors in Chicago. The scheme used fraudulent claims of oil interests in Panama in a criminal career that predated his contemporary, Charles Ponzi. Koretz was so trusted and admired that after Ponzi's fraud was exposed in 1920, his investors nicknamed him \\\"Our Ponzi,\\\" never suspecting they\",\n \"title\": \"Leo Koretz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6552817\",\n \"text\": \"#5858 in its honor. Among the jockeys who rode for Rancocas Stable were Hall of Famers Earl Sande and Laverne Fator. Sinclair's Rancocas Stable set the record as top money winner in a single season in 1923 that stood until 1941 when it was broken by Calumet Farm. Personal problems culminating in a prison term for his part in what became known in American history as the Teapot Dome scandal (Sinclair sold US oil reserves to private interests for his own aggrandizement), forced Harry Sinclair to sell his horses and the farm. In 1943, William Helis purchased the farm and\",\n \"title\": \"Rancocas Farm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13347903\",\n \"text\": \"on a single day, August 1, 1923. Soon the Powell field was pumping more oil than the combined oil production of the day in the states of Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. The Powell oil field produced wealth and tragedy in great proportions. On May 10, 1923, a spark ignited the derrick floor. The fire caused 13 men to die from horrible burns. At peak production the Powell field boasted more than 500 pumping wells and produced some of oil per day. By the late 1920s the Powell field had been pumped\",\n \"title\": \"Powell Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549702\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair Harry Ford Sinclair (July 6, 1876 in Benwood, West Virginia – November 10, 1956 in Pasadena, California) was an American industrialist, founder of Sinclair Oil. He was implicated in the 1920s Teapot Dome Scandal, and served six months in prison for jury tampering. Afterwards he returned to his former life and enjoyed its prosperity until his death. He was an avid owner of sports properties, one of the principal financial backers of baseball's Federal League and a force in U.S. thoroughbred racing. Horses from his stable won the Kentucky Derby and three Belmont Stakes. Harry Sinclair was\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455250\",\n \"text\": \"any other. Daugherty's Ohio lobbying and back room maneuvers were not considered to qualify him for his office. When the scandals broke in 1923 and 1924, Daugherty's many enemies were delighted at the prospect of connecting him with the dishonesty, and assumed he had taken part in Teapot Dome, though Fall and Daugherty were not friends. In February 1924, the Senate voted to investigate the Justice Department, where Daugherty remained Attorney General. Democratic Montana Senator Burton K. Wheeler was on the investigating committee and assumed the role of prosecutor when hearings began on March 12, 1924. Jess Smith had engaged\",\n \"title\": \"Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1993994\",\n \"text\": \"In 1920 the US Department of Justice brought suit against the National Linseed Oil Trust for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Several co-defendants were named, including the Archer-Daniels Manufacturing Company. The suit alleged all of these companies were acting in collusion to raise prices, citing a spike in linseed oil costs between 1916 and 1918, when the price rose from $.50 per gallon to $1.80. In 1993, the company was the subject of a lysine price-fixing investigation by the U.S. Justice Department. Senior ADM executives were indicted on criminal charges for engaging in price-fixing within the international lysine market. Three\",\n \"title\": \"Archer Daniels Midland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6521927\",\n \"text\": \"surely come to be considered for entry into the pantheon of such great American scandals as the Yazoo land scandals, Credit Mobilier, Teapot Dome, Billy Sol Estis [\\\"sic\\\"], the salad oil scandals, the Savings & Loan scandals, WorldCom, and Enron.\\\" Brickman has published (as of summer 2016) fifteen articles on asbestos litigation, and testified on the subject three times before Congressional committees (see publications list and External Links below). The subject is also addressed in his 2011 book, \\\"Lawyer Barons.\\\" In January 2005, Professor Brickman was an invited contributor to a Presidential colloquy on tort reform in asbestos litigation, with\",\n \"title\": \"Lester Brickman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2937476\",\n \"text\": \"suspect. Most subsequent writers have done the same. However, Normand's career had already slowed, and her reputation was tarnished. According to George Hopkins, who sat next to her at Taylor's funeral, Normand wept inconsolably. In 1924, Normand's chauffeur Joe Kelly shot and wounded millionaire oil broker and amateur golfer Courtland S. Dines with her pistol. Normand's co-star in many films, Roscoe Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for the rape and manslaughter of actress Virginia Rappe. Although Arbuckle was acquitted, the scandal destroyed his career, and his films were banned from exhibition for a short time. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Mabel Normand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18030100\",\n \"text\": \"his life. The first show was held in Tulsa on October 8–14, 1923. The city had been dubbed \\\"Oil Capital of the World\\\" and headquarters of many major oil companies and suppliers, so it seemed a logical choice.The venue was vacant ground downtown between Main to Cheyenne streets and from Archer to Cameron streets. Despite heavy rains during the week, and the fact that the city was still trying to recover from the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, the IPE drew enough visitors to be considered a success. The organizers decided to repeat the show annually. From 1924 through 1927,\",\n \"title\": \"International Petroleum Exposition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877045\",\n \"text\": \"J. Edgar Hoover took over the position on a provisional basis. Burns also became indirectly involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal, involving the secret leasing of naval oil reserve lands to private companies. In November 1927, Harry F. Sinclair went on trial in federal court for conspiracy to defraud the U. S. in the leasing of the Teapot Dome naval oil reserve. At the request of Sinclair oil executive Henry Mason Day, Burns secretly hired a squad of 14 men from the William J. Burns Detective Agency to \\\"investigate\\\" his jurors. Day arranged for their compensation and received their daily\",\n \"title\": \"William J. Burns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3130195\",\n \"text\": \"M. La Follette, and legislation for agricultural price supports. In the 1920s, as Chairman of the Public Lands Committee, Nye uncovered the fact that Warren G. Harding's interior secretary Albert B. Fall had uncompetitively leased a government oil field to Mammoth Oil Company, in return for contributions to the Republican National Committee. The resulting scandal gave Nye the nickname of \\\"Gerald the Giant-Killer\\\". Between 1934 and 1936, Nye headed an investigation of the munitions industry. The Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry investigated profiteering in the munitions and banking industry and the possibility that greed was a significant\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Nye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2951637\",\n \"text\": \"The History of the Standard Oil Company The History of the Standard Oil Company is a 1904 book by journalist Ida Tarbell. It is an exposé about the Standard Oil Company, run at the time by oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, the richest figure in American history. Originally serialized in nineteen parts in \\\"McClure's\\\" magazine, the book is a seminal example of muckraking, and inspired many other journalists to write about trusts, large businesses that (in the absence of strong antitrust laws in the 19th century) attempted to gain monopolies in various industries. \\\"The History of the Standard Oil Company\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The History of the Standard Oil Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890713\",\n \"text\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924 Oil Pollution Act of 1924 is a United States federal statute establishing regulations for coastal navigable waters with regards to intentional fossil fuel discharges from seagoing vessels. The Act of Congress grants the Secretary of War authority to evaluate the oil volume discharge from a vessel while assessing if coastal navigable waters have a potential toxicity posing a deleterious condition for human health and seafood contamination. The 1924 United States statute provides judicial penalties encompassing civil and criminal punishment for violations of the prescribed regulations as stated in the Act. The legislation was passed by\",\n \"title\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3186975\",\n \"text\": \"Edwin Denby (politician) Edwin Denby (February 18, 1870 – February 8, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of the Navy in the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge from 1921 to 1924. He also played a notable role in the infamous Teapot Dome scandal which took place during the Harding presidency. He was the son of Charles Harvey Denby, grandson of Graham N. Fitch, brother of Charles Denby, Jr., and uncle of dance critic Edwin Orr Denby. Denby was born in Evansville, Indiana, where he attended the public schools. In 1885, his father,\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin Denby (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6749814\",\n \"text\": \"introduced a bill to reform the Sherman Act in 1908, but it was defeated in Congress. In the aftermath of a series of scandals involving major insurance companies, Roosevelt sought to establish a National Bureau of Insurance to provide federal regulation, but this proposal was also defeated. Roosevelt continued to launch anti-trust suits in his second term, and a suit against Standard Oil in 1906 would lead to that company's break-up in 1911. In addition to the anti-trust suits and major regulatory reform efforts, the Roosevelt administration also won the cooperation of many large trusts, who consented to regulation by\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3362623\",\n \"text\": \"whimsically remarked that one of his \\\"fond plans\\\" was to \\\"drill the deepest well in the world\\\", comparing his quest to the Earth's center to Amundsen's South Pole expedition and Robert Peary's North Pole expeditions. On January 14, 1924, Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack caused by an embolism at his company's offices on the fifth floor of the Humble Oil Building in Houston at the age of 54. After his death, his only child, Howard Jr., assumed control of the company as its 75% owner at the age of 19. In his will, Hughes Sr. had left the\",\n \"title\": \"Howard R. Hughes Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387966\",\n \"text\": \"without competitive bidding. This manner of leasing was legal under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920. The lease terms were very favorable to the oil companies, which secretly made Fall a rich man. Fall had received a no-interest loan from Doheny of $100,000 (about $ today) in November 1921. He received other gifts from Doheny and Sinclair totaling about $404,000 (about $ today). This money changing hands was illegal, not the leases. Fall attempted to keep his actions secret, but the sudden improvement in his standard of living was suspect. In April 1922, a Wyoming oil operator wrote to his\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11090740\",\n \"text\": \"During the Teapot Dome Scandal hearings in 1924, Vanderlip testified about what he believed to be a scandal during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Because he spoke out vigorously in defense of the public's right to know about various issues, Vanderlip was forced to resign from the boards of directors of almost 40 companies. He subsequently led a quieter life at his homes in New York and California. After two weeks' hospitalization at New York Hospital, Vanderlip died there on June 30, 1937, at age 72. On May 19, 1903, Vanderlip married Mabel Narcissa Cox in her home\",\n \"title\": \"Frank A. Vanderlip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9307358\",\n \"text\": \"Martin W. Littleton Martin Wiley Littleton (January 12, 1872 – December 19, 1934) was an American attorney known for his involvement in a number of high-profile trials during the early 1900s, including serving as chief defense counsel for Harry Kendall Thaw at his second trial in 1908 for the murder of renowned architect Stanford White, and defending Harry Ford Sinclair, the head of Sinclair Oil, from criminal charges resulting from the Teapot Dome scandal. Littleton also served one term as United States Representative from New York from 1911 to 1913, and was borough president of Brooklyn. Littleton initially supported himself\",\n \"title\": \"Martin W. Littleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"413849\",\n \"text\": \"in the summer of 1904, to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries. He said Roosevelt overruled his Secretary of Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the Osage lands to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company. The New York \\\"Sun\\\" made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil, a refinery who financially benefited from the pipeline, had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 (equivalent to $ million in ) after Roosevelt's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise. Roosevelt branded Haskell's allegation as \\\"a lie, pure and simple\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6232486\",\n \"text\": \"the executive branch, and the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch. In 1924, Senator James Couzens (Michigan) introduced a resolution in the Senate for the creation of a Select Committee to investigate the Bureau of Internal Revenue. At the time, there were reports of inefficiency and waste in the Bureau and allegations that the method of making refunds created the opportunity for fraud. One of the issues investigated by the Select Committee was the valuation of oil properties. The Committee found that there appeared to be no system, no adherence to principle,\",\n \"title\": \"United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2387728\",\n \"text\": \"Parker and Lee Founded in 1904 by Ivy Lee and George F. Parker in New York City. The firm rose quickly in the years immediately after its founding, gaining lucrative clients like the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1906, which was at the time under public scrutiny for denying information and interviews to journalists. Parker and Lee also worked for the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company during the controversial 1915 oilmen's strike, and later worked to end the American trade embargo on the Soviet Union. The firm came under fire during WWII because it had done consulting work for German industrial\",\n \"title\": \"Parker and Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17224309\",\n \"text\": \"had a son, Charles O. Canfield. He was married to Pearl, who divorced him in 1930. The couple served as witnesses to the marriage of silent film stars Marie Prevost and Kenneth Harlan in October 1924. In 1910, he moved into the newly built Canfield-Wright House in Del Mar, California. He died on August 15, 1913, and was buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles. Charles A. Canfield <nowiki></nowiki> Charles A. Canfield (May 15, 1848 – August 15, 1913) was an American oilman and real estate developer. He pioneered oil drilling in California and Mexico. He also co-founded Beverly\",\n \"title\": \"Charles A. Canfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6383949\",\n \"text\": \"appointed as a member of the War Industries Board (Petroleum Service Division), as well as the Director of the Bureau of Sales in the Alien Property Custodian's office during World War I. Guffey suffered financial setbacks in oil speculation during World War I. He was indicted by a federal grand jury for misuse of funds under his control as Sales Director. The charges were later dropped as part of a deal made during the Harding/Coolidge administrations' Teapot Dome Scandal. Guffey served as a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1920 through 1928. Guffey and his lieutenant, David L. Lawrence\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph F. Guffey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11687680\",\n \"text\": \"the field to the northeast, towards Bakersfield. Many oil fields underlie the southwestern portion of Kern County. Adjacent to the Buena Vista field to the southwest is the enormous Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the largest in California and third-largest in the United States, and just north of the Buena Vista field is the Elk Hills Oil Field, famous for the Teapot Dome scandal as one of the illicit leases that brought corruption charges upon the administration of Warren G. Harding. Until January 1, 1958, the Buena Vista field was considered to be part of the larger Midway-Sunset Field to the southwest;\",\n \"title\": \"Buena Vista Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13287920\",\n \"text\": \"office was leased as cover for German spies seeking to prevent America's intervention in World War I (then called \\\"The Great War\\\"). The plot involved an attempt to draw the United States into a diversionary war with Mexico and Japan. The plot was exposed on March 1, 1917, with news reports of an intercepted telegram decoded by British cryptographers, the notorious \\\"Zimmermann Telegram\\\", which prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare war against Germany a month later. Shortly afterward, the entire building was leased by the Sinclair Oil Company, responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal of 1922. Prior to the 1974\",\n \"title\": \"Liberty Tower (Manhattan)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890715\",\n \"text\": \"the United States Armed Forces. The federal statute was passed by the United States 89th Congressional session and enacted into law by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson on November 3, 1966. The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 was repealed by the United States 91st Congressional session enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1970. The United States statute was confirmed as a federal law by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on April 3, 1970. Oil Pollution Act of 1924 Oil Pollution Act of 1924 is a United States federal\",\n \"title\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18981968\",\n \"text\": \"lot from him. He knows where all the bodies are buried.\\\" Kael observed, \\\"It's an odd, cryptic speech. In the first draft, Raymond \\\"literally\\\" knew where the bodies were buried: Mankiewicz had dished up a nasty version of the scandal sometimes referred to as the Strange Death of Thomas Ince.\\\" Referring to the suspicious 1924 death of the American film mogul after being a guest on Hearst's yacht, and noting that Kael's principal source was Houseman, film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote that \\\"it seems safe to conclude, even without her prodding, that some version of the story must have cropped\",\n \"title\": \"Sources for Citizen Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4302351\",\n \"text\": \"whom he became embroiled in the Teapot Dome scandal. McLean falsely told investigating Senator Thomas J. Walsh that he had given Fall a $100,000 loan when, in fact, Fall had illegally received money from private oil companies. When Walsh threatened to have McLean charged with perjury, McLean admitted the falsity of his claim. This admission was later characterized as \\\"the first climactic sensation\\\" and \\\"the smoking gun\\\" of the scandal. The McLean marriage ended with much publicized and bitterly contested divorce proceedings, initiated by Mrs. McLean on grounds of infidelity in October 1931. Edward McLean filed for divorce in a\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Beale McLean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6236586\",\n \"text\": \"by BP for all costs related to the oil spill, including those arising under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. In December 2015, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ordered Anadarko to pay a civil fine under the Clean Water Act of $159.5 million, or $50 per barrel of oil spilled as a result of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion. The judge stated Anadarko was not at fault for the spill, but the company's 25% ownership stake made it responsible. Barbier wrote that the $159.5 million fine \\\"strikes the appropriate balance between Anadarko's lack of culpability and the extreme seriousness\",\n \"title\": \"Anadarko Petroleum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12764323\",\n \"text\": \"Director Smith also served as Chairman of a three-man commission appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in March 1924, after the Teapot Dome scandal, to study the efficient management of the naval petroleum reserves, and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the Cabinet-level Federal Oil Conservation Board established in December 1924 to reappraise Federal oil policies. In the fall of 1929, the first Hoover budget called for increased funds for scientific agencies, including $100,000 for fundamental research in geologic sciences, the first substantial increase in Federal funds for geologic investigations since 1915. In the spring of 1930, Congress appropriated $2.87\",\n \"title\": \"George Otis Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"504737\",\n \"text\": \"1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir they experienced immediately following the 1920 elections was ending, and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo from California, who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians, would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election. The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for party initially, though further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan; Edward Doheny for example, whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal, ranked highly in the Democratic party of California, contributing highly\",\n \"title\": \"1924 United States presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15029664\",\n \"text\": \"all out of his own money. Other problems included the possibility of his workers being drafted to serve in the army (which he solved by writing to Hylan), and the low salaries of his workers, which averaged less than $4,000 a year (approximately $ today). In 1924, Norris was called in to investigate the mysterious insanity and deaths of workers in a plant that made tetraethyllead. It was mostly made in Standard Oil's plant at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. TEL was compounded in a small red brick building which was soon nicknamed the \\\"looney gas building\\\", due to\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Norris (medical examiner)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11679773\",\n \"text\": \"dwarfed a year later by the colossal Lakeview Gusher, by which California's largest oil field, the Midway-Sunset in Kern County, was first known. In the early years of the field, competition was fierce between different oil companies, with a particularly sharp conflict between a group of independent oil producers and Standard Oil, which operated as a gigantic trust until its breakup by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1911. According to an article published in the New York Times in 1905, Standard attempted to force its competitors out of business by artificially holding down the price of oil to as little\",\n \"title\": \"Coalinga Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398737\",\n \"text\": \"oil museums in Kern County, California and the libraries and museums in the area around Silver City, New Mexico, as well as the period photography, which played a large part in shaping his screenplay and the film. Oil! Oil! is a novel by Upton Sinclair, first published in 1926–27 and told as a third-person narrative, with only the opening pages written in the first person. The book was written in the context of the Harding administration's Teapot Dome Scandal and takes place in Southern California. It is a social and political satire skewering the human foibles of all its characters.\",\n \"title\": \"Oil!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8936044\",\n \"text\": \"of Fame trainer Max Hirsch. He remained a maiden until his fifth start. Hirsch raced him until he won the Champagne Stakes for two-year-olds, then sold him to Harry F. Sinclair of Sinclair Oil (famous for his close connection to the 29th President of the United States, Warren G. Harding, and involved in the infamous Teapot Dome scandal). Sinclair took enormous pleasure in his recently purchased no-expense-spared Rancocas Stable in New Jersey while buying every horse that took his fancy. The trainer, Hall of Famer Sam Hildreth, not as well-heeled as Sinclair nor as happy about the horse—a superstitious man,\",\n \"title\": \"Grey Lag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20187799\",\n \"text\": \"escape and there is hope the missing will be accounted for.\\\" A later dispatch by the United Press stated that practically all of the 36 crew were accounted for at dawn. The total loss of the dock and the steamer was put at $1,500,000. SS Alden Anderson The SS \\\"Alden Anderson\\\" was a tanker ship owned and operated by the Associated Oil Company. The vessel was named for Alden Anderson, lieutenant governor of the State of California, from 1903 to 1907. It was destroyed by fire on the night of 29-30 October 1924. The oil tanker SS \\\"Alden Anderson\\\", of\",\n \"title\": \"SS Alden Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2987110\",\n \"text\": \"playing poker for money if they liked it, but it irked me to see it in the White House. Several of Harding's Ohio Gang associates lost no time enriching themselves at the public expense. Soon rumblings began to be heard over possible malfeasance in various government departments, including Daugherty's Department of Justice. Then on April 14, 1922, the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\" broke a sensational story about a secret bribery scheme involving oil company kickbacks to government officials in exchange for the granting of extraordinarily favorable oil extraction leases via single-bid contracts. The next day Wyoming Democratic Senator John B. Kendrick\",\n \"title\": \"Harry M. Daugherty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3601129\",\n \"text\": \"attorney was former politician Joseph Weldon Bailey, who clashed frequently with the judge. The jury found Cook guilty on 14 counts of fraud, and, in November 1923, Judge Killits sentenced Cook and 13 other oil company promoters to prison terms. Cook drew the longest sentence, 14 years 9 months. His attorney appealed the verdict, but the conviction was upheld. Cook was imprisoned until 1930. Roald Amundsen, who believed he owed his life to Cook's extrication of the \\\"Belgica\\\", visited him several times. Cook was pardoned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, ten years after his release and shortly before\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"504740\",\n \"text\": \"reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border. The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest. At the time, however, he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received \\\"an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement,\\\" since the Doheny companies had \\\"several hundred million dollars of property at stake, our services, had they been effective, would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee.\\\" In fact, the lawyer received\",\n \"title\": \"1924 United States presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"793219\",\n \"text\": \"of 1921. He was convicted of bribery in 1929, and served one year in prison, for his part in the controversy. A major factor in the scandal was a transfer of certain oil leases from the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy to that of the Department of the Interior, at Fall's behest. Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt—already facing criticism related to his alleged hostility to environmentalism and his support of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interests, and for banning The Beach Boys from playing a 1983 Independence Day\",\n \"title\": \"United States Department of the Interior\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19705702\",\n \"text\": \"pressure, he refused to dismiss Denby, who instead resigned of his own accord in March 1924. That same month, after Daugherty refused to resign, Coolidge fired him. Coolidge also replaced the Director of the Bureau of Investigation, William J. Burns, with J. Edgar Hoover. The investigation by Pomerene and Roberts, combined with the departure of the scandal-tarred Harding appointees, served to disassociate Coolidge from the Harding administration's misdeeds. By May 1924, Harding's scandals had largely receded from public attention, though a separate scandal involving former Postmaster General Will H. Hays would briefly garner headlines in 1928. During Coolidge's presidency, the\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Calvin Coolidge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420143\",\n \"text\": \"were rumours that the two were having an affair. The full story was never clear. The police were not called until three hours after the shots had been fired, despite several members of the family being at home and having heard the yelling. The Los Angeles authorities immediately blamed Plunkett in the murder-suicide. In addition to the indictment of Edward Doheny in the Teapot Dome scandal, both Doheny and Plunkett had been indicted in the alleged bribe of Albert Fall—as Ned (accompanied by Plunkett) had delivered the money. They had already gone through some trials. Raymond Chandler, a former oil\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20527981\",\n \"text\": \"'motor spirit'. In 1924 Vacuum Oil opened its bulk petroleum products terminal at Pulpit Point, a small peninsula at Hunter's Hill on Sydney Harbour. In October of that year, the company-owned oil tanker \\\"H.T Harper\\\" – built in 1921 – arrived at this new facility with a 1.8 million gallon bulk cargo of 'gasoline'. About the \\\"H.T.Harper\\\", it was noted that, \\\"\\\"Every precaution is taken to prevent fire.\\\"\\\" The amount of 'case oil' shipped to Australia declined after 1924 and from that year some petroleum was refined locally. Thereafter, 'case oil' shipped by sea was more commonly kerosene, or other\",\n \"title\": \"SS Canastota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1088986\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ethyl\\\" that had been proposed by Kettering in its marketing materials, thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word \\\"lead\\\". Early research into \\\"engine knocking\\\" (also called \\\"pinging\\\" or \\\"pinking\\\") was also led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher-compression engines. In 1924, Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO/EXXON) and General Motors created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Deepwater, NJ across the river from\",\n \"title\": \"Tetraethyllead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16905903\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Tinney Frank Aloysius Robert Tinney (March 29, 1878 – November 28, 1940) was an American blackface comedian and actor. Tinney achieved considerable success in vaudeville and on Broadway in the early 20th century. Comedian Joe Cook considered Tinney \\\"the greatest natural comic ever developed in America.\\\" Tinney's career and marriage were ruined after he was accused of beating his mistress, Ziegfeld girl Imogene \\\"Bubbles\\\" Wilson in May 1924. Although he was never formally charged, the ensuing publicity ruined his reputation. Tinney suffered a number of health problems after the scandal and eventually had a nervous breakdown. He never regained\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Tinney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2951638\",\n \"text\": \"is credited with hastening the breakup of Standard Oil, which came about in 1911, when the Supreme Court of the United States found the company to be violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. The subsequent decision splintered the company into 34 \\\"baby Standards.\\\" The value of Rockefeller's shares rose after the breakup as the new companies had a positive development on the stock exchange. The original book was a two-volume hardcover set. An abridged paperback edition was released later. The inspiration behind \\\"The History of Standard Oil Company\\\" was largely fueled by Ida Tarbell's childhood experiences. Her father, Franklin Tarbell, worked\",\n \"title\": \"The History of the Standard Oil Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"248003\",\n \"text\": \"Vend\\\" was able to maintain its monopoly due to trade union assistance, and material advantages (primarily coal geography). During the early 20th century, as a result of comparable monopolistic practices in the Australian coastal shipping business, the Vend developed as an informal and illegal collusion between the steamship owners and the coal industry, eventually resulting in the High Court case Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd v. R. & AG. Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it became the largest oil refiner in the world. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and\",\n \"title\": \"Monopoly\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company context: Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company (PAT) was an oil company founded in 1916 by the American oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny after he had made a huge oil strike in Mexico. Pan American profited from fuel demand during World War I, and from the subsequent growth in use of automobiles. For several years Pan American was the largest American oil company, with holdings in the United States, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela. In 1924 Pan American was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal over irregularities in the award of a U.S. government oil\\n\\nWhich oil scandal hit the US in 1924?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 181,\n \"origin_tokens\": 181,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Edward L. Doheny context: taint by a bribe paid to the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall in 1921. He made the \\\"gift\\\" of $100,000 in connection with obtaining a lease of 32,000 acres (130 km²) of government-owned land used for the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve near Taft, California. The resulting scandal broke soon after that, over similar bribes Fall accepted for leasing Teapot Dome in Wyoming. Doheny (his son Ned, who had delivered the money, and his assistant Hugh Plunkett, were also indicted) was charged with bribing Fall but, in 1930, was acquitted. Nevertheless, Fall was convicted of accepting the bribe.\\n\\ntitle Ray Lyman Wil context: W.'Melveny. On March 5, 199 President Hobur as U.S Secretary of the Interior confirmed by the Senate, and assumed office the same day ten on March4, 193 as Ho left office As Interior Secretary, Wilbur addressed corruption grant contracts for naval oil reserves, caused controversy during the Hard administration's Teapot Dome scandal. Wil promulgated policy that no new oil leases would be granted private individuals except when mandated by law. Wil was criticized by political opponents allocationoulder Dam to utilities.\\n\\ntitle: Teapot Dome scount a meeting at ranch. Another significant outcome Supreme Court's rulingGrain v.ert (192), for the first time explicitly that had the power to compel testimony The field was then id for 9 years but went back into in 1976.ning over5venue over the previous Energy sold oil field for $5 to Stred Op thisandal has used as a of\\ntitle: Pan American Company Pet Transport in wasir Corporation. oil theum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. On 24 January 1924 Doheny testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, and admitted that he had loaned Fall $100,000 in cash with no security some months before the oilfield leasing arrangement was made. Doheny said the loan was a personal one. Pan American\\n\\nWhich oil scandal hit the US in 1924?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 507,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14053,\n \"ratio\": \"27.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":71,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":71,"string":"71"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Phil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Hook","HOOK"],"string":"[\n \"Hook\",\n \"HOOK\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Hook"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1355472","text":"cameo appearances in Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\" (1991) and the AIDS docudrama \"And the Band Played On\" (1993). He starred in \"Frauds\", which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. He supplied voices to two animated features: Amblin's \"Balto\" (1995) and Disney's \"The Jungle Book 2\" (2003). A long-discussed but never completed project was a film titled \"The Three Bears\"; originally meant to star Collins, Danny DeVito, and Bob Hoskins. He often mentioned the film, though an appropriate script never materialised. Collins's music is featured in the satirical black comedy film \"American Psycho\", with psychotic lead character","title":"Phil Collins"},{"id":"371466","text":"for the romantic comedy-drama \"Always\", about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, \"Always\" was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews. In 1991, Spielberg directed \"Hook\", about a middle-aged Peter Pan, played by Robin Williams, who returns to Neverland. Despite innumerable rewrites and creative changes coupled with mixed reviews, the film proved popular with audiences, making over $300 million worldwide (from a $70 million budget). In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with the film version of Michael Crichton's novel \"Jurassic Park\", about a theme park with genetically engineered dinosaurs. With revolutionary special","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"639861","text":"portray the deep-driven man. From Dustin Hoffman, with whom he co-starred in \"Hook\", he learned to take on totally different character types, and to transform his characters by extreme preparation. Mike Medavoy, producer of \"Hook\", told its director, Steven Spielberg, that he intentionally teamed up Hoffman and Williams for the film because he knew they wanted to work together, and that Williams welcomed the opportunity of working with Spielberg. Williams benefited from working with Woody Allen, who directed him and Billy Crystal in \"Deconstructing Harry\" (1997), as Allen had knowledge of the fact that Crystal and Williams had often performed","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"9584135","text":"Secret Thing.\" During pre-production for \"Once Around\", Scotch Marmo came to the attention of acclaimed film director Steven Spielberg, who hired her to write \"Hook\", also released in 1991. \"Hook\" starred Robin Williams as an adult Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, and Julia Roberts as Tinkerbell. Scotch Marmo shared writing credit with James V. Hart and also served as associate producer on the film. While \"Hook\" was being shot, Scotch Marmo began working on her next Spielberg project, \"Jurassic Park\", released in 1993. \"Jurassic Park\", which has had four sequels to date, starred Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff","title":"Malia Scotch Marmo"},{"id":"639833","text":"starring film role in \"Popeye\" (1980), Williams starred in numerous films that achieved critical and financial success, including \"Good Morning, Vietnam\" (1987), \"Dead Poets Society\" (1989), \"Aladdin\" (1992), \"The Birdcage\" (1996), and \"Good Will Hunting\" (1997). He also starred in widely acclaimed films, such as \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), \"Moscow on the Hudson\" (1984), \"Awakenings\" (1990), \"The Fisher King\" (1991), \"One Hour Photo\" (2002), and \"World's Greatest Dad\" (2009), as well as box office hits, such as \"Hook\" (1991), \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (1993), \"Jumanji\" (1995), and the \"Night at the Museum\" trilogy (2006–2014). Williams was nominated four times for","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"2562462","text":"I had confidence in the first act and I had confidence in the epilogue. I didn't have confidence in the body of it.\" He added, \"I didn't quite know what I was doing and I tried to paint over my insecurity with production value,\" admitting \"the more insecure I felt about it, the bigger and more colorful the sets became.\" Hook (film) Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, Julia","title":"Hook (film)"},{"id":"738623","text":"Steven Spielberg's Academy Award-winning film, \"Schindler's List\" (1993). He has since starred in other successful films, including the title role in the historical biopic \"Michael Collins\" (1996), the 1998 film adaptation of Victor Hugo's \"Les Misérables\", the epic space opera \"\" (1999), the biographical drama \"Kinsey\" (2004), the superhero film \"Batman Begins\" (2005), the action thriller series \"Taken\" (2008–2014), the thriller-survival film \"The Grey\" (2011), and the historical drama \"Silence\" (2016). He also provided the voices of Aslan in \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" trilogy (2005–2010) and the titular monster in \"A Monster Calls\" (2016). He has been nominated for a","title":"Liam Neeson"},{"id":"371443","text":"the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982), and the \"Jurassic Park\" series seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking. Spielberg transitioned into addressing humanistic issues in his later work via the films \"The Color Purple\" (1985), \"Empire of the Sun\" (1987), \"Schindler's List\" (1993), \"Amistad\" (1997) and \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998). He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century, with \"Munich\" (2005), \"Lincoln\" (2012), \"Bridge of Spies\" (2015), and \"The Post\" (2017). Spielberg co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios, where he has also served as a producer for several successful films, including the \"Back to the Future\", \"Men in Black\",","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"2562432","text":"Hook (film) Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell, Bob Hoskins as Smee, Maggie Smith as Wendy, Caroline Goodall as Moira Banning, and Charlie Korsmo as Jack Banning. It acts as a sequel to J. M. Barrie's 1911 novel \"Peter and Wendy\" focusing on an adult Peter Pan who has forgotten all about his childhood. In his new life, he is known as Peter Banning,","title":"Hook (film)"},{"id":"1360424","text":"(1989), and \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\" (2008). Williams composed an emotional and sensitive score to Spielberg's 1982 fantasy film \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\". Williams was awarded a fourth Academy Award for this score. The Spielberg-Williams collaboration resumed with the director's 1987 film \"Empire of the Sun\", and has continued to the present, spanning genres from science fiction thrillers (1993's \"Jurassic Park)\", to somber tragedies (1993's \"Schindler's List\", 2005's \"Munich)\", to Eastern-tinged melodramas (2005's \"Memoirs of a Geisha\", directed by Rob Marshall), to dramatic war films (1998's \"Saving Private Ryan)\". Spielberg has said, \"I call it an","title":"John Williams"},{"id":"639859","text":"nominations (for playing an English teacher in \"Dead Poets Society\" (1989), and for playing a troubled homeless man in \"The Fisher King\" (1991)). In 1991, he played an adult Peter Pan in the film \"Hook\", although he had said that he would have to lose twenty-five pounds. Other roles Williams had in acclaimed dramatic films include \"Moscow on the Hudson\" (1984), \"Awakenings\" (1990), \"What Dreams May Come\" (1998), and \"Bicentennial Man\" (1999). In \"Insomnia\", Williams portrayed a writer / killer on the run from a sleep-deprived Los Angeles policeman (played by Al Pacino) in rural Alaska. Also in 2002, in","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"371467","text":"effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \"Schindler's List\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \"Schindler's List\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"17426589","text":"magazine ranked Neeson among both the \"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\" and \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time.\" Liam Neeson filmography Liam Neeson is an Irish actor and voice actor, who rose to prominence with his acclaimed starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1993 Oscar winner \"Schindler's List\". He has since starred in a number of other successful films, including \"\", \"Taken\", \"Michael Collins\", \"Les Misérables\", \"Batman Begins\", \"Kinsey\", \"Clash of the Titans\", and \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" series. He has been nominated for a number of awards including an Academy Award for Best Actor, a BAFTA Award","title":"Liam Neeson filmography"},{"id":"639856","text":"CBS started a new series, \"The Crazy Ones\", starring Williams, but the show was canceled after one season. The first film role credited to Robin Williams is a small part in the 1977 low-budget comedy \"Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?\". His first major performance is as the title character in \"Popeye\" (1980). There, Williams showcased the acting skills previously demonstrated in his television work; and the film's commercial disappointment was not blamed upon his role. He stars as the leading character in \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), which Williams considered \"may have lacked a certain madness","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"218776","text":"Her next film was the commercially successful thriller \"Sleeping with the Enemy\" (1991), in which she took on the role of a battered wife who escapes her abusive husband, played by Patrick Bergin, and begins a new life in Iowa. Roberts played Tinkerbell in Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\", and starred as a nurse in Joel Schumacher's romance film \"Dying Young\"; both films were also released in 1991, to a highly positive commercial response. Roberts took a two-year hiatus from the screen, during which she made no films other than a cameo appearance in Robert Altman's \"The Player\" (1992). In early 1993,","title":"Julia Roberts"},{"id":"170728","text":"auditioned Missi Pyle, she was so impressed that she sent the audition tape directly to Parisot, with a note stating \"If this is not Laliari, I will resign from the CSA.\" Steven Spielberg later asked for Laliari's role to be expanded after being impressed by her performance as well. Jennifer Coolidge was the second choice for the role. Both Allen and Rockwell almost dropped out of the film; Allen had to choose between \"Galaxy Quest\" and \"Bicentennial Man\" and chose the first, with his \"Bicentennial Man\" role going to Robin Williams instead, while Rockwell almost backed out of the film","title":"Galaxy Quest"},{"id":"17426588","text":"Liam Neeson filmography Liam Neeson is an Irish actor and voice actor, who rose to prominence with his acclaimed starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1993 Oscar winner \"Schindler's List\". He has since starred in a number of other successful films, including \"\", \"Taken\", \"Michael Collins\", \"Les Misérables\", \"Batman Begins\", \"Kinsey\", \"Clash of the Titans\", and \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" series. He has been nominated for a number of awards including an Academy Award for Best Actor, a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and three Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama. \"Empire\"","title":"Liam Neeson filmography"},{"id":"1355442","text":"criminal convicted for his role in the Great Train Robbery. Reviews for the film were mixed and controversy ensued over its subject matter; Prince Charles and Princess Diana declined an invitation to the film's première after it was accused of glorifying crime. However, Collins's performance opposite Julie Walters received good reviews and he contributed four songs to the film's soundtrack. His slow ballad rendition of \"A Groovy Kind of Love\", originally by the Mindbenders, became his only single to reach No. 1 in the UK and the U.S. The film also spawned the hit single \"Two Hearts\", which he co-wrote","title":"Phil Collins"},{"id":"544216","text":"freedom. Altman's company is not to be confused with the current Lionsgate, a Canada/U.S. entertainment company. The films he made through his company included \"Brewster McCloud\", \"A Wedding\", \"3 Women\", and \"Quintet\". In 1980, he directed the musical film \"Popeye\". Produced by Robert Evans and written by Jules Feiffer, the film was based on the comic strip/cartoon of the same name and starred the comedian Robin Williams in his film debut. Designed as a vehicle to increase Altman's commercial clout following a series of critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful low-budget films in the late 1970s (including \"3 Women\", \"A Wedding\"","title":"Robert Altman"},{"id":"639865","text":"Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in \"Aladdin\" became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009. Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including \"\" (1992), \"Robots\" (2005), \"Happy Feet\" (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in \"Everyone's Hero\" (2006).","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"371474","text":"Leonardo DiCaprio). It earned Christopher Walken an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. The film is known for John Williams's score and its unique title sequence. It was a hit both commercially and critically. Spielberg collaborated again with Tom Hanks along with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Stanley Tucci in 2004's \"The Terminal\", a warm-hearted comedy about a man of Eastern European descent who is stranded in an airport. It received mixed reviews but performed relatively well at the box office. In 2005, \"Empire\" magazine ranked Spielberg number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time. Also","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"19853976","text":"Temple of Doom\". After he finished \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", Spielberg almost planned to direct the comedy \"Three Amigos\" next, with Steve Martin, Bill Murray and Robin Williams as the leads. He chose to direct \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" instead. In July 1982, Spielberg hired \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" writer Melissa Mathison to write a script for a sequel film, entitled \"E.T. II: Nocturnal Fears\". The film's plot would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help. However, Spielberg finally decided to cancel the sequel's production, feeling it \"would","title":"Steven Spielberg's unrealized projects"},{"id":"1394347","text":"he reunited with director Paul Mazursky to star in the political farce \"Moon Over Parador\". In 1989, Dreyfuss reunited with Spielberg on \"Always\", a remake of \"A Guy Named Joe\" in which he co-starred with Holly Hunter. He had a starring role opposite Bill Murray in the 1991 comedy \"What About Bob?\", as a psychiatrist who goes crazy while trying to cope with a particularly obsessive new patient. That same year, Dreyfuss produced and starred as Georges Picquart in \"Prisoner of Honor\", an HBO movie about the historical Dreyfus Affair. In 1994, he participated in the historic \"Papal Concert to","title":"Richard Dreyfuss"},{"id":"639867","text":"and appeared on an episode of \"\" that aired on January 30, 2006. At the time of his death in 2014, Williams had appeared in four movies not yet released: \"\", \"A Merry Friggin' Christmas\", \"Boulevard\" and \"Absolutely Anything\". Williams appeared opposite Steve Martin at Lincoln Center in an off-Broadway production of \"Waiting for Godot\" in 1988. He made his Broadway acting debut in Rajiv Joseph's \"Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo\", which opened at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on March 31, 2011. He headlined his own one-man show, \"Robin Williams: Live on Broadway\", that played at the Broadway theatre","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"4347997","text":"Popeye (film) Popeye is a 1980 American musical comedy film directed by Robert Altman and based on E. C. Segar's character of the same name from the \"Thimble Theatre\" comic strip. Produced by Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, film stars Robin Williams as Popeye the Sailor Man and Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl. Paramount handled North American distribution, while Buena Vista International handled international distribution. The film premiered on December 6, 1980 in Los Angeles, California, to mixed reviews and disappointing box office results. Harry Nilsson's soundtrack received mostly positive reviews. Popeye, a sailor, arrives at the small coastal","title":"Popeye (film)"},{"id":"19112244","text":"Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is a 2017 American fantasy action-adventure comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Scott Rosenberg, and Jeff Pinkner, based on a story by McKenna. Part of the \"Jumanji\" franchise, the film is a sequel to the 1995 \"Jumanji\", which was based on the 1981 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. It pays tribute to Robin Williams, the star of the first film, by mentioning his character's name. In addition, a replica of the used by Williams's character also appears as","title":"Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle"},{"id":"371476","text":"film \"Munich\", about the events following the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games, was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world (the first being \"Schindler's List\"). The film is based on \"Vengeance\", a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas. It was previously adapted into the 1986 made-for-TV film \"Sword of Gideon\". The film received strong critical praise, but underperformed at the U.S. and world box-office; it remains one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date. \"Munich\" received five Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, Film Editing, Original Music Score (by John Williams), Best Adapted","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"4063346","text":"the integrity of DeVito's misanthropic vision.\" Though it received a wide release, playing in some 2,164 theaters its opening weekend in the United States, the film was a box office bomb, grossing $4,266,463 its opening weekend, and a mere $8,382,691 overall, with negligible box-office receipts outside the U.S./Canada market. Robin Williams received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance as Randolph in this film, but 'lost' to Hayden Christensen for his performance in \"\". Death to Smoochy Death to Smoochy is a 2002 American black comedy film directed by Danny DeVito, and starring Robin Williams, Edward","title":"Death to Smoochy"},{"id":"3894970","text":"Altman's \"Popeye\" starring Robin Williams. He has appeared in over 20 films, mainly in supporting roles. Irwin's principal film roles include playing Eddie Collins in \"Eight Men Out\", which tells the true story of the \"Black Sox\" gambling scandal of 1919, and \"My Blue Heaven\", a 1990 comedy with Steve Martin and Rick Moranis. Irwin tap-danced in a leading role in 1991's \"Stepping Out\" with Liza Minnelli, appeared as a mime in the Paul Mazursky film \"Scenes from a Mall\" alongside Woody Allen and Bette Midler, and played Charlie Sheen's father in Hot Shots! His authentic vaudevillian skills landed him","title":"Bill Irwin"},{"id":"423127","text":"\"Shaun of the Dead\", \"Hot Fuzz\", and \"The World's End\". Three works with similar themes from a creator may later come to be known as a trilogy, especially if produced one after the other. The Steven Spielberg films \"A.I.: Artificial Intelligence\", \"Minority Report\", and \"Catch Me If You Can\" are unofficially known as \"The Running Man Trilogy\", because each featured a main character escaping a pursuer. Another example is the \"Dollars Trilogy\" by Sergio Leone; no continuity between the three movies was intended by Leone, but American marketers advertised the Clint Eastwood character in each film as being the same","title":"Trilogy"},{"id":"138134","text":"$40 million, making it the 9th highest-grossing film of the year worldwide. The film won Academy Awards for Costume Design, Makeup and Sound Editing. Coppola's next project was \"Jack\", which was released on August 9, 1996. It starred Robin Williams as Jack Powell, a ten-year-old boy whose cells are growing at four times the normal rate, so at the age of ten he looks like a 40-year-old man. With Diane Lane, Brian Kerwin and Bill Cosby, \"Jack\" also featured Jennifer Lopez, Fran Drescher and Michael McKean in supporting roles. Although a moderate box-office success, grossing $58 million domestically on an","title":"Francis Ford Coppola"},{"id":"6268294","text":"trade, civil rights, war, and terrorism. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for \"Schindler's List\" and \"Saving Private Ryan\", as well as receiving five other nominations. Three of Spielberg's films—\"Jaws\", \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", and \"Jurassic Park\"—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $10 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history and the first to ever pass this milestone (on approximately April 16th 2018). Spielberg has worked as a producer, executive producer, director, or in an otherwise creative capacity on several films where he","title":"Steven Spielberg filmography"},{"id":"4513099","text":"Four Seasons hotel, he approached Freeman and handed him a copy of the film. In 1997, Steven Spielberg saw \"Strays\" (having already been impressed with Diesel's performance in \"Multi-Facial\") and wrote a role into \"Saving Private Ryan\" specifically for Diesel as a result, giving him his first major film role. Multi-Facial Multi-Facial is a 1995 American short drama film written, directed, produced, and scored by Vin Diesel. The film stars Diesel as a multiracial actor and depicts the professional and emotional issues he faces. \"Multi-Facial\" was noticed by Steven Spielberg, who would cast Diesel in \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998). It","title":"Multi-Facial"},{"id":"10138004","text":"Catch Me If You Can (soundtrack) Catch Me If You Can: Music from the Motion Picture is the original soundtrack of the 2002 film of the same name, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hanks, Christopher Walken, Martin Sheen and Amy Adams. The original score was composed and conducted by John Williams. The film was the twentieth collaboration between Williams and director Steven Spielberg. The album was also produced by John Williams. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. The first track of the soundtrack is featured","title":"Catch Me If You Can (soundtrack)"},{"id":"1360408","text":"John Williams John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. With a career spanning over six decades, he has composed some of the most popular, recognizable, and critically acclaimed film scores in cinematic history, including those of the \"Star Wars\" series, \"Jaws\", \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", \"Superman\", \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", the \"Indiana Jones\" series, the first two \"Home Alone\" films, \"Hook\", the first two \"Jurassic Park\" films, \"Schindler's List\", and the first three \"Harry Potter\" films. Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for all but three","title":"John Williams"},{"id":"3157701","text":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a 1997 American science fiction adventure film and the second installment in the \"Jurassic Park\" film series. A sequel to 1993's \"Jurassic Park\", the film was written by David Koepp, loosely based on Michael Crichton's 1995 novel \"The Lost World\", and directed by Steven Spielberg. Gerald R. Molen and Colin Wilson produced the film. Actor Jeff Goldblum returns as the chaos-theorist and eccentric mathematician Ian Malcolm, leading a cast that includes: Julianne Moore, Pete Postlethwaite, Vince Vaughn, Vanessa Lee Chester, and Arliss Howard. Goldblum is the only actor from","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park"},{"id":"13514864","text":"known to be preserved. Popeye was recently featured on the \"Brad and John: Mornings on KISM\" \"When Animals Attack\" segment. Director Robert Altman used the character in \"Popeye\", a 1980 live-action musical feature film, starring Robin Williams as Popeye (his first starring movie role), Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl, and Paul L. Smith as Bluto, with songs by Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks. The script was by Jules Feiffer, who adapted the 1971 Nostalgia Press book of 1936 strips for his screenplay, thus retaining many of the characters created by Segar. A co-production of Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney","title":"Popeye"},{"id":"11322589","text":"\"America America\"; John Cassavetes' collection including \"Woman Under the Influence\" and \"Faces\"; Orson Welles' \"Othello\", Woody Allen's \"What's Up Tiger Lily?\", John Ford's \"Stagecoach\", Alfred Hitchcock's \"Foreign Correspondent\", Bruce Beresford's \"Breaker Morant\", The Marx Brothers' \"A Night in Casablanca\", \"Hell's Angels on Wheels\" and \"Rebel Rousers\" both starring Jack Nicholson, \"Glengarry Glen Ross\" starring Al Pacino, \"Death of a Salesman\" starring Dustin Hoffman, \"Seize the Day\" starring Robin Williams, presented with Martin Scorsese, Fellini's \"Intervista\", two Academy Award nominees - \"A Great Day in Harlem\" and \"Al Hirschfeld: The Line King\", and Academy Award winners \"Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie\"","title":"Julian Schlossberg"},{"id":"6485135","text":"The Color Purple (film) The Color Purple is a 1985 American coming-of-age period drama film directed by Steven Spielberg with a screenplay by Menno Meyjes, based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1982 novel of the same name by Alice Walker. It was Spielberg's eighth film as a director, and was a change from the summer blockbusters for which he had become famous. The film was also the first feature-length film directed by Spielberg for which John Williams did not compose the music. The film stars Whoopi Goldberg, Danny Glover, Desreta Jackson, Margaret Avery, Oprah Winfrey (in her film debut), Rae Dawn","title":"The Color Purple (film)"},{"id":"1355443","text":"with Lamont Dozier; the two artists won a Golden Globe for Best Original Song and receive an Oscar nomination in the same category. \"Big Noise\" and \"Loco in Acapulco\" were also by Collins and Dozier, the vocals for the latter were performed by the Four Tops. Film critic Roger Ebert said the role of Buster was \"played with surprising effectiveness\" by Collins, although the film's soundtrack proved more successful than the film. In 1989, Collins worked on his fourth studio album \"...But Seriously\", and appeared on The Who Tour 1989, performing the role of young Tommy's wicked Uncle Ernie in","title":"Phil Collins"},{"id":"1270082","text":"ending. Mick LaSalle gave a largely negative review. \"\"A.I.\" exhibits all its creators' bad traits and none of the good. So we end up with the structureless, meandering, slow-motion endlessness of Kubrick combined with the fuzzy, cuddly mindlessness of Spielberg.\" Dubbing it Spielberg's \"first boring movie\", LaSalle also believed the robots at the end of the film were aliens, and compared Gigolo Joe to the \"useless\" Jar Jar Binks, yet praised Robin Williams for his portrayal of a futuristic Albert Einstein. Peter Travers gave a mixed review, concluding \"Spielberg cannot live up to Kubrick's darker side of the future.\" But","title":"A.I. Artificial Intelligence"},{"id":"754200","text":"house in suburban Kraków for the duration of filming. He later thanked his wife \"for rescuing me ninety-two days in a row ... when things just got too unbearable\". Robin Williams called Spielberg to cheer him up, given the profound lack of humor on the set. Spielberg spent several hours each evening editing \"Jurassic Park\", which was scheduled to premiere in June 1993. Spielberg occasionally used German and Polish language dialogue to create a sense of realism. He initially considered making the film entirely in those languages, but decided \"there's too much safety in reading . It would have been","title":"Schindler's List"},{"id":"17426261","text":"the 1990s, he made appearances in such film as Warren Beatty's action comedy adaptation \"Dick Tracy\" (1990), Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\" (1991) as Captain Hook, guest starred in the 1991 \"Lisa's Substitute\" episode of \"The Simpsons\", medical disaster \"Outbreak\" (1995), legal crime drama \"Sleepers\" (1996), thriller \"Mad City\" (1997), and the satirical black comedy \"Wag the Dog\" (1997) alongside Robert De Niro. In the 2000s, he played theatrical producer Charles Frohman in \"Finding Neverland\", co-starred in the comedy \"Meet the Fockers\" (both 2004) as Bernie Focker, the fantasy thriller \"\" (2006), and played the title character in the family comedy \"Mr.","title":"Dustin Hoffman filmography"},{"id":"2562460","text":"a Grammy Award nomination for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media; Julia Roberts received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress (lost to Sean Young as the dead twin in \"A Kiss Before Dying\"). In 2011, Spielberg told \"Entertainment Weekly\": \"There are parts of \"Hook\" I love. I'm really proud of my work right up through Peter being hauled off in the parachute out the window, heading for Neverland. I'm a little less proud of the Neverland sequences, because I'm uncomfortable with that highly stylized world that today, of course, I would probably have done with live-action character","title":"Hook (film)"},{"id":"1360434","text":"\"Bridge of Spies\" that year, which would have been his 27th collaboration with director Steven Spielberg. However, in March 2015, it was announced that Thomas Newman would replace Williams for the film, as Williams's schedule was interrupted by a minor health issue and he became unavailable to score the film. This is the first Spielberg film since \"The Color Purple\" (1985) not scored by Williams. In 2016, Williams composed the score for Spielberg's \"The BFG\", which opened in July 2016. In March 2017, Williams scored the animated short film \"Dear Basketball\" directed by Glen Keane and based on a poem","title":"John Williams"},{"id":"540611","text":"with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date: \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998), \"Catch Me If You Can\" (2002), \"The Terminal\" (2004), \"Bridge of Spies\" (2015), and \"The Post\" (2017), as well as the 2001 miniseries \"Band of Brothers\", which launched Hanks as a successful director, producer, and screenwriter. In 2010, Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries \"The Pacific\". Hanks' films have grossed more than $4.5 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $9.0 billion worldwide, making him the fourth highest-grossing actor in North America. Hanks has been nominated for numerous awards","title":"Tom Hanks"},{"id":"1591184","text":"Encounters of the Third Kind\", another blockbuster and alien contact set in the wilderness. For the picture, Spielberg received his first Oscar nomination for directing. A year later the most iconic superhero was brought to the screen in \"Superman\", who was portrayed by classically trained actor Christopher Reeve. It was met by resounding praise for strong performances and its epic scope which resulted in numerous sequels and is regarded as one of the greatest superhero films ever made, beginning a new era of superhero films. The success of Woody Allen's \"Annie Hall\" in 1977 stirred a new trend in filmmaking.","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"371461","text":"attempting to return home. \"E.T.\" went on to become the top-grossing film of all time. It was also nominated for nine Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director and it won 4 out of them. Between 1982 and 1985, Spielberg produced three high-grossing films: \"Poltergeist\" (for which he also co-wrote the screenplay), a big-screen adaptation of \"\" (for which he directed the segment \"Kick The Can\"), and \"The Goonies\" (Spielberg, executive producer, also wrote the story on which the screenplay was based). Spielberg appeared in a cameo on Cyndi Lauper's music video for the movie's theme song, \"The Goonies","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"371469","text":"second biggest film of 1997 behind James Cameron's \"Titanic\" (which topped the original \"Jurassic Park\" to become the new recordholder for box office receipts). His next film, \"Amistad\", was based on a true story (like \"Schindler's List\"), specifically about an African slave rebellion. Despite decent reviews from critics, it did not do well at the box office. Spielberg released \"Amistad\" under DreamWorks Pictures, which has produced all of his films from \"Amistad\" onwards with the exception of \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\", \"The Adventures of Tintin\" and \"Ready Player One\". His 1998 theatrical release was the","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"8040300","text":"Japan, where I believe it did reasonable business.\" The film grossed a total of 1,102,183 admissions in France. It was the 33rd most popular film of the year. Producer Larry Gordon later reflected on the film's poor critical and box office response in the US: If we'd had Clint Eastwood in the film, we'd have been forgiven everything and they'd have said, 'It's another Eastwood film about driving cars'.\" If we'd had Steve McQueen, we'd have been compared to \"Bullitt\" or \"The Getaway\". We were treated as an art film rather than an action film. We took a unique approach","title":"The Driver"},{"id":"7572853","text":"Big Jake Hunnicutt. His theatrical film work included the comedy \"On the Double\" (1961) alongside Danny Kaye, the 1963 Gregory Peck film \"Captain Newman, M.D.\", \"Prime Cut\" (1972) with Lee Marvin, \"The Last American Hero\" (1973) starring Jeff Bridges, and the chase film \"The Sugarland Express\" (1974), directed by a 27-year-old Steven Spielberg. Walcott played a sheriff in the 1979 film \"Norma Rae\", the film that won an Oscar for star Sally Field, and appeared in the Brooke Shields film \"Tilt\" the same year. He made a cameo appearance in the 1994 \"Ed Wood\" bio-pic starring Johnny Depp, directed by","title":"Gregory Walcott"},{"id":"371460","text":"Age of Hollywood. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). \"Raiders\" is still considered a landmark example of the action-adventure genre. The film also led to Ford's casting in Ridley Scott's \"Blade Runner\". A year later, Spielberg returned to the science fiction genre with \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\". It was the story of a young boy and the alien he befriends, who was accidentally left behind by his companions and is","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"7391382","text":"and 1992 and chopped up for timber (\"Jaws\" director Steven Spielberg learned of the fate of the 'Orca', much to his anger, after noticing it gone while he was on the ride). The shark as seen in the attraction has had cameos in multiple television shows and films including the made-for-TV film \"The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island\" in 1981, the episode \"Hooray for Hollywood\" from \"Diff'rent Strokes\" in 1984, and the episode \"Fright Knight\" from \"Knight Rider\" in 1986. The Amity Harbor/Village area that is associated with the \"Jaws\" attraction (minus the moving shark) was the set used in","title":"Studio Tour"},{"id":"639863","text":"writer was \"struck by the breadth\" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed. Terry Gilliam, who co-founded \"Monty Python\" and directed Williams in two of his films, \"The Fisher King\" and \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" (1988), said in 1992 that Williams had the ability to \"go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable ... [Williams had] the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there.\" Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical \"Aladdin\" (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"4322061","text":"The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. is a 1953 American musical fantasy film in Technicolor, the only feature film written by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss), who was responsible for the story, screenplay and lyrics. It was directed by Roy Rowland, with many takes directed, uncredited, by producer Stanley Kramer. The film stars Peter Lind Hayes, Mary Healy, Hans Conried, and Tommy Rettig. Young Bart Collins (Tommy Rettig) lives with his widowed mother Heloise (Mary Healy). The bane of Bart's existence are the hated piano lessons he endures under the tutelage of the autocratic","title":"The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T."},{"id":"8470478","text":"Spielberg, liking his looks, offered him a part in the movie on the spot; he spent the next nine weeks filming the now-iconic final scenes of the movie. He has considerable screen time for an extra, playing the notes on the synthesizer under the direction of several scientists and musicians, and gazing raptly up at the alien spaceship. In the film's credits, Dodds's name appears twice—once as \"Jean Claude\" (as Philip Dodds) and once as \"ARP Musician\" (as Phil Dodds). In his original script, with the working title of \"Watch the Skies\", Spielberg had written these as two separate parts,","title":"Phil Dodds"},{"id":"1502442","text":"\"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\" and the films \"Once Upon a Time in the West\" and \"Once Upon a Time in America\" were edited to Morricone's score as the composer had prepared it months before the film's production ended. In another notable example, the finale of Steven Spielberg's \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" was edited to match the music of his long-time collaborator John Williams: as recounted in a companion documentary on the DVD, Spielberg gave Williams complete freedom with the music and asked him to record the cue without picture; Spielberg then re-edited the scene later to match the","title":"Film score"},{"id":"3234082","text":"a Spaniard, as well as Hopkins and Zeta-Jones, who are both Welsh. Disappointed with the film's entertainment value, Travers also expected the film to be a failure with audiences. Internet reviewer James Berardinelli compared the tone and style of \"The Mask of Zorro\" to producer Steven Spielberg's \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\". \"While \"The Mask of Zorro\" isn't on the same level, it's not an altogether ridiculous comparison. Even though Zorro doesn't feature the non-stop cliffhanger adventure of \"Raiders\",\" Berardinelli continued, \"there's still plenty of action, tumult, and derring-do.\" He was undecided whether the film would be a box office","title":"The Mask of Zorro"},{"id":"17609093","text":"to prevent the legalization of cannabis. Clattenburg first announced plans of making a third and final film in the \"Trailer Park Boys\" series in May 2012. On an estimated $10 million budget, filming for \"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It\" took place on location in Halifax and Ottawa. The film marks the final appearance of series regular Richard Collins (appearing in the film as Philadelphia \"Phil\" Collins), who died during filming. In addition to Collins, the film is also dedicated to series regular Brian Huggins (who played Shitty Bill in the television series), and country/folk singer Rita MacNeil. \"Trailer Park","title":"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It"},{"id":"770074","text":"Pictures film to surpass the $1 billion mark until 2015, when the studio had three such films, \"Furious 7\", \"Minions\", and the fourth installment of the \"Jurassic Park\" franchise, \"Jurassic World\". It currently ranks as the 29th highest-grossing film of all time in North America (not adjusted for inflation), the highest-grossing film of 1993 and the twenty-eighth highest-grossing film of all time. High praise was given to the film's visual effects, musical score, and Spielberg's direction, although there was some criticism leveled at the script and departures from the book's plot. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the film","title":"Jurassic Park (film)"},{"id":"371470","text":"World War II film \"Saving Private Ryan\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \"Armageddon\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"5479378","text":"Brad Johnson (actor, born 1959) Brad Johnson (born October 24, 1959) is an American actor and former Marlboro Man. Johnson was born in Tucson, Arizona, the son of Virginia and Grove Johnson. His first acting credit was in the low-budget biker film \"The Nam Angels\" (1989), and shortly after he had his first co-starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1989 film \"Always\". Other films included \"Flight of the Intruder\", \"Philadelphia Experiment II\", \"\", \"Copperhead\" and \"Supergator\". He played Rayford Steele in the \"Left Behind\" film series and played Dr. Dominick O'Malley on \"Melrose Place\". In 2001, he played a hired killer","title":"Brad Johnson (actor, born 1959)"},{"id":"5831907","text":"described as more of a \"gritty action comedy with heart\", and has begun looking for a director. Fletch (film) Fletch is a 1985 American action-comedy directed by Michael Ritchie and written by Andrew Bergman and is loosely based on Gregory Mcdonald's popular \"Fletch\" novels. The film stars Chevy Chase, Tim Matheson, Dana Wheeler-Nicholson, Geena Davis and Joe Don Baker. The film revolves around Los Angeles Times reporter Irwin M. \"Fletch\" Fletcher (Chevy Chase), who is offered a large sum of money to kill a millionaire with a terminal cancer prognosis. Fletch becomes suspicious when he discovers the man is not","title":"Fletch (film)"},{"id":"3603718","text":"attached to the project since 1980 and he, Dan Aykroyd, and John Belushi were originally going to play the Three Amigos. At one point, Steven Spielberg was slated to direct; he wanted Martin, Bill Murray, and Robin Williams to portray Lucky, Dusty and Ned, respectively. Landis has said that Rick Moranis would have been cast as Ned, had Short been unavailable. Martin developed tinnitus after filming a pistol-shooting scene for the film. Several deleted scenes were included in the Blu-ray release. An alternate opening featured the peaceful village of Santo Poco being rampaged upon by El Guapo and his men,","title":"Three Amigos"},{"id":"7633934","text":"various reasons. These included John Huston (who was by then terminally ill with emphysemia and was unable to breathe without oxygen tubes), Steven Spielberg, Oliver Stone, Clint Eastwood and George Lucas. Lucas reportedly claimed to be baffled by the footage, saying he didn't know what to do with it, and that it was too avant-garde for a commercial audience. Kodar subsequently accused both Eastwood and Stone of plagiarism from the film, citing Eastwood's performance in \"White Hunter Black Heart\" (1990) as a copy of John Huston's, including one line of dialogue (\"I'm Marvin P. Fassbender.\" \"Of course you are.\"), and","title":"The Other Side of the Wind"},{"id":"14464799","text":"Artist Award win. In Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\", Allport dubbed the crowing sounds for Robin Williams when William's character begins flying and realizes that he really is Peter Pan. In 1993, Allport provided additional voices for the movie \"Hocus Pocus\", including re-voicing the role of the black cat, Binx. Later on as an adult he played a pirate that was singing on the way to the gallows in the opening scene of \"\", and he also appears on the movie soundtrack in the song \"Hoist the Colors\". In 2000, Allport sang as a back-up singer to Barbra Streisand in her concert","title":"Chris M. Allport"},{"id":"18119560","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 91%, based on 266 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"Bridge of Spies\" finds new life in Hollywood's classic Cold War espionage thriller formula, thanks to reliably outstanding work from Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks\". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Frequent Spielberg collaborator John Williams was originally announced to compose the film's score. However,","title":"Bridge of Spies (film)"},{"id":"3939043","text":"short notice to replace Blake Edwards on \"City Heat\" (1984) with Clint Eastwood and Burt Reynolds', which was a critical and commercial disappointment. Benjamin directed a comedy for Steven Spielberg's company, \"The Money Pit\" (1986) with Tom Hanks and Shelley Long. He then did a thriller \"Little Nikita\" (1988) with Sidney Poitier and River Phoenix, and a comedy with Dan Aykroyd, \"My Stepmother Is an Alien\" (1988). Benjamin did another comedy, \"Downtown\" (1990), with Anthony Edwards and Forest Whitaker. He had a hit with \"Mermaids\" (1990) starring Cher and Winona Ryder. \"Made in America\" (1993) with Whoopi Goldberg and Ted","title":"Richard Benjamin"},{"id":"639866","text":"He also voiced the holographic Dr. Know character in the live-action film \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\" (2001). He was the voice of The Timekeeper, a former attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort about a time-traveling robot who encounters Jules Verne and brings him to the future. In 2006, he starred in \"The Night Listener\", a thriller about a radio show host who realizes that a child with whom he has developed a friendship may or may not exist; that year, he starred in five movies, including \"Man of the Year\", was the Surprise Guest at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards","title":"Robin Williams"},{"id":"17311777","text":"Danny Collins (film) Danny Collins is a 2015 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Dan Fogelman in his feature directorial debut. Inspired by the true story of folk singer Steve Tilston, the film stars Al Pacino, Annette Bening, Jennifer Garner, Bobby Cannavale, and Christopher Plummer. The film was released in theaters on March 20, 2015. For his performance, Pacino was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. Aging 1970s rocker Danny Collins (Al Pacino) cannot give up his hard-living ways – but then his manager,","title":"Danny Collins (film)"},{"id":"18557880","text":"The first panto was a re-production of Steven Spielberg’s Hook, recreating the film onstage in its entirety. With John Kearns taking the lead of Peter Pan and Karl Schultz as Hook. Full Cast - John Kearns (Peter Banning/Peter Pan); Karl Schultz (Captain Hook); Holly Burn (Tinker Bell); Matthew Highton (Rufio); Darren Maskell (Smee/Liza); Ben Target (Narrator); Ali Brice (Jack); Mark Stephenson (Maggie); Beth Vyse (Wendy/Lost Boy); Joe Davies (Thud Butt); Thomas Meek (Moira); Stuart Laws (PC Phil Collins/Pirate); Chris Boyd (Toodles); Joz Norris (Shadow/Lost Boy); Gareth Morinan (Mermaid/Lost Boy); Darren Walsh (Lost Boy); Marc Burrows (Lost Boy); Harry Maclaine (Young","title":"Weirdos Comedy Club"},{"id":"18212104","text":"with James Stewart, \"Nevada Smith\" (1966) with Steve McQueen, \"Joe Kidd\" (1972) with Clint Eastwood, \"Maverick\" (1994) with Mel Gibson, and \"The Lone Ranger\" (2013) with Johnny Depp. Through the years, non-Western films also used the unique landscape of the area, including Alfred Hitchcock's \"Saboteur\" (1942) with Robert Cummings, \"Samson and Delilah\" (1949) with Hedy Lamarr, \"\" (1989) with William Shatner, \"Tremors\" (1990) with Kevin Bacon, \"The Postman\" (1997) with Kevin Costner, and \"Gladiator\" (2000) with Russell Crowe. In 1989, Lone Pine business and community leaders developed a plan to celebrate the film industry's heritage of using Lone Pine and","title":"Lone Pine Film Festival"},{"id":"7852821","text":"and became friends with him. In 2009, he released the film, \"Coco\", which he directed, wrote and starred in. It opened number one in France, Belgium and Switzerland. In 2010 he appeared in a dramatic role in Roselyne Bosch's \"The Round Up\", which is based on the events surrounding the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup. In 2011, he had a small role in Woody Allen's Paris-set feature, \"Midnight in Paris\". He also appeared in the motion capture film \"\", alongside Jamie Bell. The film, which was directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Peter Jackson, was released on 26 October 2011 in","title":"Gad Elmaleh"},{"id":"14669248","text":"movie.\" Actor Tom Hiddleston said of the film that Spielberg had \"seen the stage play and he wanted to retain the magic and heartbeat of that … It's a moving, powerful story you can take children to see, but it is still very upsetting … People die, and it is war.\" John Williams composed and conducted the film's musical score, the second score composed the same year by Williams for Spielberg after \"The Adventures of Tintin\". Williams took inspiration by visiting a horse farm in California and observing horses and their behavior, elaborating that \"I got in the habit of","title":"War Horse (film)"},{"id":"5206771","text":"was when he appeared as the leader Rufio of the Lost Boys in Steven Spielberg's 1991 film \"Hook\" with Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman. A punk band is later named after this character. He attended Orange County High School of the Arts in the Music and Theatre Conservatory and graduated in 1993. Basco had guest roles on television shows \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" and \"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper\" and had a recurring role on \"Moesha\". After portraying characters of various Asian ethnicity except his own, he portrayed a Filipino American alongside his three brothers and sister in the independent","title":"Dante Basco"},{"id":"6025387","text":"Golden Globe and the Writers Guild of America. \"Grand Canyon\" was considered a minor failure at the box office, taking in $40.9 million, and did not reap notable profits until it was released on video. Phil Collins' 1993 song \"Both Sides of the Story\" references the scene from \"Grand Canyon\" where the young mugger tells Simon (played by Danny Glover) that he carries a gun to make sure people respect (and fear) him. Grand Canyon (1991 film) Grand Canyon is a 1991 American drama film directed and produced by Lawrence Kasdan, and written by Kasdan with his wife Meg. Featuring","title":"Grand Canyon (1991 film)"},{"id":"2714673","text":"currently holds a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average of 4/10. Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" stated that what made the film \"that much sadder a failure is that everyone involved must have sincerely felt they were doing the Lord's work, care and concern going hand in hand with an almost total miscalculation of mood. Even Robin Williams, so lively a voice in \"\"Aladdin\"\", is on beatific automatic pilot here, preferring to be warm and cuddly when a little of his energy (paradoxically on splendid display in the film's teaser trailer) is","title":"Toys (film)"},{"id":"524954","text":"\"Dick Tracy\" (1990) (where his \"Ishtar\" co-star Beatty plays the titular character), \"Hero\" (1992) and \"Billy Bathgate\" (1991) co-starring with Nicole Kidman (who was nominated for a Golden Globe). Hoffman also played the title role of Captain Hook in Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\" (also 1991), earning a Golden Globe nomination, and the narrator in Dr. Seuss Video Classics: \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (also 1992); in \"Hook\", Hoffman's costume was so heavy that he had to wear an air-conditioned suit under it. Hoffman played the lead role in \"Outbreak\" (1995), alongside Rene Russo, Kevin Spacey, Morgan Freeman, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Donald","title":"Dustin Hoffman"},{"id":"10513441","text":"correctly wore the White Ensign during her time as a drill ship of London Division RNR. As part of the move of the RNR to a new purpose built shore based drill ship in St Katharine Docks, London, \"Chrysanthemum\" was decommissioned. She was later sold to the charity Inter-Action in 1988. \"Chrysanthemum\" was hired to Steven Spielberg for the boat chase sequences shot in 1988 in Tilbury Docks for the film \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". She was given the fictional name \"Tiber\" for the film. She was then laid up on the River Medway, where the brackish water","title":"HMS Chrysanthemum (1917)"},{"id":"7194038","text":"James Madio James Madio (born November 22, 1975) is an American actor, known for his roles in \"USA High\", \"Hook\" and as Technician Fourth Grade Frank Perconte in \"Band of Brothers\". A native of The Bronx, Madio was raised in Morris Park and Pelham Bay. Madio was born as one of seven children in his family. At the age of 15, he had his first audition in Steven Spielberg's 1991 film \"Hook\". He landed the role of \"Don't Ask\", one of the Lost Boys. Among the cast of \"Hook\" was Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman, who had been cast as","title":"James Madio"},{"id":"754203","text":"him to shoot the film on a color negative, to allow color VHS copies of the film to later be sold, but Spielberg did not want to accidentally \"beautify events.\" John Williams, who frequently collaborates with Spielberg, composed the score for \"Schindler's List\". The composer was amazed by the film, and felt it would be too challenging. He said to Spielberg, \"You need a better composer than I am for this film.\" Spielberg responded, \"I know. But they're all dead!\" Itzhak Perlman performs the theme on the violin. Regarding \"Schindler's List\", Perlman said: In the scene where the ghetto is","title":"Schindler's List"},{"id":"8292228","text":"Curly Sue Curly Sue is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes, and stars Jim Belushi, Kelly Lynch and Alisan Porter in the title role. The film's music was composed by Georges Delerue, along with the end title song \"You Never Know\" performed by Ringo Starr. It marked Steve Carell's film debut. The film was the last film that Hughes both wrote and directed himself and the only film he directed released in the 1990s. Bill Dancer and his young companion Curly Sue are the archetypal homeless folks with hearts of gold. Their scams","title":"Curly Sue"},{"id":"4707705","text":"cast member in intricate club passing patterns. Several members of the Pickle Family Circus were in the 1980 movie Popeye starring Robin Williams, including Bill Irwin (playing Ham Gravy), Larry Pisoni (Chico), Geoff Hoyle (Scoop), Peggy Snider (playing Pickelina and credited as Peggy Pisoni), and Judy Finelli See also 2009-12 play by Lorenzo Pisoni, about growing up in the circus ring as the son of Lorenzo Pickle http://lorenzopisoni.com/humor.html Pickle Family Circus The Pickle Family Circus was a small circus founded in 1974 in San Francisco, California, United States. The circus formed an important part of the renewal of the American","title":"Pickle Family Circus"},{"id":"8777027","text":"merely had the headstones moved and the bodies left behind. The Freelings flee Cuesta Verde while the house implodes into the portal, to the astonishment of onlookers. The family checks into a hotel for the night, and Steven rolls the television outside into the walkway. Mostly filmed on Roxbury Street in Simi Valley, California. A clause in his contract with Universal Studios prevented Spielberg from directing any other film while preparing \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\". \"Time\" and \"Newsweek\" tagged the summer of 1982 \"The Spielberg Summer\" because \"E.T.\" and \"Poltergeist\" were released a week apart in June. As such a marketable","title":"Poltergeist (1982 film)"},{"id":"3157731","text":"the \"Tyrannosaurus\", with screenwriter David Koepp playing the \"Unlucky Bastard\" who is eaten during a scene set in San Diego. Inspired by how \"Jurassic Park\" featured the Ford Explorer, Mercedes-Benz signed an endorsement deal to use the film to introduce its first sports utility vehicle, the M320. Spielberg did not allow for cast rehearsals, saying, \"You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time, when they look at each other for the first time — that's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take.\" Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński, who","title":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park"},{"id":"13865362","text":"her a Best Actress Oscar nomination. Nine years later, Hepburn played Maid Marian opposite Sean Connery as Robin Hood in \"Robin and Marian\". Her final film appearance was a cameo as an angel in Steven Spielberg's \"Always\" (1989). Hepburn's final screen role was as the host of the television documentary series \"Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn\" (1993) for which she posthumously received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming. In recognition of her career, Hepburn earned the Special Award from BAFTA, the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement","title":"Audrey Hepburn on screen and stage"},{"id":"2714661","text":"Toys (film) Toys is a 1992 American fantasy comedy film directed by Barry Levinson, co-written by Levinson and Valerie Curtin, and starring Robin Williams, Michael Gambon, Joan Cusack, Robin Wright, LL Cool J, and Jamie Foxx in his feature film debut. Released in December 1992 in the United States, and March and April 1993 in the United Kingdom and Australia, respectively, the film was produced by Levinson's production company Baltimore Pictures and distributed by 20th Century Fox. Despite being called \"Toys\", the movie garnered a PG-13 rating from the MPAA for some language and sensuality. The film failed at the","title":"Toys (film)"},{"id":"7161310","text":"It was intended for Bill Murray and John Cleese, with Bill as the laid-back guy and Cleese as the over-the-top guy, and we ended up with Robin Williams and Peter O'Toole, with O'Toole as the laid-back guy and Robin the over-the-top guy. The polarities shifted, and it was probably not as interesting or as solid as it might have been if Bill and Cleese were there.\" Club Paradise Club Paradise is a 1986 American comedy film directed by Harold Ramis starring Robin Williams, Twiggy, Peter O'Toole, and Jimmy Cliff. The film reunites director / co-writer Ramis with most of his","title":"Club Paradise"},{"id":"570878","text":"a two-year hiatus from films until her next venture with Burton, \"The Sandpiper\" (1965). The supercouple, dubbed \"Liz and Dick\" by the press, continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade and spending $65 million. Regarding their earnings, in a 1976 interview with Lester David and Jhan Robbins of \"The Ledger\", Burton stated that \"they say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations\" and that the couple \"often outspent\" the Greek business tycoon Aristotle Onassis. In 1964 Burton portrayed Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who","title":"Richard Burton"},{"id":"8388971","text":"Regina Russell Banali Regina Russell Banali is a film producer, director, television presenter, and actress. Her first role as an actress was playing one of the three mermaids that saves Robin Williams's character in Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\" (1991). She has appeared in over 50 films and television shows. She produced and directed a commissioned comedy short for Crackle and PSAs for the HSUS on animal welfare issues. She directed and produced a feature-length documentary called \"Quiet Riot - Well Now You're Here There's No Way Back\" about the hard rock band Quiet Riot. It premiered on the Showtime Network January","title":"Regina Russell Banali"},{"id":"1360432","text":"previously been tied with Alfred Newman's 45 nominations), and the second most nominated overall, following Walt Disney. Williams won an Annie Award for his score for \"The Adventures of Tintin\" in 2012. In 2012, Williams scored Spielberg's film \"Lincoln\" and subsequently received his 48th Academy Award nomination. In February 2013, Williams expressed his interest in working in the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy, stating: \"Now we're hearing of a new set of movies coming in 2015, 2016... so I need to make sure I'm still ready to go in a few years for what I hope would be continued work with","title":"John Williams"},{"id":"1725987","text":"\"Fiddler on the Roof\". Besides his leading role in the film version of \"Torch Song Trilogy\" co-starring Matthew Broderick and Anne Bancroft, Fierstein's film roles include Woody Allen's \"Bullets over Broadway\", Robin Williams's character's makeup-artist brother in \"Mrs. Doubtfire\", and Merv Green in \"Death to Smoochy\", in addition to parts in \"Garbo Talks\", \"Duplex\", \"Kull the Conqueror\", and \"Independence Day\". He narrated the documentary \"The Times of Harvey Milk\", for which he won a News & Documentary Emmy Award. He also voiced the role of Yao in Disney's animated feature \"Mulan\", a role he later reprised for the video game","title":"Harvey Fierstein"},{"id":"2089201","text":"Oregon-based smokejumpers. They are also featured in the 1985 novel \"Wildfire\" by Richard Martin Stern, the 1989 Steven Spielberg film \"Always\", the 2002 made-for-television movie \"SuperFire\", and the 1998 film \"Firestorm\", the latter two of which were critically panned for their wild inaccuracies in depicting the profession. Smokejumpers are described in Philip Connor's 2011 book \"Fire Season\". Author Nora Roberts's 2011 novel \"Chasing Fire\" also details the lives and loves of a group of smokejumpers. The 1996 film \"Smoke Jumpers\" is loosely based on Don Mackey's life. Mackey was a smokejumper and one of the fourteen fatalities on the 1994","title":"Smokejumper"},{"id":"2231530","text":"Blu-ray release, were released online to much fanfare and praise for Robin Williams. These included a scene where Daniel and Miranda fight at Lydia's spelling bee competition and a confrontation scene with Miranda after Daniel's identity is revealed at the restaurant. The film earned $219,195,243 in North America, along with $222,090,952 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $441,286,195, making it the highest grossing cross-dressing film. It became the second-highest-grossing film of 1993, behind only \"Jurassic Park.\" Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 52.6 million tickets in the US. At the time of its release, several","title":"Mrs. Doubtfire"},{"id":"6798116","text":"for Worst Actor for his performances in \"Jakob the Liar\" and \"Bicentennial Man\", but lost to Adam Sandler, who was nominated for \"Big Daddy\". Jakob the Liar Jakob the Liar is a 1999 American war comedy-drama film directed by Peter Kassovitz, produced by Marsha Garces Williams and written by Kassovitz and Didier Decoin. The film is based on the book of the same name by Jurek Becker. The film stars Robin Williams, Alan Arkin, Liev Schreiber, Hannah Taylor-Gordon, and Bob Balaban. The film is set in 1944 in a ghetto in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust and tells the story","title":"Jakob the Liar"},{"id":"17609105","text":"marijuana laws. The team hired Ottawa police for security on the two days of filming. Clattenburg devised a plan to sneak Wells, Tremblay and Smith onto Parliament Hill without being noticed by the 10,000 attendees; at least 50 extras were hired to surround the actors with cameras rolling, though onlookers ultimately uncovered the ruse. No real drugs were used by any of the performers during production. \"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It\" marks the final film appearance of actor Richard Collins, who played Philadelphia \"Phil\" Collins in the franchise. Collins passed during the production of the film on April 15,","title":"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It"},{"id":"4348015","text":"cartoon. The song \"Everything Is Food\" was not included on the album, while the song \"Din' We\" (which was cut from the film) was included. In 2016, a vinyl-only limited-edition version of the album was released with two bonus tracks by Varèse Sarabande for Record Store Day Black Friday. Popeye (film) Popeye is a 1980 American musical comedy film directed by Robert Altman and based on E. C. Segar's character of the same name from the \"Thimble Theatre\" comic strip. Produced by Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, film stars Robin Williams as Popeye the Sailor Man and Shelley Duvall","title":"Popeye (film)"},{"id":"1455179","text":"Tom Hulce Thomas Edward Hulce (; born December 6, 1953) is an American actor, singer and theater producer. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Larry \"Pinto\" Kroger in \"Animal House\" (1978), his Academy Award-nominated portrayal of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in \"Amadeus\" (1984), and his role as Quasimodo in Disney's \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (1996). Additional acting awards included four Golden Globe nominations, an Emmy Award, and a Tony Award. Hulce retired from acting in the mid-1990s to focus on stage directing and producing. In 2007, he won a Tony Award as a lead producer","title":"Tom Hulce"},{"id":"1846725","text":"film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, where early reviews praised Jones's performance as \"pitch-perfect.\" Jones had a role in the Marvel Studios film, \"\". He also directed, produced and co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson in an adaptation of \"The Sunset Limited\". In 2012, there was another turning point in Jones's career, starting with a reprisal of his role as Agent K in \"Men in Black 3\", the romantic dramedy \"Hope Springs\", and co-starring as Thaddeus Stevens in Steven Spielberg's \"Lincoln\". Jones's performance in \"Lincoln\" received wide critical acclaim. For this performance, Jones received his fourth Oscar nomination, for Best","title":"Tommy Lee Jones"},{"id":"552414","text":"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. \"It Happened One Night\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \"It Happened One","title":"It Happened One Night"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1355472\",\n \"text\": \"cameo appearances in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\" (1991) and the AIDS docudrama \\\"And the Band Played On\\\" (1993). He starred in \\\"Frauds\\\", which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. He supplied voices to two animated features: Amblin's \\\"Balto\\\" (1995) and Disney's \\\"The Jungle Book 2\\\" (2003). A long-discussed but never completed project was a film titled \\\"The Three Bears\\\"; originally meant to star Collins, Danny DeVito, and Bob Hoskins. He often mentioned the film, though an appropriate script never materialised. Collins's music is featured in the satirical black comedy film \\\"American Psycho\\\", with psychotic lead character\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Collins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371466\",\n \"text\": \"for the romantic comedy-drama \\\"Always\\\", about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, \\\"Always\\\" was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews. In 1991, Spielberg directed \\\"Hook\\\", about a middle-aged Peter Pan, played by Robin Williams, who returns to Neverland. Despite innumerable rewrites and creative changes coupled with mixed reviews, the film proved popular with audiences, making over $300 million worldwide (from a $70 million budget). In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with the film version of Michael Crichton's novel \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", about a theme park with genetically engineered dinosaurs. With revolutionary special\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639861\",\n \"text\": \"portray the deep-driven man. From Dustin Hoffman, with whom he co-starred in \\\"Hook\\\", he learned to take on totally different character types, and to transform his characters by extreme preparation. Mike Medavoy, producer of \\\"Hook\\\", told its director, Steven Spielberg, that he intentionally teamed up Hoffman and Williams for the film because he knew they wanted to work together, and that Williams welcomed the opportunity of working with Spielberg. Williams benefited from working with Woody Allen, who directed him and Billy Crystal in \\\"Deconstructing Harry\\\" (1997), as Allen had knowledge of the fact that Crystal and Williams had often performed\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9584135\",\n \"text\": \"Secret Thing.\\\" During pre-production for \\\"Once Around\\\", Scotch Marmo came to the attention of acclaimed film director Steven Spielberg, who hired her to write \\\"Hook\\\", also released in 1991. \\\"Hook\\\" starred Robin Williams as an adult Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, and Julia Roberts as Tinkerbell. Scotch Marmo shared writing credit with James V. Hart and also served as associate producer on the film. While \\\"Hook\\\" was being shot, Scotch Marmo began working on her next Spielberg project, \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", released in 1993. \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", which has had four sequels to date, starred Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff\",\n \"title\": \"Malia Scotch Marmo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639833\",\n \"text\": \"starring film role in \\\"Popeye\\\" (1980), Williams starred in numerous films that achieved critical and financial success, including \\\"Good Morning, Vietnam\\\" (1987), \\\"Dead Poets Society\\\" (1989), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), \\\"The Birdcage\\\" (1996), and \\\"Good Will Hunting\\\" (1997). He also starred in widely acclaimed films, such as \\\"The World According to Garp\\\" (1982), \\\"Moscow on the Hudson\\\" (1984), \\\"Awakenings\\\" (1990), \\\"The Fisher King\\\" (1991), \\\"One Hour Photo\\\" (2002), and \\\"World's Greatest Dad\\\" (2009), as well as box office hits, such as \\\"Hook\\\" (1991), \\\"Mrs. Doubtfire\\\" (1993), \\\"Jumanji\\\" (1995), and the \\\"Night at the Museum\\\" trilogy (2006–2014). Williams was nominated four times for\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2562462\",\n \"text\": \"I had confidence in the first act and I had confidence in the epilogue. I didn't have confidence in the body of it.\\\" He added, \\\"I didn't quite know what I was doing and I tried to paint over my insecurity with production value,\\\" admitting \\\"the more insecure I felt about it, the bigger and more colorful the sets became.\\\" Hook (film) Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, Julia\",\n \"title\": \"Hook (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"738623\",\n \"text\": \"Steven Spielberg's Academy Award-winning film, \\\"Schindler's List\\\" (1993). He has since starred in other successful films, including the title role in the historical biopic \\\"Michael Collins\\\" (1996), the 1998 film adaptation of Victor Hugo's \\\"Les Misérables\\\", the epic space opera \\\"\\\" (1999), the biographical drama \\\"Kinsey\\\" (2004), the superhero film \\\"Batman Begins\\\" (2005), the action thriller series \\\"Taken\\\" (2008–2014), the thriller-survival film \\\"The Grey\\\" (2011), and the historical drama \\\"Silence\\\" (2016). He also provided the voices of Aslan in \\\"The Chronicles of Narnia\\\" trilogy (2005–2010) and the titular monster in \\\"A Monster Calls\\\" (2016). He has been nominated for a\",\n \"title\": \"Liam Neeson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371443\",\n \"text\": \"the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" (1982), and the \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" series seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking. Spielberg transitioned into addressing humanistic issues in his later work via the films \\\"The Color Purple\\\" (1985), \\\"Empire of the Sun\\\" (1987), \\\"Schindler's List\\\" (1993), \\\"Amistad\\\" (1997) and \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\" (1998). He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century, with \\\"Munich\\\" (2005), \\\"Lincoln\\\" (2012), \\\"Bridge of Spies\\\" (2015), and \\\"The Post\\\" (2017). Spielberg co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios, where he has also served as a producer for several successful films, including the \\\"Back to the Future\\\", \\\"Men in Black\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2562432\",\n \"text\": \"Hook (film) Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell, Bob Hoskins as Smee, Maggie Smith as Wendy, Caroline Goodall as Moira Banning, and Charlie Korsmo as Jack Banning. It acts as a sequel to J. M. Barrie's 1911 novel \\\"Peter and Wendy\\\" focusing on an adult Peter Pan who has forgotten all about his childhood. In his new life, he is known as Peter Banning,\",\n \"title\": \"Hook (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360424\",\n \"text\": \"(1989), and \\\"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\\\" (2008). Williams composed an emotional and sensitive score to Spielberg's 1982 fantasy film \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\". Williams was awarded a fourth Academy Award for this score. The Spielberg-Williams collaboration resumed with the director's 1987 film \\\"Empire of the Sun\\\", and has continued to the present, spanning genres from science fiction thrillers (1993's \\\"Jurassic Park)\\\", to somber tragedies (1993's \\\"Schindler's List\\\", 2005's \\\"Munich)\\\", to Eastern-tinged melodramas (2005's \\\"Memoirs of a Geisha\\\", directed by Rob Marshall), to dramatic war films (1998's \\\"Saving Private Ryan)\\\". Spielberg has said, \\\"I call it an\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639859\",\n \"text\": \"nominations (for playing an English teacher in \\\"Dead Poets Society\\\" (1989), and for playing a troubled homeless man in \\\"The Fisher King\\\" (1991)). In 1991, he played an adult Peter Pan in the film \\\"Hook\\\", although he had said that he would have to lose twenty-five pounds. Other roles Williams had in acclaimed dramatic films include \\\"Moscow on the Hudson\\\" (1984), \\\"Awakenings\\\" (1990), \\\"What Dreams May Come\\\" (1998), and \\\"Bicentennial Man\\\" (1999). In \\\"Insomnia\\\", Williams portrayed a writer / killer on the run from a sleep-deprived Los Angeles policeman (played by Al Pacino) in rural Alaska. Also in 2002, in\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371467\",\n \"text\": \"effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \\\"Schindler's List\\\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \\\"Schindler's List\\\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17426589\",\n \"text\": \"magazine ranked Neeson among both the \\\"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\\\" and \\\"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time.\\\" Liam Neeson filmography Liam Neeson is an Irish actor and voice actor, who rose to prominence with his acclaimed starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1993 Oscar winner \\\"Schindler's List\\\". He has since starred in a number of other successful films, including \\\"\\\", \\\"Taken\\\", \\\"Michael Collins\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"Batman Begins\\\", \\\"Kinsey\\\", \\\"Clash of the Titans\\\", and \\\"The Chronicles of Narnia\\\" series. He has been nominated for a number of awards including an Academy Award for Best Actor, a BAFTA Award\",\n \"title\": \"Liam Neeson filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639856\",\n \"text\": \"CBS started a new series, \\\"The Crazy Ones\\\", starring Williams, but the show was canceled after one season. The first film role credited to Robin Williams is a small part in the 1977 low-budget comedy \\\"Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?\\\". His first major performance is as the title character in \\\"Popeye\\\" (1980). There, Williams showcased the acting skills previously demonstrated in his television work; and the film's commercial disappointment was not blamed upon his role. He stars as the leading character in \\\"The World According to Garp\\\" (1982), which Williams considered \\\"may have lacked a certain madness\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218776\",\n \"text\": \"Her next film was the commercially successful thriller \\\"Sleeping with the Enemy\\\" (1991), in which she took on the role of a battered wife who escapes her abusive husband, played by Patrick Bergin, and begins a new life in Iowa. Roberts played Tinkerbell in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\", and starred as a nurse in Joel Schumacher's romance film \\\"Dying Young\\\"; both films were also released in 1991, to a highly positive commercial response. Roberts took a two-year hiatus from the screen, during which she made no films other than a cameo appearance in Robert Altman's \\\"The Player\\\" (1992). In early 1993,\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"170728\",\n \"text\": \"auditioned Missi Pyle, she was so impressed that she sent the audition tape directly to Parisot, with a note stating \\\"If this is not Laliari, I will resign from the CSA.\\\" Steven Spielberg later asked for Laliari's role to be expanded after being impressed by her performance as well. Jennifer Coolidge was the second choice for the role. Both Allen and Rockwell almost dropped out of the film; Allen had to choose between \\\"Galaxy Quest\\\" and \\\"Bicentennial Man\\\" and chose the first, with his \\\"Bicentennial Man\\\" role going to Robin Williams instead, while Rockwell almost backed out of the film\",\n \"title\": \"Galaxy Quest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17426588\",\n \"text\": \"Liam Neeson filmography Liam Neeson is an Irish actor and voice actor, who rose to prominence with his acclaimed starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1993 Oscar winner \\\"Schindler's List\\\". He has since starred in a number of other successful films, including \\\"\\\", \\\"Taken\\\", \\\"Michael Collins\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"Batman Begins\\\", \\\"Kinsey\\\", \\\"Clash of the Titans\\\", and \\\"The Chronicles of Narnia\\\" series. He has been nominated for a number of awards including an Academy Award for Best Actor, a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and three Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama. \\\"Empire\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Liam Neeson filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355442\",\n \"text\": \"criminal convicted for his role in the Great Train Robbery. Reviews for the film were mixed and controversy ensued over its subject matter; Prince Charles and Princess Diana declined an invitation to the film's première after it was accused of glorifying crime. However, Collins's performance opposite Julie Walters received good reviews and he contributed four songs to the film's soundtrack. His slow ballad rendition of \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\", originally by the Mindbenders, became his only single to reach No. 1 in the UK and the U.S. The film also spawned the hit single \\\"Two Hearts\\\", which he co-wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Collins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"544216\",\n \"text\": \"freedom. Altman's company is not to be confused with the current Lionsgate, a Canada/U.S. entertainment company. The films he made through his company included \\\"Brewster McCloud\\\", \\\"A Wedding\\\", \\\"3 Women\\\", and \\\"Quintet\\\". In 1980, he directed the musical film \\\"Popeye\\\". Produced by Robert Evans and written by Jules Feiffer, the film was based on the comic strip/cartoon of the same name and starred the comedian Robin Williams in his film debut. Designed as a vehicle to increase Altman's commercial clout following a series of critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful low-budget films in the late 1970s (including \\\"3 Women\\\", \\\"A Wedding\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Altman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639865\",\n \"text\": \"Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in \\\"Aladdin\\\" became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009. Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including \\\"\\\" (1992), \\\"Robots\\\" (2005), \\\"Happy Feet\\\" (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in \\\"Everyone's Hero\\\" (2006).\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371474\",\n \"text\": \"Leonardo DiCaprio). It earned Christopher Walken an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. The film is known for John Williams's score and its unique title sequence. It was a hit both commercially and critically. Spielberg collaborated again with Tom Hanks along with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Stanley Tucci in 2004's \\\"The Terminal\\\", a warm-hearted comedy about a man of Eastern European descent who is stranded in an airport. It received mixed reviews but performed relatively well at the box office. In 2005, \\\"Empire\\\" magazine ranked Spielberg number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time. Also\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19853976\",\n \"text\": \"Temple of Doom\\\". After he finished \\\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\", Spielberg almost planned to direct the comedy \\\"Three Amigos\\\" next, with Steve Martin, Bill Murray and Robin Williams as the leads. He chose to direct \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" instead. In July 1982, Spielberg hired \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" writer Melissa Mathison to write a script for a sequel film, entitled \\\"E.T. II: Nocturnal Fears\\\". The film's plot would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help. However, Spielberg finally decided to cancel the sequel's production, feeling it \\\"would\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg's unrealized projects\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1394347\",\n \"text\": \"he reunited with director Paul Mazursky to star in the political farce \\\"Moon Over Parador\\\". In 1989, Dreyfuss reunited with Spielberg on \\\"Always\\\", a remake of \\\"A Guy Named Joe\\\" in which he co-starred with Holly Hunter. He had a starring role opposite Bill Murray in the 1991 comedy \\\"What About Bob?\\\", as a psychiatrist who goes crazy while trying to cope with a particularly obsessive new patient. That same year, Dreyfuss produced and starred as Georges Picquart in \\\"Prisoner of Honor\\\", an HBO movie about the historical Dreyfus Affair. In 1994, he participated in the historic \\\"Papal Concert to\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Dreyfuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639867\",\n \"text\": \"and appeared on an episode of \\\"\\\" that aired on January 30, 2006. At the time of his death in 2014, Williams had appeared in four movies not yet released: \\\"\\\", \\\"A Merry Friggin' Christmas\\\", \\\"Boulevard\\\" and \\\"Absolutely Anything\\\". Williams appeared opposite Steve Martin at Lincoln Center in an off-Broadway production of \\\"Waiting for Godot\\\" in 1988. He made his Broadway acting debut in Rajiv Joseph's \\\"Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo\\\", which opened at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on March 31, 2011. He headlined his own one-man show, \\\"Robin Williams: Live on Broadway\\\", that played at the Broadway theatre\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4347997\",\n \"text\": \"Popeye (film) Popeye is a 1980 American musical comedy film directed by Robert Altman and based on E. C. Segar's character of the same name from the \\\"Thimble Theatre\\\" comic strip. Produced by Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, film stars Robin Williams as Popeye the Sailor Man and Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl. Paramount handled North American distribution, while Buena Vista International handled international distribution. The film premiered on December 6, 1980 in Los Angeles, California, to mixed reviews and disappointing box office results. Harry Nilsson's soundtrack received mostly positive reviews. Popeye, a sailor, arrives at the small coastal\",\n \"title\": \"Popeye (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19112244\",\n \"text\": \"Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is a 2017 American fantasy action-adventure comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Scott Rosenberg, and Jeff Pinkner, based on a story by McKenna. Part of the \\\"Jumanji\\\" franchise, the film is a sequel to the 1995 \\\"Jumanji\\\", which was based on the 1981 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. It pays tribute to Robin Williams, the star of the first film, by mentioning his character's name. In addition, a replica of the used by Williams's character also appears as\",\n \"title\": \"Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371476\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"Munich\\\", about the events following the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games, was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world (the first being \\\"Schindler's List\\\"). The film is based on \\\"Vengeance\\\", a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas. It was previously adapted into the 1986 made-for-TV film \\\"Sword of Gideon\\\". The film received strong critical praise, but underperformed at the U.S. and world box-office; it remains one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date. \\\"Munich\\\" received five Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, Film Editing, Original Music Score (by John Williams), Best Adapted\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4063346\",\n \"text\": \"the integrity of DeVito's misanthropic vision.\\\" Though it received a wide release, playing in some 2,164 theaters its opening weekend in the United States, the film was a box office bomb, grossing $4,266,463 its opening weekend, and a mere $8,382,691 overall, with negligible box-office receipts outside the U.S./Canada market. Robin Williams received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance as Randolph in this film, but 'lost' to Hayden Christensen for his performance in \\\"\\\". Death to Smoochy Death to Smoochy is a 2002 American black comedy film directed by Danny DeVito, and starring Robin Williams, Edward\",\n \"title\": \"Death to Smoochy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3894970\",\n \"text\": \"Altman's \\\"Popeye\\\" starring Robin Williams. He has appeared in over 20 films, mainly in supporting roles. Irwin's principal film roles include playing Eddie Collins in \\\"Eight Men Out\\\", which tells the true story of the \\\"Black Sox\\\" gambling scandal of 1919, and \\\"My Blue Heaven\\\", a 1990 comedy with Steve Martin and Rick Moranis. Irwin tap-danced in a leading role in 1991's \\\"Stepping Out\\\" with Liza Minnelli, appeared as a mime in the Paul Mazursky film \\\"Scenes from a Mall\\\" alongside Woody Allen and Bette Midler, and played Charlie Sheen's father in Hot Shots! His authentic vaudevillian skills landed him\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Irwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"423127\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Shaun of the Dead\\\", \\\"Hot Fuzz\\\", and \\\"The World's End\\\". Three works with similar themes from a creator may later come to be known as a trilogy, especially if produced one after the other. The Steven Spielberg films \\\"A.I.: Artificial Intelligence\\\", \\\"Minority Report\\\", and \\\"Catch Me If You Can\\\" are unofficially known as \\\"The Running Man Trilogy\\\", because each featured a main character escaping a pursuer. Another example is the \\\"Dollars Trilogy\\\" by Sergio Leone; no continuity between the three movies was intended by Leone, but American marketers advertised the Clint Eastwood character in each film as being the same\",\n \"title\": \"Trilogy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"138134\",\n \"text\": \"$40 million, making it the 9th highest-grossing film of the year worldwide. The film won Academy Awards for Costume Design, Makeup and Sound Editing. Coppola's next project was \\\"Jack\\\", which was released on August 9, 1996. It starred Robin Williams as Jack Powell, a ten-year-old boy whose cells are growing at four times the normal rate, so at the age of ten he looks like a 40-year-old man. With Diane Lane, Brian Kerwin and Bill Cosby, \\\"Jack\\\" also featured Jennifer Lopez, Fran Drescher and Michael McKean in supporting roles. Although a moderate box-office success, grossing $58 million domestically on an\",\n \"title\": \"Francis Ford Coppola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6268294\",\n \"text\": \"trade, civil rights, war, and terrorism. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for \\\"Schindler's List\\\" and \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\", as well as receiving five other nominations. Three of Spielberg's films—\\\"Jaws\\\", \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\", and \\\"Jurassic Park\\\"—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $10 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history and the first to ever pass this milestone (on approximately April 16th 2018). Spielberg has worked as a producer, executive producer, director, or in an otherwise creative capacity on several films where he\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4513099\",\n \"text\": \"Four Seasons hotel, he approached Freeman and handed him a copy of the film. In 1997, Steven Spielberg saw \\\"Strays\\\" (having already been impressed with Diesel's performance in \\\"Multi-Facial\\\") and wrote a role into \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\" specifically for Diesel as a result, giving him his first major film role. Multi-Facial Multi-Facial is a 1995 American short drama film written, directed, produced, and scored by Vin Diesel. The film stars Diesel as a multiracial actor and depicts the professional and emotional issues he faces. \\\"Multi-Facial\\\" was noticed by Steven Spielberg, who would cast Diesel in \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\" (1998). It\",\n \"title\": \"Multi-Facial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10138004\",\n \"text\": \"Catch Me If You Can (soundtrack) Catch Me If You Can: Music from the Motion Picture is the original soundtrack of the 2002 film of the same name, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hanks, Christopher Walken, Martin Sheen and Amy Adams. The original score was composed and conducted by John Williams. The film was the twentieth collaboration between Williams and director Steven Spielberg. The album was also produced by John Williams. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. The first track of the soundtrack is featured\",\n \"title\": \"Catch Me If You Can (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360408\",\n \"text\": \"John Williams John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. With a career spanning over six decades, he has composed some of the most popular, recognizable, and critically acclaimed film scores in cinematic history, including those of the \\\"Star Wars\\\" series, \\\"Jaws\\\", \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", \\\"Superman\\\", \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\", the \\\"Indiana Jones\\\" series, the first two \\\"Home Alone\\\" films, \\\"Hook\\\", the first two \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" films, \\\"Schindler's List\\\", and the first three \\\"Harry Potter\\\" films. Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for all but three\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3157701\",\n \"text\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a 1997 American science fiction adventure film and the second installment in the \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" film series. A sequel to 1993's \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", the film was written by David Koepp, loosely based on Michael Crichton's 1995 novel \\\"The Lost World\\\", and directed by Steven Spielberg. Gerald R. Molen and Colin Wilson produced the film. Actor Jeff Goldblum returns as the chaos-theorist and eccentric mathematician Ian Malcolm, leading a cast that includes: Julianne Moore, Pete Postlethwaite, Vince Vaughn, Vanessa Lee Chester, and Arliss Howard. Goldblum is the only actor from\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13514864\",\n \"text\": \"known to be preserved. Popeye was recently featured on the \\\"Brad and John: Mornings on KISM\\\" \\\"When Animals Attack\\\" segment. Director Robert Altman used the character in \\\"Popeye\\\", a 1980 live-action musical feature film, starring Robin Williams as Popeye (his first starring movie role), Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl, and Paul L. Smith as Bluto, with songs by Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks. The script was by Jules Feiffer, who adapted the 1971 Nostalgia Press book of 1936 strips for his screenplay, thus retaining many of the characters created by Segar. A co-production of Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney\",\n \"title\": \"Popeye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11322589\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"America America\\\"; John Cassavetes' collection including \\\"Woman Under the Influence\\\" and \\\"Faces\\\"; Orson Welles' \\\"Othello\\\", Woody Allen's \\\"What's Up Tiger Lily?\\\", John Ford's \\\"Stagecoach\\\", Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Foreign Correspondent\\\", Bruce Beresford's \\\"Breaker Morant\\\", The Marx Brothers' \\\"A Night in Casablanca\\\", \\\"Hell's Angels on Wheels\\\" and \\\"Rebel Rousers\\\" both starring Jack Nicholson, \\\"Glengarry Glen Ross\\\" starring Al Pacino, \\\"Death of a Salesman\\\" starring Dustin Hoffman, \\\"Seize the Day\\\" starring Robin Williams, presented with Martin Scorsese, Fellini's \\\"Intervista\\\", two Academy Award nominees - \\\"A Great Day in Harlem\\\" and \\\"Al Hirschfeld: The Line King\\\", and Academy Award winners \\\"Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Julian Schlossberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6485135\",\n \"text\": \"The Color Purple (film) The Color Purple is a 1985 American coming-of-age period drama film directed by Steven Spielberg with a screenplay by Menno Meyjes, based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1982 novel of the same name by Alice Walker. It was Spielberg's eighth film as a director, and was a change from the summer blockbusters for which he had become famous. The film was also the first feature-length film directed by Spielberg for which John Williams did not compose the music. The film stars Whoopi Goldberg, Danny Glover, Desreta Jackson, Margaret Avery, Oprah Winfrey (in her film debut), Rae Dawn\",\n \"title\": \"The Color Purple (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1355443\",\n \"text\": \"with Lamont Dozier; the two artists won a Golden Globe for Best Original Song and receive an Oscar nomination in the same category. \\\"Big Noise\\\" and \\\"Loco in Acapulco\\\" were also by Collins and Dozier, the vocals for the latter were performed by the Four Tops. Film critic Roger Ebert said the role of Buster was \\\"played with surprising effectiveness\\\" by Collins, although the film's soundtrack proved more successful than the film. In 1989, Collins worked on his fourth studio album \\\"...But Seriously\\\", and appeared on The Who Tour 1989, performing the role of young Tommy's wicked Uncle Ernie in\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Collins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1270082\",\n \"text\": \"ending. Mick LaSalle gave a largely negative review. \\\"\\\"A.I.\\\" exhibits all its creators' bad traits and none of the good. So we end up with the structureless, meandering, slow-motion endlessness of Kubrick combined with the fuzzy, cuddly mindlessness of Spielberg.\\\" Dubbing it Spielberg's \\\"first boring movie\\\", LaSalle also believed the robots at the end of the film were aliens, and compared Gigolo Joe to the \\\"useless\\\" Jar Jar Binks, yet praised Robin Williams for his portrayal of a futuristic Albert Einstein. Peter Travers gave a mixed review, concluding \\\"Spielberg cannot live up to Kubrick's darker side of the future.\\\" But\",\n \"title\": \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"754200\",\n \"text\": \"house in suburban Kraków for the duration of filming. He later thanked his wife \\\"for rescuing me ninety-two days in a row ... when things just got too unbearable\\\". Robin Williams called Spielberg to cheer him up, given the profound lack of humor on the set. Spielberg spent several hours each evening editing \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", which was scheduled to premiere in June 1993. Spielberg occasionally used German and Polish language dialogue to create a sense of realism. He initially considered making the film entirely in those languages, but decided \\\"there's too much safety in reading . It would have been\",\n \"title\": \"Schindler's List\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17426261\",\n \"text\": \"the 1990s, he made appearances in such film as Warren Beatty's action comedy adaptation \\\"Dick Tracy\\\" (1990), Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\" (1991) as Captain Hook, guest starred in the 1991 \\\"Lisa's Substitute\\\" episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\", medical disaster \\\"Outbreak\\\" (1995), legal crime drama \\\"Sleepers\\\" (1996), thriller \\\"Mad City\\\" (1997), and the satirical black comedy \\\"Wag the Dog\\\" (1997) alongside Robert De Niro. In the 2000s, he played theatrical producer Charles Frohman in \\\"Finding Neverland\\\", co-starred in the comedy \\\"Meet the Fockers\\\" (both 2004) as Bernie Focker, the fantasy thriller \\\"\\\" (2006), and played the title character in the family comedy \\\"Mr.\",\n \"title\": \"Dustin Hoffman filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2562460\",\n \"text\": \"a Grammy Award nomination for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media; Julia Roberts received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress (lost to Sean Young as the dead twin in \\\"A Kiss Before Dying\\\"). In 2011, Spielberg told \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\": \\\"There are parts of \\\"Hook\\\" I love. I'm really proud of my work right up through Peter being hauled off in the parachute out the window, heading for Neverland. I'm a little less proud of the Neverland sequences, because I'm uncomfortable with that highly stylized world that today, of course, I would probably have done with live-action character\",\n \"title\": \"Hook (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360434\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bridge of Spies\\\" that year, which would have been his 27th collaboration with director Steven Spielberg. However, in March 2015, it was announced that Thomas Newman would replace Williams for the film, as Williams's schedule was interrupted by a minor health issue and he became unavailable to score the film. This is the first Spielberg film since \\\"The Color Purple\\\" (1985) not scored by Williams. In 2016, Williams composed the score for Spielberg's \\\"The BFG\\\", which opened in July 2016. In March 2017, Williams scored the animated short film \\\"Dear Basketball\\\" directed by Glen Keane and based on a poem\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540611\",\n \"text\": \"with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date: \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\" (1998), \\\"Catch Me If You Can\\\" (2002), \\\"The Terminal\\\" (2004), \\\"Bridge of Spies\\\" (2015), and \\\"The Post\\\" (2017), as well as the 2001 miniseries \\\"Band of Brothers\\\", which launched Hanks as a successful director, producer, and screenwriter. In 2010, Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries \\\"The Pacific\\\". Hanks' films have grossed more than $4.5 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $9.0 billion worldwide, making him the fourth highest-grossing actor in North America. Hanks has been nominated for numerous awards\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Hanks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591184\",\n \"text\": \"Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", another blockbuster and alien contact set in the wilderness. For the picture, Spielberg received his first Oscar nomination for directing. A year later the most iconic superhero was brought to the screen in \\\"Superman\\\", who was portrayed by classically trained actor Christopher Reeve. It was met by resounding praise for strong performances and its epic scope which resulted in numerous sequels and is regarded as one of the greatest superhero films ever made, beginning a new era of superhero films. The success of Woody Allen's \\\"Annie Hall\\\" in 1977 stirred a new trend in filmmaking.\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371461\",\n \"text\": \"attempting to return home. \\\"E.T.\\\" went on to become the top-grossing film of all time. It was also nominated for nine Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director and it won 4 out of them. Between 1982 and 1985, Spielberg produced three high-grossing films: \\\"Poltergeist\\\" (for which he also co-wrote the screenplay), a big-screen adaptation of \\\"\\\" (for which he directed the segment \\\"Kick The Can\\\"), and \\\"The Goonies\\\" (Spielberg, executive producer, also wrote the story on which the screenplay was based). Spielberg appeared in a cameo on Cyndi Lauper's music video for the movie's theme song, \\\"The Goonies\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371469\",\n \"text\": \"second biggest film of 1997 behind James Cameron's \\\"Titanic\\\" (which topped the original \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" to become the new recordholder for box office receipts). His next film, \\\"Amistad\\\", was based on a true story (like \\\"Schindler's List\\\"), specifically about an African slave rebellion. Despite decent reviews from critics, it did not do well at the box office. Spielberg released \\\"Amistad\\\" under DreamWorks Pictures, which has produced all of his films from \\\"Amistad\\\" onwards with the exception of \\\"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Tintin\\\" and \\\"Ready Player One\\\". His 1998 theatrical release was the\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8040300\",\n \"text\": \"Japan, where I believe it did reasonable business.\\\" The film grossed a total of 1,102,183 admissions in France. It was the 33rd most popular film of the year. Producer Larry Gordon later reflected on the film's poor critical and box office response in the US: If we'd had Clint Eastwood in the film, we'd have been forgiven everything and they'd have said, 'It's another Eastwood film about driving cars'.\\\" If we'd had Steve McQueen, we'd have been compared to \\\"Bullitt\\\" or \\\"The Getaway\\\". We were treated as an art film rather than an action film. We took a unique approach\",\n \"title\": \"The Driver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7572853\",\n \"text\": \"Big Jake Hunnicutt. His theatrical film work included the comedy \\\"On the Double\\\" (1961) alongside Danny Kaye, the 1963 Gregory Peck film \\\"Captain Newman, M.D.\\\", \\\"Prime Cut\\\" (1972) with Lee Marvin, \\\"The Last American Hero\\\" (1973) starring Jeff Bridges, and the chase film \\\"The Sugarland Express\\\" (1974), directed by a 27-year-old Steven Spielberg. Walcott played a sheriff in the 1979 film \\\"Norma Rae\\\", the film that won an Oscar for star Sally Field, and appeared in the Brooke Shields film \\\"Tilt\\\" the same year. He made a cameo appearance in the 1994 \\\"Ed Wood\\\" bio-pic starring Johnny Depp, directed by\",\n \"title\": \"Gregory Walcott\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371460\",\n \"text\": \"Age of Hollywood. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). \\\"Raiders\\\" is still considered a landmark example of the action-adventure genre. The film also led to Ford's casting in Ridley Scott's \\\"Blade Runner\\\". A year later, Spielberg returned to the science fiction genre with \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\". It was the story of a young boy and the alien he befriends, who was accidentally left behind by his companions and is\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7391382\",\n \"text\": \"and 1992 and chopped up for timber (\\\"Jaws\\\" director Steven Spielberg learned of the fate of the 'Orca', much to his anger, after noticing it gone while he was on the ride). The shark as seen in the attraction has had cameos in multiple television shows and films including the made-for-TV film \\\"The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island\\\" in 1981, the episode \\\"Hooray for Hollywood\\\" from \\\"Diff'rent Strokes\\\" in 1984, and the episode \\\"Fright Knight\\\" from \\\"Knight Rider\\\" in 1986. The Amity Harbor/Village area that is associated with the \\\"Jaws\\\" attraction (minus the moving shark) was the set used in\",\n \"title\": \"Studio Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639863\",\n \"text\": \"writer was \\\"struck by the breadth\\\" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed. Terry Gilliam, who co-founded \\\"Monty Python\\\" and directed Williams in two of his films, \\\"The Fisher King\\\" and \\\"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\\\" (1988), said in 1992 that Williams had the ability to \\\"go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable ... [Williams had] the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there.\\\" Williams voiced characters in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated musical \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) was written for him. The film's directors stated that\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4322061\",\n \"text\": \"The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. is a 1953 American musical fantasy film in Technicolor, the only feature film written by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss), who was responsible for the story, screenplay and lyrics. It was directed by Roy Rowland, with many takes directed, uncredited, by producer Stanley Kramer. The film stars Peter Lind Hayes, Mary Healy, Hans Conried, and Tommy Rettig. Young Bart Collins (Tommy Rettig) lives with his widowed mother Heloise (Mary Healy). The bane of Bart's existence are the hated piano lessons he endures under the tutelage of the autocratic\",\n \"title\": \"The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8470478\",\n \"text\": \"Spielberg, liking his looks, offered him a part in the movie on the spot; he spent the next nine weeks filming the now-iconic final scenes of the movie. He has considerable screen time for an extra, playing the notes on the synthesizer under the direction of several scientists and musicians, and gazing raptly up at the alien spaceship. In the film's credits, Dodds's name appears twice—once as \\\"Jean Claude\\\" (as Philip Dodds) and once as \\\"ARP Musician\\\" (as Phil Dodds). In his original script, with the working title of \\\"Watch the Skies\\\", Spielberg had written these as two separate parts,\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Dodds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1502442\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\\\" and the films \\\"Once Upon a Time in the West\\\" and \\\"Once Upon a Time in America\\\" were edited to Morricone's score as the composer had prepared it months before the film's production ended. In another notable example, the finale of Steven Spielberg's \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" was edited to match the music of his long-time collaborator John Williams: as recounted in a companion documentary on the DVD, Spielberg gave Williams complete freedom with the music and asked him to record the cue without picture; Spielberg then re-edited the scene later to match the\",\n \"title\": \"Film score\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3234082\",\n \"text\": \"a Spaniard, as well as Hopkins and Zeta-Jones, who are both Welsh. Disappointed with the film's entertainment value, Travers also expected the film to be a failure with audiences. Internet reviewer James Berardinelli compared the tone and style of \\\"The Mask of Zorro\\\" to producer Steven Spielberg's \\\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\". \\\"While \\\"The Mask of Zorro\\\" isn't on the same level, it's not an altogether ridiculous comparison. Even though Zorro doesn't feature the non-stop cliffhanger adventure of \\\"Raiders\\\",\\\" Berardinelli continued, \\\"there's still plenty of action, tumult, and derring-do.\\\" He was undecided whether the film would be a box office\",\n \"title\": \"The Mask of Zorro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17609093\",\n \"text\": \"to prevent the legalization of cannabis. Clattenburg first announced plans of making a third and final film in the \\\"Trailer Park Boys\\\" series in May 2012. On an estimated $10 million budget, filming for \\\"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It\\\" took place on location in Halifax and Ottawa. The film marks the final appearance of series regular Richard Collins (appearing in the film as Philadelphia \\\"Phil\\\" Collins), who died during filming. In addition to Collins, the film is also dedicated to series regular Brian Huggins (who played Shitty Bill in the television series), and country/folk singer Rita MacNeil. \\\"Trailer Park\",\n \"title\": \"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"770074\",\n \"text\": \"Pictures film to surpass the $1 billion mark until 2015, when the studio had three such films, \\\"Furious 7\\\", \\\"Minions\\\", and the fourth installment of the \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" franchise, \\\"Jurassic World\\\". It currently ranks as the 29th highest-grossing film of all time in North America (not adjusted for inflation), the highest-grossing film of 1993 and the twenty-eighth highest-grossing film of all time. High praise was given to the film's visual effects, musical score, and Spielberg's direction, although there was some criticism leveled at the script and departures from the book's plot. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the film\",\n \"title\": \"Jurassic Park (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371470\",\n \"text\": \"World War II film \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \\\"Armageddon\\\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5479378\",\n \"text\": \"Brad Johnson (actor, born 1959) Brad Johnson (born October 24, 1959) is an American actor and former Marlboro Man. Johnson was born in Tucson, Arizona, the son of Virginia and Grove Johnson. His first acting credit was in the low-budget biker film \\\"The Nam Angels\\\" (1989), and shortly after he had his first co-starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1989 film \\\"Always\\\". Other films included \\\"Flight of the Intruder\\\", \\\"Philadelphia Experiment II\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Copperhead\\\" and \\\"Supergator\\\". He played Rayford Steele in the \\\"Left Behind\\\" film series and played Dr. Dominick O'Malley on \\\"Melrose Place\\\". In 2001, he played a hired killer\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Johnson (actor, born 1959)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5831907\",\n \"text\": \"described as more of a \\\"gritty action comedy with heart\\\", and has begun looking for a director. Fletch (film) Fletch is a 1985 American action-comedy directed by Michael Ritchie and written by Andrew Bergman and is loosely based on Gregory Mcdonald's popular \\\"Fletch\\\" novels. The film stars Chevy Chase, Tim Matheson, Dana Wheeler-Nicholson, Geena Davis and Joe Don Baker. The film revolves around Los Angeles Times reporter Irwin M. \\\"Fletch\\\" Fletcher (Chevy Chase), who is offered a large sum of money to kill a millionaire with a terminal cancer prognosis. Fletch becomes suspicious when he discovers the man is not\",\n \"title\": \"Fletch (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3603718\",\n \"text\": \"attached to the project since 1980 and he, Dan Aykroyd, and John Belushi were originally going to play the Three Amigos. At one point, Steven Spielberg was slated to direct; he wanted Martin, Bill Murray, and Robin Williams to portray Lucky, Dusty and Ned, respectively. Landis has said that Rick Moranis would have been cast as Ned, had Short been unavailable. Martin developed tinnitus after filming a pistol-shooting scene for the film. Several deleted scenes were included in the Blu-ray release. An alternate opening featured the peaceful village of Santo Poco being rampaged upon by El Guapo and his men,\",\n \"title\": \"Three Amigos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7633934\",\n \"text\": \"various reasons. These included John Huston (who was by then terminally ill with emphysemia and was unable to breathe without oxygen tubes), Steven Spielberg, Oliver Stone, Clint Eastwood and George Lucas. Lucas reportedly claimed to be baffled by the footage, saying he didn't know what to do with it, and that it was too avant-garde for a commercial audience. Kodar subsequently accused both Eastwood and Stone of plagiarism from the film, citing Eastwood's performance in \\\"White Hunter Black Heart\\\" (1990) as a copy of John Huston's, including one line of dialogue (\\\"I'm Marvin P. Fassbender.\\\" \\\"Of course you are.\\\"), and\",\n \"title\": \"The Other Side of the Wind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14464799\",\n \"text\": \"Artist Award win. In Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\", Allport dubbed the crowing sounds for Robin Williams when William's character begins flying and realizes that he really is Peter Pan. In 1993, Allport provided additional voices for the movie \\\"Hocus Pocus\\\", including re-voicing the role of the black cat, Binx. Later on as an adult he played a pirate that was singing on the way to the gallows in the opening scene of \\\"\\\", and he also appears on the movie soundtrack in the song \\\"Hoist the Colors\\\". In 2000, Allport sang as a back-up singer to Barbra Streisand in her concert\",\n \"title\": \"Chris M. Allport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18119560\",\n \"text\": \"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 91%, based on 266 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\"\\\"Bridge of Spies\\\" finds new life in Hollywood's classic Cold War espionage thriller formula, thanks to reliably outstanding work from Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks\\\". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale. Frequent Spielberg collaborator John Williams was originally announced to compose the film's score. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Bridge of Spies (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3939043\",\n \"text\": \"short notice to replace Blake Edwards on \\\"City Heat\\\" (1984) with Clint Eastwood and Burt Reynolds', which was a critical and commercial disappointment. Benjamin directed a comedy for Steven Spielberg's company, \\\"The Money Pit\\\" (1986) with Tom Hanks and Shelley Long. He then did a thriller \\\"Little Nikita\\\" (1988) with Sidney Poitier and River Phoenix, and a comedy with Dan Aykroyd, \\\"My Stepmother Is an Alien\\\" (1988). Benjamin did another comedy, \\\"Downtown\\\" (1990), with Anthony Edwards and Forest Whitaker. He had a hit with \\\"Mermaids\\\" (1990) starring Cher and Winona Ryder. \\\"Made in America\\\" (1993) with Whoopi Goldberg and Ted\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Benjamin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"639866\",\n \"text\": \"He also voiced the holographic Dr. Know character in the live-action film \\\"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\\\" (2001). He was the voice of The Timekeeper, a former attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort about a time-traveling robot who encounters Jules Verne and brings him to the future. In 2006, he starred in \\\"The Night Listener\\\", a thriller about a radio show host who realizes that a child with whom he has developed a friendship may or may not exist; that year, he starred in five movies, including \\\"Man of the Year\\\", was the Surprise Guest at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17311777\",\n \"text\": \"Danny Collins (film) Danny Collins is a 2015 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Dan Fogelman in his feature directorial debut. Inspired by the true story of folk singer Steve Tilston, the film stars Al Pacino, Annette Bening, Jennifer Garner, Bobby Cannavale, and Christopher Plummer. The film was released in theaters on March 20, 2015. For his performance, Pacino was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. Aging 1970s rocker Danny Collins (Al Pacino) cannot give up his hard-living ways – but then his manager,\",\n \"title\": \"Danny Collins (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18557880\",\n \"text\": \"The first panto was a re-production of Steven Spielberg’s Hook, recreating the film onstage in its entirety. With John Kearns taking the lead of Peter Pan and Karl Schultz as Hook. Full Cast - John Kearns (Peter Banning/Peter Pan); Karl Schultz (Captain Hook); Holly Burn (Tinker Bell); Matthew Highton (Rufio); Darren Maskell (Smee/Liza); Ben Target (Narrator); Ali Brice (Jack); Mark Stephenson (Maggie); Beth Vyse (Wendy/Lost Boy); Joe Davies (Thud Butt); Thomas Meek (Moira); Stuart Laws (PC Phil Collins/Pirate); Chris Boyd (Toodles); Joz Norris (Shadow/Lost Boy); Gareth Morinan (Mermaid/Lost Boy); Darren Walsh (Lost Boy); Marc Burrows (Lost Boy); Harry Maclaine (Young\",\n \"title\": \"Weirdos Comedy Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18212104\",\n \"text\": \"with James Stewart, \\\"Nevada Smith\\\" (1966) with Steve McQueen, \\\"Joe Kidd\\\" (1972) with Clint Eastwood, \\\"Maverick\\\" (1994) with Mel Gibson, and \\\"The Lone Ranger\\\" (2013) with Johnny Depp. Through the years, non-Western films also used the unique landscape of the area, including Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Saboteur\\\" (1942) with Robert Cummings, \\\"Samson and Delilah\\\" (1949) with Hedy Lamarr, \\\"\\\" (1989) with William Shatner, \\\"Tremors\\\" (1990) with Kevin Bacon, \\\"The Postman\\\" (1997) with Kevin Costner, and \\\"Gladiator\\\" (2000) with Russell Crowe. In 1989, Lone Pine business and community leaders developed a plan to celebrate the film industry's heritage of using Lone Pine and\",\n \"title\": \"Lone Pine Film Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7852821\",\n \"text\": \"and became friends with him. In 2009, he released the film, \\\"Coco\\\", which he directed, wrote and starred in. It opened number one in France, Belgium and Switzerland. In 2010 he appeared in a dramatic role in Roselyne Bosch's \\\"The Round Up\\\", which is based on the events surrounding the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup. In 2011, he had a small role in Woody Allen's Paris-set feature, \\\"Midnight in Paris\\\". He also appeared in the motion capture film \\\"\\\", alongside Jamie Bell. The film, which was directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Peter Jackson, was released on 26 October 2011 in\",\n \"title\": \"Gad Elmaleh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14669248\",\n \"text\": \"movie.\\\" Actor Tom Hiddleston said of the film that Spielberg had \\\"seen the stage play and he wanted to retain the magic and heartbeat of that … It's a moving, powerful story you can take children to see, but it is still very upsetting … People die, and it is war.\\\" John Williams composed and conducted the film's musical score, the second score composed the same year by Williams for Spielberg after \\\"The Adventures of Tintin\\\". Williams took inspiration by visiting a horse farm in California and observing horses and their behavior, elaborating that \\\"I got in the habit of\",\n \"title\": \"War Horse (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5206771\",\n \"text\": \"was when he appeared as the leader Rufio of the Lost Boys in Steven Spielberg's 1991 film \\\"Hook\\\" with Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman. A punk band is later named after this character. He attended Orange County High School of the Arts in the Music and Theatre Conservatory and graduated in 1993. Basco had guest roles on television shows \\\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\\\" and \\\"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper\\\" and had a recurring role on \\\"Moesha\\\". After portraying characters of various Asian ethnicity except his own, he portrayed a Filipino American alongside his three brothers and sister in the independent\",\n \"title\": \"Dante Basco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6025387\",\n \"text\": \"Golden Globe and the Writers Guild of America. \\\"Grand Canyon\\\" was considered a minor failure at the box office, taking in $40.9 million, and did not reap notable profits until it was released on video. Phil Collins' 1993 song \\\"Both Sides of the Story\\\" references the scene from \\\"Grand Canyon\\\" where the young mugger tells Simon (played by Danny Glover) that he carries a gun to make sure people respect (and fear) him. Grand Canyon (1991 film) Grand Canyon is a 1991 American drama film directed and produced by Lawrence Kasdan, and written by Kasdan with his wife Meg. Featuring\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Canyon (1991 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2714673\",\n \"text\": \"currently holds a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average of 4/10. Kenneth Turan of the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" stated that what made the film \\\"that much sadder a failure is that everyone involved must have sincerely felt they were doing the Lord's work, care and concern going hand in hand with an almost total miscalculation of mood. Even Robin Williams, so lively a voice in \\\"\\\"Aladdin\\\"\\\", is on beatific automatic pilot here, preferring to be warm and cuddly when a little of his energy (paradoxically on splendid display in the film's teaser trailer) is\",\n \"title\": \"Toys (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"524954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dick Tracy\\\" (1990) (where his \\\"Ishtar\\\" co-star Beatty plays the titular character), \\\"Hero\\\" (1992) and \\\"Billy Bathgate\\\" (1991) co-starring with Nicole Kidman (who was nominated for a Golden Globe). Hoffman also played the title role of Captain Hook in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\" (also 1991), earning a Golden Globe nomination, and the narrator in Dr. Seuss Video Classics: \\\"Horton Hears a Who!\\\" (also 1992); in \\\"Hook\\\", Hoffman's costume was so heavy that he had to wear an air-conditioned suit under it. Hoffman played the lead role in \\\"Outbreak\\\" (1995), alongside Rene Russo, Kevin Spacey, Morgan Freeman, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Donald\",\n \"title\": \"Dustin Hoffman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10513441\",\n \"text\": \"correctly wore the White Ensign during her time as a drill ship of London Division RNR. As part of the move of the RNR to a new purpose built shore based drill ship in St Katharine Docks, London, \\\"Chrysanthemum\\\" was decommissioned. She was later sold to the charity Inter-Action in 1988. \\\"Chrysanthemum\\\" was hired to Steven Spielberg for the boat chase sequences shot in 1988 in Tilbury Docks for the film \\\"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\\\". She was given the fictional name \\\"Tiber\\\" for the film. She was then laid up on the River Medway, where the brackish water\",\n \"title\": \"HMS Chrysanthemum (1917)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7194038\",\n \"text\": \"James Madio James Madio (born November 22, 1975) is an American actor, known for his roles in \\\"USA High\\\", \\\"Hook\\\" and as Technician Fourth Grade Frank Perconte in \\\"Band of Brothers\\\". A native of The Bronx, Madio was raised in Morris Park and Pelham Bay. Madio was born as one of seven children in his family. At the age of 15, he had his first audition in Steven Spielberg's 1991 film \\\"Hook\\\". He landed the role of \\\"Don't Ask\\\", one of the Lost Boys. Among the cast of \\\"Hook\\\" was Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman, who had been cast as\",\n \"title\": \"James Madio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"754203\",\n \"text\": \"him to shoot the film on a color negative, to allow color VHS copies of the film to later be sold, but Spielberg did not want to accidentally \\\"beautify events.\\\" John Williams, who frequently collaborates with Spielberg, composed the score for \\\"Schindler's List\\\". The composer was amazed by the film, and felt it would be too challenging. He said to Spielberg, \\\"You need a better composer than I am for this film.\\\" Spielberg responded, \\\"I know. But they're all dead!\\\" Itzhak Perlman performs the theme on the violin. Regarding \\\"Schindler's List\\\", Perlman said: In the scene where the ghetto is\",\n \"title\": \"Schindler's List\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8292228\",\n \"text\": \"Curly Sue Curly Sue is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes, and stars Jim Belushi, Kelly Lynch and Alisan Porter in the title role. The film's music was composed by Georges Delerue, along with the end title song \\\"You Never Know\\\" performed by Ringo Starr. It marked Steve Carell's film debut. The film was the last film that Hughes both wrote and directed himself and the only film he directed released in the 1990s. Bill Dancer and his young companion Curly Sue are the archetypal homeless folks with hearts of gold. Their scams\",\n \"title\": \"Curly Sue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4707705\",\n \"text\": \"cast member in intricate club passing patterns. Several members of the Pickle Family Circus were in the 1980 movie Popeye starring Robin Williams, including Bill Irwin (playing Ham Gravy), Larry Pisoni (Chico), Geoff Hoyle (Scoop), Peggy Snider (playing Pickelina and credited as Peggy Pisoni), and Judy Finelli See also 2009-12 play by Lorenzo Pisoni, about growing up in the circus ring as the son of Lorenzo Pickle http://lorenzopisoni.com/humor.html Pickle Family Circus The Pickle Family Circus was a small circus founded in 1974 in San Francisco, California, United States. The circus formed an important part of the renewal of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Pickle Family Circus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8777027\",\n \"text\": \"merely had the headstones moved and the bodies left behind. The Freelings flee Cuesta Verde while the house implodes into the portal, to the astonishment of onlookers. The family checks into a hotel for the night, and Steven rolls the television outside into the walkway. Mostly filmed on Roxbury Street in Simi Valley, California. A clause in his contract with Universal Studios prevented Spielberg from directing any other film while preparing \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\". \\\"Time\\\" and \\\"Newsweek\\\" tagged the summer of 1982 \\\"The Spielberg Summer\\\" because \\\"E.T.\\\" and \\\"Poltergeist\\\" were released a week apart in June. As such a marketable\",\n \"title\": \"Poltergeist (1982 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3157731\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Tyrannosaurus\\\", with screenwriter David Koepp playing the \\\"Unlucky Bastard\\\" who is eaten during a scene set in San Diego. Inspired by how \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" featured the Ford Explorer, Mercedes-Benz signed an endorsement deal to use the film to introduce its first sports utility vehicle, the M320. Spielberg did not allow for cast rehearsals, saying, \\\"You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time, when they look at each other for the first time — that's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take.\\\" Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński, who\",\n \"title\": \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13865362\",\n \"text\": \"her a Best Actress Oscar nomination. Nine years later, Hepburn played Maid Marian opposite Sean Connery as Robin Hood in \\\"Robin and Marian\\\". Her final film appearance was a cameo as an angel in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Always\\\" (1989). Hepburn's final screen role was as the host of the television documentary series \\\"Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn\\\" (1993) for which she posthumously received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming. In recognition of her career, Hepburn earned the Special Award from BAFTA, the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement\",\n \"title\": \"Audrey Hepburn on screen and stage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2714661\",\n \"text\": \"Toys (film) Toys is a 1992 American fantasy comedy film directed by Barry Levinson, co-written by Levinson and Valerie Curtin, and starring Robin Williams, Michael Gambon, Joan Cusack, Robin Wright, LL Cool J, and Jamie Foxx in his feature film debut. Released in December 1992 in the United States, and March and April 1993 in the United Kingdom and Australia, respectively, the film was produced by Levinson's production company Baltimore Pictures and distributed by 20th Century Fox. Despite being called \\\"Toys\\\", the movie garnered a PG-13 rating from the MPAA for some language and sensuality. The film failed at the\",\n \"title\": \"Toys (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7161310\",\n \"text\": \"It was intended for Bill Murray and John Cleese, with Bill as the laid-back guy and Cleese as the over-the-top guy, and we ended up with Robin Williams and Peter O'Toole, with O'Toole as the laid-back guy and Robin the over-the-top guy. The polarities shifted, and it was probably not as interesting or as solid as it might have been if Bill and Cleese were there.\\\" Club Paradise Club Paradise is a 1986 American comedy film directed by Harold Ramis starring Robin Williams, Twiggy, Peter O'Toole, and Jimmy Cliff. The film reunites director / co-writer Ramis with most of his\",\n \"title\": \"Club Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570878\",\n \"text\": \"a two-year hiatus from films until her next venture with Burton, \\\"The Sandpiper\\\" (1965). The supercouple, dubbed \\\"Liz and Dick\\\" by the press, continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade and spending $65 million. Regarding their earnings, in a 1976 interview with Lester David and Jhan Robbins of \\\"The Ledger\\\", Burton stated that \\\"they say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations\\\" and that the couple \\\"often outspent\\\" the Greek business tycoon Aristotle Onassis. In 1964 Burton portrayed Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Burton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8388971\",\n \"text\": \"Regina Russell Banali Regina Russell Banali is a film producer, director, television presenter, and actress. Her first role as an actress was playing one of the three mermaids that saves Robin Williams's character in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\" (1991). She has appeared in over 50 films and television shows. She produced and directed a commissioned comedy short for Crackle and PSAs for the HSUS on animal welfare issues. She directed and produced a feature-length documentary called \\\"Quiet Riot - Well Now You're Here There's No Way Back\\\" about the hard rock band Quiet Riot. It premiered on the Showtime Network January\",\n \"title\": \"Regina Russell Banali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360432\",\n \"text\": \"previously been tied with Alfred Newman's 45 nominations), and the second most nominated overall, following Walt Disney. Williams won an Annie Award for his score for \\\"The Adventures of Tintin\\\" in 2012. In 2012, Williams scored Spielberg's film \\\"Lincoln\\\" and subsequently received his 48th Academy Award nomination. In February 2013, Williams expressed his interest in working in the \\\"Star Wars\\\" sequel trilogy, stating: \\\"Now we're hearing of a new set of movies coming in 2015, 2016... so I need to make sure I'm still ready to go in a few years for what I hope would be continued work with\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1725987\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\". Besides his leading role in the film version of \\\"Torch Song Trilogy\\\" co-starring Matthew Broderick and Anne Bancroft, Fierstein's film roles include Woody Allen's \\\"Bullets over Broadway\\\", Robin Williams's character's makeup-artist brother in \\\"Mrs. Doubtfire\\\", and Merv Green in \\\"Death to Smoochy\\\", in addition to parts in \\\"Garbo Talks\\\", \\\"Duplex\\\", \\\"Kull the Conqueror\\\", and \\\"Independence Day\\\". He narrated the documentary \\\"The Times of Harvey Milk\\\", for which he won a News & Documentary Emmy Award. He also voiced the role of Yao in Disney's animated feature \\\"Mulan\\\", a role he later reprised for the video game\",\n \"title\": \"Harvey Fierstein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2089201\",\n \"text\": \"Oregon-based smokejumpers. They are also featured in the 1985 novel \\\"Wildfire\\\" by Richard Martin Stern, the 1989 Steven Spielberg film \\\"Always\\\", the 2002 made-for-television movie \\\"SuperFire\\\", and the 1998 film \\\"Firestorm\\\", the latter two of which were critically panned for their wild inaccuracies in depicting the profession. Smokejumpers are described in Philip Connor's 2011 book \\\"Fire Season\\\". Author Nora Roberts's 2011 novel \\\"Chasing Fire\\\" also details the lives and loves of a group of smokejumpers. The 1996 film \\\"Smoke Jumpers\\\" is loosely based on Don Mackey's life. Mackey was a smokejumper and one of the fourteen fatalities on the 1994\",\n \"title\": \"Smokejumper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2231530\",\n \"text\": \"Blu-ray release, were released online to much fanfare and praise for Robin Williams. These included a scene where Daniel and Miranda fight at Lydia's spelling bee competition and a confrontation scene with Miranda after Daniel's identity is revealed at the restaurant. The film earned $219,195,243 in North America, along with $222,090,952 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $441,286,195, making it the highest grossing cross-dressing film. It became the second-highest-grossing film of 1993, behind only \\\"Jurassic Park.\\\" Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 52.6 million tickets in the US. At the time of its release, several\",\n \"title\": \"Mrs. Doubtfire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6798116\",\n \"text\": \"for Worst Actor for his performances in \\\"Jakob the Liar\\\" and \\\"Bicentennial Man\\\", but lost to Adam Sandler, who was nominated for \\\"Big Daddy\\\". Jakob the Liar Jakob the Liar is a 1999 American war comedy-drama film directed by Peter Kassovitz, produced by Marsha Garces Williams and written by Kassovitz and Didier Decoin. The film is based on the book of the same name by Jurek Becker. The film stars Robin Williams, Alan Arkin, Liev Schreiber, Hannah Taylor-Gordon, and Bob Balaban. The film is set in 1944 in a ghetto in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust and tells the story\",\n \"title\": \"Jakob the Liar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17609105\",\n \"text\": \"marijuana laws. The team hired Ottawa police for security on the two days of filming. Clattenburg devised a plan to sneak Wells, Tremblay and Smith onto Parliament Hill without being noticed by the 10,000 attendees; at least 50 extras were hired to surround the actors with cameras rolling, though onlookers ultimately uncovered the ruse. No real drugs were used by any of the performers during production. \\\"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It\\\" marks the final film appearance of actor Richard Collins, who played Philadelphia \\\"Phil\\\" Collins in the franchise. Collins passed during the production of the film on April 15,\",\n \"title\": \"Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4348015\",\n \"text\": \"cartoon. The song \\\"Everything Is Food\\\" was not included on the album, while the song \\\"Din' We\\\" (which was cut from the film) was included. In 2016, a vinyl-only limited-edition version of the album was released with two bonus tracks by Varèse Sarabande for Record Store Day Black Friday. Popeye (film) Popeye is a 1980 American musical comedy film directed by Robert Altman and based on E. C. Segar's character of the same name from the \\\"Thimble Theatre\\\" comic strip. Produced by Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, film stars Robin Williams as Popeye the Sailor Man and Shelley Duvall\",\n \"title\": \"Popeye (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455179\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Hulce Thomas Edward Hulce (; born December 6, 1953) is an American actor, singer and theater producer. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Larry \\\"Pinto\\\" Kroger in \\\"Animal House\\\" (1978), his Academy Award-nominated portrayal of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in \\\"Amadeus\\\" (1984), and his role as Quasimodo in Disney's \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\" (1996). Additional acting awards included four Golden Globe nominations, an Emmy Award, and a Tony Award. Hulce retired from acting in the mid-1990s to focus on stage directing and producing. In 2007, he won a Tony Award as a lead producer\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Hulce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1846725\",\n \"text\": \"film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, where early reviews praised Jones's performance as \\\"pitch-perfect.\\\" Jones had a role in the Marvel Studios film, \\\"\\\". He also directed, produced and co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson in an adaptation of \\\"The Sunset Limited\\\". In 2012, there was another turning point in Jones's career, starting with a reprisal of his role as Agent K in \\\"Men in Black 3\\\", the romantic dramedy \\\"Hope Springs\\\", and co-starring as Thaddeus Stevens in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Lincoln\\\". Jones's performance in \\\"Lincoln\\\" received wide critical acclaim. For this performance, Jones received his fourth Oscar nomination, for Best\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Lee Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552414\",\n \"text\": \"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1975 and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1991. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \\\"It Happened One\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Phil context: cameo appearances in Steven Spielberg's \\\"Hook\\\" (1991) and the AIDS docudrama \\\"And the Band Played On\\\" (1993). He starred in \\\"Frauds\\\", which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. He supplied voices to two animated features: Amblin's \\\"Balto\\\" (1995) and Disney's \\\"The Jungle Book 2\\\" (2003). A long-discussed but never completed project was a film titled \\\"The Three Bears\\\"; originally meant to star Collins, Danny DeVito, and Bob Hoskins. He often mentioned the film, though an appropriate script never materialised. Collins's music is featured in the satirical black comedy film \\\"American Psycho\\\", with psychotic lead character\\n\\nPhil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 209,\n \"origin_tokens\": 210,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Robin Williams context:ullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Arsenio Hall. His role in \\\"Aladdin\\\" became one of his most recognized and best-loved, and the film was the highest-grossing of 1992; it won numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams. His performance led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power. He was named a Disney Legend in 2009. Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including \\\"\\\" (1992), \\\"Robots\\\" (2005), \\\"Happy Feet\\\" (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in \\\"Everyone's Hero\\\" (2006).\\n\\ntitle: Phil context: cameo in Steven Spiel's \\\"Hook (1991) AID docudrama \\\"And the Band Played On\\\" (199). starred \\\"Frauds\\\", which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. voices to two: Amb'sBalto\\\" (1995) Disney's \\\" Jungle 2\\\" (2003). long-discussed but never completed project was a film titled \\\" Bears\\\"; meant to Collins, Danny DeVito, Hos. He mentioned the film, though an appropriate script never materialised Collins' is featured in the satirical black comedy film \\\" Psycho\\\",otic lead character\\n: (film): I confidence in the and I had in the epilogue. I' body of.\\\" He added, \\\"I didn't quite know what doing and tried to paint my with value,\\\" adm \\\"the insecure I felt about it the and colorful the sets became.\\\" () Hook 199 fant advent Spielberg written James Malia Scot Marmo. stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan Dustin Hoff as Hook,\\n: Williams deep. Dinook take to byavoy, producer of \\\"Hook\\\", told its director, Steven Spielberg, that he intentionally teamed up Hoffman and Williams for the film because he knew they wanted to work together, and that Williams welcomed the opportunity of working with Spielberg. Williams benefited from working with Woody Allen, who directed him and Billy Crystal in \\\"Deconstructing Harry\\\" (1997), as Allen had knowledge of the fact that Crystal and Williams had often performed\\n\\nPhil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 527,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15375,\n \"ratio\": \"29.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":72,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":72,"string":"72"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"1998 was the Chinese year of which creature?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tigress","🐅","Tigers in captivity","Tigris striatus","Tigers (animal)","Mating tigers","Sexual behavior of tigers","🐯","Endangered Subspecies of Tiger","Tiger populations","Tigers","Tigris regalis","Panthera Tigris","Tiger","F tigris","Tiger blood","Naahar","African tiger","Panthera tigris","Felis tigris","Tigrine","Endangered subspecies of tiger","Tiger cub","Tiger (wild)","Tiger urine","F. tigris"],"string":"[\n \"Tigress\",\n \"🐅\",\n \"Tigers in captivity\",\n \"Tigris striatus\",\n \"Tigers (animal)\",\n \"Mating tigers\",\n \"Sexual behavior of tigers\",\n \"🐯\",\n \"Endangered Subspecies of Tiger\",\n \"Tiger populations\",\n \"Tigers\",\n \"Tigris regalis\",\n \"Panthera Tigris\",\n \"Tiger\",\n \"F tigris\",\n \"Tiger blood\",\n \"Naahar\",\n \"African tiger\",\n \"Panthera tigris\",\n \"Felis tigris\",\n \"Tigrine\",\n \"Endangered subspecies of tiger\",\n \"Tiger cub\",\n \"Tiger (wild)\",\n \"Tiger urine\",\n \"F. tigris\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Tiger"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"7656901","text":"he attempted to ski down Everest’s North Face, but due to the constant monsoon weather was never able to reach the summit. Unfortunately the best time to ski Everest from its summit is during the monsoon season, thus why the prize of skiing Everest from its summit has been elusive. http://classic.mountainzone.com/climbing/skieverest/updates.html] On October 21, 1998, after skiing on the Chinese side of Everest, the California adventurer told Reuters reporters that he was convinced he had spotted the legendary yeti twice, “I saw something that was not human, that was not a gorilla, not a deer, not a goat and not","title":"Craig Calonica"},{"id":"2828178","text":"years in which the Cubs went on to win their division. In 1994, Sam Sianis went again, with a goat, to stop a home losing streak, and in 1998 for the Wild Card tie-breaker game, which the Cubs won. In 2003 (the Chinese zodiac's Year of the Goat), a group of Cubs fans headed to Houston with a billy goat named \"Virgil Homer\" and attempted to gain entrance to Minute Maid Park, home of the Astros, division rivals of the Cubs at the time. After they were denied entrance, they unfurled a scroll, read a verse and proclaimed they were","title":"Curse of the Billy Goat"},{"id":"13726566","text":"and International Fund for Animal Welfare. The conferences raised awareness about the plight of the antelope. In October 1998, Liang Congjie submitted an open letter to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking the United Kingdom to stop illegal trade on Tibetan antelope fur. Mr. Blair responded the next day, showing his concern and support for the Chinese program to protect the antelope. Tony Blair's response prompted global media attention and large numbers of people set to join the program, helping fund and provide assistance to FON's campaign. Friends of Nature (China) Friends of Nature (abbreviation: FON, Chinese: 自然之友, pinyin:","title":"Friends of Nature (China)"},{"id":"7129894","text":"ordered the end of the campaign against sparrows, replacing them with bed bugs, as the extermination of the former upset the ecological balance, and bugs destroyed crops as a result of the absence of natural predators. By this time, however, it was too late. With no sparrows to eat them, locust populations ballooned, swarming the country and compounding the ecological problems already caused by the Great Leap Forward, including widespread deforestation and misuse of poisons and pesticides. Ecological imbalance is credited with exacerbating the Great Chinese Famine, in which 20–45 million people died of starvation. On June 19, 1998, a","title":"Four Pests Campaign"},{"id":"3989086","text":"shui. Today, Pixiu are also a popular design on jade pendants. It was also featured as a design on the sword of Fa Mulan's character in the 1998 Disney animated feature \"Mulan\". Fierce looking and covered with whitish-grey fur, \"Pixiu\", are a type of auspicious, winged animal, written about in ancient Chinese history and heralded through the millennia by fantastic stories of powerful and grandiose feats of victory in battle. Their fantastic legend has been passed down through two-thousand years of Chinese lore. They have the powerful head of a Chinese dragon, the bold body of a lion and, historically,","title":"Pixiu"},{"id":"7129895","text":"poster was spotted at Southwest Agricultural University in Chongqing, \"Get rid of the Four Pests\". Ninety-five percent of households were ordered to get rid of four pests. This time, sparrows were replaced with cockroaches. A similar campaign was spotted in the spring of 1998 in Beijing. Few people responded to these campaigns, as many already had the habit of killing the aforementioned pests, especially cockroaches. In the TVB drama series \"Rosy Business\" (aired 2009 but set in mid-19th century China), a peasant came up with the idea of killing the sparrows to improve agricultural output. It was meant to be","title":"Four Pests Campaign"},{"id":"1310307","text":"an animal. The animals are, in order: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. 2008 was the year of the Rat, 2009 Ox, 2010 Tiger, 2011 Rabbit, 2012 Dragon, and 2013 was the year of the Snake. Famous characters like Snoopy, (2006) and other cartoon characters like Mickey and Minnie Mouse, (2008) have been especially popular in their celebrated years. Addressing is generally done by hand, and is an opportunity to demonstrate one's handwriting (see \"shodō\"). The postcards may have spaces for the sender to write a personal message. Blank cards are available, so","title":"Japanese New Year"},{"id":"6030521","text":"government. Another technical issue is a dispute over the applicability of Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). In 1998, China offered the Republic of China two giant pandas in exchange for wartime peace. The PRC insisted that a transfer from mainland China to Taiwan was a domestic transfer, not subject to CITES, while the ROC government disputed this and would not accept the pandas without CITES procedures. On March 11, 2006, the ROC formally rejected the offer, with President Chen explaining in his weekly newsletter, \"A-bian (Chen's nickname) sincerely urges the Chinese leaders to leave the giant","title":"Panda diplomacy"},{"id":"12528860","text":"services. Rachel provided the theme for the Pigs on Parade fundraiser that was first held in 2001 and was one of several events in various cities modeled on a similar 1998 event in Zurich; the Zurich event centered on cows and was the first of what have come to be known as CowParades. A similar Pigs On Parade fundraiser was held in 2007 on the occasion of the Market centennial, which happened to coincide with the Chinese zodiac Year of the Pig. Since at least the 1960s, Pike Place Market has been known for street entertainers. Besides the aforementioned virtuoso","title":"Pike Place Market"},{"id":"10139751","text":"wounds. Both the zokor and bamboo rat are farm-raised for their fur, meat and use in medicine. About half of the world's 25 species of hamsters are found in China. Most live in the deserts of Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. Some are named after the specific region in which they are found, such as the Chinese, Mongolian, Gansu, Chinese striped, Tibetan dwarf, Kham dwarf, and Djungarian hamster, and some by their founder, such as Campbell's dwarf, Roborovski, and Sokolov's dwarf. Others include the grey dwarf, long-tailed dwarf, greater long-tailed hamster and black-bellied hamster. The Chinese hamster and Roborovski hamster","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"17523969","text":"villagers between 4 months and 71 years of age. Unable to locate Guo he eventually tried to commit suicide by drinking insecticide and hanging himself, but was rescued and brought to a hospital. Chenggu axe massacre The Chenggu axe massacre was a mass murder that occurred in Chenggu County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China on June 23, 1998, when Yang Mingxin, a 39-year-old local farmer, killed nine people, and wounded three others with an axe. Yang, who was described as reticent, had refused to sell ten stolen geese for another farmer named Guo Baoning, and when the owner of the geese later","title":"Chenggu axe massacre"},{"id":"16494132","text":"built-up areas, forests, and grasslands Livestock grazing occurs throughout China and is possibly the most common use of grasslands. China is the world’s largest producer of sheep and goats, and the fourth largest producer of cattle. Livestock grazing is a major driver of grassland degradation in China. The government has instituted a variety of programs to combat desertification, which has slowed to 3,000 km2 per year. Since the late 1950s, China’s forests have experienced several periods of significant deforestation, which contributed to related environmental disasters such as the Yangtze River flood in 1998. In response, the Central Government has attempted","title":"Land use in China"},{"id":"80149","text":"who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster. The 1998 Yangtze River floods () was a major flood that lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in the People's Republic of China at the Yangtze River. The event was considered the worst Northern China flood in 40 years. In the summer of 1998, China experienced massive flooding of parts of the Yangtze River, resulting in 3,704 dead, 15 million homeless and $26 billion in economic loss. Other sources report a total loss of 4150 people, and 180 million people were affected. A staggering were","title":"Yangtze"},{"id":"12255593","text":"unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives. Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard, leopard cat, wolf, red fox, wild boar, masked palm civet, raccoon dog, hog badger, Siberian weasel, Amur hedgehog, roe deer, and mandarin rat snake. The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander, Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District. The Beijing Milu Park south of the city","title":"Beijing"},{"id":"17523968","text":"Chenggu axe massacre The Chenggu axe massacre was a mass murder that occurred in Chenggu County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China on June 23, 1998, when Yang Mingxin, a 39-year-old local farmer, killed nine people, and wounded three others with an axe. Yang, who was described as reticent, had refused to sell ten stolen geese for another farmer named Guo Baoning, and when the owner of the geese later caught him, Guo suspected Yang had informed on him. After a heated argument between the two, during which Guo threatened to kill Yang's family, Yang armed himself with an axe and hacked twelve","title":"Chenggu axe massacre"},{"id":"12986306","text":"of the \"Ox\", and the fourth animal is the \"Cat\" instead of the \"Rabbit\". The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as \"kra\"). Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle (\"kura-kura\") and mousedeer (\"kancil\"). One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit, the other being either the Pig or Monkey. The Thai zodiac includes a \"nāga\" in place of the \"Dragon\" and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but either on the first","title":"Chinese zodiac"},{"id":"5139791","text":"2010 and in the United States on 5 October 2010. Tunstall said that the album's title is inspired by a recurring dream she had, before discovering that 2010 is the Chinese Year of the Tiger. The dream is about her, seeing a tiger in her garden and goes outside to stroke it. She returns indoors and is seized by the fear that she could have been killed. Over the years, it has occurred to her that the reason the tiger responds so passively is that she herself is disguised as a tiger, wearing a tiger suit. She said that while","title":"KT Tunstall"},{"id":"2493052","text":"The Story of the Stone (Barry Hughart) The Story of the Stone () is a novel by Barry Hughart, first published in 1988. It is part of a series set in a version of ancient China that began with \"Bridge of Birds\" and continues with \"Eight Skilled Gentlemen\". The story begins on the twelfth day of the seventh moon in the Year of the Snake 3,339 (AD 650). The abbot of a humble monastery in the Valley of Sorrows calls upon Master Li and Number Ten Ox to investigate the killing of a monk and the theft of a seemingly","title":"The Story of the Stone (Barry Hughart)"},{"id":"10139748","text":"related to ground squirrels but are bigger, have shorter tails and are more social animals. They can grow to be the size of a cat and live in large colonies. Four species are found in China, all along the northern and western periphery of the country: gray, long-tailed, Himalayan, and Tarbagan. Of these, the tarbagan marmot is an endangered, Class III protected species. Marmots are also farm-raised for food and fur. A wide variety of jumping rodents belonging to the family \"Dipodidae\" can be found in China. These include jerboas and jumping mice, called \"tiaoshu\", the \"jumping rodent,\" and the","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"9133456","text":"were settled. This outcry of debate dissolved the relationship with the People's Republic of China, and it was not until 1998 that they allowed another loan of pandas to the US, via the San Diego Zoo. This did not deter the Toledo Zoo from thriving during the 1990's. In 1994 they again exceed the 1 million visitor mark with their exhibit DinoRoars!, and again in 1998 with the reopening of the Aviary as well as the introduction of the primate forest. During their regrowth they also created a children's park, a pavilion for events, a catering department, an Emmy Award","title":"Toledo Zoo"},{"id":"3630896","text":"South China tiger, white-lipped deer, Pere David's deer, crested ibis, Chinese alligator, and Chinese giant salamander. Other endangered or threatened species housed there include a Siberian tiger, yak, Przewalski's horse, snow leopard, Tibetan gazelle, and kiang. The zoo also has a broad collection of megafauna such as addax, Asian black bears, Asian and African elephants, bats, beluga whales, chimpanzees, clouded leopards, flamingos, gorillas, hippopotamuses, jaguars, kangaroos, lemurs, lions, muntjac, otters, penguins, polar bears, rhinoceroses, sea turtles, tapirs, and zebras, as well as 13 of the world's 15 species of cranes. The zoo grounds originally housed an imperial manor during the","title":"Beijing Zoo"},{"id":"14864330","text":"line from a promo stop in Minneapolis that she doesn't write on tour, \"so it was essential that I took time out from her previous album \"Drastic Fantastic\"\". She had started her time off by travelling through the Arctic, South America and India, so she had locked into a very primal, indigenous spirit by the time it came to recording. Tunstall said that the album's title is inspired by a recurring dream she had, before discovering that 2010 is the Chinese Year of the Tiger. The dream is about her and her little brother, seeing a tiger in her garden","title":"Tiger Suit"},{"id":"11112160","text":"Scott Mellanby reacted by \"one-timing\" the rat against the wall, killing it . That night he scored two goals, which goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck quipped was \"a rat trick\". Two nights later, as the story found its way into the world, a few fans threw rubber rats on the ice in celebration of a goal. The rubber rat count went from 16 for the third home game to over 2,000 during the playoffs. In an amusing coincidence, 1996 was also year of the Rat according to Chinese astrology. In the 1996 playoffs, as the #4 seed, the Panthers beat the Boston","title":"1995–96 Florida Panthers season"},{"id":"13494823","text":"Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 was held on January 25, 1998 in Hong Kong. The pageant was broadcast live through TVB and was streamed for the first time in Malaysia. Miss Chinese International 1997 Monica Lo of Toronto, Ontario, Canada crowned Louise Luk of San Francisco, USA as the new winner. Luk is the first winner from the United States and San Francisco's only winner, as of 2010. The theme to this year's pageant is \"Beautiful Shadows from The Land of the Gods, Ten Years of Love from the Dragons\" 「神洲儷影 十載龍情」. This year also","title":"Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998"},{"id":"14283133","text":"Foot (Whitecap Books, 1992, 1993 and Bob Adams, 1994, illustrated by Warren Clark and Carolyn Swanson) Welcome to the World series (Whitecap Books) Welcome to the World of Porcupines, 1999 Welcome to the World of Skunks, 1999 Welcome to the World of Beavers, 1999 Welcome to the World of Moose, 1999 Welcome to the World of Bats, 1998 Welcome to the World of Raccoons, 1998 Welcome to the World of Foxes, 1998 Welcome to the World of Eagles, 1998 Welcome to the World of Owls, 1997 Welcome to the World of Wild Cats, 1997 Welcome to the World of Bears,","title":"Diane Swanson"},{"id":"12654542","text":"year, Michael Heseltine coined a name for this service: the China Launchpad. This has since become a popular service which the China–Britain Business Council still offer UK companies. The return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 led to warmer relations with the UK. Less than a month after his appointment as premier in 1998, Zhu Rongji was back in the UK, where a CBTG dinner in London's Guildhall attracted 900 guests. That year, the organisation changed its name to the China–Britain Business Council (CBBC), to reflect the growth of all round business between the UK and China encompassing","title":"China–Britain Business Council"},{"id":"1338904","text":"In 2010, Cathay Pacific and Cathay Pacific Cargo, together with Dragonair (rebranded Cathay Dragon), carried nearly 27 million passengers and over 1.8 million tons of cargo and mail. The airline was founded on 24 September 1946 by Australian Sydney H. de Kantzow and American Roy C. Farrell. The airline made the world's first non-stop transpolar flight flying over the North Pole in July 1998, which was also the maiden flight to arrive at the then new Hong Kong International Airport. The airline celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006; and , its major shareholders are Swire Pacific and Air China. It","title":"Cathay Pacific"},{"id":"14267939","text":"in China 7000 years ago; the Year of the Tiger, tiger shoes or hats; the Tiger seal, Tiger Tally and Tiger General. There are also idioms and poetic renderings such as: Tiger roaring & dragon singing-the world is peaceful; Mountain and Valley replying- the people are wealthy and the country strong. Tiger in Chinese culture Throughout Chinese history, the tiger has incited a sense of both awe and admiration: its prowess, its ferocity, its beauty, and the harmony of the opposites. The tiger is full of life and embodies the spirit and drive to achieve and make progress. The tiger","title":"Tiger in Chinese culture"},{"id":"13494825","text":"polls. Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 was held on January 25, 1998 in Hong Kong. The pageant was broadcast live through TVB and was streamed for the first time in Malaysia. Miss Chinese International 1997 Monica Lo of Toronto, Ontario, Canada crowned Louise Luk of San Francisco, USA as the new winner. Luk is the first winner from the United States and San Francisco's only winner, as of 2010. The theme to this year's pageant is \"Beautiful Shadows from The Land of the Gods, Ten Years of Love from the Dragons\" 「神洲儷影 十載龍情」. This year","title":"Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998"},{"id":"1394536","text":"Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. In Vietnam the Rabbit is replaced by the cat. This combination creates the 60-year cycle due to the fewest number of years (least common multiple) it would take to get from \"Yang Wood Rat\" to its next iteration, which always starts with \"Yang Wood Rat\" and ends with \"Yin Water Pig\". Since the zodiac animal cycle of 12 is divisible by two, every zodiac sign can occur only as either Yin or Yang: the Dragon is always yang, the Snake is always yin, etc. The current cycle began in 1984 (as shown in \"Table of","title":"Chinese astrology"},{"id":"15738596","text":"year. Employees at the zoo have contributed in many types of great achievements such as the knowledge of animal science, animal protection and animal breeding research. Valuable species originated from China include: giant panda, golden monkey, Asian elephant, takin, kiang, Thorold's deer, hoolock gibbon, Francois' leaf monkey, fox, red-crowned crane. In 1992, they introduced a pair of Sichun golden monkeys which they have successfully bred. Making Jinan zoo one of the few zoos that can successfully breed domesticate golden monkeys. In 1998, an area of 3000m was created for the hundred-bird paradise that contains over 150 different species of birds","title":"Jinan Zoo"},{"id":"7106024","text":"Tamworth Two The Tamworth Two were a pair of pigs that escaped while being unloaded from a lorry at an abattoir in the English town of Malmesbury, Wiltshire in January 1998. The pigs (later named Butch and Sundance after \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\") were on the run for more than a week, and the search for them caused a huge media sensation, as well as immense public interest, both in Britain and abroad. Butch (a sow) and Sundance (a boar) were sister and brother Tamworth pigs. Both were five months old when their owner took them by lorry","title":"Tamworth Two"},{"id":"6573803","text":"logo. The official Mascot of the 13th Asian Games is an elephant named Chai-Yo () (a Thai word meaning pleasure, gladness, success, unity and happiness) whose name is a phrase shouted by a group of people to show their unity and solidarity. In Thailand, the elephant is a very distinctive animal which has lived with its' people for many generations and is universally admired for its strengths and nobility. The opening ceremony started at 17:00 local time on December 6, 1998. It was attended by King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, President of the International Olympic Committee Juan Antonio Samaranch and","title":"1998 Asian Games"},{"id":"10509959","text":"the STF donating nearly $12 million between 1995 and 2004. Currently the STF has teamed up with Panthera to form the STF-Panthera Partnership. They plan to combine their expertise in tiger conservation to help save the wild tiger. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) also contributes to tiger conservation. They have set an ambitious goal called Tx2 to double the wild tiger population by 2022, the next Chinese Year of the Tiger. To reach this goal, their primary efforts lie in protecting landscapes where they feel tigers have the highest chance of surviving and increasing, preventing poaching, and working to decrease","title":"Tiger conservation"},{"id":"4217715","text":"lakes, streams, and marshes. By the 1970s, the species was restricted to small parts of the southern Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, during which time the population was about 1,000. In 1998, the largest area the alligator lived in was a small pond along the Yangtze River surrounded by farmland, and only 11 alligators lived inside of it. In 1999, it was estimated by the Wildlife Conservation Society that there were only around 150 individuals of the Chinese alligator left in the wild. The Anhui National Nature Reserve for Chinese Alligator (ANNRCA) surveyed the population in 2005 and concluded that the","title":"Chinese alligator"},{"id":"2746169","text":"he found pieces including a feathered tail and legs. He cemented several of these pieces together in a manner that he believed was correct. He apparently knew that it would make a more complete-looking and, thus, more expensive fossil. It was sold in June 1998 to an anonymous dealer and smuggled to the United States. According to authorities in Beijing, no fossils may leave China legally. By the fall 1998 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, held in Utah, United States, rumors were circulating about a striking fossil of a primitive bird that was in private hands. This","title":"Archaeoraptor"},{"id":"5956702","text":"longer needing sugar as desperately for a cash crop—the oil-for-sugar program the Soviets had contracted with Cuba had, of course, dissipated—Cuba hurriedly diversified its agricultural production, utilizing former cane fields to grow consumables such as oranges and other fruit and vegetables. The Cuban government also focused more intensely on cooperation with Venezuela once the socialist Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998. Cubans had to resort to eating anything they could find. In the Havana zoo, \"The peacocks, the buffalo and even the rhea\" were reported to have disappeared. Cuban domestic cats disappeared from streets to dinner tables. Cows in","title":"Special Period"},{"id":"5949045","text":"be displaced and captured.) The step movers are the prince, generals (except: bishop, rook, pig, vice, great and wood), wolves, earth dragon, running horse, running rabbit, turtle snake, turtle dove, flying swallow, rain dragon, mountain stag, running pup, running serpent, side serpent, yaksha, Buddhist devil, violent stag, drunken elephant, neighboring king, chariots (except: reverse, running and copper), right tiger, left tiger, wind dragon, free pup, rushing bird, old kite, bears (except running), side boar, cloud eagle, flying cat, little standard, cloud dragon, soldiers (except soldier and chariot), violent ox, dark spirit, deva, howling dog, side mover, prancing stag, ferocious leopard,","title":"Taikyoku shogi"},{"id":"5949050","text":"is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all. The ranging pieces are the standards, queen, free dream-eater, wooden dove, dragons (except: violent, flying and reclining), demons, running horse, mountain eagle, whale, running rabbit, tigers (except blind), turtle snake, ceramic dove, lance, oxcart, chariots, flying swallow, running pup, running serpent, great dove, running bear, running stag, running wolf, free pup, phoenix master, kirin master, vertical bear, side boar, silver rabbit, golden deer, great stag, cloud eagle, bishop, rook, side wolf, mountain falcon, soldiers (except: sword, burning and cross-bow), violent ox, golden bird, white horse, howling dog, side mover, water","title":"Taikyoku shogi"},{"id":"8987589","text":"charitable organisation in 1995. It was combined with HKSPC from 1 July 2005. The Hong Kong Society for Panda Conservation (HKSPC, 香港熊貓保育協會) is an independent charitable organisation. Its establishment in March 1999 marked the significance of the arrival of the precious gift from China, a pair of giant pandas named An An (安安) and Jia Jia (佳佳). The aim of HKSPC is to improve the plight of giant pandas in the wild. The society was supported by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China. Ocean Park Corporation has also given support administratively and financially. Starting from 1 July","title":"Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong"},{"id":"2743976","text":"Disney's Animal Kingdom Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering . The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself. Disney's Animal Kingdom is distinguished from the rest of","title":"Disney's Animal Kingdom"},{"id":"5398719","text":"fairies and the animals of the rainforest to protect their home from the loggers and a malevolent pollution entity, Hexxus. The film was released to mainly positive reviews, and was also generally considered a moderate financial success at both the box office and in home video sales. In 1998, it was followed by a direct-to-video sequel \"\", though none of the original voice cast reprised their roles. Crysta is a fairy with a curious nature living in FernGully, a pristine rainforest free from human intervention. The fairies of FernGully once lived in harmony with humans, but believe them to have","title":"FernGully: The Last Rainforest"},{"id":"12498057","text":"Pan Wenshi Pan Wenshi (; born 1937) is a Chinese biologist and Peking University professor. His research works on Giant panda, White-headed langur and Chinese white dolphin in the last 36 years are internationally recognized contributions. Pan had authored and co-authored 40-50 treatises published on various domestic and international journals including \"National Geographic\" and \"Nature\" and he is renowned for his academic achievements on researching the 3 near-extinct contemporary species. He serves as the director of the Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Research Center at Peking University. His work proved that panda habitat needed to be protected for them to","title":"Pan Wenshi"},{"id":"5483334","text":"that is in its way. If a friendly piece intervenes, the moving piece is limited to a distance that stops short of the intervening piece; if the friendly piece is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all. The ranging pieces are the soaring eagle, horned falcon, queen, rushing bird, the demons, free dream-eater, water buffalo, flying ox, soldier, dragon king, dragon horse, the chariots, rook, bishop, white horse, whale, standard bearer, vermillion sparrow, turtle-snake, blue dragon, white tiger, side dragon, golden bird, great dragon, white elephant, golden deer, movers, howling dog, ram’s-head solder and lance. The hook mover,","title":"Tai shogi"},{"id":"2115141","text":"majority of Chinese people. Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the Ox and Rabbit with the water buffalo and cat, respectively; Japan replaces the Pig () with the boar () as the character 猪 means Pig in Chinese but \"boar\" in Japanese; Tibet replaces the Rooster with the bird. In the traditional Kazakh version of the 12-year animal cycle (, \"müşel\"), the Dragon is substituted by a snail (, \"ulw\"), and the Tiger appears as a leopard (, \"barıs\"). Though Chinese has words for the four cardinal directions, Chinese mariners and astronomers/astrologers preferred using the 12 directions of the","title":"Earthly Branches"},{"id":"13994765","text":"Pokémon Jet After the appearance of Pokémon in 1996, and the resultant Pokémon-related craze, All Nippon Airways unveiled the first Pokémon Jets on 1 July 1998, timed with the release of \"\". The first two to be unveiled were a Boeing 747-400D (JA8965) and a Boeing 767-300 (JA8569), and each displayed a number of the then 151 Pokémon characters, including Pikachu. Due to the popularity of the aircraft, a second 767 was unveiled a matter of weeks later. The three aircraft were introduced on numerous domestic flights in Japan. A fourth aircraft, a Boeing 747-400, was painted in a Pokémon","title":"Pokémon Jet"},{"id":"10667490","text":"Chinese zokor The Chinese zokor (\"Eospalax fontanierii\") is a species of rodent in the family Spalacidae. It is endemic to China, ranging from Qinghai Province eastwards to Beijing in steppe and alpine grasslands. Henri Milne-Edwards first described it in 1867. Eradication programs in the 1990s in Qinghai Province resulted in a population decline to less than a third of the former population. It is considered common and has been assessed as Least Concern by IUCN. An average adult weighs and newborn young weigh . The Chinese zokor is a medium-sized, burrowing rodent, with a stocky build and a very short,","title":"Chinese zokor"},{"id":"18324548","text":"be a weasel called Snowple. Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets are the mascots of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano and are four snowy owls. They represent respectively fire (Sukki), air (Nokki), earth (Lekki) and water (Tsukki) and together they represent the four major islands of Japan. The choice of four mascots is a nod to the four years that make up an Olympiad. In addition, the first two letters of the four names form the word “snowlets”. “Snow” recalls the winter season, during which the Games take place, and","title":"Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki"},{"id":"1961991","text":"Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, and Rat are likely compatible with the Tiger, and they can build a harmonious relationship. Also, two Tigers can get along well with each other. Tigers are least compatible with the Monkey. Tiger (zodiac) The Tiger (寅) is the third of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Tiger is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 寅. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the \"Year of the Tiger\", while also bearing the following","title":"Tiger (zodiac)"},{"id":"12439486","text":"coins have been issued since 1996. 50 rupiah backed with a Komodo dragon and text 'Komodo' was issued in aluminium-bronze, dated 1991, and later 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998. Mintages were 67, 120, 300, then 590 million, then 150,000 each year. The 100 rupiah, also aluminium-bronze was inscribed with an octagon, featuring the reverse design of running bulls with the text \"karapan sapi\" (bull racing). The coin was minted 1991 through 1998, with respective mintages of 94, 120, 300, 550, 799, 41, 150, and 56 million. A 500 rupiah coin, also in aluminium-bronze, became the first new","title":"Coins of the rupiah"},{"id":"16493263","text":"porcupine, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan blue sheep, hippopotamus, jackal, jungle cat, leopard cat, Indian rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, siamang, spotted deer, striped hyena, Indian palm squirrel and water buffalo. Reptiles at the zoo include Aldabra tortoise, rock python, Chinese alligator, cobra, monitor lizard, gharial, and turtles. Birds at the zoo include grey parrot, Speckled pigeon, black-necked stork, black-headed ibis, budgerigar, dusky eagle owl, Eurasian eagle owl, Lady Amherst pheasant, ostrich, bar headed goose, grey heron, Himalayan griffon, kalij pheasant, Black kite, sarus crane, Oriental pied hornbill, silver pheasant, Hyacinth Macaw, white pelican, Blue-and-yellow macaw, sulphur crested cockatoo, Love bird, Scaly-breasted munia,","title":"Central Zoo"},{"id":"17049026","text":"the exact date on which each Snake Year actually begins. Snake years include: 1905, 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013, and 2025. The 12 \"zodiacal\" (that is, yearly) animals recur in a cycle of sixty years, with each animal occurring five times within the 60-year cycle, but with different aspects each of those 5 times. Thus, 2013 is a year of the yin water Snake, and actually starts on February 10, 2013 and lasts through January 30, 2014. The previous year of the yin water Snake was 1953. In Thai culture, the year of the Snake is","title":"Snakes in Chinese mythology"},{"id":"4460579","text":"waving sailor sea lion named Whiskers (known as Wai Wai in Chinese) as its major mascot in 2000. Subsequent members of the Ocean Park 'family' include James Fin (a shark), Jewel (a butterfly, now retired), Swift (a dolphin), Chief (a parrot), Professor (a turtle), Later Gator (an alligator), Redd (a red panda), Goldie (a goldfish), Tux (a penguin) and four giant pandas: An An, Jia Jia, Le Le and Ying Ying. Ocean Park features a long cable car system connecting the Waterfront and the Summit with an eight-minute journey, with the views of the South China Sea. It has a","title":"Ocean Park Hong Kong"},{"id":"14028766","text":"\"Haibiao-XX\", where XX is a number. The China Marine Surveillance (CMS; Chinese: 中国海监) was created on 19 October 1998 as a paramilitary maritime law enforcement agency under the auspices of China's State Oceanic Administration. It was responsible for law enforcement within China's territorial waters, exclusive economic zones (EEZ), and shores. It was also charged with protecting the maritime environment, natural resources, navigation aids and other facilities, and carried out maritime surveys. In emergencies, it also engaged in search and rescue missions. According to a 2008 report in \"China Daily\", CMS operated nine aircraft and more than 200 patrol vessels. CMS","title":"Maritime law enforcement agencies in China"},{"id":"1463589","text":"1998 in film The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including; \"Shakespeare in Love\" (which won the Academy Award for Best Picture), \"Saving Private Ryan\", \"American History X\", \"The Truman Show\", \"Primary Colors\", \"\"Rushmore\"\", \"Rush Hour\", \"There's Something About Mary\", \"The Big Lebowski\", and Terrence Malick's directorial return in \"The Thin Red Line\". Animated releases included \"Antz\", \"A Bug's Life\", \"Mulan\", and \"The Prince of Egypt\" and \"The Rugrats Movie\". Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998. The top ten films released in 1998 by worldwide gross are as follows: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden","title":"1998 in film"},{"id":"12102252","text":"him on the desert terrain, having flown over in the helicopter. Billy hugs his mother and Cecil, with a camera, interrogates him about the unicorn to which Billy looks straight into the camera and says, \"What unicorn? Everyone knows unicorns don't exist.\" Leaving Cecil storyless and returning home with his healed leg and mother. Nico the Unicorn Nico the Unicorn is the name of a 1996 juvenile fiction book and its 1998 film adaptation. The book was written by Frank Sacks; he also wrote the screenplay for the film, which was directed by Graeme Campbell. The book was written by","title":"Nico the Unicorn"},{"id":"12427813","text":"for signs of the dolphin. The search took place almost a decade after the last exploration in 1997, which turned up only 13 of the cetaceans. In August 2007, a Chinese man reportedly videotaped a large white animal swimming in the Yangtze. Although it was tentatively confirmed that the animal on the video is probably a baiji, the presence of only one or a few animals, particularly of advanced age, is not enough to save a functionally extinct species from true extinction. The last known living baiji was Qiqi (淇淇), who died in 2002. The World Wildlife Fund is calling","title":"Baiji"},{"id":"8655096","text":"Project 985 Project 985 () is a project that was first announced by CPC General secretary and Chinese President Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century. The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format. The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract","title":"Project 985"},{"id":"9847608","text":"Shanghai Zoo Shanghai Zoological Park (), or commonly Shanghai Zoo in short, is the main zoological garden in Changning District, Shanghai. After half a century of development the Shanghai Zoo has become one of the best ecological gardens in Shanghai. The zoo houses and exhibits more than 6,000 animals, among which are 600 Chinese animals that include giant pandas, golden snub-nosed monkeys, lions, South China tigers, hoopoe, black bulbuls, scimitar-horned oryx, great hornbills and Bactrian camels. Animals from other parts of the world include chimpanzees, giraffes, kangaroos, gorillas, ring tailed lemurs, common marmosets, spider monkeys, african wild dogs, olive baboons,","title":"Shanghai Zoo"},{"id":"10139728","text":"deer was believed to be extinct in China until a fawn was discovered in 2007 in the Yongde Daxueshan National Wildlife Reserve. The Indochinese hog deer is also protected by the state. Perhaps the most remarkable endangered deer species in China is Père David's deer. This deer, colloquially known as the \"sibuxiang\" or the \"Four-Not-Look-Alike\", is said to have the hooves of an ox, antlers of a deer, neck of a camel and tail of a donkey, but does not look like any one animal. According to Chinese legend, this animal helped the ancient sage Jiang Ziya overthrow the tyrant","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"406828","text":"of the charismatic megafauna, and are used as the face of conservation campaigns worldwide. In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet, involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog. In Chinese myth and culture, the tiger is one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. In Chinese art, the tiger is depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of the Chinese dragon – the two representing matter and spirit respectively. The Southern Chinese martial art Hung","title":"Tiger"},{"id":"9298827","text":"generally smaller than the female and has a longer, larger tail. The Yangtze giant softshell turtle has been known to inhabit the Yangtze River and Lake Tai, situated on the border of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, in eastern China, and Gejiu, Yuanyang, Jianshui and Honghe in Yunnan Province in southern China. The last known specimen caught in the wild in China was in 1998 in the Red River between Yuanyang and Jianshui; it was then released. Only four living specimens are known, one at Dong Mo Lake Son Tay in Hanoi, Vietnam, (taxonomy questioned), one at Xuan Khanh Lake near","title":"Yangtze giant softshell turtle"},{"id":"12986299","text":"the way. The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal followed by the Monkey, and then the Rooster. The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was the Dog. Although it should have been the best swimmer, it spent its time to play in the water. Though his explanation for being late was because it needed a good bath after a long spell. For that, it almost did not make it to the finish line. Right when the Emperor was going to close the race, an \"oink\" sound was heard:","title":"Chinese zodiac"},{"id":"10139731","text":"in the Northeast and favored as game meat, has also become a protected species. Hunting of roe deer was banned in 2000. Musk deer and mouse-deer resemble small deer but are not true deer. They do not have antlers or facial scent glands. Male musk deer have scent glands that secrete deer musk, which is used for perfume, incense and medicine. Of the seven musk deer species in the world, six are found in China and five are endangered: the Anhui musk deer and dwarf musk deer of central China, the alpine musk deer of western China, the white-bellied musk","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"6394600","text":"mixed one, showing the good and the bad both of technology and tradition. The film shares the same humanistic message and feel found in most of Miike's works. The film was screened at a number of festivals before being released in theatrical distribution. It won the Audience Award at the 1998 Hawaii International Film Festival. The Bird People in China The story tells of a Japanese businessman, who is sent to assess jade in a remote Chinese village, and a member of the yakuza, who is accompanying him to make sure his organization gets its proper share. The scenery of","title":"The Bird People in China"},{"id":"12498064","text":"them are: Pan Wenshi Pan Wenshi (; born 1937) is a Chinese biologist and Peking University professor. His research works on Giant panda, White-headed langur and Chinese white dolphin in the last 36 years are internationally recognized contributions. Pan had authored and co-authored 40-50 treatises published on various domestic and international journals including \"National Geographic\" and \"Nature\" and he is renowned for his academic achievements on researching the 3 near-extinct contemporary species. He serves as the director of the Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Research Center at Peking University. His work proved that panda habitat needed to be protected for","title":"Pan Wenshi"},{"id":"487425","text":"Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit in 1293. The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo (see photo on the Surabaya page). In the UK, a row of schoolchildren walking in pairs, or two by two is known as 'crocodile'. Crocodile Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered","title":"Crocodile"},{"id":"1063779","text":"Winter Games since 1960 is USD 3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%. 72 nations participated in the 1998 Winter Olympic Games. The nations Azerbaijan, Kenya, Macedonia, Uruguay, and Venezuela participated in their first Winter Olympic Games. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1998 Winter Games. Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets are the 1998 Winter Olympic mascots and are four snowy owls. They represent respectively fire (Sukki), air (Nokki), earth (Lekki) and water (Tsukki) and together they represent the four major islands of Japan. ORF Seven Network CBC CCTV DR1","title":"1998 Winter Olympics"},{"id":"11482820","text":"leopard; the Gaoligong pika, Gongshan muntjac, Chinese shrew mole, and capped langur; the stump-tailed macaque, Asiatic wild dog, black musk deer, and takin; the smooth-coated otter, hoolock gibbon, Asian black bear and red panda. Rare bird species in the areas include chestnut-throated partridge, the Lady Amherst's pheasant, white-eared pheasant, Yunnan nuthatch, and giant nuthatch; the white-speckled laughingthrush, ferruginous duck, Severtzov's grouse, and brown-winged parrotbill; the Ward's trogon, black-necked crane and Verreaux's monal-partridge. Three Parallel Rivers The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas () is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Yunnan province, China. It lies within the drainage basins","title":"Three Parallel Rivers"},{"id":"4347662","text":"subsequent official products featuring the character since 2004, though \"Godzilla\" continues to be used on products that predate the name change, such as home media re-releases of the 1998 film or \"\". Matt Frank (co-writer and illustrator of \"Godzilla: Rulers of Earth\") further clarified the name change, stating, \"Toho makes zero distinction between \"Zilla\" and \"Godzilla 1998\" with the exception of title alone. Ever since 2004, Toho's official stance has been that any future incarnations of the character be referred to hereafter as 'Zilla'.\" Keith Aiken (co-editor of SciFi Japan) also clarified that \"Zilla is a variation of the 1998","title":"Zilla (TriStar Godzilla)"},{"id":"4217720","text":"high legal restrictions on behalf of the species in 1972, which made killing or capturing the species in the wild forbidden. In 1982, the Anhui National Nature Reserve for Chinese Alligator (ANNRCA), a reserve spanning across the entire distribution range of the Chinese alligator, was created, which now covers a total area of . Over 10,000 Chinese alligators are living in captivity due to captive breeding programs, the first initiated in the 1970s. Captive-born Chinese alligators have been reintroduced back into their native range, boosting the wild population. These releases have proven successful with individuals adapting well to a life","title":"Chinese alligator"},{"id":"1160116","text":"Study Group. After the tournament, FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1998 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition and overall results. The official mascot was \"Footix\", a rooster first presented in May 1996. It was created by graphic designer Fabrice Pialot and selected from a shortlist of five mascots. Research carried out about the choice of having a cockerel as a mascot was greatly received: 91% associated it immediately with France, the traditional symbol of the nation. Footix, the name chosen by French television viewers, is a portmanteau of \"football\" and the","title":"1998 FIFA World Cup"},{"id":"16132362","text":"amphibian and reptile hall. There are 280 species among the 3000 animals in the zoo. There are protected animals such as Asian elephant, giraffe, zebra, kangaroo, white tiger, panther, orangutan, mandrill, flamingo, macaw parrots, gold python and so on. The first degree protected species from China at the zoo include giant panda, golden monkey, gibbon, red-crowned crane, northeast tiger, and Yangtze alligator. Animal performances are conducted daily. The zoo is accessible from Hongshan Zoo Station of Nanjing Metro. Hongshan Forest Zoo Hongshan Forest Zoo () is a zoological park in Nanjing, the capital city of Jiangsu province, China. Located on","title":"Hongshan Forest Zoo"},{"id":"9921240","text":"languages to force making this correspondence. The use of the term \"Chinaman\" in public platforms and as names of geographical locations has been the occasion of several public controversies in recent times. On April 9, 1998, television sitcom show \"Seinfeld\" aired an episode in which a character referred to opium as \"the Chinaman's nightcap\". The episode prompted many Asian American viewers, including author Maxine Hong Kingston, to send letters of protest. In her letter, Kingston wrote that the term is \"equivalent to niggers for blacks and kikes for Jews\". Media watchdog Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA) called on","title":"Chinaman (term)"},{"id":"10139730","text":"during the chaos of the Boxer Rebellion. In 1898, Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford assembled a herd of 18 animals from European zoos and bred them at his estate, Woburn Abbey in England. In 1985, 22 deer from this herd was reintroduced back to the Nanhaizi Park in Beijing and in 1986 another 39 were sent to Dafeng, in northern Jiangsu on the Yellow Sea. In 1998, eight animals in the latter herd were introduced into wilderness of the Dafeng Milu National Wildlife Reserve. By 2013, the reserve had 196 Père David's deer. The Siberian roe deer, once plentiful","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"6451835","text":"Toho has since trademarked the word \"Zilla\" and retroactively used it as an official name for the \"Godzilla In Name Only\" creature from the 1998 Roland Emmerich film. Some uses of the suffix -zilla include: -zilla -zilla is an English slang suffix, a back-formation derived from the English name of the Japanese movie monster Godzilla. It is popular for the names of software and websites. It is also found often in popular culture to imply some form of excess, denoting the monster-like qualities of Godzilla. This trend has been observed since the popularization of the Mozilla Project, which itself included","title":"-zilla"},{"id":"10142020","text":"from the brink of extinction. The year 2010 was the Chinese year of the tiger, which made the year a natural focus of international conservation efforts. Tiger experts fear that tigers are in jeopardy of extinction due to current threats (Traffic 2010). Prolonging their existence will take a very high level of commitment from multiple countries. Experts agree that efforts to conserve habitat are essential. For example, an evaluation of conservation strategies to preserve species of tigers in North-eastern China reveal the importance of enlarging suitable habitats for conservation and survival (Xiaofeng, 2009). Key landscapes must be tiger-conservation friendly to","title":"Tiger hunting"},{"id":"756084","text":"deer. The head of a crocodile. A demon's eyes. The neck of a snake. A tortoise's viscera. A hawk's claws. The palms of a tiger. A cow's ears. And it hears through its horns, its ears being deprived of all power of hearing.\" He notes that, \"Others state it has a rabbit's eyes, a frog's belly, a carp's scales.\" The anatomy of other legendary creatures, including the chimera and manticore, is similarly amalgamated from fierce animals. Chinese dragons were considered to be physically concise. Of the 117 scales, 81 are of the yang essence (positive) while 36 are of the","title":"Chinese dragon"},{"id":"7446175","text":"of billions of humans dying, uncertainty and fear motivate personal behaviors around the world affecting many people even before the threat becomes reality. The 1998 chart-topping hit song \"One Week\" by Barenaked Ladies includes the lines \"Chickity China the Chinese chicken / Have a drumstick and your brain stops tickin'\", a reference to the outbreaks of H5N1 in Hong Kong around the time the song was written. The annual flu season deaths and costs caused by viruses other than H5N1 provide a point of contrast - something to compare against. According to the United States Government, the annual flu in","title":"Social effects of H5N1"},{"id":"8957067","text":"include woolly monkeys, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, siamang gibbons, golden-cheeked gibbons and other gibbons. Monkey World is part of the international species breeding program for golden-cheeked gibbons, orangutans and woolly monkeys. Monkey Business (TV series) Monkey Business was a UK TV series that premiered in 1998, focusing on the various primates living at Monkey World, a rescue centre and sanctuary for primates in Dorset, United Kingdom. The series featured Jim Cronin and Alison Cronin, directors of Monkey World, as they travelled around the world rescuing primates often from abusive situations, and bringing them to the Monkey World sanctuary.","title":"Monkey Business (TV series)"},{"id":"11380647","text":"The Bear (1998 film) The Bear is a 1998 short animated direct-to-video film directed by Hilary Audus. Based on the book of the same name by the author Raymond Briggs, the film was first released on Buena Vista Home Video in the United States in 1998 and first broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom during Christmas 1998. It won a Peabody Award in 1998. In 2000, it won the Golden Butterfly Award for the best short film in the international cinema competition of the 15th Isfahan International Film Festival for Children and Youth in Iran. Like \"The Snowman\",","title":"The Bear (1998 film)"},{"id":"1903530","text":"name Chinese Taipei. It is the only agency of the United Nations that the ROC is able, provided it is invited each year, to participate in since 1971. In the Miss World 1998, the government of the People's Republic of China pressured the Miss World Organization to rename Miss Republic of China 1998 to \"Miss Chinese Taipei\"; it has been competing ever since under that designation. The same happened in 2000, but with the Miss Universe Organization. Three years later at the Miss Universe pageant in Panama, the first official Miss China and Miss Taiwan competed alongside each other for","title":"Chinese Taipei"},{"id":"2989313","text":"monkeys flew aboard the last Bion flights of the Soviet Union as well as frogs and fruit flies. The Foton program flights carried dormant brine shrimp (\"Artemia franciscana\"), newts, fruit flies, and sand desert beetles (\"Trigonoscelis gigas\"). China launched guinea pigs in 1990. Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist carried Japanese tree frogs with him during his trip to the \"Mir\" space station in December 1990. Other biological experiments aboard Mir involved quail eggs. Japan launched its first animals, a species of newt, into space on 18 March 1995 aboard the Space Flyer Unit. During the 1990s the U.S. carried crickets,","title":"Animals in space"},{"id":"1962003","text":"yet also to be clinging and of a nature resistant to change. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the \"Year of the Goat\", while also bearing the following elemental sign: Goat (zodiac) The Goat () is the eighth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The sign is referred to as the ram and sheep sign, since the Chinese word \"yáng\" is more accurately translated as Caprinae, a taxonomic subfamily that includes both goats and sheep. The Year of the Goat is","title":"Goat (zodiac)"},{"id":"12555548","text":"birth-year. As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February, the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year, remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year. For example, the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989. The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake. However, the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989. This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the","title":"Chinese New Year"},{"id":"10906645","text":"one of the \"Four Fabulous Animals\", the most prominent beasts of China. These animals govern the four points of the compass, with the Black Tortoise the ruler of the north, symbolizing endurance, strength, and longevity. The tortoise and the tiger are the only real animals of the four, although the tortoise is depicted with supernatural features such as dragon ears, flaming tentacles at its shoulders and hips, and a long hairy tail representing seaweed and the growth of plant parasites found on older tortoise shells that flow behind the tortoise as it swims. The Chinese believe that tortoises come out","title":"Cultural depictions of turtles"},{"id":"11621154","text":"society's 50th anniversary. [[Veganism|Vegans]] around the world now join together to celebrate animal rights every World Vegan Day, held annually on November 1. In 1998 [[Animals Asia]] was founded by [[Jill Robinson]] MBE; it works to end the bear bile trade in Asia. The charity has two bear sanctuaries in China and Vietnam and has rescued over 500 bears. It also works to end the trade in cats and dogs as food in China and Vietnam, and campaigns for the end of abusive captive animal practices in safari parks and zoos in Asia. In 2006 in the Netherlands, [[Marianne Thieme]]","title":"Women and animal advocacy"},{"id":"10139681","text":"the northwest. The corsac fox is found in northeastern China and the Tibetan sand fox in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan. The raccoon dog, one of the few canids that can climb trees, is native to eastern and northeastern China. Foxes (including the non-native Arctic fox) and raccoon dogs are farmed for their fur. As many as 1.5 million foxes and about the same number of raccoon dogs were raised on Chinese farms in 2004. The giant panda, perhaps China's most famous wildlife species, lives in six patches of highland valleys of the Min, Qionglai, Liang, Daxiangling, Xiaoxiangling and","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"4188478","text":"the Memphis Zoo and the tigers in particular. Jeff frequently visited the zoo, had plans to become a volunteer in 1997 and, according to his mother, never left the zoo without visiting the \"Butterflies: In Living Color\" exhibit, which also opened early in 1998. The exhibit was replaced by \"Birds and Bees\" in late May, 2009. In April 2003, the Memphis Zoo became one of only four U.S. zoos to exhibit the giant panda. One male and one female giant panda (\"Ya Ya\" and \"Le Le\") share their home with several other species native to China, in the first Memphis","title":"Memphis Zoo"},{"id":"1915645","text":"different meanings. Some express the wish for a harvest or a wealthy life, such as paper-cuttings of a golden harvest, thriving domestic animals, good fortunes, a surplus year or a carp jumping over a dragon gate (a traditional Chinese story, indicating a leap towards a better life); some depict animals and plants, such as paper-cuttings of polecats, lions, kylins (Chinese mythical creature), jade rabbits (animal from a Chinese legend), pomegranates and peonies; some illustrate legendary figures or scenes from traditional myths or stories, such as paper-cuttings of the Yellow Emperor, the meeting of Niulang and Zhinv and 24 stories of","title":"Chinese paper cutting"},{"id":"163477","text":"the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998. As the species has been reclassified to \"vulnerable\" since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this reclassification, the State Forestry Administration of China announced","title":"Giant panda"},{"id":"18192932","text":"Mulan (franchise) Mulan is a Disney media franchise that began in 1998 with the theatrical release of \"Mulan\". \"Mulan\" is a 1998 American animated musical action-comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan. It is the 36th Disney animated feature film, and was released during the Disney Renaissance. \"Mulan II\" is a 2004 American direct-to-video Disney animated film directed by Darrell Rooney and Lynne Southerland and is a sequel to the 1998 animated film \"Mulan\". Walt Disney Pictures has announced that they are developing a live-action version of \"Mulan\". This new \"Mulan\"","title":"Mulan (franchise)"},{"id":"11684903","text":"Nogeyama Zoo The zoo is operated by the Yokohama Zoological Garden, and is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA). Animals at the zoo include Mandarin ducks, cranes, red pandas, chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, reptiles, lion, tigers, tanuki (raccoon dogs), badgers, pheasants, love birds, zebras, giraffes, flamingos, camels, ruffed lemurs, white-mantled black colobus, black-capped capuchins, swans, ducks, kagus, penguins, wallaby, deer, eagles, owls, condors, bears, and Tokyo bitterlings. The red panda is one of the first animals visitors see upon entering the zoo, and also one of the most popular. The Makigahara Children's Zoo was opened in","title":"Nogeyama Zoo"},{"id":"11684901","text":"Nogeyama Zoo The zoo is operated by the Yokohama Zoological Garden, and is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA). Animals at the zoo include Mandarin ducks, cranes, red pandas, chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, reptiles, lion, tigers, tanuki (raccoon dogs), badgers, pheasants, love birds, zebras, giraffes, flamingos, camels, ruffed lemurs, white-mantled black colobus, black-capped capuchins, swans, ducks, kagus, penguins, wallaby, deer, eagles, owls, condors, bears, and Tokyo bitterlings. The red panda is one of the first animals visitors see upon entering the zoo, and also one of the most popular. The Makigahara Children's Zoo was opened in","title":"Nogeyama Zoo"},{"id":"10139746","text":"squirrels are farm-raised to produce \"wulingzhi\". The groove-toothed flying squirrel, also known as the North Chinese flying squirrel, is endemic to eastern Hebei Province and the suburbs of Beijing in North China and northern Sichuan. The complex-toothed flying squirrel is endemic to southern China. Ground squirrels, rock squirrels, marmots and chipmunks belong to the same tribe within the squirrel family. In China, ground squirrels are found in arid regions of the north and west where the animals live in burrels. Ground squirrel species include the Alashan, Daurian, red-cheeked, long-tailed and yellow ground squirrel. Two species of rock squirrels are endemic","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"16525387","text":"Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads is an artwork by Chinese contemporary artist and political commentator, Ai Weiwei. The work comes in a small (gold) and large (bronze) version. Created in 2010, the zodiac heads (a Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig) are inspired by those which once comprised a water clock-fountain at the Old Summer Palace, which is a complex of palaces and gardens in Beijing that were constructed by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty. The Old Summer Palace was eventually destroyed by French and British troops in","title":"Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads"},{"id":"13555371","text":"killing a four-legged animal, a bull (\"Bongchal\"), on 29 September 1998. In a very cordial atmosphere and mutual trust, the feast was happily shared together by leaders of the Kuki Inpi and the Zomi Council. In response to the good gesture shown by the Kuki Inpi, the Zomi Council showed their goodness and love for peace in the form of killing another four-legged animal, a pig (\"Vohchal\"), the following day, 30 September 1998, which was happily shared together by leaders from both communities. Agreement: Both the parties agreed upon the following points:- 1. That, the nomenclatures Kuki and Zomi shall","title":"Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–1998"},{"id":"12668159","text":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\". Various endangered animals answer the question \"What do you see?\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping","title":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?"},{"id":"10139672","text":"protected species in China but their numbers have fallen sharply. Monkey brain is a delicacy in parts of Guangxi and Guangdong, and macaques are often hunted for food. The Monpa and Lhoba people of southern Tibet eat Assam macaques. From 1998 to 2004, the number of rhesus macaques in China fell from 254,000 to about 77,000. Over the same period, the Tibetan macaque population fell by 83% from about 100,000 to only about 17,000. Snub-nosed monkeys are so named because they have only nostrils and virtually no nose. Four of the five species in the world are found in China,","title":"Wildlife of China"},{"id":"2838606","text":"a fishing ban in place since 2002. In 2007 fears were expressed that China's finless porpoise, known locally as the \"jiangzhu\" (\"river pig\"), a native of the lake along with other waters such as Dongting Lake, might follow the baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, into extinction. Calls have been made for action to be taken to save the porpoise, of which there are about 1,400 left, with between 700 and 900 in the Yangtze, and another about 500 in Poyang and Dongting Lakes. 2007 population levels are less than half the 1997 levels, and the population is dropping at a","title":"Poyang Lake"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"7656901\",\n \"text\": \"he attempted to ski down Everest’s North Face, but due to the constant monsoon weather was never able to reach the summit. Unfortunately the best time to ski Everest from its summit is during the monsoon season, thus why the prize of skiing Everest from its summit has been elusive. http://classic.mountainzone.com/climbing/skieverest/updates.html] On October 21, 1998, after skiing on the Chinese side of Everest, the California adventurer told Reuters reporters that he was convinced he had spotted the legendary yeti twice, “I saw something that was not human, that was not a gorilla, not a deer, not a goat and not\",\n \"title\": \"Craig Calonica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2828178\",\n \"text\": \"years in which the Cubs went on to win their division. In 1994, Sam Sianis went again, with a goat, to stop a home losing streak, and in 1998 for the Wild Card tie-breaker game, which the Cubs won. In 2003 (the Chinese zodiac's Year of the Goat), a group of Cubs fans headed to Houston with a billy goat named \\\"Virgil Homer\\\" and attempted to gain entrance to Minute Maid Park, home of the Astros, division rivals of the Cubs at the time. After they were denied entrance, they unfurled a scroll, read a verse and proclaimed they were\",\n \"title\": \"Curse of the Billy Goat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13726566\",\n \"text\": \"and International Fund for Animal Welfare. The conferences raised awareness about the plight of the antelope. In October 1998, Liang Congjie submitted an open letter to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking the United Kingdom to stop illegal trade on Tibetan antelope fur. Mr. Blair responded the next day, showing his concern and support for the Chinese program to protect the antelope. Tony Blair's response prompted global media attention and large numbers of people set to join the program, helping fund and provide assistance to FON's campaign. Friends of Nature (China) Friends of Nature (abbreviation: FON, Chinese: 自然之友, pinyin:\",\n \"title\": \"Friends of Nature (China)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7129894\",\n \"text\": \"ordered the end of the campaign against sparrows, replacing them with bed bugs, as the extermination of the former upset the ecological balance, and bugs destroyed crops as a result of the absence of natural predators. By this time, however, it was too late. With no sparrows to eat them, locust populations ballooned, swarming the country and compounding the ecological problems already caused by the Great Leap Forward, including widespread deforestation and misuse of poisons and pesticides. Ecological imbalance is credited with exacerbating the Great Chinese Famine, in which 20–45 million people died of starvation. On June 19, 1998, a\",\n \"title\": \"Four Pests Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3989086\",\n \"text\": \"shui. Today, Pixiu are also a popular design on jade pendants. It was also featured as a design on the sword of Fa Mulan's character in the 1998 Disney animated feature \\\"Mulan\\\". Fierce looking and covered with whitish-grey fur, \\\"Pixiu\\\", are a type of auspicious, winged animal, written about in ancient Chinese history and heralded through the millennia by fantastic stories of powerful and grandiose feats of victory in battle. Their fantastic legend has been passed down through two-thousand years of Chinese lore. They have the powerful head of a Chinese dragon, the bold body of a lion and, historically,\",\n \"title\": \"Pixiu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7129895\",\n \"text\": \"poster was spotted at Southwest Agricultural University in Chongqing, \\\"Get rid of the Four Pests\\\". Ninety-five percent of households were ordered to get rid of four pests. This time, sparrows were replaced with cockroaches. A similar campaign was spotted in the spring of 1998 in Beijing. Few people responded to these campaigns, as many already had the habit of killing the aforementioned pests, especially cockroaches. In the TVB drama series \\\"Rosy Business\\\" (aired 2009 but set in mid-19th century China), a peasant came up with the idea of killing the sparrows to improve agricultural output. It was meant to be\",\n \"title\": \"Four Pests Campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1310307\",\n \"text\": \"an animal. The animals are, in order: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. 2008 was the year of the Rat, 2009 Ox, 2010 Tiger, 2011 Rabbit, 2012 Dragon, and 2013 was the year of the Snake. Famous characters like Snoopy, (2006) and other cartoon characters like Mickey and Minnie Mouse, (2008) have been especially popular in their celebrated years. Addressing is generally done by hand, and is an opportunity to demonstrate one's handwriting (see \\\"shodō\\\"). The postcards may have spaces for the sender to write a personal message. Blank cards are available, so\",\n \"title\": \"Japanese New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6030521\",\n \"text\": \"government. Another technical issue is a dispute over the applicability of Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). In 1998, China offered the Republic of China two giant pandas in exchange for wartime peace. The PRC insisted that a transfer from mainland China to Taiwan was a domestic transfer, not subject to CITES, while the ROC government disputed this and would not accept the pandas without CITES procedures. On March 11, 2006, the ROC formally rejected the offer, with President Chen explaining in his weekly newsletter, \\\"A-bian (Chen's nickname) sincerely urges the Chinese leaders to leave the giant\",\n \"title\": \"Panda diplomacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12528860\",\n \"text\": \"services. Rachel provided the theme for the Pigs on Parade fundraiser that was first held in 2001 and was one of several events in various cities modeled on a similar 1998 event in Zurich; the Zurich event centered on cows and was the first of what have come to be known as CowParades. A similar Pigs On Parade fundraiser was held in 2007 on the occasion of the Market centennial, which happened to coincide with the Chinese zodiac Year of the Pig. Since at least the 1960s, Pike Place Market has been known for street entertainers. Besides the aforementioned virtuoso\",\n \"title\": \"Pike Place Market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139751\",\n \"text\": \"wounds. Both the zokor and bamboo rat are farm-raised for their fur, meat and use in medicine. About half of the world's 25 species of hamsters are found in China. Most live in the deserts of Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. Some are named after the specific region in which they are found, such as the Chinese, Mongolian, Gansu, Chinese striped, Tibetan dwarf, Kham dwarf, and Djungarian hamster, and some by their founder, such as Campbell's dwarf, Roborovski, and Sokolov's dwarf. Others include the grey dwarf, long-tailed dwarf, greater long-tailed hamster and black-bellied hamster. The Chinese hamster and Roborovski hamster\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17523969\",\n \"text\": \"villagers between 4 months and 71 years of age. Unable to locate Guo he eventually tried to commit suicide by drinking insecticide and hanging himself, but was rescued and brought to a hospital. Chenggu axe massacre The Chenggu axe massacre was a mass murder that occurred in Chenggu County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China on June 23, 1998, when Yang Mingxin, a 39-year-old local farmer, killed nine people, and wounded three others with an axe. Yang, who was described as reticent, had refused to sell ten stolen geese for another farmer named Guo Baoning, and when the owner of the geese later\",\n \"title\": \"Chenggu axe massacre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16494132\",\n \"text\": \"built-up areas, forests, and grasslands Livestock grazing occurs throughout China and is possibly the most common use of grasslands. China is the world’s largest producer of sheep and goats, and the fourth largest producer of cattle. Livestock grazing is a major driver of grassland degradation in China. The government has instituted a variety of programs to combat desertification, which has slowed to 3,000 km2 per year. Since the late 1950s, China’s forests have experienced several periods of significant deforestation, which contributed to related environmental disasters such as the Yangtze River flood in 1998. In response, the Central Government has attempted\",\n \"title\": \"Land use in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"80149\",\n \"text\": \"who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster. The 1998 Yangtze River floods () was a major flood that lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in the People's Republic of China at the Yangtze River. The event was considered the worst Northern China flood in 40 years. In the summer of 1998, China experienced massive flooding of parts of the Yangtze River, resulting in 3,704 dead, 15 million homeless and $26 billion in economic loss. Other sources report a total loss of 4150 people, and 180 million people were affected. A staggering were\",\n \"title\": \"Yangtze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12255593\",\n \"text\": \"unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives. Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard, leopard cat, wolf, red fox, wild boar, masked palm civet, raccoon dog, hog badger, Siberian weasel, Amur hedgehog, roe deer, and mandarin rat snake. The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander, Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District. The Beijing Milu Park south of the city\",\n \"title\": \"Beijing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17523968\",\n \"text\": \"Chenggu axe massacre The Chenggu axe massacre was a mass murder that occurred in Chenggu County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China on June 23, 1998, when Yang Mingxin, a 39-year-old local farmer, killed nine people, and wounded three others with an axe. Yang, who was described as reticent, had refused to sell ten stolen geese for another farmer named Guo Baoning, and when the owner of the geese later caught him, Guo suspected Yang had informed on him. After a heated argument between the two, during which Guo threatened to kill Yang's family, Yang armed himself with an axe and hacked twelve\",\n \"title\": \"Chenggu axe massacre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12986306\",\n \"text\": \"of the \\\"Ox\\\", and the fourth animal is the \\\"Cat\\\" instead of the \\\"Rabbit\\\". The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as \\\"kra\\\"). Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle (\\\"kura-kura\\\") and mousedeer (\\\"kancil\\\"). One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit, the other being either the Pig or Monkey. The Thai zodiac includes a \\\"nāga\\\" in place of the \\\"Dragon\\\" and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but either on the first\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese zodiac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5139791\",\n \"text\": \"2010 and in the United States on 5 October 2010. Tunstall said that the album's title is inspired by a recurring dream she had, before discovering that 2010 is the Chinese Year of the Tiger. The dream is about her, seeing a tiger in her garden and goes outside to stroke it. She returns indoors and is seized by the fear that she could have been killed. Over the years, it has occurred to her that the reason the tiger responds so passively is that she herself is disguised as a tiger, wearing a tiger suit. She said that while\",\n \"title\": \"KT Tunstall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2493052\",\n \"text\": \"The Story of the Stone (Barry Hughart) The Story of the Stone () is a novel by Barry Hughart, first published in 1988. It is part of a series set in a version of ancient China that began with \\\"Bridge of Birds\\\" and continues with \\\"Eight Skilled Gentlemen\\\". The story begins on the twelfth day of the seventh moon in the Year of the Snake 3,339 (AD 650). The abbot of a humble monastery in the Valley of Sorrows calls upon Master Li and Number Ten Ox to investigate the killing of a monk and the theft of a seemingly\",\n \"title\": \"The Story of the Stone (Barry Hughart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139748\",\n \"text\": \"related to ground squirrels but are bigger, have shorter tails and are more social animals. They can grow to be the size of a cat and live in large colonies. Four species are found in China, all along the northern and western periphery of the country: gray, long-tailed, Himalayan, and Tarbagan. Of these, the tarbagan marmot is an endangered, Class III protected species. Marmots are also farm-raised for food and fur. A wide variety of jumping rodents belonging to the family \\\"Dipodidae\\\" can be found in China. These include jerboas and jumping mice, called \\\"tiaoshu\\\", the \\\"jumping rodent,\\\" and the\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9133456\",\n \"text\": \"were settled. This outcry of debate dissolved the relationship with the People's Republic of China, and it was not until 1998 that they allowed another loan of pandas to the US, via the San Diego Zoo. This did not deter the Toledo Zoo from thriving during the 1990's. In 1994 they again exceed the 1 million visitor mark with their exhibit DinoRoars!, and again in 1998 with the reopening of the Aviary as well as the introduction of the primate forest. During their regrowth they also created a children's park, a pavilion for events, a catering department, an Emmy Award\",\n \"title\": \"Toledo Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3630896\",\n \"text\": \"South China tiger, white-lipped deer, Pere David's deer, crested ibis, Chinese alligator, and Chinese giant salamander. Other endangered or threatened species housed there include a Siberian tiger, yak, Przewalski's horse, snow leopard, Tibetan gazelle, and kiang. The zoo also has a broad collection of megafauna such as addax, Asian black bears, Asian and African elephants, bats, beluga whales, chimpanzees, clouded leopards, flamingos, gorillas, hippopotamuses, jaguars, kangaroos, lemurs, lions, muntjac, otters, penguins, polar bears, rhinoceroses, sea turtles, tapirs, and zebras, as well as 13 of the world's 15 species of cranes. The zoo grounds originally housed an imperial manor during the\",\n \"title\": \"Beijing Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14864330\",\n \"text\": \"line from a promo stop in Minneapolis that she doesn't write on tour, \\\"so it was essential that I took time out from her previous album \\\"Drastic Fantastic\\\"\\\". She had started her time off by travelling through the Arctic, South America and India, so she had locked into a very primal, indigenous spirit by the time it came to recording. Tunstall said that the album's title is inspired by a recurring dream she had, before discovering that 2010 is the Chinese Year of the Tiger. The dream is about her and her little brother, seeing a tiger in her garden\",\n \"title\": \"Tiger Suit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11112160\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Mellanby reacted by \\\"one-timing\\\" the rat against the wall, killing it . That night he scored two goals, which goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck quipped was \\\"a rat trick\\\". Two nights later, as the story found its way into the world, a few fans threw rubber rats on the ice in celebration of a goal. The rubber rat count went from 16 for the third home game to over 2,000 during the playoffs. In an amusing coincidence, 1996 was also year of the Rat according to Chinese astrology. In the 1996 playoffs, as the #4 seed, the Panthers beat the Boston\",\n \"title\": \"1995–96 Florida Panthers season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13494823\",\n \"text\": \"Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 was held on January 25, 1998 in Hong Kong. The pageant was broadcast live through TVB and was streamed for the first time in Malaysia. Miss Chinese International 1997 Monica Lo of Toronto, Ontario, Canada crowned Louise Luk of San Francisco, USA as the new winner. Luk is the first winner from the United States and San Francisco's only winner, as of 2010. The theme to this year's pageant is \\\"Beautiful Shadows from The Land of the Gods, Ten Years of Love from the Dragons\\\" 「神洲儷影 十載龍情」. This year also\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14283133\",\n \"text\": \"Foot (Whitecap Books, 1992, 1993 and Bob Adams, 1994, illustrated by Warren Clark and Carolyn Swanson) Welcome to the World series (Whitecap Books) Welcome to the World of Porcupines, 1999 Welcome to the World of Skunks, 1999 Welcome to the World of Beavers, 1999 Welcome to the World of Moose, 1999 Welcome to the World of Bats, 1998 Welcome to the World of Raccoons, 1998 Welcome to the World of Foxes, 1998 Welcome to the World of Eagles, 1998 Welcome to the World of Owls, 1997 Welcome to the World of Wild Cats, 1997 Welcome to the World of Bears,\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Swanson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12654542\",\n \"text\": \"year, Michael Heseltine coined a name for this service: the China Launchpad. This has since become a popular service which the China–Britain Business Council still offer UK companies. The return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 led to warmer relations with the UK. Less than a month after his appointment as premier in 1998, Zhu Rongji was back in the UK, where a CBTG dinner in London's Guildhall attracted 900 guests. That year, the organisation changed its name to the China–Britain Business Council (CBBC), to reflect the growth of all round business between the UK and China encompassing\",\n \"title\": \"China–Britain Business Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1338904\",\n \"text\": \"In 2010, Cathay Pacific and Cathay Pacific Cargo, together with Dragonair (rebranded Cathay Dragon), carried nearly 27 million passengers and over 1.8 million tons of cargo and mail. The airline was founded on 24 September 1946 by Australian Sydney H. de Kantzow and American Roy C. Farrell. The airline made the world's first non-stop transpolar flight flying over the North Pole in July 1998, which was also the maiden flight to arrive at the then new Hong Kong International Airport. The airline celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006; and , its major shareholders are Swire Pacific and Air China. It\",\n \"title\": \"Cathay Pacific\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14267939\",\n \"text\": \"in China 7000 years ago; the Year of the Tiger, tiger shoes or hats; the Tiger seal, Tiger Tally and Tiger General. There are also idioms and poetic renderings such as: Tiger roaring & dragon singing-the world is peaceful; Mountain and Valley replying- the people are wealthy and the country strong. Tiger in Chinese culture Throughout Chinese history, the tiger has incited a sense of both awe and admiration: its prowess, its ferocity, its beauty, and the harmony of the opposites. The tiger is full of life and embodies the spirit and drive to achieve and make progress. The tiger\",\n \"title\": \"Tiger in Chinese culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13494825\",\n \"text\": \"polls. Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 was held on January 25, 1998 in Hong Kong. The pageant was broadcast live through TVB and was streamed for the first time in Malaysia. Miss Chinese International 1997 Monica Lo of Toronto, Ontario, Canada crowned Louise Luk of San Francisco, USA as the new winner. Luk is the first winner from the United States and San Francisco's only winner, as of 2010. The theme to this year's pageant is \\\"Beautiful Shadows from The Land of the Gods, Ten Years of Love from the Dragons\\\" 「神洲儷影 十載龍情」. This year\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1394536\",\n \"text\": \"Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. In Vietnam the Rabbit is replaced by the cat. This combination creates the 60-year cycle due to the fewest number of years (least common multiple) it would take to get from \\\"Yang Wood Rat\\\" to its next iteration, which always starts with \\\"Yang Wood Rat\\\" and ends with \\\"Yin Water Pig\\\". Since the zodiac animal cycle of 12 is divisible by two, every zodiac sign can occur only as either Yin or Yang: the Dragon is always yang, the Snake is always yin, etc. The current cycle began in 1984 (as shown in \\\"Table of\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese astrology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15738596\",\n \"text\": \"year. Employees at the zoo have contributed in many types of great achievements such as the knowledge of animal science, animal protection and animal breeding research. Valuable species originated from China include: giant panda, golden monkey, Asian elephant, takin, kiang, Thorold's deer, hoolock gibbon, Francois' leaf monkey, fox, red-crowned crane. In 1992, they introduced a pair of Sichun golden monkeys which they have successfully bred. Making Jinan zoo one of the few zoos that can successfully breed domesticate golden monkeys. In 1998, an area of 3000m was created for the hundred-bird paradise that contains over 150 different species of birds\",\n \"title\": \"Jinan Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7106024\",\n \"text\": \"Tamworth Two The Tamworth Two were a pair of pigs that escaped while being unloaded from a lorry at an abattoir in the English town of Malmesbury, Wiltshire in January 1998. The pigs (later named Butch and Sundance after \\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\") were on the run for more than a week, and the search for them caused a huge media sensation, as well as immense public interest, both in Britain and abroad. Butch (a sow) and Sundance (a boar) were sister and brother Tamworth pigs. Both were five months old when their owner took them by lorry\",\n \"title\": \"Tamworth Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6573803\",\n \"text\": \"logo. The official Mascot of the 13th Asian Games is an elephant named Chai-Yo () (a Thai word meaning pleasure, gladness, success, unity and happiness) whose name is a phrase shouted by a group of people to show their unity and solidarity. In Thailand, the elephant is a very distinctive animal which has lived with its' people for many generations and is universally admired for its strengths and nobility. The opening ceremony started at 17:00 local time on December 6, 1998. It was attended by King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, President of the International Olympic Committee Juan Antonio Samaranch and\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Asian Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10509959\",\n \"text\": \"the STF donating nearly $12 million between 1995 and 2004. Currently the STF has teamed up with Panthera to form the STF-Panthera Partnership. They plan to combine their expertise in tiger conservation to help save the wild tiger. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) also contributes to tiger conservation. They have set an ambitious goal called Tx2 to double the wild tiger population by 2022, the next Chinese Year of the Tiger. To reach this goal, their primary efforts lie in protecting landscapes where they feel tigers have the highest chance of surviving and increasing, preventing poaching, and working to decrease\",\n \"title\": \"Tiger conservation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4217715\",\n \"text\": \"lakes, streams, and marshes. By the 1970s, the species was restricted to small parts of the southern Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, during which time the population was about 1,000. In 1998, the largest area the alligator lived in was a small pond along the Yangtze River surrounded by farmland, and only 11 alligators lived inside of it. In 1999, it was estimated by the Wildlife Conservation Society that there were only around 150 individuals of the Chinese alligator left in the wild. The Anhui National Nature Reserve for Chinese Alligator (ANNRCA) surveyed the population in 2005 and concluded that the\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese alligator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2746169\",\n \"text\": \"he found pieces including a feathered tail and legs. He cemented several of these pieces together in a manner that he believed was correct. He apparently knew that it would make a more complete-looking and, thus, more expensive fossil. It was sold in June 1998 to an anonymous dealer and smuggled to the United States. According to authorities in Beijing, no fossils may leave China legally. By the fall 1998 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, held in Utah, United States, rumors were circulating about a striking fossil of a primitive bird that was in private hands. This\",\n \"title\": \"Archaeoraptor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5956702\",\n \"text\": \"longer needing sugar as desperately for a cash crop—the oil-for-sugar program the Soviets had contracted with Cuba had, of course, dissipated—Cuba hurriedly diversified its agricultural production, utilizing former cane fields to grow consumables such as oranges and other fruit and vegetables. The Cuban government also focused more intensely on cooperation with Venezuela once the socialist Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998. Cubans had to resort to eating anything they could find. In the Havana zoo, \\\"The peacocks, the buffalo and even the rhea\\\" were reported to have disappeared. Cuban domestic cats disappeared from streets to dinner tables. Cows in\",\n \"title\": \"Special Period\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5949045\",\n \"text\": \"be displaced and captured.) The step movers are the prince, generals (except: bishop, rook, pig, vice, great and wood), wolves, earth dragon, running horse, running rabbit, turtle snake, turtle dove, flying swallow, rain dragon, mountain stag, running pup, running serpent, side serpent, yaksha, Buddhist devil, violent stag, drunken elephant, neighboring king, chariots (except: reverse, running and copper), right tiger, left tiger, wind dragon, free pup, rushing bird, old kite, bears (except running), side boar, cloud eagle, flying cat, little standard, cloud dragon, soldiers (except soldier and chariot), violent ox, dark spirit, deva, howling dog, side mover, prancing stag, ferocious leopard,\",\n \"title\": \"Taikyoku shogi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5949050\",\n \"text\": \"is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all. The ranging pieces are the standards, queen, free dream-eater, wooden dove, dragons (except: violent, flying and reclining), demons, running horse, mountain eagle, whale, running rabbit, tigers (except blind), turtle snake, ceramic dove, lance, oxcart, chariots, flying swallow, running pup, running serpent, great dove, running bear, running stag, running wolf, free pup, phoenix master, kirin master, vertical bear, side boar, silver rabbit, golden deer, great stag, cloud eagle, bishop, rook, side wolf, mountain falcon, soldiers (except: sword, burning and cross-bow), violent ox, golden bird, white horse, howling dog, side mover, water\",\n \"title\": \"Taikyoku shogi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8987589\",\n \"text\": \"charitable organisation in 1995. It was combined with HKSPC from 1 July 2005. The Hong Kong Society for Panda Conservation (HKSPC, 香港熊貓保育協會) is an independent charitable organisation. Its establishment in March 1999 marked the significance of the arrival of the precious gift from China, a pair of giant pandas named An An (安安) and Jia Jia (佳佳). The aim of HKSPC is to improve the plight of giant pandas in the wild. The society was supported by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China. Ocean Park Corporation has also given support administratively and financially. Starting from 1 July\",\n \"title\": \"Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743976\",\n \"text\": \"Disney's Animal Kingdom Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering . The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself. Disney's Animal Kingdom is distinguished from the rest of\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Animal Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5398719\",\n \"text\": \"fairies and the animals of the rainforest to protect their home from the loggers and a malevolent pollution entity, Hexxus. The film was released to mainly positive reviews, and was also generally considered a moderate financial success at both the box office and in home video sales. In 1998, it was followed by a direct-to-video sequel \\\"\\\", though none of the original voice cast reprised their roles. Crysta is a fairy with a curious nature living in FernGully, a pristine rainforest free from human intervention. The fairies of FernGully once lived in harmony with humans, but believe them to have\",\n \"title\": \"FernGully: The Last Rainforest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12498057\",\n \"text\": \"Pan Wenshi Pan Wenshi (; born 1937) is a Chinese biologist and Peking University professor. His research works on Giant panda, White-headed langur and Chinese white dolphin in the last 36 years are internationally recognized contributions. Pan had authored and co-authored 40-50 treatises published on various domestic and international journals including \\\"National Geographic\\\" and \\\"Nature\\\" and he is renowned for his academic achievements on researching the 3 near-extinct contemporary species. He serves as the director of the Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Research Center at Peking University. His work proved that panda habitat needed to be protected for them to\",\n \"title\": \"Pan Wenshi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5483334\",\n \"text\": \"that is in its way. If a friendly piece intervenes, the moving piece is limited to a distance that stops short of the intervening piece; if the friendly piece is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all. The ranging pieces are the soaring eagle, horned falcon, queen, rushing bird, the demons, free dream-eater, water buffalo, flying ox, soldier, dragon king, dragon horse, the chariots, rook, bishop, white horse, whale, standard bearer, vermillion sparrow, turtle-snake, blue dragon, white tiger, side dragon, golden bird, great dragon, white elephant, golden deer, movers, howling dog, ram’s-head solder and lance. The hook mover,\",\n \"title\": \"Tai shogi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2115141\",\n \"text\": \"majority of Chinese people. Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the Ox and Rabbit with the water buffalo and cat, respectively; Japan replaces the Pig () with the boar () as the character 猪 means Pig in Chinese but \\\"boar\\\" in Japanese; Tibet replaces the Rooster with the bird. In the traditional Kazakh version of the 12-year animal cycle (, \\\"müşel\\\"), the Dragon is substituted by a snail (, \\\"ulw\\\"), and the Tiger appears as a leopard (, \\\"barıs\\\"). Though Chinese has words for the four cardinal directions, Chinese mariners and astronomers/astrologers preferred using the 12 directions of the\",\n \"title\": \"Earthly Branches\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13994765\",\n \"text\": \"Pokémon Jet After the appearance of Pokémon in 1996, and the resultant Pokémon-related craze, All Nippon Airways unveiled the first Pokémon Jets on 1 July 1998, timed with the release of \\\"\\\". The first two to be unveiled were a Boeing 747-400D (JA8965) and a Boeing 767-300 (JA8569), and each displayed a number of the then 151 Pokémon characters, including Pikachu. Due to the popularity of the aircraft, a second 767 was unveiled a matter of weeks later. The three aircraft were introduced on numerous domestic flights in Japan. A fourth aircraft, a Boeing 747-400, was painted in a Pokémon\",\n \"title\": \"Pokémon Jet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10667490\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese zokor The Chinese zokor (\\\"Eospalax fontanierii\\\") is a species of rodent in the family Spalacidae. It is endemic to China, ranging from Qinghai Province eastwards to Beijing in steppe and alpine grasslands. Henri Milne-Edwards first described it in 1867. Eradication programs in the 1990s in Qinghai Province resulted in a population decline to less than a third of the former population. It is considered common and has been assessed as Least Concern by IUCN. An average adult weighs and newborn young weigh . The Chinese zokor is a medium-sized, burrowing rodent, with a stocky build and a very short,\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese zokor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18324548\",\n \"text\": \"be a weasel called Snowple. Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets are the mascots of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano and are four snowy owls. They represent respectively fire (Sukki), air (Nokki), earth (Lekki) and water (Tsukki) and together they represent the four major islands of Japan. The choice of four mascots is a nod to the four years that make up an Olympiad. In addition, the first two letters of the four names form the word “snowlets”. “Snow” recalls the winter season, during which the Games take place, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1961991\",\n \"text\": \"Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, and Rat are likely compatible with the Tiger, and they can build a harmonious relationship. Also, two Tigers can get along well with each other. Tigers are least compatible with the Monkey. Tiger (zodiac) The Tiger (寅) is the third of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Tiger is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 寅. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the \\\"Year of the Tiger\\\", while also bearing the following\",\n \"title\": \"Tiger (zodiac)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12439486\",\n \"text\": \"coins have been issued since 1996. 50 rupiah backed with a Komodo dragon and text 'Komodo' was issued in aluminium-bronze, dated 1991, and later 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998. Mintages were 67, 120, 300, then 590 million, then 150,000 each year. The 100 rupiah, also aluminium-bronze was inscribed with an octagon, featuring the reverse design of running bulls with the text \\\"karapan sapi\\\" (bull racing). The coin was minted 1991 through 1998, with respective mintages of 94, 120, 300, 550, 799, 41, 150, and 56 million. A 500 rupiah coin, also in aluminium-bronze, became the first new\",\n \"title\": \"Coins of the rupiah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16493263\",\n \"text\": \"porcupine, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan blue sheep, hippopotamus, jackal, jungle cat, leopard cat, Indian rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, siamang, spotted deer, striped hyena, Indian palm squirrel and water buffalo. Reptiles at the zoo include Aldabra tortoise, rock python, Chinese alligator, cobra, monitor lizard, gharial, and turtles. Birds at the zoo include grey parrot, Speckled pigeon, black-necked stork, black-headed ibis, budgerigar, dusky eagle owl, Eurasian eagle owl, Lady Amherst pheasant, ostrich, bar headed goose, grey heron, Himalayan griffon, kalij pheasant, Black kite, sarus crane, Oriental pied hornbill, silver pheasant, Hyacinth Macaw, white pelican, Blue-and-yellow macaw, sulphur crested cockatoo, Love bird, Scaly-breasted munia,\",\n \"title\": \"Central Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17049026\",\n \"text\": \"the exact date on which each Snake Year actually begins. Snake years include: 1905, 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013, and 2025. The 12 \\\"zodiacal\\\" (that is, yearly) animals recur in a cycle of sixty years, with each animal occurring five times within the 60-year cycle, but with different aspects each of those 5 times. Thus, 2013 is a year of the yin water Snake, and actually starts on February 10, 2013 and lasts through January 30, 2014. The previous year of the yin water Snake was 1953. In Thai culture, the year of the Snake is\",\n \"title\": \"Snakes in Chinese mythology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460579\",\n \"text\": \"waving sailor sea lion named Whiskers (known as Wai Wai in Chinese) as its major mascot in 2000. Subsequent members of the Ocean Park 'family' include James Fin (a shark), Jewel (a butterfly, now retired), Swift (a dolphin), Chief (a parrot), Professor (a turtle), Later Gator (an alligator), Redd (a red panda), Goldie (a goldfish), Tux (a penguin) and four giant pandas: An An, Jia Jia, Le Le and Ying Ying. Ocean Park features a long cable car system connecting the Waterfront and the Summit with an eight-minute journey, with the views of the South China Sea. It has a\",\n \"title\": \"Ocean Park Hong Kong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14028766\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Haibiao-XX\\\", where XX is a number. The China Marine Surveillance (CMS; Chinese: 中国海监) was created on 19 October 1998 as a paramilitary maritime law enforcement agency under the auspices of China's State Oceanic Administration. It was responsible for law enforcement within China's territorial waters, exclusive economic zones (EEZ), and shores. It was also charged with protecting the maritime environment, natural resources, navigation aids and other facilities, and carried out maritime surveys. In emergencies, it also engaged in search and rescue missions. According to a 2008 report in \\\"China Daily\\\", CMS operated nine aircraft and more than 200 patrol vessels. CMS\",\n \"title\": \"Maritime law enforcement agencies in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1463589\",\n \"text\": \"1998 in film The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including; \\\"Shakespeare in Love\\\" (which won the Academy Award for Best Picture), \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\", \\\"American History X\\\", \\\"The Truman Show\\\", \\\"Primary Colors\\\", \\\"\\\"Rushmore\\\"\\\", \\\"Rush Hour\\\", \\\"There's Something About Mary\\\", \\\"The Big Lebowski\\\", and Terrence Malick's directorial return in \\\"The Thin Red Line\\\". Animated releases included \\\"Antz\\\", \\\"A Bug's Life\\\", \\\"Mulan\\\", and \\\"The Prince of Egypt\\\" and \\\"The Rugrats Movie\\\". Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998. The top ten films released in 1998 by worldwide gross are as follows: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden\",\n \"title\": \"1998 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12102252\",\n \"text\": \"him on the desert terrain, having flown over in the helicopter. Billy hugs his mother and Cecil, with a camera, interrogates him about the unicorn to which Billy looks straight into the camera and says, \\\"What unicorn? Everyone knows unicorns don't exist.\\\" Leaving Cecil storyless and returning home with his healed leg and mother. Nico the Unicorn Nico the Unicorn is the name of a 1996 juvenile fiction book and its 1998 film adaptation. The book was written by Frank Sacks; he also wrote the screenplay for the film, which was directed by Graeme Campbell. The book was written by\",\n \"title\": \"Nico the Unicorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12427813\",\n \"text\": \"for signs of the dolphin. The search took place almost a decade after the last exploration in 1997, which turned up only 13 of the cetaceans. In August 2007, a Chinese man reportedly videotaped a large white animal swimming in the Yangtze. Although it was tentatively confirmed that the animal on the video is probably a baiji, the presence of only one or a few animals, particularly of advanced age, is not enough to save a functionally extinct species from true extinction. The last known living baiji was Qiqi (淇淇), who died in 2002. The World Wildlife Fund is calling\",\n \"title\": \"Baiji\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8655096\",\n \"text\": \"Project 985 Project 985 () is a project that was first announced by CPC General secretary and Chinese President Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century. The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format. The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract\",\n \"title\": \"Project 985\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9847608\",\n \"text\": \"Shanghai Zoo Shanghai Zoological Park (), or commonly Shanghai Zoo in short, is the main zoological garden in Changning District, Shanghai. After half a century of development the Shanghai Zoo has become one of the best ecological gardens in Shanghai. The zoo houses and exhibits more than 6,000 animals, among which are 600 Chinese animals that include giant pandas, golden snub-nosed monkeys, lions, South China tigers, hoopoe, black bulbuls, scimitar-horned oryx, great hornbills and Bactrian camels. Animals from other parts of the world include chimpanzees, giraffes, kangaroos, gorillas, ring tailed lemurs, common marmosets, spider monkeys, african wild dogs, olive baboons,\",\n \"title\": \"Shanghai Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139728\",\n \"text\": \"deer was believed to be extinct in China until a fawn was discovered in 2007 in the Yongde Daxueshan National Wildlife Reserve. The Indochinese hog deer is also protected by the state. Perhaps the most remarkable endangered deer species in China is Père David's deer. This deer, colloquially known as the \\\"sibuxiang\\\" or the \\\"Four-Not-Look-Alike\\\", is said to have the hooves of an ox, antlers of a deer, neck of a camel and tail of a donkey, but does not look like any one animal. According to Chinese legend, this animal helped the ancient sage Jiang Ziya overthrow the tyrant\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"406828\",\n \"text\": \"of the charismatic megafauna, and are used as the face of conservation campaigns worldwide. In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet, involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog. In Chinese myth and culture, the tiger is one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. In Chinese art, the tiger is depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of the Chinese dragon – the two representing matter and spirit respectively. The Southern Chinese martial art Hung\",\n \"title\": \"Tiger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9298827\",\n \"text\": \"generally smaller than the female and has a longer, larger tail. The Yangtze giant softshell turtle has been known to inhabit the Yangtze River and Lake Tai, situated on the border of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, in eastern China, and Gejiu, Yuanyang, Jianshui and Honghe in Yunnan Province in southern China. The last known specimen caught in the wild in China was in 1998 in the Red River between Yuanyang and Jianshui; it was then released. Only four living specimens are known, one at Dong Mo Lake Son Tay in Hanoi, Vietnam, (taxonomy questioned), one at Xuan Khanh Lake near\",\n \"title\": \"Yangtze giant softshell turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12986299\",\n \"text\": \"the way. The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal followed by the Monkey, and then the Rooster. The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was the Dog. Although it should have been the best swimmer, it spent its time to play in the water. Though his explanation for being late was because it needed a good bath after a long spell. For that, it almost did not make it to the finish line. Right when the Emperor was going to close the race, an \\\"oink\\\" sound was heard:\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese zodiac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139731\",\n \"text\": \"in the Northeast and favored as game meat, has also become a protected species. Hunting of roe deer was banned in 2000. Musk deer and mouse-deer resemble small deer but are not true deer. They do not have antlers or facial scent glands. Male musk deer have scent glands that secrete deer musk, which is used for perfume, incense and medicine. Of the seven musk deer species in the world, six are found in China and five are endangered: the Anhui musk deer and dwarf musk deer of central China, the alpine musk deer of western China, the white-bellied musk\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6394600\",\n \"text\": \"mixed one, showing the good and the bad both of technology and tradition. The film shares the same humanistic message and feel found in most of Miike's works. The film was screened at a number of festivals before being released in theatrical distribution. It won the Audience Award at the 1998 Hawaii International Film Festival. The Bird People in China The story tells of a Japanese businessman, who is sent to assess jade in a remote Chinese village, and a member of the yakuza, who is accompanying him to make sure his organization gets its proper share. The scenery of\",\n \"title\": \"The Bird People in China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12498064\",\n \"text\": \"them are: Pan Wenshi Pan Wenshi (; born 1937) is a Chinese biologist and Peking University professor. His research works on Giant panda, White-headed langur and Chinese white dolphin in the last 36 years are internationally recognized contributions. Pan had authored and co-authored 40-50 treatises published on various domestic and international journals including \\\"National Geographic\\\" and \\\"Nature\\\" and he is renowned for his academic achievements on researching the 3 near-extinct contemporary species. He serves as the director of the Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Research Center at Peking University. His work proved that panda habitat needed to be protected for\",\n \"title\": \"Pan Wenshi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487425\",\n \"text\": \"Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit in 1293. The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo (see photo on the Surabaya page). In the UK, a row of schoolchildren walking in pairs, or two by two is known as 'crocodile'. Crocodile Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered\",\n \"title\": \"Crocodile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063779\",\n \"text\": \"Winter Games since 1960 is USD 3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%. 72 nations participated in the 1998 Winter Olympic Games. The nations Azerbaijan, Kenya, Macedonia, Uruguay, and Venezuela participated in their first Winter Olympic Games. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1998 Winter Games. Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets are the 1998 Winter Olympic mascots and are four snowy owls. They represent respectively fire (Sukki), air (Nokki), earth (Lekki) and water (Tsukki) and together they represent the four major islands of Japan. ORF Seven Network CBC CCTV DR1\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Winter Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11482820\",\n \"text\": \"leopard; the Gaoligong pika, Gongshan muntjac, Chinese shrew mole, and capped langur; the stump-tailed macaque, Asiatic wild dog, black musk deer, and takin; the smooth-coated otter, hoolock gibbon, Asian black bear and red panda. Rare bird species in the areas include chestnut-throated partridge, the Lady Amherst's pheasant, white-eared pheasant, Yunnan nuthatch, and giant nuthatch; the white-speckled laughingthrush, ferruginous duck, Severtzov's grouse, and brown-winged parrotbill; the Ward's trogon, black-necked crane and Verreaux's monal-partridge. Three Parallel Rivers The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas () is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Yunnan province, China. It lies within the drainage basins\",\n \"title\": \"Three Parallel Rivers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4347662\",\n \"text\": \"subsequent official products featuring the character since 2004, though \\\"Godzilla\\\" continues to be used on products that predate the name change, such as home media re-releases of the 1998 film or \\\"\\\". Matt Frank (co-writer and illustrator of \\\"Godzilla: Rulers of Earth\\\") further clarified the name change, stating, \\\"Toho makes zero distinction between \\\"Zilla\\\" and \\\"Godzilla 1998\\\" with the exception of title alone. Ever since 2004, Toho's official stance has been that any future incarnations of the character be referred to hereafter as 'Zilla'.\\\" Keith Aiken (co-editor of SciFi Japan) also clarified that \\\"Zilla is a variation of the 1998\",\n \"title\": \"Zilla (TriStar Godzilla)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4217720\",\n \"text\": \"high legal restrictions on behalf of the species in 1972, which made killing or capturing the species in the wild forbidden. In 1982, the Anhui National Nature Reserve for Chinese Alligator (ANNRCA), a reserve spanning across the entire distribution range of the Chinese alligator, was created, which now covers a total area of . Over 10,000 Chinese alligators are living in captivity due to captive breeding programs, the first initiated in the 1970s. Captive-born Chinese alligators have been reintroduced back into their native range, boosting the wild population. These releases have proven successful with individuals adapting well to a life\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese alligator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1160116\",\n \"text\": \"Study Group. After the tournament, FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1998 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition and overall results. The official mascot was \\\"Footix\\\", a rooster first presented in May 1996. It was created by graphic designer Fabrice Pialot and selected from a shortlist of five mascots. Research carried out about the choice of having a cockerel as a mascot was greatly received: 91% associated it immediately with France, the traditional symbol of the nation. Footix, the name chosen by French television viewers, is a portmanteau of \\\"football\\\" and the\",\n \"title\": \"1998 FIFA World Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16132362\",\n \"text\": \"amphibian and reptile hall. There are 280 species among the 3000 animals in the zoo. There are protected animals such as Asian elephant, giraffe, zebra, kangaroo, white tiger, panther, orangutan, mandrill, flamingo, macaw parrots, gold python and so on. The first degree protected species from China at the zoo include giant panda, golden monkey, gibbon, red-crowned crane, northeast tiger, and Yangtze alligator. Animal performances are conducted daily. The zoo is accessible from Hongshan Zoo Station of Nanjing Metro. Hongshan Forest Zoo Hongshan Forest Zoo () is a zoological park in Nanjing, the capital city of Jiangsu province, China. Located on\",\n \"title\": \"Hongshan Forest Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9921240\",\n \"text\": \"languages to force making this correspondence. The use of the term \\\"Chinaman\\\" in public platforms and as names of geographical locations has been the occasion of several public controversies in recent times. On April 9, 1998, television sitcom show \\\"Seinfeld\\\" aired an episode in which a character referred to opium as \\\"the Chinaman's nightcap\\\". The episode prompted many Asian American viewers, including author Maxine Hong Kingston, to send letters of protest. In her letter, Kingston wrote that the term is \\\"equivalent to niggers for blacks and kikes for Jews\\\". Media watchdog Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA) called on\",\n \"title\": \"Chinaman (term)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139730\",\n \"text\": \"during the chaos of the Boxer Rebellion. In 1898, Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford assembled a herd of 18 animals from European zoos and bred them at his estate, Woburn Abbey in England. In 1985, 22 deer from this herd was reintroduced back to the Nanhaizi Park in Beijing and in 1986 another 39 were sent to Dafeng, in northern Jiangsu on the Yellow Sea. In 1998, eight animals in the latter herd were introduced into wilderness of the Dafeng Milu National Wildlife Reserve. By 2013, the reserve had 196 Père David's deer. The Siberian roe deer, once plentiful\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6451835\",\n \"text\": \"Toho has since trademarked the word \\\"Zilla\\\" and retroactively used it as an official name for the \\\"Godzilla In Name Only\\\" creature from the 1998 Roland Emmerich film. Some uses of the suffix -zilla include: -zilla -zilla is an English slang suffix, a back-formation derived from the English name of the Japanese movie monster Godzilla. It is popular for the names of software and websites. It is also found often in popular culture to imply some form of excess, denoting the monster-like qualities of Godzilla. This trend has been observed since the popularization of the Mozilla Project, which itself included\",\n \"title\": \"-zilla\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10142020\",\n \"text\": \"from the brink of extinction. The year 2010 was the Chinese year of the tiger, which made the year a natural focus of international conservation efforts. Tiger experts fear that tigers are in jeopardy of extinction due to current threats (Traffic 2010). Prolonging their existence will take a very high level of commitment from multiple countries. Experts agree that efforts to conserve habitat are essential. For example, an evaluation of conservation strategies to preserve species of tigers in North-eastern China reveal the importance of enlarging suitable habitats for conservation and survival (Xiaofeng, 2009). Key landscapes must be tiger-conservation friendly to\",\n \"title\": \"Tiger hunting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"756084\",\n \"text\": \"deer. The head of a crocodile. A demon's eyes. The neck of a snake. A tortoise's viscera. A hawk's claws. The palms of a tiger. A cow's ears. And it hears through its horns, its ears being deprived of all power of hearing.\\\" He notes that, \\\"Others state it has a rabbit's eyes, a frog's belly, a carp's scales.\\\" The anatomy of other legendary creatures, including the chimera and manticore, is similarly amalgamated from fierce animals. Chinese dragons were considered to be physically concise. Of the 117 scales, 81 are of the yang essence (positive) while 36 are of the\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese dragon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7446175\",\n \"text\": \"of billions of humans dying, uncertainty and fear motivate personal behaviors around the world affecting many people even before the threat becomes reality. The 1998 chart-topping hit song \\\"One Week\\\" by Barenaked Ladies includes the lines \\\"Chickity China the Chinese chicken / Have a drumstick and your brain stops tickin'\\\", a reference to the outbreaks of H5N1 in Hong Kong around the time the song was written. The annual flu season deaths and costs caused by viruses other than H5N1 provide a point of contrast - something to compare against. According to the United States Government, the annual flu in\",\n \"title\": \"Social effects of H5N1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8957067\",\n \"text\": \"include woolly monkeys, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, siamang gibbons, golden-cheeked gibbons and other gibbons. Monkey World is part of the international species breeding program for golden-cheeked gibbons, orangutans and woolly monkeys. Monkey Business (TV series) Monkey Business was a UK TV series that premiered in 1998, focusing on the various primates living at Monkey World, a rescue centre and sanctuary for primates in Dorset, United Kingdom. The series featured Jim Cronin and Alison Cronin, directors of Monkey World, as they travelled around the world rescuing primates often from abusive situations, and bringing them to the Monkey World sanctuary.\",\n \"title\": \"Monkey Business (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11380647\",\n \"text\": \"The Bear (1998 film) The Bear is a 1998 short animated direct-to-video film directed by Hilary Audus. Based on the book of the same name by the author Raymond Briggs, the film was first released on Buena Vista Home Video in the United States in 1998 and first broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom during Christmas 1998. It won a Peabody Award in 1998. In 2000, it won the Golden Butterfly Award for the best short film in the international cinema competition of the 15th Isfahan International Film Festival for Children and Youth in Iran. Like \\\"The Snowman\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Bear (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1903530\",\n \"text\": \"name Chinese Taipei. It is the only agency of the United Nations that the ROC is able, provided it is invited each year, to participate in since 1971. In the Miss World 1998, the government of the People's Republic of China pressured the Miss World Organization to rename Miss Republic of China 1998 to \\\"Miss Chinese Taipei\\\"; it has been competing ever since under that designation. The same happened in 2000, but with the Miss Universe Organization. Three years later at the Miss Universe pageant in Panama, the first official Miss China and Miss Taiwan competed alongside each other for\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese Taipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2989313\",\n \"text\": \"monkeys flew aboard the last Bion flights of the Soviet Union as well as frogs and fruit flies. The Foton program flights carried dormant brine shrimp (\\\"Artemia franciscana\\\"), newts, fruit flies, and sand desert beetles (\\\"Trigonoscelis gigas\\\"). China launched guinea pigs in 1990. Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist carried Japanese tree frogs with him during his trip to the \\\"Mir\\\" space station in December 1990. Other biological experiments aboard Mir involved quail eggs. Japan launched its first animals, a species of newt, into space on 18 March 1995 aboard the Space Flyer Unit. During the 1990s the U.S. carried crickets,\",\n \"title\": \"Animals in space\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1962003\",\n \"text\": \"yet also to be clinging and of a nature resistant to change. People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the \\\"Year of the Goat\\\", while also bearing the following elemental sign: Goat (zodiac) The Goat () is the eighth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The sign is referred to as the ram and sheep sign, since the Chinese word \\\"yáng\\\" is more accurately translated as Caprinae, a taxonomic subfamily that includes both goats and sheep. The Year of the Goat is\",\n \"title\": \"Goat (zodiac)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12555548\",\n \"text\": \"birth-year. As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February, the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year, remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year. For example, the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989. The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake. However, the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989. This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10906645\",\n \"text\": \"one of the \\\"Four Fabulous Animals\\\", the most prominent beasts of China. These animals govern the four points of the compass, with the Black Tortoise the ruler of the north, symbolizing endurance, strength, and longevity. The tortoise and the tiger are the only real animals of the four, although the tortoise is depicted with supernatural features such as dragon ears, flaming tentacles at its shoulders and hips, and a long hairy tail representing seaweed and the growth of plant parasites found on older tortoise shells that flow behind the tortoise as it swims. The Chinese believe that tortoises come out\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of turtles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11621154\",\n \"text\": \"society's 50th anniversary. [[Veganism|Vegans]] around the world now join together to celebrate animal rights every World Vegan Day, held annually on November 1. In 1998 [[Animals Asia]] was founded by [[Jill Robinson]] MBE; it works to end the bear bile trade in Asia. The charity has two bear sanctuaries in China and Vietnam and has rescued over 500 bears. It also works to end the trade in cats and dogs as food in China and Vietnam, and campaigns for the end of abusive captive animal practices in safari parks and zoos in Asia. In 2006 in the Netherlands, [[Marianne Thieme]]\",\n \"title\": \"Women and animal advocacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139681\",\n \"text\": \"the northwest. The corsac fox is found in northeastern China and the Tibetan sand fox in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan. The raccoon dog, one of the few canids that can climb trees, is native to eastern and northeastern China. Foxes (including the non-native Arctic fox) and raccoon dogs are farmed for their fur. As many as 1.5 million foxes and about the same number of raccoon dogs were raised on Chinese farms in 2004. The giant panda, perhaps China's most famous wildlife species, lives in six patches of highland valleys of the Min, Qionglai, Liang, Daxiangling, Xiaoxiangling and\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4188478\",\n \"text\": \"the Memphis Zoo and the tigers in particular. Jeff frequently visited the zoo, had plans to become a volunteer in 1997 and, according to his mother, never left the zoo without visiting the \\\"Butterflies: In Living Color\\\" exhibit, which also opened early in 1998. The exhibit was replaced by \\\"Birds and Bees\\\" in late May, 2009. In April 2003, the Memphis Zoo became one of only four U.S. zoos to exhibit the giant panda. One male and one female giant panda (\\\"Ya Ya\\\" and \\\"Le Le\\\") share their home with several other species native to China, in the first Memphis\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1915645\",\n \"text\": \"different meanings. Some express the wish for a harvest or a wealthy life, such as paper-cuttings of a golden harvest, thriving domestic animals, good fortunes, a surplus year or a carp jumping over a dragon gate (a traditional Chinese story, indicating a leap towards a better life); some depict animals and plants, such as paper-cuttings of polecats, lions, kylins (Chinese mythical creature), jade rabbits (animal from a Chinese legend), pomegranates and peonies; some illustrate legendary figures or scenes from traditional myths or stories, such as paper-cuttings of the Yellow Emperor, the meeting of Niulang and Zhinv and 24 stories of\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese paper cutting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"163477\",\n \"text\": \"the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998. As the species has been reclassified to \\\"vulnerable\\\" since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this reclassification, the State Forestry Administration of China announced\",\n \"title\": \"Giant panda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18192932\",\n \"text\": \"Mulan (franchise) Mulan is a Disney media franchise that began in 1998 with the theatrical release of \\\"Mulan\\\". \\\"Mulan\\\" is a 1998 American animated musical action-comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan. It is the 36th Disney animated feature film, and was released during the Disney Renaissance. \\\"Mulan II\\\" is a 2004 American direct-to-video Disney animated film directed by Darrell Rooney and Lynne Southerland and is a sequel to the 1998 animated film \\\"Mulan\\\". Walt Disney Pictures has announced that they are developing a live-action version of \\\"Mulan\\\". This new \\\"Mulan\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mulan (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11684903\",\n \"text\": \"Nogeyama Zoo The zoo is operated by the Yokohama Zoological Garden, and is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA). Animals at the zoo include Mandarin ducks, cranes, red pandas, chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, reptiles, lion, tigers, tanuki (raccoon dogs), badgers, pheasants, love birds, zebras, giraffes, flamingos, camels, ruffed lemurs, white-mantled black colobus, black-capped capuchins, swans, ducks, kagus, penguins, wallaby, deer, eagles, owls, condors, bears, and Tokyo bitterlings. The red panda is one of the first animals visitors see upon entering the zoo, and also one of the most popular. The Makigahara Children's Zoo was opened in\",\n \"title\": \"Nogeyama Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11684901\",\n \"text\": \"Nogeyama Zoo The zoo is operated by the Yokohama Zoological Garden, and is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA). Animals at the zoo include Mandarin ducks, cranes, red pandas, chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, reptiles, lion, tigers, tanuki (raccoon dogs), badgers, pheasants, love birds, zebras, giraffes, flamingos, camels, ruffed lemurs, white-mantled black colobus, black-capped capuchins, swans, ducks, kagus, penguins, wallaby, deer, eagles, owls, condors, bears, and Tokyo bitterlings. The red panda is one of the first animals visitors see upon entering the zoo, and also one of the most popular. The Makigahara Children's Zoo was opened in\",\n \"title\": \"Nogeyama Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139746\",\n \"text\": \"squirrels are farm-raised to produce \\\"wulingzhi\\\". The groove-toothed flying squirrel, also known as the North Chinese flying squirrel, is endemic to eastern Hebei Province and the suburbs of Beijing in North China and northern Sichuan. The complex-toothed flying squirrel is endemic to southern China. Ground squirrels, rock squirrels, marmots and chipmunks belong to the same tribe within the squirrel family. In China, ground squirrels are found in arid regions of the north and west where the animals live in burrels. Ground squirrel species include the Alashan, Daurian, red-cheeked, long-tailed and yellow ground squirrel. Two species of rock squirrels are endemic\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16525387\",\n \"text\": \"Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads is an artwork by Chinese contemporary artist and political commentator, Ai Weiwei. The work comes in a small (gold) and large (bronze) version. Created in 2010, the zodiac heads (a Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig) are inspired by those which once comprised a water clock-fountain at the Old Summer Palace, which is a complex of palaces and gardens in Beijing that were constructed by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty. The Old Summer Palace was eventually destroyed by French and British troops in\",\n \"title\": \"Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13555371\",\n \"text\": \"killing a four-legged animal, a bull (\\\"Bongchal\\\"), on 29 September 1998. In a very cordial atmosphere and mutual trust, the feast was happily shared together by leaders of the Kuki Inpi and the Zomi Council. In response to the good gesture shown by the Kuki Inpi, the Zomi Council showed their goodness and love for peace in the form of killing another four-legged animal, a pig (\\\"Vohchal\\\"), the following day, 30 September 1998, which was happily shared together by leaders from both communities. Agreement: Both the parties agreed upon the following points:- 1. That, the nomenclatures Kuki and Zomi shall\",\n \"title\": \"Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–1998\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668159\",\n \"text\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\". Various endangered animals answer the question \\\"What do you see?\\\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping\",\n \"title\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10139672\",\n \"text\": \"protected species in China but their numbers have fallen sharply. Monkey brain is a delicacy in parts of Guangxi and Guangdong, and macaques are often hunted for food. The Monpa and Lhoba people of southern Tibet eat Assam macaques. From 1998 to 2004, the number of rhesus macaques in China fell from 254,000 to about 77,000. Over the same period, the Tibetan macaque population fell by 83% from about 100,000 to only about 17,000. Snub-nosed monkeys are so named because they have only nostrils and virtually no nose. Four of the five species in the world are found in China,\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of China\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2838606\",\n \"text\": \"a fishing ban in place since 2002. In 2007 fears were expressed that China's finless porpoise, known locally as the \\\"jiangzhu\\\" (\\\"river pig\\\"), a native of the lake along with other waters such as Dongting Lake, might follow the baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, into extinction. Calls have been made for action to be taken to save the porpoise, of which there are about 1,400 left, with between 700 and 900 in the Yangtze, and another about 500 in Poyang and Dongting Lakes. 2007 population levels are less than half the 1997 levels, and the population is dropping at a\",\n \"title\": \"Poyang Lake\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Craig Calonica context: he attempted to ski down Everest’s North Face, but due to the constant monsoon weather was never able to reach the summit. Unfortunately the best time to ski Everest from its summit is during the monsoon season, thus why the prize of skiing Everest from its summit has been elusive. http://classic.mountainzone.com/climbing/skieverest/updates.html] On October 21, 1998, after skiing on the Chinese side of Everest, the California adventurer told Reuters reporters that he was convinced he had spotted the legendary yeti twice, “I saw something that was not human, that was not a gorilla, not a deer, not a goat and not\\n\\n1998 was the Chinese year of which creature?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 context: polls Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 was held on January 25, 1998 in Hong Kong. The pageant was broadcast live through TVB and was streamed for the first time in Malaysia. Miss Chinese International 1997 Monica Lo of Toronto, Ontario, Canada crowned Louise Luk of San Francisco, USA as the new winner. Luk is the first winner from the United States and San Francisco's only winner, as of 2010. The theme to this year's pageant is \\\"Beautiful Shadows from The Land of the Gods, Ten Years of Love from the Dragons\\\" 「神洲儷影 十載龍情」. This year\\n\\ntitle Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998: Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 was held on January 25, 1998 in Hong Kong. The pageant was broadcast live through TVB and was streamed for the first time in Malaysia. Miss Chinese International 1997 Monica Lo of Toronto, Ontario, Canada crowned Louise Luk of San Francisco, USA as the new winner. Luk is the first winner from the United States and San Francisco's only winner, as of 2010. The theme to this year's pageant is \\\"Beautiful Shadows from The Land of the Gods, Ten Years of Love from the Dragons\\\"「神洲儷影 十載龍情」. This also\\ntitle: Piu context:.ix a designade pend. It featured a on sword of Fa Mul's in the 199 feature Fierce and withish-grey furPixiu a ofped about in ancient Chinese herald millenn by fantastic stories of powerful grandio feats in battle Their legend been passed downthousand of l They the head Chinese dragon, the bold body of a lion histor: Tiger in Chinese culture China the Year t orats,. There alsoings such as: Tiger roaring & dragon singing-the world is peaceful; Mountain and Valley replying- the people are wealthy and the country strong. Tiger in Chinese culture Throughout Chinese history, the tiger has incited a sense of both awe and admiration: its prowess, its ferocity, its beauty, and the harmony of the opposites. The tiger is full of life and embodies the spirit and drive to achieve and make progress. The tiger\\n\\n1998 was the Chinese year of which creature?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 543,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15128,\n \"ratio\": \"27.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":73,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":73,"string":"73"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Theodore Francis international airport is in which US state?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["RhodeIsland","Villages of rhode island","Rogue's Island","Rhode Island Treasurer","Rhode Island (U.S. state)","Education in Rhode Island","Rhode Island General Treasurer","Rhode island agriculture","Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations","Demographics of Rhode Island","Rhode island and providence plantations","Rhode Island (state)","State of Rhode Island","R.I.","Little Rhody","Rhode Island Governor's Mansion","The Ocean State","Rhode Islanders","Rhode Islander","Symbols of Rhode Island","Transport in Rhode Island","Villages of Rhode Island","Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","R I","R.i.","Rhode Island","Geography of Rhode Island","Rhode Island Villages","Religion in Rhode Island","13th State","The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","Ocean State","Culture of Rhode Island","State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","Rode Island","Rhode Island, United States","Sports in Rhode Island","Economy of Rhode Island","Rhode island","Transportation in Rhode Island","Climate of Rhode Island","Thirteenth State","US-RI","Rhode Island cuisine","RI","Road Island"],"string":"[\n \"RhodeIsland\",\n \"Villages of rhode island\",\n \"Rogue's Island\",\n \"Rhode Island Treasurer\",\n \"Rhode Island (U.S. state)\",\n \"Education in Rhode Island\",\n \"Rhode Island General Treasurer\",\n \"Rhode island agriculture\",\n \"Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations\",\n \"Demographics of Rhode Island\",\n \"Rhode island and providence plantations\",\n \"Rhode Island (state)\",\n \"State of Rhode Island\",\n \"R.I.\",\n \"Little Rhody\",\n \"Rhode Island Governor's Mansion\",\n \"The Ocean State\",\n \"Rhode Islanders\",\n \"Rhode Islander\",\n \"Symbols of Rhode Island\",\n \"Transport in Rhode Island\",\n \"Villages of Rhode Island\",\n \"Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\",\n \"R I\",\n \"R.i.\",\n \"Rhode Island\",\n \"Geography of Rhode Island\",\n \"Rhode Island Villages\",\n \"Religion in Rhode Island\",\n \"13th State\",\n \"The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\",\n \"Ocean State\",\n \"Culture of Rhode Island\",\n \"State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\",\n \"Rode Island\",\n \"Rhode Island, United States\",\n \"Sports in Rhode Island\",\n \"Economy of Rhode Island\",\n \"Rhode island\",\n \"Transportation in Rhode Island\",\n \"Climate of Rhode Island\",\n \"Thirteenth State\",\n \"US-RI\",\n \"Rhode Island cuisine\",\n \"RI\",\n \"Road Island\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Rhode Island"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1932209","text":"T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state-owned airport in the United States. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a","title":"T. F. Green Airport"},{"id":"1932239","text":"departed the left side of runway 5 after a hard landing by an unstabilized approach. Although the aircraft sustained substantial damage, none of the 31 passengers and crew aboard were injured. T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode","title":"T. F. Green Airport"},{"id":"1932222","text":"on July 21, 2011) has two concourses, North and South. The South Concourse has eight gates and the North Concourse has 14. Gates seven and eight are designed for international arrivals and are directly connected to customs, which is on the lower level of the concourse. The terminal contains a number of stores and restaurants, and a central food court. Theodore Francis Green State Airport covers at an elevation of 55 feet (17 m). It has two asphalt runways: 5/23 is 8,700 by 150 feet (2,652 x 46 m) and 16/34 is 6,081 by 150 feet (1,853 x 46 m).","title":"T. F. Green Airport"},{"id":"596758","text":"Representatives, had been on Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by the Soviets on September 1, 1983. Georgia's primary commercial airport is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), and is the world's busiest passenger airport. In addition to Hartsfield-Jackson, there are eight other airports serving major commercial traffic in Georgia. Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the state as measured by passengers served, and is the only additional international airport. Other commercial airports (ranked in order of passengers served) are located in Augusta, Columbus, Albany, Macon, Brunswick, Valdosta, and Athens. The Georgia Ports Authority","title":"Georgia (U.S. state)"},{"id":"1940600","text":"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major airport in the U.S. state of Alaska, located southwest of downtown Anchorage. The airport is named for Ted Stevens, a U.S. senator from Alaska in office from 1968 to 2009. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility. Built in 1951, the airport was served in the 1950s by Alaska Airlines, Northwest Orient, Pacific Northern Airlines and Reeve Aleutian Airways, using aircraft ranging from Douglas DC-3s","title":"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport"},{"id":"440044","text":"Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix and the Cyril E. King International Airport serves St. Thomas and St. John. The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only US jurisdiction that drives on the left. This was inherited from what was then-current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark. However, because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States, the cars in the territory are left-hand drive. As in other US territories, U.S. Virgin Islands mail service is handled by the United States","title":"United States Virgin Islands"},{"id":"9202683","text":"inspect all dams to ensure conformity with established standards and regulations. The department works closely with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. DOTD is the State Agency for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The state works in conjunction with FEMA on a 25%/75% ratio. The DOTD is responsible for monitoring 62 airports in the state. A completed TIMED project of the DOTD is the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport. All commercial vehicles in the State of Louisiana are governed by the Dept of Public Safety. The DOTD division of \"Weights and Standards\" is the office responsible for","title":"Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development"},{"id":"1335266","text":"not pass through South Dakota. Five domestic airlines (Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, American Airlines, Allegiant Air, and Frontier Airlines) serve Sioux Falls Regional Airport. The airport is also known as Joe Foss Field (in honor of famed aviator and former Governor Joe Foss). Airlines offer non-stop flight service to a number of major U.S. airports, including Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Chicago O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Denver International Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, Orlando Sanford International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, McCarran International Airport (Las Vegas) and St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport.","title":"Sioux Falls, South Dakota"},{"id":"6683629","text":"the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways. Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and the fourth-busiest, O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks of 2001, the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners. The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year. Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons (7076 kg) of oil equivalent per year, the 10th-highest rate in the world.","title":"United States"},{"id":"1940615","text":"the vast powers of the natural world. The airport features an innovative customer service program, which partners with most on-site (and some nearby) vendors and concessionaires and aims to promote a positive image of the airport and the State of Alaska in the minds of travelers. This volunteer, self-funded committee mystery shops at partnering companies and provides awards of cash, free covered parking, and donated prizes to winning employees. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major airport in the U.S. state of Alaska, located southwest of downtown Anchorage. The airport is named for Ted","title":"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport"},{"id":"1841435","text":"of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United States, where the airport serves as a major hub for travel throughout the southeastern region of the country. Atlanta has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998; and by number of landings and take-offs from 2005 to 2013, losing that title to Chicago–O'Hare in 2014, but regaining it a year later. Hartsfield–Jackson held its ranking as the world's busiest airport in 2012, both in passengers and number of flights, by accommodating 100 million passengers (more than 260,000 passengers daily) and 950,119 flights. In 2017,","title":"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport"},{"id":"683742","text":"for being the only U.S. capital city (either of a territory or state) where traffic drives on the left side of the road - this despite a previous fourteen-year period of conforming to the American right side principle, which was reverted to left side by popular demand. Highway 30 (Veterans Dr) passes through Charlotte Amalie. Additionally, Charlotte Amalie holds one of two airports in the US Virgin Islands. Cyril E. King Airport (IATA: STT ICAO: TIST) offers regular nonstop service to destinations along the east coast of the United States. St. Thomas-St. John School District serves the community. Addelita Cancryn","title":"Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands"},{"id":"10394000","text":"National Guard unit operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC) of the U.S. Air Force. The mission of the 143 AW is to provide air logistics support pursuant to both its state and federal missions. Originally located at Theodore Francis Green Airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, the 143 AW relocated to the former Naval Air Station Quonset Point in the mid-1980s, with the base initially consisting of 79 acres of leased land. By July 2001 the base had an additional lease for approximately 15 acres used for the development of their master plan and will allow for construction of","title":"Quonset Point Air National Guard Station"},{"id":"16622299","text":"°C) respectively. On June 30, Atlanta, Georgia set a new all-time record high temperature of 106 °F. The Mid-Atlantic States did not escape the heat. On June 29, Salisbury, Maryland recorded a monthly record high of , while Baltimore (DMH) reached on June 29, setting a similar month of June record. While still affecting the Southeastern and Great Plains regions of the U.S., the heat wave continued to spread northward into the New England area around July 7 and 8, leading to temperatures surpassing 90 °F. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport tied its all-time 4th of July record of 102 °F","title":"2012 North American heat wave"},{"id":"1940604","text":"oil exploration and other niche markets. The airport was renamed in 2000 by the Alaska Legislature to honor then long-standing U.S. Senator Ted Stevens. On November 30, 2018, the airport suffered minor damage and was temporarily closed following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in the area. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport's passenger traffic hovered around the five million mark between 1998 and 2008, apart from in 2002 when the airport suffered a 13% drop in traffic. Fairbanks and Juneau are the next busiest airports though neither managed more than half a million passengers last year. Anchorage traffic peaks in June, July","title":"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport"},{"id":"18311076","text":"New York, Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey, O'Hare International Airport in Illinois, Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia, and Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Georgia. Combined, these airports receive more than 94% of passengers from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, the three countries most affected by Ebola. Although no plans have been announced for other airports, screening in the U.S. represents a second layer of protection since passengers are already being screened upon exiting these three countries. However, the risk can never be totally eliminated. On October 21, the Department of Homeland Security announced that all passengers from","title":"Ebola virus cases in the United States"},{"id":"10831197","text":"download speed, based on data from 2014 and 2015. Washington has a system of state highways, called State Routes, as well as an extensive ferry system which is the largest in the nation and the third largest in the world. There are 140 public airfields in Washington, including 16 state airports owned by the Washington State Department of Transportation. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac) is the major commercial airport of greater Seattle. Boeing Field in Seattle is one of the busiest primary non-hub airports in the US. There are extensive waterways in the midst of Washington's largest cities, including Seattle, Bellevue,","title":"Washington (state)"},{"id":"6151585","text":"for tourists to see Alaska. Cities not served by road or sea can only be reached by air, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage itself, and to a lesser extent Fairbanks, are serviced by many major airlines. Air travel is the cheapest and most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2000-2001, the latest year for which data are available, 2.4 million total arrivals to Alaska were counted, 1.7 million","title":"Transportation in Alaska"},{"id":"5837060","text":"Newport State Airport (Rhode Island) Newport State Airport is a state owned, public use airport in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. It serves the city of Newport and is located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of its central business district. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. There is no scheduled airline service available, but it once was served by Air New England. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned UUU","title":"Newport State Airport (Rhode Island)"},{"id":"342138","text":"\"The Ocean State\", and the nautical nature of Rhode Island's geography pervades its culture. Newport Harbor, in particular, holds many pleasure boats. In the lobby of T. F. Green, the state's main airport, is a large life-sized sailboat, and the state's license plates depict an ocean wave or a sailboat. Additionally, the large number of beaches in Washington County lures many Rhode Islanders south for summer vacation. The state was notorious for organized crime activity from the 1950s into the 1990s when the Patriarca crime family held sway over most of New England from its Providence headquarters. Rhode Islanders developed","title":"Rhode Island"},{"id":"10121301","text":"from Quebec to Labrador, and between Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. Air travel first entered as a viable alternative to transcontinental railroads, and to the then-primitive (or non-existent) road networks that crossed the United States and Canada in the early 1930s, but truly increased in popularity after the Second World War. Most of the continent's busiest airports are located in the United States. In fact the U.S. has 9 of North America's 10 busiest airports, including the world's busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta. The busiest airport in North America outside the United States is Toronto Pearson International","title":"Transportation in North America"},{"id":"9012034","text":"Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base is a state owned, public use seaplane base located in Excursion Inlet, in the Haines Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger service is subsidized by the U.S. Department of Transportation via the Essential Air Service program. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2015-2019, which categorized it as a \"general aviation airport\" based on 69 enplanements (boardings) in calendar year 2012. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 69 passenger enplanements in calendar year 2008, 68 enplanements in 2009, and 30","title":"Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base"},{"id":"13545929","text":"St. Paul Island Airport St. Paul Island Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport located on St. Paul Island in the Aleutians West Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is situated near the city of St. Paul, the island's main settlement. Scheduled airline service to Anchorage International Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 3,301 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, an increase of 8% from the 3,064 enplanements in 2007. St. Paul Island Airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2009–2013),","title":"St. Paul Island Airport"},{"id":"11818960","text":"St. George Airport (Alaska) St. George Airport is a state owned, public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) of the central business district of St. George, a city on St. George Island in the Aleutians West Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger airline service is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 604 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 610 enplanements in 2009, and 643 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as","title":"St. George Airport (Alaska)"},{"id":"896775","text":"near Washington, D.C., Hartsfield International Airport in Atlanta, Miami International Airport in Miami, Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, Tampa International Airport in Tampa and Orlando International Airport in Orlando, Florida. East Coast of the United States The East Coast of the United States, also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard, is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware,","title":"East Coast of the United States"},{"id":"16258024","text":"of Oakland, Port of Virginia, Port of Houston, Port of Tacoma, Port of Charleston, and Port of Seattle. Airports, and more specifically air cargo, are a significant component of the freight system. It is estimated that in the United States in 2013, over $1.1 billion worth of goods traveled by air. The top five airports in the U.S., ranked by landed weight of all-cargo operations in 2014, are Memphis International Airport, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Louisville International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport, and Miami International Airport. A distribution center is a warehouse or other specialized building that receives, stores,","title":"Urban freight distribution"},{"id":"8908180","text":"runway designated 2/20 with a gravel surface measuring 4,000 by 75 feet (1,219 x 23 m). The following airlines offer scheduled passenger service: Golovin Airport Golovin Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Golovin, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,753 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, an increase of 8.4% from the 1,617 enplanements in 2009. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" airport. Golovin Airport","title":"Golovin Airport"},{"id":"19982386","text":"States Congress, including Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and Congressman John Lewis (D-GA) joined the protests in their own home states. Google co-founder Sergey Brin and Y Combinator president Sam Altman joined the protest at San Francisco airport. Virginia governor, Terry McAuliffe, joined the protest at Dulles International Airport on Saturday. In response to protests, the airport operators of John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport shut down transit access to the airport (AirTrain JFK and the SeaTac/Airport light rail station, respectively). New York Governor Andrew Cuomo ordered that AirTrain service resume, while Sound Transit ordered","title":"Reactions to Executive Order 13769"},{"id":"12492704","text":"Sand Point Airport Sand Point Airport is a state owned, public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of the central business district of Sand Point, a city in the Aleutians East Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service to Anchorage International Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 4,296 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 3,957 in 2009, and 4,281 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \"non-primary commercial service\" airport. Sand Point Airport resides at","title":"Sand Point Airport"},{"id":"1841434","text":"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , also known as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield, or Hartsfield–Jackson, is an international airport located south of Atlanta's central business district, in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is named after former Atlanta mayors William B. Hartsfield and Maynard Jackson. The airport has 209 domestic and international gates. ATL covers 4,700 acres (1,902 ha) of land and has five parallel runways. The airport has international service within North America and to countries in South America, Central America, Europe, Africa and Asia. As an international gateway to the United States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sixth. Many","title":"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport"},{"id":"16736254","text":"Airport Honolulu International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport McCarran International Airport Los Angeles International Airport LaGuardia Airport Orlando International Airport Memphis International Airport Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Portland International Airport Philadelphia International Airport Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport San Diego International Airport Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport Seattle-Tacoma International Airport San Francisco International Airport Salt Lake City International Airport Tampa International Airport Delta TechOps Delta TechOps is the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) division of Delta Air Lines, and is headquartered at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL) in Atlanta, Georgia. With more than 9,600 Technical Operations employees and 51 maintenance stations","title":"Delta TechOps"},{"id":"7956890","text":"Northeast Kingdom International Airport Northeast Kingdom International Airport, until 2015 the Newport State Airport , is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Newport, a city in Orleans County, Vermont, United States. It is owned by the State of Vermont. Northeast Kingdom International Airport covers an area of which contains two asphalt paved runways (5/23) measuring 4,000 x 100 ft (1,219 x 30 m). (18/36) measuring 5,300 x 100 ft (1,615 x 30 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2015, the airport had 9,452 aircraft operations, an average of 19","title":"Northeast Kingdom International Airport"},{"id":"13546839","text":"Ruby Airport Ruby Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) southeast of the central business district of Ruby, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,915 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,634 enplanements in 2009, and 1,809 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" airport (the \"commercial service\" category requires at least 2,500 enplanements per year). Ruby Airport has one runway","title":"Ruby Airport"},{"id":"6842509","text":"has a Civil Reserve Air Fleet contract with the United States Department of Defense. Lynden Air Cargo operates the following domestic scheduled freight services: Anchorage, Bethel, Kotzebue and Nome. As of November 2012 the Lynden Air Cargo fleet includes: Lynden Air Cargo Lynden Air Cargo is an American cargo airline based in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. It operates scheduled services and on demand charter, international and domestic flights, including services for the US military. Its main base is Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Subsidiary company Lynden Air Cargo PNG Ltd, based in Lae, Papua New Guinea, offers air cargo charters in","title":"Lynden Air Cargo"},{"id":"438089","text":"U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by U.S. Airways. Of the world's 30 busiest passenger airports, 12 of them are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The US is the second-largest energy consumer in total use. The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and a number of other countries. The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2005, it was estimated that 40% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 23% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable","title":"Economy of the United States"},{"id":"16985736","text":"December 17–22, 2012 North American blizzard The December 17–22, 2012 North American blizzard was a massive winter storm that affected the Midwestern and Eastern United States. Forming on December 17, the winter storm moved across the midwest, forcing schools to close throughout the region. Numerous warnings and advisories had been posted by the National Weather Service for many states, including Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Both O'Hare International Airport and Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois canceled most departures and arrivals. According to flight tracking website FlightStats.com, more than 1,000 flights were canceled across the region. More than 130,000 customers","title":"December 17–22, 2012 North American blizzard"},{"id":"16018736","text":"Birchwood Airport Birchwood Airport is a state owned, public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northwest of the central business district of Birchwood (also known as Chugiak), in the Anchorage Municipality of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 450 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, an increase of 20% from the 375 enplanements in 2009. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" airport. Birchwood Airport covers an area of 196 acres (79 ha) at","title":"Birchwood Airport"},{"id":"7956893","text":"a new passenger terminal, commercial flights and the aircraft assembly plant, but were abandoned in April 2016 when the developers were charged with fraud for misappropriating the funds. On October 12th 2017, the FAA officially recognized the State of Vermont's Airport name change from Newport State Airport to Northeast Kingdom International Airport. Northeast Kingdom International Airport Northeast Kingdom International Airport, until 2015 the Newport State Airport , is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Newport, a city in Orleans County, Vermont, United States. It is owned by the State of Vermont.","title":"Northeast Kingdom International Airport"},{"id":"10490377","text":"Red Dog Airport Red Dog Airport is a private-use airport located at Red Dog Mine, in the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is privately owned by the NANA (Northwest Arctic Native Association) Regional Corporation. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 2/20 which measures 6,312 x 100 ft. (1,924 x 30 m). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 7,968 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2005 and 8,475 enplanements (105 scheduled + 8,370 unscheduled) in 2006. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Red Dog Airport is assigned","title":"Red Dog Airport"},{"id":"11337038","text":"Beluga Airport Beluga Airport is a private use airport located in Beluga, in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is privately owned by Conoco Phillips Alaska (formerly ARCO Alaska). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 2,541 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 2,410 enplanements in 2009, and 2,144 in 2010. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned BLG by the FAA and BVU by the IATA (which assigned BLG to Belaga Airport in Belaga, Sarawak, Malaysia). The airport's ICAO","title":"Beluga Airport"},{"id":"8326692","text":"feet (718 x 30 m) with a displaced threshold on Runway 23 - it is the shortest paved public runway in the state of Florida. For the 12-month period ending June 30, 2000, the airport had 4,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 10 per day. In March 2011 the unincorporated association Friends of the Cedar Key Airport was founded with local aviators and business owners to promote the improvement and increased operational safety of the airfield. With the collection of extensive pilot surveys supporting local economic benefits over several years they were able to move Levy County to","title":"George T. Lewis Airport"},{"id":"7955521","text":"Block Island State Airport Block Island State Airport is a public use airport located on Block Island, in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The airport is owned by the State of Rhode Island. It is primarily a general aviation airport, but there is also scheduled airline service to Westerly State Airport. The airport opened in 1950. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 10,384 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,516 enplanements in 2009, and 9,821 in 2010. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in","title":"Block Island State Airport"},{"id":"4820102","text":"Cyril E. King Airport Cyril E. King International Airport is a public airport located two miles (3 km) west of the central business district of Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. It is currently the busiest airport in the United States Virgin Islands, and one of the busiest in the eastern Caribbean, servicing 1,403,000 passengers from July 2015 through June 2016. The airport also serves nearby St. John and is often used by those traveling to the British Virgin Islands. Although passports are not required for U.S. citizens who are visiting the","title":"Cyril E. King Airport"},{"id":"11149951","text":"White Mountain Airport White Mountain Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) north of the central business district of White Mountain, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 2,516 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2007, a decrease of 11% from the 2,821 enplanements in 2006. White Mountain Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 267 feet (81 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with a 3,000 x 60 ft (914 x 18","title":"White Mountain Airport"},{"id":"455844","text":"Washington Dulles International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport ( ) is an international airport in the eastern United States, located in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia, west of downtown Opened in 1962, it is named after John Foster Dulles the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Dulles main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles Airport occupies straddling the Loudoun-Fairfax Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of","title":"Washington Dulles International Airport"},{"id":"11840572","text":"state's 1890 constitution and discriminatory practices, until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and concerted grassroots efforts to achieve registration and encourage voting. Mississippi has six airports with commercial passenger service, the busiest in Jackson (Jackson-Evers International Airport) and one in Gulfport (Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport) Mississippi is served by nine interstate highways: and fourteen main U.S. Routes: as well as a system of State Highways. For more information, visit the Mississippi Department of Transportation website. Amtrak provides scheduled passenger service along two routes, the \"Crescent\" and \"City of New Orleans\". Prior to severe damage from Hurricane Katrina, the","title":"Mississippi"},{"id":"3344704","text":"the accident was caused by metal fatigue. The incident caused almost all major United States air carriers to re-examine their oldest airplane models and those with those most \"cycles\" or flights. Many older aircraft were retired or phased-out after these checks. On October 7, 2011, a Cessna 310 controlled by a 65-year-old pilot coming from Monterey, California declared an emergency landing at about 12:30 pm. The plane was low on fuel. It made a water landing 13 miles offshore of the Big Island. Hilo International Airport Hilo International Airport , formerly General Lyman Field, is owned and operated by the","title":"Hilo International Airport"},{"id":"8037093","text":"Utah, was familiar with the terrain however and recognized sufficient landmarks to approach San Francisco Bay from the north. He used a revolving light on Alcatraz Island to guide him to Crissy Field, the military airfield at the Presidio of San Francisco, where he landed in front of an estimated 50,000 spectators at 9:46 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, reportedly a minute before dusk. Maughan's total transit time was 20 hours and 48 minutes. His actual flight time was 18 hours and 20 minutes, at an average groundspeed of . In addition to the publicity value of being the first transcontinental","title":"Dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the United States"},{"id":"3277238","text":"due to low passenger loads. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 9,164 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,924 enplanements in 2009, and 10,383 in 2010. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. The airport is named for Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the 26th President of the United States. The airport covers an area of 626 acres (253 ha) at an elevation of 2,592 feet (790 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 14/32 is 6,399 by 100 feet","title":"Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport"},{"id":"8758027","text":"as many places in the lower 48 states. With the notable exception of a real estate-related crash in the mid-to-late 1980s, which saw the failure of numerous financial institutions, it does not experience as much pain during economic downturns. The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (TSAIA) is the world's third busiest airport for cargo traffic, surpassed only by Memphis and Hong Kong. This traffic is strongly linked to Anchorage's location along great circle routes between Asia and the lower 48. In addition, the airport has an abundant supply of jet fuel from in-state refineries in North Pole and Kenai. This","title":"Anchorage, Alaska"},{"id":"7921556","text":"Marin County Airport Marin County Airport or Gnoss Field , formerly O56, is a public airport two miles northeast of Novato. The airport covers and has one runway and one helipad. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Marin County Airport/Gnoss Field is DVO to the FAA and NOT to the IATA (which assigned DVO to Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City, Philippines). There was a plan unveiled in 2014 to extend the length of Gnoss' runway by 1100', to 4400'. The FAA's final recommendation in 2016 called for a significant","title":"Marin County Airport"},{"id":"5837063","text":"m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: 4/22 is 2,999 by 75 feet (914 x 23 m) and 16/34 is 2,623 by 75 feet (799 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending June 30, 2011, the airport had 20,238 aircraft operations, an average of 55 per day: 98% general aviation, 2% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 34 aircraft based at this airport: 85% single-engine, 9% multi-engine, and 6% helicopter. Newport State Airport (Rhode Island) Newport State Airport is a state owned, public use airport in Newport County, Rhode Island,","title":"Newport State Airport (Rhode Island)"},{"id":"1083791","text":"Loyola Dr. In addition the interstate, U.S. 61 (generally signed as Airline Dr.) travels east–west through the southern end of the city. LA 49 (signed as Williams Blvd.) is the city's primary north–south corridor. Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (IATA: MSY), the main commercial airport for the New Orleans metropolitan area, is located within the city limits, just south of Interstate 10. It serves as a major tax-revenue generator for the city. Kenner, Louisiana Kenner (historically ) is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. State of Louisiana. It is the largest city in Jefferson Parish, United States and a","title":"Kenner, Louisiana"},{"id":"8908179","text":"Golovin Airport Golovin Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Golovin, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,753 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, an increase of 8.4% from the 1,617 enplanements in 2009. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" airport. Golovin Airport covers an area of 225 acres (91 ha) at an elevation of 59 feet (18 m) above mean sea level. It has one","title":"Golovin Airport"},{"id":"19973021","text":"that Christian refugees will be given priority in terms of refugee status in the United States. The first protest started at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport. Protests quickly started at other airports nationwide, including Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), San Francisco International Airport, Seattle's SeaTac Airport, and in airports in Indianapolis, Boston, Denver, Albuquerque, Hartford, Newark, Albany, New York, and San Diego. Also planned were Atlanta, Houston, Las Vegas, Orlando, Greenville and Philadelphia. Protesters were mobilized mainly through the use of social media. Protests and walkouts continued in February. On February 2, thousands","title":"Protests against Executive Order 13769"},{"id":"198266","text":"a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and truck traffic. From 1962 until 1998, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) was the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total flights and passengers. While it was surpassed by Atlanta's Hartsfield in 1998 (as Chicago splits its air traffic between O'Hare and Midway airports, while Atlanta only uses one airport), with 59.3 million domestic passengers annually, along with 11.4 million international passengers in 2008, O'Hare consistently remains one of the two or three busiest airports globally, and in some years still ranks number one in total flights. It is","title":"Illinois"},{"id":"9011917","text":"mean sea level. It has one runway designated 7/25 with a gravel surface measuring 2,782 by 60 feet (848 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 4,000 aircraft operations, an average of 10 per day: 62.5% air taxi and 37.5% general aviation. Central Airport Central Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Central, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Commercial service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 47 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year","title":"Central Airport"},{"id":"11544824","text":"Climate of Anchorage Anchorage, Alaska has a subarctic climate with the code \"Dsc\" according to the Köppen climate classification due to its short, cool summers. Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately ; average daytime winter temperatures are about . Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over one hundred days. Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (PANC) are with an average winter snowfall of . Further afield at the Campbell Airstrip is another weather station recording colder night temperatures in both summer and winter. The weather on any given day and","title":"Climate of Anchorage"},{"id":"3046529","text":"Quad City International Airport Quad City International Airport is a public airport in Rock Island County, Illinois, three miles (5 km) south of Moline. It is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Airport Authority of Rock Island County. It is partly in Blackhawk Township and partly in Coal Valley Township. In 2012 it was named \"Illinois Primary Airport of the Year\". Quad City is the third-busiest commercial airport in Illinois – Chicago's O'Hare and Midway International Airports lead the state. The international designation is for being an official port of entry and having a U.S. customs port of entry. A","title":"Quad City International Airport"},{"id":"20049897","text":"Maine for February was , about below normal, breaking the old record of set in January 1994. Portland, Maine also saw a record coldest average monthly temperature of in February. On February 24, the temperature at Dulles International Airport in Virginia fell to dipped down to , breaking the previous record of set in 1967. Rutland, Vermont, saw a record averaged cold for February of , breaking its previous record of set in 1934. Montpelier, Vermont realized its coldest February with an average temperature of , below the 1979 record of . The average February temperature in Syracuse, New York,","title":"February 2015 North American cold wave"},{"id":"8027799","text":"ferry was raised enough to permit dewatering operations, and the river reopened to limited marine traffic. The ferry was towed to the Louisiana Department of Highways yard in Plaquemine, LA, for further investigation. The damage was deemed irreparable, and the \"George Prince\" never sailed again. Investigators used the weather conditions from Moisant International Airport (now Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport), less than away. Conditions there were recorded as a \"clear, crisp, pre-dawn darkness, without fog, haze, or other local environmental impairment to visibility.\" Winds were from the north-northeast at , with gusts to . The river conditions were measured","title":"MV George Prince ferry disaster"},{"id":"18102227","text":"Takotna Airport Takotna Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) north of Takotna, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 206 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 128 in 2009, and 190 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Takotna Airport covers an area of 7 acres (3 ha) at an elevation of 422 feet (129 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 4/22 with","title":"Takotna Airport"},{"id":"13775378","text":"Twin Hills Airport Twin Hills Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport serving Twin Hills, in the Dillingham Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service to Dillingham Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 395 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, a decrease of 23% from the 510 enplanements in 2007. Twin Hills Airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2009–2013), which categorizes it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the","title":"Twin Hills Airport"},{"id":"9011916","text":"Central Airport Central Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Central, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Commercial service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 47 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 13 enplanements in 2009, and 20 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" airport. Central Airport covers an area of 97 acres (39 ha) at an elevation of 937 feet (286 m) above","title":"Central Airport"},{"id":"15908991","text":"large level and other types of delays could eventually be avoided by optimizing organization in airports or establishing a delay prevention schedule. Weather delays are rather rare and are not primary reasons for flights to be delayed. This section illustrates performances of Airlines and Airports in being on time in 2015, the focus is on the USA's ten biggest airports, namely; Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, New York (JFK), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Seattle and Charlotte. Delays are divided into three categories, namely \"on time or small delay\" (up to 15 minutes delay), \"Medium delay\" (15 - 45 minutes","title":"Flight cancellation and delay"},{"id":"14943800","text":"Nikolai Airport Nikolai Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) northeast of the central business district of Nikolai, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 364 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, a decrease of 21% from the 459 enplanements in 2007. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and","title":"Nikolai Airport"},{"id":"18102228","text":"a gravel surface measuring 4,000 by 75 feet (1,219 x 23 m). Takotna Airport Takotna Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) north of Takotna, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 206 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 128 in 2009, and 190 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Takotna Airport covers an area of 7 acres (3 ha) at an elevation of 422 feet (129","title":"Takotna Airport"},{"id":"19726588","text":"Major Gilbert Field Airport Major Gilbert Field Airport, also known as Madeline Island Airport, is a town owned public use airport located 2 miles (3 km) northeast of the central business district of La Pointe, Wisconsin, a town in Ashland County, Wisconsin, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019–2023, in which it is categorized as a basic general aviation facility. Although most airports in the United States use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and International Air Transport Association (IATA), this airport is assigned 4R5 by","title":"Major Gilbert Field Airport"},{"id":"13546840","text":"designated 3/21 with a gravel surface measuring 4,000 by 100 feet (1,219 x 30 m). Wright Air Service offers scheduled passenger service at this airport: Ruby Airport Ruby Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) southeast of the central business district of Ruby, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,915 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,634 enplanements in 2009, and 1,809 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for","title":"Ruby Airport"},{"id":"6932158","text":"North Slope oil revenue into the state treasury. Capital projects and an aggressive beautification program, combined with far-sighted community planning, greatly increased infrastructure and quality of life. Major improvements included a new library, a civic center, a sports arena, a performing arts center, Hilltop Ski Area, and Kincaid Outdoor Center. In the late 1980s, however, the price of oil dropped dramatically and a recession hit Anchorage. In 1996, the Arctic Winter Games were held in Chugiak/Eagle River and, in 1999, the Alaska Native Heritage Center opened. On July 8, 2000, the airport was renamed \"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport\" in","title":"History of Anchorage, Alaska"},{"id":"992799","text":"classes, community workshops, local courses, as well as dual credit for high school students. 11% of Unalaska residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree. The state of Alaska owns a paved runway, where daily flights are scheduled. Because of the very harsh weather conditions around Unalaska Airport, about a fifth of those flights are cancelled. A seaplane base is also available. The state of Alaska changed the name of the airport in 2002 to \"Tom Madsen Airport\", after a bush pilot killed in an accident that year, although the FAA still uses the airport's original","title":"Unalaska, Alaska"},{"id":"13906071","text":"years. Sun Country Airlines operated fantasy flights at Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport. United Airlines operated fantasy flights at Washington Dulles Airport on 2002-12-07, 2003-12-06, 2006-12-02, and 2008-12-16; Phoenix International Airport with the Thomas J. Pappas School; Dulles International Airport; Chicago O'Hare International Airport; Miami International Airport; LaGuardia Airport; Las Vegas International Airport; Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport on 2000-04-25; San Francisco International Airport; Los Angeles International Airport; Ministro Pistarini International Airport; Sydney Airport; and for the first time in 2006, Denver International Airport, where its East Red Carpet Club was decorated and hosted the attendees with clowns, elves, and","title":"Fantasy flight"},{"id":"7936350","text":"DuPage Airport DuPage Airport is a general aviation airport located west of downtown Chicago in West Chicago, DuPage County, Illinois. It is owned and operated by the DuPage Airport Authority, which is an independent government body established by law by the State of Illinois. It also serves as a relief airport for O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport, both in nearby Chicago. DuPage Airport is located on what used to be sheep-grazing land, but in 1927, two Chicago entrepreneurs purchased the land and began barnstorming, using the field as a grass strip. In 1941, the U.S. Navy requisitioned","title":"DuPage Airport"},{"id":"15864318","text":"and have a greater impact. A magnitude 5.5 eastern U.S. earthquake can usually be felt as far as from its origin, and sometimes causes damage as far away as . The relatively shallow depth of this earthquake also contributed to its widespread effects. Soon after the earthquake, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ordered a ground stop along the East Coast, causing some flight delays. The air traffic control tower at John F. Kennedy International Airport was evacuated. Flights were delayed at several airports, including John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Dulles International","title":"2011 Virginia earthquake"},{"id":"11149952","text":"m) gravel surface. White Mountain Airport White Mountain Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) north of the central business district of White Mountain, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 2,516 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2007, a decrease of 11% from the 2,821 enplanements in 2006. White Mountain Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 267 feet (81 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with a 3,000 x 60 ft","title":"White Mountain Airport"},{"id":"11246990","text":"Rock Hill/York County Airport Rock Hill/York County Airport is a general aviation and reliever airport of Charlotte-Douglas International Airport located 5 miles (7 km) from the central business district of Rock Hill, in York County, South Carolina, United States. It is owned and operated by the City of Rock Hill, but York County is also represented on the Airport Commission. The airport was originally referred to as Bryant Field, after South Carolina Aviation Hall of Fame inductee Robert E. Bryant, but the name has since been dropped to avoid confusion with Bryant Field in California. Although most U.S. airports use","title":"Rock Hill/York County Airport"},{"id":"6245374","text":"and the surrounding area. It replaced the former Marquette County Airport , which closed the same year. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and International Air Transport Association (IATA), this airport is assigned SAW by the FAA and MQT by the IATA (which assigned SAW to Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Istanbul, Turkey). The airport's International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) identifier is KSAW. Sawyer International Airport covers an area of . It has a single asphalt/concrete runway, , originally re-designed in 1959 to accommodate B-52 bombers and KC-135 tankers. For","title":"Sawyer International Airport"},{"id":"9012214","text":"Manley Hot Springs Airport Manley Hot Springs Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Manley Hot Springs, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger service at this airport is subsidized by the U.S. Department of Transportation via the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 43 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 41 enplanements in 2009, and 41 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" airport. Manley Hot Springs","title":"Manley Hot Springs Airport"},{"id":"1529051","text":"Year Committee. In the same year, the Alaska Legislature renamed the Anchorage airport, the largest in the state, to the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. The Ted Stevens Foundation is a charity established to \"assist in educating and informing the public about the career of Senator Ted Stevens\". The chairman is Tim McKeever, a lobbyist who was treasurer of Stevens's 2004 campaign. In May 2006, McKeever said that the charity was \"nonpartisan and nonpolitical,\" and that Stevens does not raise money for the foundation, although he has attended some fund-raisers. November 18, 2003, the Senator's 80th birthday, was declared Senator","title":"Ted Stevens"},{"id":"1347034","text":"Portland International Airport Portland International Airport is a joint civil-military airport and the largest airport in the U.S. state of Oregon that accounts for 90% of passenger travel and more than 95% of air cargo of the state. It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, by air and by highway northeast of downtown Portland. Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX. The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land. Portland International Airport has direct flights and connections to most major airports throughout the United States,","title":"Portland International Airport"},{"id":"17493919","text":"Poplar Airport Poplar Airport is a public use airport located in Poplar, a town in Roosevelt County, Montana, United States. The airport is owned by Town of Poplar and Roosevelt County. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Poplar Airport covers an area of 69 acres (28 ha) at an elevation of 2,005 feet (611 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 9/27 which has an asphalt surface measuring is 3,030 by 60 feet (924 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending","title":"Poplar Airport"},{"id":"11818962","text":"October 31 in certain areas of St. George Island with active bird populations and seal rookeries. The following airline offers scheduled passenger service: St. George Airport (Alaska) St. George Airport is a state owned, public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) of the central business district of St. George, a city on St. George Island in the Aleutians West Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger airline service is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 604 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 610 enplanements","title":"St. George Airport (Alaska)"},{"id":"14633329","text":"fast and stealthy, and have been used to intercept drug shipments that have been dropped off into the open water from other larger ships or airdropped from aircraft. In June 2012, 36 people were arrested in Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland for smuggling 61,000 pounds of cocaine into the U.S through Puerto Rico's Luis Munoz Marin International Airport aboard flights operated by American Airlines. The smuggling had been taking place since 1999. In 1996, a group of researchers from Puerto Rico's Mental Health and Anti Addiction Services Administration, published the results of a study involving 849 out-of-treatment drug users","title":"Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico"},{"id":"13772842","text":"Nelson Lagoon Airport Nelson Lagoon Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) east of the central business district of Nelson Lagoon, in the Aleutians East Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service to Cold Bay Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 290 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, a decrease of 4% from the 302 enplanements in 2007. Nelson Lagoon Airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2009-2013), which categorizes it as a \"general aviation\"","title":"Nelson Lagoon Airport"},{"id":"1016527","text":"commuter jets. The Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport in Thermal just a few minutes from Indio is named for the famous 1920s pilot and Indio resident and used for cargo planes to ship agricultural products, also on the four-lane California State Route 86 expressway or the \"NAFTA highway\" (in reference to the North American Free Trade Agreement) for international traffic. The closest airport with regularly scheduled commercial passenger service is Palm Springs International Airport, about away. The Greyhound and Amtrak passenger buses have a highly used bus depot in downtown Indio, where buses stop by regularly on the way to stops","title":"Indio, California"},{"id":"3046530","text":"Foreign Trade Zone and U.S. Customs Office are located at the airport, enabling international inbound and outbound shipments. There are no commercial passenger flights to or from any international locations, but some private aircraft (e.g., those owned by Deere & Company) do make non-stop, international flights. Franing Field, the site of the present Quad City International Airport, was picked as an ideal flying field, with of level, grassy land free of obstacles. The airport made headlines right at the start, chosen as a control point for the first coast-to-coast flight in the fall of 1919. On August 18, 1927 an","title":"Quad City International Airport"},{"id":"11923928","text":"Rhode Island State Airport Terminal The Rhode Island State Airport Terminal is a historic airport terminal located on Airport Road in Warwick, Rhode Island, at what is now known as T. F. Green Airport. It was constructed in 1932, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1983. In July 1931, the State of Rhode Island opened Hillsgrove State Airport on in Warwick, the first state-owned and operated airfield in the United States. The terminal building opened in January 1933. For many years, it was occupied by an office of the U.S. Weather Service. It currently","title":"Rhode Island State Airport Terminal"},{"id":"3277237","text":"Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport , formerly known as Dickinson Municipal Airport, is a public use airport located five nautical miles (6 mi, 9 km) south of the central business district of Dickinson, in Stark County, North Dakota, United States. It is owned by the Dickinson Airport Authority. The airport serves western North Dakota, eastern Montana and northwest South Dakota, home to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. The airport is served by one airline, United Express, flying an Embraer Regional-Jet (ERJ) to Denver. Delta Connection flew to Minneapolis-St. Paul but ended service on November 30, 2015,","title":"Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport"},{"id":"8461","text":"Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012–2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors). Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state","title":"Alaska"},{"id":"14780924","text":"to decrease congestion and thereby delays on the busy San Francisco Bay Area - Metro Los Angeles air corridor. Air transportation in the United States The United States has an extensive air transportation network. In 2013, there were 86 airports in the U.S. that annually handled over 1,000,000 passengers and twelve of the world's thirty busiest airports by passenger volume in 2014 were in the U.S. (down from 17 in 2004), including the world's busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. In 2012, 88% of all traffic was through the 62 busiest airports in the country. In terms of cargo, in 2015,","title":"Air transportation in the United States"},{"id":"5236920","text":"Transportation in New York City The transportation system of New York City is a network of complex infrastructural systems. New York City, being the most populous city in the United States, has a transportation system which includes one of the largest subway systems in the world; the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel; and an aerial tramway. New York City's airport system, which includes John F. Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport (located in New Jersey), Stewart Airport and a few smaller facilities, is one of the largest in the world. New York City is also home","title":"Transportation in New York City"},{"id":"1008550","text":"change took effect on January 1, 2013. The airport is now the home of various aerospace companies and institutions such as Scaled Composites and the civilian National Test Pilot School. The town was home to the Rutan Voyager, the first aircraft to fly around the world nonstop and unrefueled. The airport is also the first inland spaceport in the United States, and was the location of the first private spaceflight, the launch of SpaceShipOne on June 21, 2004. Mojave also has a Mojave Transportation Museum. Mojave is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has","title":"Mojave, California"},{"id":"1854098","text":"San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport is an international airport south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a major gateway to Europe and Asia. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second-busiest in California and on the Western Coast of North America, after Los Angeles International Airport. In 2017, it was the seventh-busiest airport in the United States and the 24th-busiest in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth-largest hub for United","title":"San Francisco International Airport"},{"id":"5958847","text":"A second common use of fill dirt is to fill in a low-lying construction site to raise the level of the building foundation in order to reduce the chances of flooding. Several massive uses of fill dirt are with improvements to the Port of Seattle Sea-Tac Airport, the addition of a new runway to the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Kansai International Airport off the coast of Osaka, Japan, a project involving the creation of a new man-made island of some five square kilometers. Fill dirt is most often mined from commercial sand and gravel mines","title":"Fill dirt"},{"id":"1119485","text":"United States, and prized as the only one where regular flight conditions may be experienced. Despite this, CAFB has repeatedly hung in the balance during Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) hearings. Columbus boasted a number of industries during the mid-20th century, including the world's largest toilet seat manufacturer, Sanderson Plumbing Products, and major mattress, furniture and textile plants. Most of these had closed by 2000. A series of new plants at the Golden Triangle Regional Airport, including the Severstal mill, the American Eurocopter factory, the Paccar engine plant and the Aurora Flight Sciences facility, are revitalizing the local economy. Columbus","title":"Columbus, Mississippi"},{"id":"8547923","text":"Gustavus Airport Gustavus Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Gustavus, a city in the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 11,828 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,822 enplanements in 2009, and 9,996 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2015-2019, which categorized it as a \"nonprimary commercial service\" airport based on 9,509 enplanements in 2014. Gustavus Airport covers an area of 1,821 acres (737","title":"Gustavus Airport"},{"id":"11923929","text":"houses the offices of the Airport Operations Department. Rhode Island State Airport Terminal The Rhode Island State Airport Terminal is a historic airport terminal located on Airport Road in Warwick, Rhode Island, at what is now known as T. F. Green Airport. It was constructed in 1932, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1983. In July 1931, the State of Rhode Island opened Hillsgrove State Airport on in Warwick, the first state-owned and operated airfield in the United States. The terminal building opened in January 1933. For many years, it was occupied by an","title":"Rhode Island State Airport Terminal"},{"id":"8758062","text":"freight gateway in the nation. By weight, five percent of the value of all United States international air cargo moved through Anchorage in 2008. Next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is Lake Hood Seaplane Base, the largest Seaplane Base in the world. Merrill Field, a general aviation airport on the edge of downtown, was the 87th-busiest airport in the nation in 2010. There are also ten smaller private (mostly Department Of Transportation) general aviation airports within the city limits. See Box at Far Right for Anchorage's Sister Cities. More information at Municipality of Anchorage's Sister City Commission website. Anchorage,","title":"Anchorage, Alaska"},{"id":"10817419","text":"Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) southeast of the central business district of Marshall, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport is assigned MDM by the FAA and MLL by the IATA (which assigned MDM to Munduku, Papua New Guinea). Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport covers an area of which contains one runway designated 7/25 with a 3,201 ×","title":"Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport"},{"id":"4820105","text":"St. Thomas with nonstop service to Miami. Also historically the airport hosted Air Force One and Two, respectively, carrying Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Joseph Biden using Boeing 707s and later Boeing 757s. Cyril E. King Airport also hosted a number of charter airliners, from the 757 to the 767 to the DC-10. It was known as Harry S Truman Airport until 1984, when it was renamed to honor Cyril Emmanuel King, the second elected governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands. A new passenger terminal opened in November 1990 and retained the name. Cyril E. King Airport covers an area","title":"Cyril E. King Airport"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1932209\",\n \"text\": \"T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state-owned airport in the United States. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a\",\n \"title\": \"T. F. Green Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1932239\",\n \"text\": \"departed the left side of runway 5 after a hard landing by an unstabilized approach. Although the aircraft sustained substantial damage, none of the 31 passengers and crew aboard were injured. T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode\",\n \"title\": \"T. F. Green Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1932222\",\n \"text\": \"on July 21, 2011) has two concourses, North and South. The South Concourse has eight gates and the North Concourse has 14. Gates seven and eight are designed for international arrivals and are directly connected to customs, which is on the lower level of the concourse. The terminal contains a number of stores and restaurants, and a central food court. Theodore Francis Green State Airport covers at an elevation of 55 feet (17 m). It has two asphalt runways: 5/23 is 8,700 by 150 feet (2,652 x 46 m) and 16/34 is 6,081 by 150 feet (1,853 x 46 m).\",\n \"title\": \"T. F. Green Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"596758\",\n \"text\": \"Representatives, had been on Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by the Soviets on September 1, 1983. Georgia's primary commercial airport is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), and is the world's busiest passenger airport. In addition to Hartsfield-Jackson, there are eight other airports serving major commercial traffic in Georgia. Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the state as measured by passengers served, and is the only additional international airport. Other commercial airports (ranked in order of passengers served) are located in Augusta, Columbus, Albany, Macon, Brunswick, Valdosta, and Athens. The Georgia Ports Authority\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1940600\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major airport in the U.S. state of Alaska, located southwest of downtown Anchorage. The airport is named for Ted Stevens, a U.S. senator from Alaska in office from 1968 to 2009. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility. Built in 1951, the airport was served in the 1950s by Alaska Airlines, Northwest Orient, Pacific Northern Airlines and Reeve Aleutian Airways, using aircraft ranging from Douglas DC-3s\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"440044\",\n \"text\": \"Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix and the Cyril E. King International Airport serves St. Thomas and St. John. The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only US jurisdiction that drives on the left. This was inherited from what was then-current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark. However, because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States, the cars in the territory are left-hand drive. As in other US territories, U.S. Virgin Islands mail service is handled by the United States\",\n \"title\": \"United States Virgin Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9202683\",\n \"text\": \"inspect all dams to ensure conformity with established standards and regulations. The department works closely with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. DOTD is the State Agency for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The state works in conjunction with FEMA on a 25%/75% ratio. The DOTD is responsible for monitoring 62 airports in the state. A completed TIMED project of the DOTD is the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport. All commercial vehicles in the State of Louisiana are governed by the Dept of Public Safety. The DOTD division of \\\"Weights and Standards\\\" is the office responsible for\",\n \"title\": \"Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1335266\",\n \"text\": \"not pass through South Dakota. Five domestic airlines (Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, American Airlines, Allegiant Air, and Frontier Airlines) serve Sioux Falls Regional Airport. The airport is also known as Joe Foss Field (in honor of famed aviator and former Governor Joe Foss). Airlines offer non-stop flight service to a number of major U.S. airports, including Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Chicago O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Denver International Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, Orlando Sanford International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, McCarran International Airport (Las Vegas) and St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport.\",\n \"title\": \"Sioux Falls, South Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683629\",\n \"text\": \"the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways. Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and the fourth-busiest, O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks of 2001, the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners. The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year. Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons (7076 kg) of oil equivalent per year, the 10th-highest rate in the world.\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1940615\",\n \"text\": \"the vast powers of the natural world. The airport features an innovative customer service program, which partners with most on-site (and some nearby) vendors and concessionaires and aims to promote a positive image of the airport and the State of Alaska in the minds of travelers. This volunteer, self-funded committee mystery shops at partnering companies and provides awards of cash, free covered parking, and donated prizes to winning employees. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major airport in the U.S. state of Alaska, located southwest of downtown Anchorage. The airport is named for Ted\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1841435\",\n \"text\": \"of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United States, where the airport serves as a major hub for travel throughout the southeastern region of the country. Atlanta has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998; and by number of landings and take-offs from 2005 to 2013, losing that title to Chicago–O'Hare in 2014, but regaining it a year later. Hartsfield–Jackson held its ranking as the world's busiest airport in 2012, both in passengers and number of flights, by accommodating 100 million passengers (more than 260,000 passengers daily) and 950,119 flights. In 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"683742\",\n \"text\": \"for being the only U.S. capital city (either of a territory or state) where traffic drives on the left side of the road - this despite a previous fourteen-year period of conforming to the American right side principle, which was reverted to left side by popular demand. Highway 30 (Veterans Dr) passes through Charlotte Amalie. Additionally, Charlotte Amalie holds one of two airports in the US Virgin Islands. Cyril E. King Airport (IATA: STT ICAO: TIST) offers regular nonstop service to destinations along the east coast of the United States. St. Thomas-St. John School District serves the community. Addelita Cancryn\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10394000\",\n \"text\": \"National Guard unit operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC) of the U.S. Air Force. The mission of the 143 AW is to provide air logistics support pursuant to both its state and federal missions. Originally located at Theodore Francis Green Airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, the 143 AW relocated to the former Naval Air Station Quonset Point in the mid-1980s, with the base initially consisting of 79 acres of leased land. By July 2001 the base had an additional lease for approximately 15 acres used for the development of their master plan and will allow for construction of\",\n \"title\": \"Quonset Point Air National Guard Station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622299\",\n \"text\": \"°C) respectively. On June 30, Atlanta, Georgia set a new all-time record high temperature of 106 °F. The Mid-Atlantic States did not escape the heat. On June 29, Salisbury, Maryland recorded a monthly record high of , while Baltimore (DMH) reached on June 29, setting a similar month of June record. While still affecting the Southeastern and Great Plains regions of the U.S., the heat wave continued to spread northward into the New England area around July 7 and 8, leading to temperatures surpassing 90 °F. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport tied its all-time 4th of July record of 102 °F\",\n \"title\": \"2012 North American heat wave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1940604\",\n \"text\": \"oil exploration and other niche markets. The airport was renamed in 2000 by the Alaska Legislature to honor then long-standing U.S. Senator Ted Stevens. On November 30, 2018, the airport suffered minor damage and was temporarily closed following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in the area. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport's passenger traffic hovered around the five million mark between 1998 and 2008, apart from in 2002 when the airport suffered a 13% drop in traffic. Fairbanks and Juneau are the next busiest airports though neither managed more than half a million passengers last year. Anchorage traffic peaks in June, July\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18311076\",\n \"text\": \"New York, Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey, O'Hare International Airport in Illinois, Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia, and Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Georgia. Combined, these airports receive more than 94% of passengers from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, the three countries most affected by Ebola. Although no plans have been announced for other airports, screening in the U.S. represents a second layer of protection since passengers are already being screened upon exiting these three countries. However, the risk can never be totally eliminated. On October 21, the Department of Homeland Security announced that all passengers from\",\n \"title\": \"Ebola virus cases in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10831197\",\n \"text\": \"download speed, based on data from 2014 and 2015. Washington has a system of state highways, called State Routes, as well as an extensive ferry system which is the largest in the nation and the third largest in the world. There are 140 public airfields in Washington, including 16 state airports owned by the Washington State Department of Transportation. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac) is the major commercial airport of greater Seattle. Boeing Field in Seattle is one of the busiest primary non-hub airports in the US. There are extensive waterways in the midst of Washington's largest cities, including Seattle, Bellevue,\",\n \"title\": \"Washington (state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6151585\",\n \"text\": \"for tourists to see Alaska. Cities not served by road or sea can only be reached by air, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage itself, and to a lesser extent Fairbanks, are serviced by many major airlines. Air travel is the cheapest and most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2000-2001, the latest year for which data are available, 2.4 million total arrivals to Alaska were counted, 1.7 million\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5837060\",\n \"text\": \"Newport State Airport (Rhode Island) Newport State Airport is a state owned, public use airport in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. It serves the city of Newport and is located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of its central business district. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" facility. There is no scheduled airline service available, but it once was served by Air New England. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned UUU\",\n \"title\": \"Newport State Airport (Rhode Island)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"342138\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Ocean State\\\", and the nautical nature of Rhode Island's geography pervades its culture. Newport Harbor, in particular, holds many pleasure boats. In the lobby of T. F. Green, the state's main airport, is a large life-sized sailboat, and the state's license plates depict an ocean wave or a sailboat. Additionally, the large number of beaches in Washington County lures many Rhode Islanders south for summer vacation. The state was notorious for organized crime activity from the 1950s into the 1990s when the Patriarca crime family held sway over most of New England from its Providence headquarters. Rhode Islanders developed\",\n \"title\": \"Rhode Island\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10121301\",\n \"text\": \"from Quebec to Labrador, and between Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. Air travel first entered as a viable alternative to transcontinental railroads, and to the then-primitive (or non-existent) road networks that crossed the United States and Canada in the early 1930s, but truly increased in popularity after the Second World War. Most of the continent's busiest airports are located in the United States. In fact the U.S. has 9 of North America's 10 busiest airports, including the world's busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta. The busiest airport in North America outside the United States is Toronto Pearson International\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in North America\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9012034\",\n \"text\": \"Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base is a state owned, public use seaplane base located in Excursion Inlet, in the Haines Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger service is subsidized by the U.S. Department of Transportation via the Essential Air Service program. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2015-2019, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation airport\\\" based on 69 enplanements (boardings) in calendar year 2012. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 69 passenger enplanements in calendar year 2008, 68 enplanements in 2009, and 30\",\n \"title\": \"Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13545929\",\n \"text\": \"St. Paul Island Airport St. Paul Island Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport located on St. Paul Island in the Aleutians West Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is situated near the city of St. Paul, the island's main settlement. Scheduled airline service to Anchorage International Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 3,301 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, an increase of 8% from the 3,064 enplanements in 2007. St. Paul Island Airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2009–2013),\",\n \"title\": \"St. Paul Island Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11818960\",\n \"text\": \"St. George Airport (Alaska) St. George Airport is a state owned, public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) of the central business district of St. George, a city on St. George Island in the Aleutians West Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger airline service is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 604 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 610 enplanements in 2009, and 643 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as\",\n \"title\": \"St. George Airport (Alaska)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"896775\",\n \"text\": \"near Washington, D.C., Hartsfield International Airport in Atlanta, Miami International Airport in Miami, Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, Tampa International Airport in Tampa and Orlando International Airport in Orlando, Florida. East Coast of the United States The East Coast of the United States, also known as the Eastern Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast, and the Atlantic Seaboard, is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean. The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware,\",\n \"title\": \"East Coast of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16258024\",\n \"text\": \"of Oakland, Port of Virginia, Port of Houston, Port of Tacoma, Port of Charleston, and Port of Seattle. Airports, and more specifically air cargo, are a significant component of the freight system. It is estimated that in the United States in 2013, over $1.1 billion worth of goods traveled by air. The top five airports in the U.S., ranked by landed weight of all-cargo operations in 2014, are Memphis International Airport, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Louisville International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport, and Miami International Airport. A distribution center is a warehouse or other specialized building that receives, stores,\",\n \"title\": \"Urban freight distribution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8908180\",\n \"text\": \"runway designated 2/20 with a gravel surface measuring 4,000 by 75 feet (1,219 x 23 m). The following airlines offer scheduled passenger service: Golovin Airport Golovin Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Golovin, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,753 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, an increase of 8.4% from the 1,617 enplanements in 2009. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" airport. Golovin Airport\",\n \"title\": \"Golovin Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19982386\",\n \"text\": \"States Congress, including Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and Congressman John Lewis (D-GA) joined the protests in their own home states. Google co-founder Sergey Brin and Y Combinator president Sam Altman joined the protest at San Francisco airport. Virginia governor, Terry McAuliffe, joined the protest at Dulles International Airport on Saturday. In response to protests, the airport operators of John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport shut down transit access to the airport (AirTrain JFK and the SeaTac/Airport light rail station, respectively). New York Governor Andrew Cuomo ordered that AirTrain service resume, while Sound Transit ordered\",\n \"title\": \"Reactions to Executive Order 13769\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12492704\",\n \"text\": \"Sand Point Airport Sand Point Airport is a state owned, public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of the central business district of Sand Point, a city in the Aleutians East Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service to Anchorage International Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 4,296 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 3,957 in 2009, and 4,281 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \\\"non-primary commercial service\\\" airport. Sand Point Airport resides at\",\n \"title\": \"Sand Point Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1841434\",\n \"text\": \"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , also known as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield, or Hartsfield–Jackson, is an international airport located south of Atlanta's central business district, in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is named after former Atlanta mayors William B. Hartsfield and Maynard Jackson. The airport has 209 domestic and international gates. ATL covers 4,700 acres (1,902 ha) of land and has five parallel runways. The airport has international service within North America and to countries in South America, Central America, Europe, Africa and Asia. As an international gateway to the United States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sixth. Many\",\n \"title\": \"Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16736254\",\n \"text\": \"Airport Honolulu International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport McCarran International Airport Los Angeles International Airport LaGuardia Airport Orlando International Airport Memphis International Airport Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Portland International Airport Philadelphia International Airport Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport San Diego International Airport Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport Seattle-Tacoma International Airport San Francisco International Airport Salt Lake City International Airport Tampa International Airport Delta TechOps Delta TechOps is the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) division of Delta Air Lines, and is headquartered at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL) in Atlanta, Georgia. With more than 9,600 Technical Operations employees and 51 maintenance stations\",\n \"title\": \"Delta TechOps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7956890\",\n \"text\": \"Northeast Kingdom International Airport Northeast Kingdom International Airport, until 2015 the Newport State Airport , is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Newport, a city in Orleans County, Vermont, United States. It is owned by the State of Vermont. Northeast Kingdom International Airport covers an area of which contains two asphalt paved runways (5/23) measuring 4,000 x 100 ft (1,219 x 30 m). (18/36) measuring 5,300 x 100 ft (1,615 x 30 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2015, the airport had 9,452 aircraft operations, an average of 19\",\n \"title\": \"Northeast Kingdom International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13546839\",\n \"text\": \"Ruby Airport Ruby Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) southeast of the central business district of Ruby, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,915 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,634 enplanements in 2009, and 1,809 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" airport (the \\\"commercial service\\\" category requires at least 2,500 enplanements per year). Ruby Airport has one runway\",\n \"title\": \"Ruby Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6842509\",\n \"text\": \"has a Civil Reserve Air Fleet contract with the United States Department of Defense. Lynden Air Cargo operates the following domestic scheduled freight services: Anchorage, Bethel, Kotzebue and Nome. As of November 2012 the Lynden Air Cargo fleet includes: Lynden Air Cargo Lynden Air Cargo is an American cargo airline based in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. It operates scheduled services and on demand charter, international and domestic flights, including services for the US military. Its main base is Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Subsidiary company Lynden Air Cargo PNG Ltd, based in Lae, Papua New Guinea, offers air cargo charters in\",\n \"title\": \"Lynden Air Cargo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"438089\",\n \"text\": \"U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by U.S. Airways. Of the world's 30 busiest passenger airports, 12 of them are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The US is the second-largest energy consumer in total use. The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and a number of other countries. The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2005, it was estimated that 40% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 23% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16985736\",\n \"text\": \"December 17–22, 2012 North American blizzard The December 17–22, 2012 North American blizzard was a massive winter storm that affected the Midwestern and Eastern United States. Forming on December 17, the winter storm moved across the midwest, forcing schools to close throughout the region. Numerous warnings and advisories had been posted by the National Weather Service for many states, including Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Both O'Hare International Airport and Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois canceled most departures and arrivals. According to flight tracking website FlightStats.com, more than 1,000 flights were canceled across the region. More than 130,000 customers\",\n \"title\": \"December 17–22, 2012 North American blizzard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16018736\",\n \"text\": \"Birchwood Airport Birchwood Airport is a state owned, public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northwest of the central business district of Birchwood (also known as Chugiak), in the Anchorage Municipality of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 450 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, an increase of 20% from the 375 enplanements in 2009. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" airport. Birchwood Airport covers an area of 196 acres (79 ha) at\",\n \"title\": \"Birchwood Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7956893\",\n \"text\": \"a new passenger terminal, commercial flights and the aircraft assembly plant, but were abandoned in April 2016 when the developers were charged with fraud for misappropriating the funds. On October 12th 2017, the FAA officially recognized the State of Vermont's Airport name change from Newport State Airport to Northeast Kingdom International Airport. Northeast Kingdom International Airport Northeast Kingdom International Airport, until 2015 the Newport State Airport , is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Newport, a city in Orleans County, Vermont, United States. It is owned by the State of Vermont.\",\n \"title\": \"Northeast Kingdom International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10490377\",\n \"text\": \"Red Dog Airport Red Dog Airport is a private-use airport located at Red Dog Mine, in the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is privately owned by the NANA (Northwest Arctic Native Association) Regional Corporation. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 2/20 which measures 6,312 x 100 ft. (1,924 x 30 m). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 7,968 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2005 and 8,475 enplanements (105 scheduled + 8,370 unscheduled) in 2006. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Red Dog Airport is assigned\",\n \"title\": \"Red Dog Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11337038\",\n \"text\": \"Beluga Airport Beluga Airport is a private use airport located in Beluga, in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is privately owned by Conoco Phillips Alaska (formerly ARCO Alaska). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 2,541 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 2,410 enplanements in 2009, and 2,144 in 2010. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned BLG by the FAA and BVU by the IATA (which assigned BLG to Belaga Airport in Belaga, Sarawak, Malaysia). The airport's ICAO\",\n \"title\": \"Beluga Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8326692\",\n \"text\": \"feet (718 x 30 m) with a displaced threshold on Runway 23 - it is the shortest paved public runway in the state of Florida. For the 12-month period ending June 30, 2000, the airport had 4,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 10 per day. In March 2011 the unincorporated association Friends of the Cedar Key Airport was founded with local aviators and business owners to promote the improvement and increased operational safety of the airfield. With the collection of extensive pilot surveys supporting local economic benefits over several years they were able to move Levy County to\",\n \"title\": \"George T. Lewis Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7955521\",\n \"text\": \"Block Island State Airport Block Island State Airport is a public use airport located on Block Island, in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The airport is owned by the State of Rhode Island. It is primarily a general aviation airport, but there is also scheduled airline service to Westerly State Airport. The airport opened in 1950. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 10,384 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,516 enplanements in 2009, and 9,821 in 2010. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in\",\n \"title\": \"Block Island State Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4820102\",\n \"text\": \"Cyril E. King Airport Cyril E. King International Airport is a public airport located two miles (3 km) west of the central business district of Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. It is currently the busiest airport in the United States Virgin Islands, and one of the busiest in the eastern Caribbean, servicing 1,403,000 passengers from July 2015 through June 2016. The airport also serves nearby St. John and is often used by those traveling to the British Virgin Islands. Although passports are not required for U.S. citizens who are visiting the\",\n \"title\": \"Cyril E. King Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11149951\",\n \"text\": \"White Mountain Airport White Mountain Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) north of the central business district of White Mountain, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 2,516 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2007, a decrease of 11% from the 2,821 enplanements in 2006. White Mountain Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 267 feet (81 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with a 3,000 x 60 ft (914 x 18\",\n \"title\": \"White Mountain Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455844\",\n \"text\": \"Washington Dulles International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport ( ) is an international airport in the eastern United States, located in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia, west of downtown Opened in 1962, it is named after John Foster Dulles the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Dulles main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles Airport occupies straddling the Loudoun-Fairfax Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of\",\n \"title\": \"Washington Dulles International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11840572\",\n \"text\": \"state's 1890 constitution and discriminatory practices, until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and concerted grassroots efforts to achieve registration and encourage voting. Mississippi has six airports with commercial passenger service, the busiest in Jackson (Jackson-Evers International Airport) and one in Gulfport (Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport) Mississippi is served by nine interstate highways: and fourteen main U.S. Routes: as well as a system of State Highways. For more information, visit the Mississippi Department of Transportation website. Amtrak provides scheduled passenger service along two routes, the \\\"Crescent\\\" and \\\"City of New Orleans\\\". Prior to severe damage from Hurricane Katrina, the\",\n \"title\": \"Mississippi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3344704\",\n \"text\": \"the accident was caused by metal fatigue. The incident caused almost all major United States air carriers to re-examine their oldest airplane models and those with those most \\\"cycles\\\" or flights. Many older aircraft were retired or phased-out after these checks. On October 7, 2011, a Cessna 310 controlled by a 65-year-old pilot coming from Monterey, California declared an emergency landing at about 12:30 pm. The plane was low on fuel. It made a water landing 13 miles offshore of the Big Island. Hilo International Airport Hilo International Airport , formerly General Lyman Field, is owned and operated by the\",\n \"title\": \"Hilo International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8037093\",\n \"text\": \"Utah, was familiar with the terrain however and recognized sufficient landmarks to approach San Francisco Bay from the north. He used a revolving light on Alcatraz Island to guide him to Crissy Field, the military airfield at the Presidio of San Francisco, where he landed in front of an estimated 50,000 spectators at 9:46 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, reportedly a minute before dusk. Maughan's total transit time was 20 hours and 48 minutes. His actual flight time was 18 hours and 20 minutes, at an average groundspeed of . In addition to the publicity value of being the first transcontinental\",\n \"title\": \"Dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3277238\",\n \"text\": \"due to low passenger loads. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 9,164 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,924 enplanements in 2009, and 10,383 in 2010. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. The airport is named for Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the 26th President of the United States. The airport covers an area of 626 acres (253 ha) at an elevation of 2,592 feet (790 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 14/32 is 6,399 by 100 feet\",\n \"title\": \"Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8758027\",\n \"text\": \"as many places in the lower 48 states. With the notable exception of a real estate-related crash in the mid-to-late 1980s, which saw the failure of numerous financial institutions, it does not experience as much pain during economic downturns. The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (TSAIA) is the world's third busiest airport for cargo traffic, surpassed only by Memphis and Hong Kong. This traffic is strongly linked to Anchorage's location along great circle routes between Asia and the lower 48. In addition, the airport has an abundant supply of jet fuel from in-state refineries in North Pole and Kenai. This\",\n \"title\": \"Anchorage, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7921556\",\n \"text\": \"Marin County Airport Marin County Airport or Gnoss Field , formerly O56, is a public airport two miles northeast of Novato. The airport covers and has one runway and one helipad. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Marin County Airport/Gnoss Field is DVO to the FAA and NOT to the IATA (which assigned DVO to Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City, Philippines). There was a plan unveiled in 2014 to extend the length of Gnoss' runway by 1100', to 4400'. The FAA's final recommendation in 2016 called for a significant\",\n \"title\": \"Marin County Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5837063\",\n \"text\": \"m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: 4/22 is 2,999 by 75 feet (914 x 23 m) and 16/34 is 2,623 by 75 feet (799 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending June 30, 2011, the airport had 20,238 aircraft operations, an average of 55 per day: 98% general aviation, 2% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 34 aircraft based at this airport: 85% single-engine, 9% multi-engine, and 6% helicopter. Newport State Airport (Rhode Island) Newport State Airport is a state owned, public use airport in Newport County, Rhode Island,\",\n \"title\": \"Newport State Airport (Rhode Island)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1083791\",\n \"text\": \"Loyola Dr. In addition the interstate, U.S. 61 (generally signed as Airline Dr.) travels east–west through the southern end of the city. LA 49 (signed as Williams Blvd.) is the city's primary north–south corridor. Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (IATA: MSY), the main commercial airport for the New Orleans metropolitan area, is located within the city limits, just south of Interstate 10. It serves as a major tax-revenue generator for the city. Kenner, Louisiana Kenner (historically ) is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. State of Louisiana. It is the largest city in Jefferson Parish, United States and a\",\n \"title\": \"Kenner, Louisiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8908179\",\n \"text\": \"Golovin Airport Golovin Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Golovin, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,753 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2010, an increase of 8.4% from the 1,617 enplanements in 2009. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" airport. Golovin Airport covers an area of 225 acres (91 ha) at an elevation of 59 feet (18 m) above mean sea level. It has one\",\n \"title\": \"Golovin Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19973021\",\n \"text\": \"that Christian refugees will be given priority in terms of refugee status in the United States. The first protest started at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport. Protests quickly started at other airports nationwide, including Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), San Francisco International Airport, Seattle's SeaTac Airport, and in airports in Indianapolis, Boston, Denver, Albuquerque, Hartford, Newark, Albany, New York, and San Diego. Also planned were Atlanta, Houston, Las Vegas, Orlando, Greenville and Philadelphia. Protesters were mobilized mainly through the use of social media. Protests and walkouts continued in February. On February 2, thousands\",\n \"title\": \"Protests against Executive Order 13769\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"198266\",\n \"text\": \"a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and truck traffic. From 1962 until 1998, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) was the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total flights and passengers. While it was surpassed by Atlanta's Hartsfield in 1998 (as Chicago splits its air traffic between O'Hare and Midway airports, while Atlanta only uses one airport), with 59.3 million domestic passengers annually, along with 11.4 million international passengers in 2008, O'Hare consistently remains one of the two or three busiest airports globally, and in some years still ranks number one in total flights. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9011917\",\n \"text\": \"mean sea level. It has one runway designated 7/25 with a gravel surface measuring 2,782 by 60 feet (848 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 4,000 aircraft operations, an average of 10 per day: 62.5% air taxi and 37.5% general aviation. Central Airport Central Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Central, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Commercial service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 47 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year\",\n \"title\": \"Central Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11544824\",\n \"text\": \"Climate of Anchorage Anchorage, Alaska has a subarctic climate with the code \\\"Dsc\\\" according to the Köppen climate classification due to its short, cool summers. Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately ; average daytime winter temperatures are about . Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over one hundred days. Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (PANC) are with an average winter snowfall of . Further afield at the Campbell Airstrip is another weather station recording colder night temperatures in both summer and winter. The weather on any given day and\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Anchorage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3046529\",\n \"text\": \"Quad City International Airport Quad City International Airport is a public airport in Rock Island County, Illinois, three miles (5 km) south of Moline. It is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Airport Authority of Rock Island County. It is partly in Blackhawk Township and partly in Coal Valley Township. In 2012 it was named \\\"Illinois Primary Airport of the Year\\\". Quad City is the third-busiest commercial airport in Illinois – Chicago's O'Hare and Midway International Airports lead the state. The international designation is for being an official port of entry and having a U.S. customs port of entry. A\",\n \"title\": \"Quad City International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049897\",\n \"text\": \"Maine for February was , about below normal, breaking the old record of set in January 1994. Portland, Maine also saw a record coldest average monthly temperature of in February. On February 24, the temperature at Dulles International Airport in Virginia fell to dipped down to , breaking the previous record of set in 1967. Rutland, Vermont, saw a record averaged cold for February of , breaking its previous record of set in 1934. Montpelier, Vermont realized its coldest February with an average temperature of , below the 1979 record of . The average February temperature in Syracuse, New York,\",\n \"title\": \"February 2015 North American cold wave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8027799\",\n \"text\": \"ferry was raised enough to permit dewatering operations, and the river reopened to limited marine traffic. The ferry was towed to the Louisiana Department of Highways yard in Plaquemine, LA, for further investigation. The damage was deemed irreparable, and the \\\"George Prince\\\" never sailed again. Investigators used the weather conditions from Moisant International Airport (now Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport), less than away. Conditions there were recorded as a \\\"clear, crisp, pre-dawn darkness, without fog, haze, or other local environmental impairment to visibility.\\\" Winds were from the north-northeast at , with gusts to . The river conditions were measured\",\n \"title\": \"MV George Prince ferry disaster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18102227\",\n \"text\": \"Takotna Airport Takotna Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) north of Takotna, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 206 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 128 in 2009, and 190 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" facility. Takotna Airport covers an area of 7 acres (3 ha) at an elevation of 422 feet (129 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 4/22 with\",\n \"title\": \"Takotna Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13775378\",\n \"text\": \"Twin Hills Airport Twin Hills Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport serving Twin Hills, in the Dillingham Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service to Dillingham Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 395 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, a decrease of 23% from the 510 enplanements in 2007. Twin Hills Airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2009–2013), which categorizes it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" facility. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the\",\n \"title\": \"Twin Hills Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9011916\",\n \"text\": \"Central Airport Central Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Central, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Commercial service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 47 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 13 enplanements in 2009, and 20 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" airport. Central Airport covers an area of 97 acres (39 ha) at an elevation of 937 feet (286 m) above\",\n \"title\": \"Central Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15908991\",\n \"text\": \"large level and other types of delays could eventually be avoided by optimizing organization in airports or establishing a delay prevention schedule. Weather delays are rather rare and are not primary reasons for flights to be delayed. This section illustrates performances of Airlines and Airports in being on time in 2015, the focus is on the USA's ten biggest airports, namely; Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, New York (JFK), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Seattle and Charlotte. Delays are divided into three categories, namely \\\"on time or small delay\\\" (up to 15 minutes delay), \\\"Medium delay\\\" (15 - 45 minutes\",\n \"title\": \"Flight cancellation and delay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14943800\",\n \"text\": \"Nikolai Airport Nikolai Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) northeast of the central business district of Nikolai, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 364 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, a decrease of 21% from the 459 enplanements in 2007. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and\",\n \"title\": \"Nikolai Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18102228\",\n \"text\": \"a gravel surface measuring 4,000 by 75 feet (1,219 x 23 m). Takotna Airport Takotna Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) north of Takotna, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 206 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 128 in 2009, and 190 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" facility. Takotna Airport covers an area of 7 acres (3 ha) at an elevation of 422 feet (129\",\n \"title\": \"Takotna Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19726588\",\n \"text\": \"Major Gilbert Field Airport Major Gilbert Field Airport, also known as Madeline Island Airport, is a town owned public use airport located 2 miles (3 km) northeast of the central business district of La Pointe, Wisconsin, a town in Ashland County, Wisconsin, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019–2023, in which it is categorized as a basic general aviation facility. Although most airports in the United States use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and International Air Transport Association (IATA), this airport is assigned 4R5 by\",\n \"title\": \"Major Gilbert Field Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13546840\",\n \"text\": \"designated 3/21 with a gravel surface measuring 4,000 by 100 feet (1,219 x 30 m). Wright Air Service offers scheduled passenger service at this airport: Ruby Airport Ruby Airport is a state owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) southeast of the central business district of Ruby, a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,915 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,634 enplanements in 2009, and 1,809 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for\",\n \"title\": \"Ruby Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6932158\",\n \"text\": \"North Slope oil revenue into the state treasury. Capital projects and an aggressive beautification program, combined with far-sighted community planning, greatly increased infrastructure and quality of life. Major improvements included a new library, a civic center, a sports arena, a performing arts center, Hilltop Ski Area, and Kincaid Outdoor Center. In the late 1980s, however, the price of oil dropped dramatically and a recession hit Anchorage. In 1996, the Arctic Winter Games were held in Chugiak/Eagle River and, in 1999, the Alaska Native Heritage Center opened. On July 8, 2000, the airport was renamed \\\"Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport\\\" in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Anchorage, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"992799\",\n \"text\": \"classes, community workshops, local courses, as well as dual credit for high school students. 11% of Unalaska residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree. The state of Alaska owns a paved runway, where daily flights are scheduled. Because of the very harsh weather conditions around Unalaska Airport, about a fifth of those flights are cancelled. A seaplane base is also available. The state of Alaska changed the name of the airport in 2002 to \\\"Tom Madsen Airport\\\", after a bush pilot killed in an accident that year, although the FAA still uses the airport's original\",\n \"title\": \"Unalaska, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13906071\",\n \"text\": \"years. Sun Country Airlines operated fantasy flights at Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport. United Airlines operated fantasy flights at Washington Dulles Airport on 2002-12-07, 2003-12-06, 2006-12-02, and 2008-12-16; Phoenix International Airport with the Thomas J. Pappas School; Dulles International Airport; Chicago O'Hare International Airport; Miami International Airport; LaGuardia Airport; Las Vegas International Airport; Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport on 2000-04-25; San Francisco International Airport; Los Angeles International Airport; Ministro Pistarini International Airport; Sydney Airport; and for the first time in 2006, Denver International Airport, where its East Red Carpet Club was decorated and hosted the attendees with clowns, elves, and\",\n \"title\": \"Fantasy flight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7936350\",\n \"text\": \"DuPage Airport DuPage Airport is a general aviation airport located west of downtown Chicago in West Chicago, DuPage County, Illinois. It is owned and operated by the DuPage Airport Authority, which is an independent government body established by law by the State of Illinois. It also serves as a relief airport for O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport, both in nearby Chicago. DuPage Airport is located on what used to be sheep-grazing land, but in 1927, two Chicago entrepreneurs purchased the land and began barnstorming, using the field as a grass strip. In 1941, the U.S. Navy requisitioned\",\n \"title\": \"DuPage Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15864318\",\n \"text\": \"and have a greater impact. A magnitude 5.5 eastern U.S. earthquake can usually be felt as far as from its origin, and sometimes causes damage as far away as . The relatively shallow depth of this earthquake also contributed to its widespread effects. Soon after the earthquake, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ordered a ground stop along the East Coast, causing some flight delays. The air traffic control tower at John F. Kennedy International Airport was evacuated. Flights were delayed at several airports, including John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Dulles International\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Virginia earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11149952\",\n \"text\": \"m) gravel surface. White Mountain Airport White Mountain Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) north of the central business district of White Mountain, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 2,516 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2007, a decrease of 11% from the 2,821 enplanements in 2006. White Mountain Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 267 feet (81 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with a 3,000 x 60 ft\",\n \"title\": \"White Mountain Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11246990\",\n \"text\": \"Rock Hill/York County Airport Rock Hill/York County Airport is a general aviation and reliever airport of Charlotte-Douglas International Airport located 5 miles (7 km) from the central business district of Rock Hill, in York County, South Carolina, United States. It is owned and operated by the City of Rock Hill, but York County is also represented on the Airport Commission. The airport was originally referred to as Bryant Field, after South Carolina Aviation Hall of Fame inductee Robert E. Bryant, but the name has since been dropped to avoid confusion with Bryant Field in California. Although most U.S. airports use\",\n \"title\": \"Rock Hill/York County Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6245374\",\n \"text\": \"and the surrounding area. It replaced the former Marquette County Airport , which closed the same year. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and International Air Transport Association (IATA), this airport is assigned SAW by the FAA and MQT by the IATA (which assigned SAW to Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Istanbul, Turkey). The airport's International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) identifier is KSAW. Sawyer International Airport covers an area of . It has a single asphalt/concrete runway, , originally re-designed in 1959 to accommodate B-52 bombers and KC-135 tankers. For\",\n \"title\": \"Sawyer International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9012214\",\n \"text\": \"Manley Hot Springs Airport Manley Hot Springs Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Manley Hot Springs, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger service at this airport is subsidized by the U.S. Department of Transportation via the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 43 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 41 enplanements in 2009, and 41 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" airport. Manley Hot Springs\",\n \"title\": \"Manley Hot Springs Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1529051\",\n \"text\": \"Year Committee. In the same year, the Alaska Legislature renamed the Anchorage airport, the largest in the state, to the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. The Ted Stevens Foundation is a charity established to \\\"assist in educating and informing the public about the career of Senator Ted Stevens\\\". The chairman is Tim McKeever, a lobbyist who was treasurer of Stevens's 2004 campaign. In May 2006, McKeever said that the charity was \\\"nonpartisan and nonpolitical,\\\" and that Stevens does not raise money for the foundation, although he has attended some fund-raisers. November 18, 2003, the Senator's 80th birthday, was declared Senator\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1347034\",\n \"text\": \"Portland International Airport Portland International Airport is a joint civil-military airport and the largest airport in the U.S. state of Oregon that accounts for 90% of passenger travel and more than 95% of air cargo of the state. It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, by air and by highway northeast of downtown Portland. Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX. The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land. Portland International Airport has direct flights and connections to most major airports throughout the United States,\",\n \"title\": \"Portland International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17493919\",\n \"text\": \"Poplar Airport Poplar Airport is a public use airport located in Poplar, a town in Roosevelt County, Montana, United States. The airport is owned by Town of Poplar and Roosevelt County. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorized it as a \\\"general aviation\\\" facility. Poplar Airport covers an area of 69 acres (28 ha) at an elevation of 2,005 feet (611 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 9/27 which has an asphalt surface measuring is 3,030 by 60 feet (924 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending\",\n \"title\": \"Poplar Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11818962\",\n \"text\": \"October 31 in certain areas of St. George Island with active bird populations and seal rookeries. The following airline offers scheduled passenger service: St. George Airport (Alaska) St. George Airport is a state owned, public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) of the central business district of St. George, a city on St. George Island in the Aleutians West Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled passenger airline service is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 604 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 610 enplanements\",\n \"title\": \"St. George Airport (Alaska)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14633329\",\n \"text\": \"fast and stealthy, and have been used to intercept drug shipments that have been dropped off into the open water from other larger ships or airdropped from aircraft. In June 2012, 36 people were arrested in Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland for smuggling 61,000 pounds of cocaine into the U.S through Puerto Rico's Luis Munoz Marin International Airport aboard flights operated by American Airlines. The smuggling had been taking place since 1999. In 1996, a group of researchers from Puerto Rico's Mental Health and Anti Addiction Services Administration, published the results of a study involving 849 out-of-treatment drug users\",\n \"title\": \"Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13772842\",\n \"text\": \"Nelson Lagoon Airport Nelson Lagoon Airport is a state-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) east of the central business district of Nelson Lagoon, in the Aleutians East Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service to Cold Bay Airport is provided by Peninsula Airways (PenAir). As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 290 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, a decrease of 4% from the 302 enplanements in 2007. Nelson Lagoon Airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2009-2013), which categorizes it as a \\\"general aviation\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Nelson Lagoon Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1016527\",\n \"text\": \"commuter jets. The Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport in Thermal just a few minutes from Indio is named for the famous 1920s pilot and Indio resident and used for cargo planes to ship agricultural products, also on the four-lane California State Route 86 expressway or the \\\"NAFTA highway\\\" (in reference to the North American Free Trade Agreement) for international traffic. The closest airport with regularly scheduled commercial passenger service is Palm Springs International Airport, about away. The Greyhound and Amtrak passenger buses have a highly used bus depot in downtown Indio, where buses stop by regularly on the way to stops\",\n \"title\": \"Indio, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3046530\",\n \"text\": \"Foreign Trade Zone and U.S. Customs Office are located at the airport, enabling international inbound and outbound shipments. There are no commercial passenger flights to or from any international locations, but some private aircraft (e.g., those owned by Deere & Company) do make non-stop, international flights. Franing Field, the site of the present Quad City International Airport, was picked as an ideal flying field, with of level, grassy land free of obstacles. The airport made headlines right at the start, chosen as a control point for the first coast-to-coast flight in the fall of 1919. On August 18, 1927 an\",\n \"title\": \"Quad City International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11923928\",\n \"text\": \"Rhode Island State Airport Terminal The Rhode Island State Airport Terminal is a historic airport terminal located on Airport Road in Warwick, Rhode Island, at what is now known as T. F. Green Airport. It was constructed in 1932, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1983. In July 1931, the State of Rhode Island opened Hillsgrove State Airport on in Warwick, the first state-owned and operated airfield in the United States. The terminal building opened in January 1933. For many years, it was occupied by an office of the U.S. Weather Service. It currently\",\n \"title\": \"Rhode Island State Airport Terminal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3277237\",\n \"text\": \"Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport , formerly known as Dickinson Municipal Airport, is a public use airport located five nautical miles (6 mi, 9 km) south of the central business district of Dickinson, in Stark County, North Dakota, United States. It is owned by the Dickinson Airport Authority. The airport serves western North Dakota, eastern Montana and northwest South Dakota, home to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. The airport is served by one airline, United Express, flying an Embraer Regional-Jet (ERJ) to Denver. Delta Connection flew to Minneapolis-St. Paul but ended service on November 30, 2015,\",\n \"title\": \"Dickinson Theodore Roosevelt Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8461\",\n \"text\": \"Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012–2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors). Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14780924\",\n \"text\": \"to decrease congestion and thereby delays on the busy San Francisco Bay Area - Metro Los Angeles air corridor. Air transportation in the United States The United States has an extensive air transportation network. In 2013, there were 86 airports in the U.S. that annually handled over 1,000,000 passengers and twelve of the world's thirty busiest airports by passenger volume in 2014 were in the U.S. (down from 17 in 2004), including the world's busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. In 2012, 88% of all traffic was through the 62 busiest airports in the country. In terms of cargo, in 2015,\",\n \"title\": \"Air transportation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5236920\",\n \"text\": \"Transportation in New York City The transportation system of New York City is a network of complex infrastructural systems. New York City, being the most populous city in the United States, has a transportation system which includes one of the largest subway systems in the world; the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel; and an aerial tramway. New York City's airport system, which includes John F. Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport (located in New Jersey), Stewart Airport and a few smaller facilities, is one of the largest in the world. New York City is also home\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in New York City\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1008550\",\n \"text\": \"change took effect on January 1, 2013. The airport is now the home of various aerospace companies and institutions such as Scaled Composites and the civilian National Test Pilot School. The town was home to the Rutan Voyager, the first aircraft to fly around the world nonstop and unrefueled. The airport is also the first inland spaceport in the United States, and was the location of the first private spaceflight, the launch of SpaceShipOne on June 21, 2004. Mojave also has a Mojave Transportation Museum. Mojave is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has\",\n \"title\": \"Mojave, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1854098\",\n \"text\": \"San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport is an international airport south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a major gateway to Europe and Asia. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second-busiest in California and on the Western Coast of North America, after Los Angeles International Airport. In 2017, it was the seventh-busiest airport in the United States and the 24th-busiest in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth-largest hub for United\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5958847\",\n \"text\": \"A second common use of fill dirt is to fill in a low-lying construction site to raise the level of the building foundation in order to reduce the chances of flooding. Several massive uses of fill dirt are with improvements to the Port of Seattle Sea-Tac Airport, the addition of a new runway to the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Kansai International Airport off the coast of Osaka, Japan, a project involving the creation of a new man-made island of some five square kilometers. Fill dirt is most often mined from commercial sand and gravel mines\",\n \"title\": \"Fill dirt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1119485\",\n \"text\": \"United States, and prized as the only one where regular flight conditions may be experienced. Despite this, CAFB has repeatedly hung in the balance during Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) hearings. Columbus boasted a number of industries during the mid-20th century, including the world's largest toilet seat manufacturer, Sanderson Plumbing Products, and major mattress, furniture and textile plants. Most of these had closed by 2000. A series of new plants at the Golden Triangle Regional Airport, including the Severstal mill, the American Eurocopter factory, the Paccar engine plant and the Aurora Flight Sciences facility, are revitalizing the local economy. Columbus\",\n \"title\": \"Columbus, Mississippi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8547923\",\n \"text\": \"Gustavus Airport Gustavus Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Gustavus, a city in the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Scheduled airline service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 11,828 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,822 enplanements in 2009, and 9,996 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2015-2019, which categorized it as a \\\"nonprimary commercial service\\\" airport based on 9,509 enplanements in 2014. Gustavus Airport covers an area of 1,821 acres (737\",\n \"title\": \"Gustavus Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11923929\",\n \"text\": \"houses the offices of the Airport Operations Department. Rhode Island State Airport Terminal The Rhode Island State Airport Terminal is a historic airport terminal located on Airport Road in Warwick, Rhode Island, at what is now known as T. F. Green Airport. It was constructed in 1932, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1983. In July 1931, the State of Rhode Island opened Hillsgrove State Airport on in Warwick, the first state-owned and operated airfield in the United States. The terminal building opened in January 1933. For many years, it was occupied by an\",\n \"title\": \"Rhode Island State Airport Terminal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8758062\",\n \"text\": \"freight gateway in the nation. By weight, five percent of the value of all United States international air cargo moved through Anchorage in 2008. Next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is Lake Hood Seaplane Base, the largest Seaplane Base in the world. Merrill Field, a general aviation airport on the edge of downtown, was the 87th-busiest airport in the nation in 2010. There are also ten smaller private (mostly Department Of Transportation) general aviation airports within the city limits. See Box at Far Right for Anchorage's Sister Cities. More information at Municipality of Anchorage's Sister City Commission website. Anchorage,\",\n \"title\": \"Anchorage, Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10817419\",\n \"text\": \"Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) southeast of the central business district of Marshall, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport is assigned MDM by the FAA and MLL by the IATA (which assigned MDM to Munduku, Papua New Guinea). Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport covers an area of which contains one runway designated 7/25 with a 3,201 ×\",\n \"title\": \"Marshall Don Hunter Sr. Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4820105\",\n \"text\": \"St. Thomas with nonstop service to Miami. Also historically the airport hosted Air Force One and Two, respectively, carrying Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Joseph Biden using Boeing 707s and later Boeing 757s. Cyril E. King Airport also hosted a number of charter airliners, from the 757 to the 767 to the DC-10. It was known as Harry S Truman Airport until 1984, when it was renamed to honor Cyril Emmanuel King, the second elected governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands. A new passenger terminal opened in November 1990 and retained the name. Cyril E. King Airport covers an area\",\n \"title\": \"Cyril E. King Airport\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: T. F. Green Airport context: T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state-owned airport in the United States. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a\\n\\nTheodore Francis international airport is in which US state?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 194,\n \"origin_tokens\": 194,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: T. F. Green Airport context: on July 21, 201) has two concourses, North and South. The South Concourse has eight gates and the North Concourse has 14. Gates seven and eight are designed for international arrivals and are directly connected to customs, which is on the lower level of the concourse. The terminal contains a number of stores and restaurants, and a central food court. Theodore Francis Green State Airport covers at an elevation of 55 feet (17 m). It has two asphalt runways: 5/23 is 8,700 by 150 feet (2,652 x 46 m) and 16/34 is 6,081 by 150 feet (1,853 x 46 m).\\n\\ntitle: T. F. Airport context departed the left side runway5 after a hard landing bystabilized the aircraft sust substantial damage none of 31 passengers and crew aboard were injured. T. F Airport T. F Green International Airport (fficially Theodore Memorial State is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence Opened in 131 the airport was for former Rhode Island governor and long senator Theodore Francis Green Rebuilt in 16, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode\\n\\n: T. Airport: T. Green Airport Tfficially Theodore Airport public airwick, Rhode Island six miles (0 km) south of the state's capital and largest of Providenceed the air Rh senator The Rebuilt in renov main terminal named Rh Island Sund. It was firstowned air. Federal A AdministrationFAA National Plan of Integr0 it as a\\n: Charlotte Am: for being the only. city ( where traffic - this ateenyear the American principle, was reverted to left side by popular demand. Highway 30 (Veterans Dr) passes through Charlotte Amalie. Additionally, Charlotte Amalie holds one of two airports in the US Virgin Islands. Cyril E. King Airport (IATA: STT ICAO: TIST) offers regular nonstop service to destinations along the east coast of the United States. St. Thomas-St. John School District serves the community. Addelita Cancryn\\n\\nTheodore Francis international airport is in which US state?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 508,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14866,\n \"ratio\": \"29.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":74,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":74,"string":"74"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which soap did Demi Moore find fame?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Everyday Heroes","Genaral Hospital","General Hospital","General Hospital (US TV series)","General Hospital (US TV Series)","General Hospital (U.S. TV series)","General Hospital (1963-1977)"],"string":"[\n \"Everyday Heroes\",\n \"Genaral Hospital\",\n \"General Hospital\",\n \"General Hospital (US TV series)\",\n \"General Hospital (US TV Series)\",\n \"General Hospital (U.S. TV series)\",\n \"General Hospital (1963-1977)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"General Hospital"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1561584","text":"Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career and appeared in the men's pornographic magazine \"Oui\" in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera \"General Hospital\" and subsequently gained recognition as a member of the Brat Pack with roles in \"Blame It on Rio\" (1984), \"St. Elmo's Fire\" (1985), and \"About Last Night...\" (1986). Following a few roles, she subsequently came over","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561593","text":"the 1982 spoof film \"Young Doctors in Love\". Moore's film career took off in 1984 following her appearance in the sex comedy \"Blame It on Rio\". Her other 1984 film was the comedy \"No Small Affair\". Her commercial breakthrough came in Joel Schumacher's yuppie drama \"St. Elmo's Fire\" (1985), which received negative reviews, but was a box office success and brought Moore to international recognition. Because of her association with that film, Moore was often listed as part of the Brat Pack, a label she felt was \"demeaning\". She progressed to more serious material with \"About Last Night...\" (1986), co-starring","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561592","text":"she told another interviewer, \"I was 17 years old. I was underage. It was just the cover.\" Moore made her film debut with a brief role in the 1981 teen drama \"Choices\", directed by Silvio Narizzano. Her second film feature was the 3-D sci-fi horror film \"Parasite\" (1982), for which director Charles Band had instructed casting director Johanna Ray to \"find me the next Karen Allen.\" Moore then joined the cast of the ABC soap opera \"General Hospital\", playing the role of an investigative reporter until 1983. During her tenure on the series, she made an uncredited cameo appearance in","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561585","text":"the Brat Pack curse with her starring role in \"Ghost\" (1990), the highest-grossing film of that year, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination. She continued to find box-office success in the early 1990s, with the films \"A Few Good Men\" (1992), \"Indecent Proposal\" (1993), and \"Disclosure\" (1994). In 1996, Moore became the highest-paid actress in film history when she received a then-unprecedented US$12.5 million to star in \"Striptease\", a film although a commercial success was a major critical disappointment winning her the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress. Her next major role, \"G.I. Jane\" (1997), for which she","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561586","text":"famously shaved her head won her a second Razzie Award for Worst Actress and was followed by a lengthy break and downturn in Moore's career. Her later film roles include \"\" (2003), \"Bobby\" (2006), \"Mr. Brooks\" (2007), and \"Margin Call\" (2011). Besides acting, her personal life has been the subject of significant media coverage, particularly her marriages to actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. Was born Demi Gene Harmon on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico. Her biological father, Air Force airman Charles Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia (née King), after a two-month marriage before Moore was born.","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561598","text":"(1995) found moderate box office success, the thriller \"The Juror\" (1996) was heavily panned by critics. Moore was paid a record-breaking salary of US$12.5 million in 1996 to star in \"Striptease\". Much hype was made about Moore's willingness to dance topless for the part, though this was the sixth time she had shown her breasts on film. Although the film was actually a financial success—grossing over US$113 million worldwide—it failed to reach expectations and was widely considered a flop. Moore produced and starred in a controversial miniseries for HBO called \"If These Walls Could Talk\" (1996), a three-part anthology about","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561595","text":"Girl\", which ran at the Circle Repertory Company in fall 1986. In 1988, Moore starred as a prophecy-bearing mother in the apocalyptic drama \"The Seventh Sign\"—her first outing as a solo film star— and in 1989, she played the quick-witted local laundress and prostitute in Neil Jordan's Depression-era allegory \"We're No Angels\", opposite Robert De Niro. Her most successful film to date is the supernatural romantic melodrama \"Ghost\" (1990), which grossed over US$505 million at the box office and was the highest-grossing film of the year. She played a young woman in jeopardy to be protected by the ghost of","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561603","text":"the gigglefest as the angels fight, kick, dance and motocross like Indiana Jones clones on estrogen\". The film was followed by yet another three-year absence. In the interim, Moore signed on as the face of the Versace fashion brand and the Helena Rubinstein brand of cosmetics. Moore portrayed an alcoholic singer whose career is on the downswing, as part of an ensemble cast, in Emilio Estevez's drama \"Bobby\" (2006), about the hours leading up to the Robert F. Kennedy assassination. As a member of the cast, she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561610","text":"a take-charge nurse with a mysterious past. The comedy \"Rough Night\" (2017), in which she acted alongside Scarlett Johansson, Kate McKinnon, Jillian Bell, Zoë Kravitz and Ty Burrell, featured Moore as one half of a nymphomaniac couple seducing a member of a bachelorette party gone wrong. Her first widely released film since \"Mr. Brooks\" (2007), \"Rough Night\" was a moderate commercial success. In August 1991, Moore appeared nude on the cover of \"Vanity Fair\" under the title \"More Demi Moore.\" Annie Leibovitz shot the picture while Moore was seven months pregnant with the second of her three daughters, Scout LaRue","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"4021189","text":"Demi Moore and Tony Curtis. After directing shows such as \"The First Hundred Years\", \"The Secret Storm\" (for many years), and \"Bright Promise\", she is best known for taking over the ailing ABC Daytime serial \"General Hospital\" in 1978 as Executive Producer. Fred Silverman, the head of ABC, gave Monty thirteen weeks to turn the show around, with cancellation threatened if she did not succeed. It subsequently became the top-rated American daytime drama and won several Daytime Emmy Awards. To accomplish this turnaround, she increased the show's pace, and focused main storylines on younger characters to reach out to younger","title":"Gloria Monty"},{"id":"1561597","text":"were not widely seen, but Moore sustained her A-list status with her starring roles in Rob Reiner's \"A Few Good Men\" (1992), Adrian Lyne's \"Indecent Proposal\" (1993), and Barry Levinson's \"Disclosure\" (1994)—all of which opened at #1 at the box office and were blockbuster hits. By 1995, Moore was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. However, critical acclaim subsequently began to wane with her subsequent film releases; her portrayal of Hester Prynne in \"The Scarlet Letter\" (1995), a \"freely adapted\" version of the historical romance novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, was met with harsh criticism. While the coming-of-age drama \"Now and Then\"","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"12364035","text":"sanitize it, and I didn’t, and I got my ass kicked for it.\" Moore played the main female character, Erin Grant. For the film, she was paid $12.5 million, which was at the time a record for an actress. Bergman later said, \"Is Demi the funniest person in the world? No. Would the movie have been made without her? Probably not. No other major star was willing to take her clothes off, and I was not going to do a TNT version of \"Striptease\" with people running around in swimsuits.\" To prepare for her role, Moore visited strip clubs in","title":"Striptease (film)"},{"id":"1561601","text":"1997. After \"G.I. Jane\", Moore retreated from the spotlight and moved to Hailey, Idaho, on a full-time basis to devote herself to raising her three daughters. She was off screen for three years before re-emerging in the arthouse psychological drama \"Passion of Mind\" (2000), the first English-language film from Belgian director Alain Berliner. Her performance as a woman with multiple personality disorder was well received, but the film itself garnered mixed reviews and was deemed \"naggingly slow\" by some critics. Moore then resumed her self-imposed career hiatus and continued to turn down film offers. Producer Irwin Winkler said in 2001,","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561617","text":"Men Don't Buy Girls.\" In November 2012, the foundation said it was announcing \"a new name and refined mission\" as Thorn: Digital Defenders of Children, which aimed \"to disrupt and deflate the predatory behavior of those who abuse and traffic children, solicit sex with children or create and share child pornography\". The following is a list of accolades Moore has received throughout her career: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"934474","text":"to \"Showgirls\" poor reception, \"Striptease\", a 1996 film about nude dancers starring Demi Moore, was distanced from \"Showgirls\" in advertisements; \"Striptease\" nonetheless won the next year's Razzie Award for Worst Picture. Rena Riffel, who played Penny/Hope in \"Showgirls\", was also cast in \"Striptease\", as Tiffany Glass. The term \"\"Showgirls\"-bad\" has been adopted by film critics and fans to refer to films considered guilty pleasures, or \"so-bad-they're-good\". To date, \"Showgirls\" is the highest-grossing NC-17 production, earning $20,350,754 at the North American box office. \"I met Paul Verhoeven and he was just so charismatic,\" remarked Toni Halliday, who contributed to the soundtrack.","title":"Showgirls"},{"id":"12364029","text":"Striptease (film) Striptease is a 1996 American erotic comedy film directed, produced, and written by Andrew Bergman, and starring Demi Moore, Burt Reynolds and Ving Rhames. The film is based on Carl Hiaasen's novel of the same name, and is about a stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute and corrupt politics. \"Striptease\" was generally reviled by critics. It wound up winning several Golden Raspberry Awards, which are given to the worst in cinema. Among these awards given to \"Striptease\" was the Award for Worst Picture of 1996. Former FBI secretary Erin Grant (Demi Moore) loses custody of","title":"Striptease (film)"},{"id":"9240632","text":"Young Doctors in Love Young Doctors in Love is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Garry Marshall. Similar in tone to the \"Airplane!\" movies, it spoofs a variety of medical shows (in particular, \"General Hospital\") and has many guest stars from ABC soap operas. The film stars Sean Young, Michael McKean, Harry Dean Stanton, Dabney Coleman and Patrick Macnee. It also features Demi Moore in one of her early film roles. A group of young medical interns join the City Hospital surgery staff run by Dr. Prang, a brash and cynical surgeon leading an expensive and dissolute lifestyle. Meanwhile,","title":"Young Doctors in Love"},{"id":"1561599","text":"abortion alongside Sissy Spacek and Cher. Its screenwriter, Nancy Savoca, directed two segments, including one in which Moore played a widowed nurse in the early 1950s seeking a back-alley abortion. For that role, Moore received a second Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress. Also in 1996, she provided the speaking voice of the beautiful Esmeralda in Disney's animated adaptation of \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and starred in Mike Judge's comedy \"Beavis and Butt-head Do America\", alongside her then husband Bruce Willis. Moore famously shaved her head to play the first woman to undergo training in the Navy SEAL in","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"12422547","text":"icon status, spawning various spoofs and parodies (notably the episode of \"Friends\", \"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy\"). Actresses fighting in bikinis in movies like \"\" and \"Blue Crush\" have made the two-piece, according to Gina Bellafonte of \"The New York Times\", \"the millennial equivalent of the power suit.\" The \"Full Throttle\" scene showing actress Demi Moore walking out of the ocean wearing a bikini was credited with reviving her career. In the film \"Varsity Blues\" (1999), Ali Larter attempts to seduce James Van Der Beek sporting a \"bikini\" made of whipped cream over her otherwise naked body. In","title":"Bikini in popular culture"},{"id":"1561602","text":"\"I had a project about a year and a half ago, and we made an inquiry about her—a real good commercial picture. She wasn't interested.\" Another three years passed before Moore acted again. She returned to the screen, playing a villain in the 2003 film \"\", opposite Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore and Lucy Liu. A commercial success, the film made US$259.1 million worldwide, and \"Rolling Stone\", on Moore's role, remarked: \"It's a relief when Demi Moore shows up as fallen angel [...] Moore, 40, looks great in a bikini and doesn’t even try to act. Her unsmiling sexiness cuts through","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561604","text":"Motion Picture but won the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble Cast. She played a grieving and tormented novelist in the mystery thriller \"Half Light\" (also 2006). Moore took on the role of a driven police officer investigating a serial killer in 2007's \"Mr. Brooks\", with Kevin Costner. \"The New York Times\" found her performance to be \"the most wooden\" of her career, writing: \"Looking exhausted and tense, the actress is as expressive as a wax museum effigy\". \"Mr. Brooks\" made US$48.1 million worldwide, and was Moore's last widely released film until 2017. She reunited with \"Blame It on","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"5601899","text":"She was a regular guest on Channel 4's music show \"The Word\", including one occasion where she tricked presenter Terry Christian into showing his testicles in a hidden camera set-up. Around this time, Clarke's boyfriend was the artist Jamie Reid, and she was paid an undisclosed sum to pose nude while nine months pregnant with their daughter Rowan. The resulting pictures were a response to the then recent \"Vanity Fair\" spread of actress Demi Moore, in which she was shown nude while also nine months pregnant. The pictures of Clarke were published in Sunday tabloid, the \"Sunday People\". She also","title":"Margi Clarke"},{"id":"1561605","text":"Rio\" co-star Michael Caine for the British crime drama \"Flawless\" (2008), which saw her portray an American executive helping to steal a handful of diamonds from the London Diamond Corporation during the 1960s. While the film found a limited release in theaters, Moore received positive reviews from critics; \"Miami Herard\" wrote: \"The inspired pairing of Demi Moore and Michael Caine as a pair of thieves in the diamond-heist semi-caper movie \"Flawless\" goes a long way toward overcoming the film's slack, leisurely pacing\". After \"Mr. Brooks,\" Moore has since acted mainly in independent films. In 2010, Moore took on the role","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"9240634","text":"passable hot-weather entertainment.\" It maintains a 29% \"rotten\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews. Young Doctors in Love Young Doctors in Love is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Garry Marshall. Similar in tone to the \"Airplane!\" movies, it spoofs a variety of medical shows (in particular, \"General Hospital\") and has many guest stars from ABC soap operas. The film stars Sean Young, Michael McKean, Harry Dean Stanton, Dabney Coleman and Patrick Macnee. It also features Demi Moore in one of her early film roles. A group of young medical interns join the City Hospital surgery staff","title":"Young Doctors in Love"},{"id":"1561596","text":"her murdered lover. The love scene between Moore and Patrick Swayze that starts in front of a potter's wheel to the sound of \"Unchained Melody\" has become an iconic moment in cinema history. \"Ghost\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and Moore's performance earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 1991, Moore starred in the horror comedy \"Nothing but Trouble\", co-produced and appeared in the mystery thriller \"Mortal Thoughts\", and played a blonde for the first time in the romantic comedy \"The Butcher's Wife\", with Roger Ebert's review describing her as \"warm and cuddly\". Those films","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"1561588","text":"the circumstances since she \"saw my parents were married in February 1963. I was born in '62.\" At age 15, Moore moved to West Hollywood, California, where her mother worked for a magazine distribution company. Moore attended Fairfax High School there, and recalled, \"I moved out of my family's house when I was 16 and left high school in my junior year.\" She signed with the Elite Modeling Agency and went to Europe to work as a pin-up girl, then enrolled in drama classes after being inspired by her next-door neighbor, 17-year-old German actress Nastassja Kinski. In August 1979, three","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"5936164","text":"Rebecca Gilling Rebecca Gilling (born 3 November 1953 in Castlecrag, Sydney, Australia) is a former Australian actress. She is the daughter of prominent feminist campaigner Bridget Gilling. Her first acting role was in \"Stone\" (1974) but who came to prominence as the \"bad girl\" flight attendant Diana Moore in the feature film version of soap opera \"Number 96\" (1974). Her next acting role was in \"The Man from Hong Kong\" (1975). Gilling went on to act in several television series. She was a regular support character in \"Glenview High\" (1977) and then played the key role of Liz Kennedy in","title":"Rebecca Gilling"},{"id":"1561608","text":"work as a director in a segment of the 2011 Lifetime anthology film \"Five,\" and starred opposite Ellen Barkin, Ellen Burstyn and George Kennedy in Sam Levinson's black comedy \"Another Happy Day,\" which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Moore appeared as the mother of a troubled teen in \"LOL\" (2012), with Miley Cyrus. The film had a limited release, and was critically and commercially unsuccessful. She played a similar mother role in her next film, the likewise coming-of-age dramedy \"Very Good Girls\" (2013), which co-starred Dakota Fanning and Elizabeth Olsen. Her part as an old flame of a quick-draw","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"11531808","text":"which propelled Joanne Gair to prominence as a trompe-l'œil body painter. In 1991, Demi Moore was a budding A-list film star who had been married to Bruce Willis since 1987. The couple had had their first child Rumer Willis in 1988, and they had hired three photographers for an audience of six friends for the delivery. In 1990, she had starred in that year's highest-grossing film, \"Ghost\", for which she was paid $750,000, and she had earned $2.5 million for 1991 roles in \"The Butcher's Wife\" and \"Mortal Thoughts\". Following the photo, she would earn $3 million for her 1992","title":"More Demi Moore"},{"id":"3506479","text":"spawned a film version. Soon after, he appeared in two of British TV's most successful sitcoms at the same time. On ITV, he was playing naive medical student Alan Moore in \"Rising Damp\" (voted ITV's best-ever sitcom in the \"Britain's Best Sitcom\" poll in 2004) while also starring alongside Ronnie Barker in the BBC sitcom \"Porridge\" as prison inmate Lennie Godber. He also appeared in the films \"Rentadick\" (1972) and \"Three for All\" (1975) and made appearances in several other television series such as the \"ITV Playhouse\" episode \"Last Summer\" in 1976. Shortly after his 30th birthday, Beckinsale was the","title":"Richard Beckinsale"},{"id":"1561606","text":"of a daughter helping her father deal with age-related health problems in the dramedy \"Happy Tears,\" opposite Parker Posey and Rip Torn, and starred as the matriarch of a family moving into a suburban neighborhood in the comedy \"The Joneses,\" with David Duchovny. The latter film was largely highlighted upon its theatrical release, with critics concluding that it \"benefits from its timely satire of consumer culture — as well as a pair of strong performances\" from Duchovny and Moore. In \"Bunraku\" (2010), a film Moore described as a \"big action adventure,\" she played a courtesan and a femme fatale with","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"12364050","text":"was not pornography and it was aired at night. In 2003, Radioactive Films used a scene from \"Striptease\" featuring Moore nude in a video called \"Hollywood's Hottest\". This raised a dispute as to whether use of the scene qualified as fair use. A lawsuit was launched as a consequence. Striptease (film) Striptease is a 1996 American erotic comedy film directed, produced, and written by Andrew Bergman, and starring Demi Moore, Burt Reynolds and Ving Rhames. The film is based on Carl Hiaasen's novel of the same name, and is about a stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute","title":"Striptease (film)"},{"id":"7737357","text":"a reality show called \"The Cougar\" where women would pick a date. The 2009 sitcom \"Cougar Town\" originally explored the difficulty and stigma of many so-called cougars. In \"The Graduate\" (1967), a married mother pursues a much younger man (21 in the film). On the soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\", character Eve Donovan is a cougar, repeatedly sleeping with the much younger JJ Deveraux. The \"cougar phenomenon\", as it is called, is frequently associated with present-day, glamorous celebrities such as Madonna, Sam Taylor-Johnson and Demi Moore. However, it has been claimed that the trend of influential women dating younger","title":"Cougar (slang)"},{"id":"1561600","text":"Ridley Scott's \"G.I. Jane\" (1997). Budgeted at US$50 million, the film was a moderate commercial success, with a worldwide gross of US$97.1 million. During the film's production, it was reported that Moore had ordered studio chiefs to charter two planes for her entourage and her, which reinforced her negative reputation for being a diva—she had previously turned down the Sandra Bullock role in \"While You Were Sleeping\" because the studio refused to meet her salary demands, and was dubbed \"Gimme Moore\" by the media. Moore took on the role of an ultrapious psychiatrist in Woody Allen's \"Deconstructing Harry\", also in","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"8286614","text":"November 1981. At the wedding, Robert was reacquainted with Mikkos's vengeful widow, Helena Cassadine, who came to town to make a huge donation to General Hospital but secretly put a curse on Luke and Laura. In early 1982, Robert took up with feisty reporter Jackie Templeton (Demi Moore) who had come to town searching for her missing sister. Robert was helping Luke search for the missing Laura, and Jackie was searching for her own sister, Laura Templeton, a model whom Laura Spencer resembled. Robert and Luke were thrust into another episode of world intrigue when David Gray, the rightful heir","title":"Robert Scorpio"},{"id":"1957196","text":"haircut was not well received by the fashion industry, and Evangelista was cancelled from 16 fashion shows. However, by the spring of 1989, Evangelista's haircut was the look of the season. The haircut was referred to as \"The Linda\", and it inspired the creation of a wig called \"The Evangelista\". Even famous women sought to emulate the look. Among them were Demi Moore, who sported the haircut in the 1990 film \"Ghost\", and Susan Sullivan from the television show \"Falcon Crest\". It has been said of Evangelista that \"the world's most famous haircut turned her from an averagely in-demand top","title":"Linda Evangelista"},{"id":"1561613","text":"of 17, she married singer Freddy Moore, 12 years her senior and recently divorced from his first wife, Lucy. During their marriage, Demi began using Freddy's surname as her stage name. She filed for divorce in September 1984; it was finalized on August 7, 1985. Moore was then engaged to actor Emilio Estevez, with whom she co-starred in \"Wisdom,\" a crime drama he also wrote and directed. The pair planned to marry in December 1986, but called off the engagement. On November 21, 1987, Moore married her second husband, actor Bruce Willis. She and Willis have three daughters together: Rumer","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"11531820","text":"Moore was again on the cover of \"Vanity Fair\", but this time she was dressed in two straps and a large red bow and was sitting on David Letterman's lap while he was dressed up as Santa Claus. Other celebrities have since posed nude or semi-nude while in advanced pregnancy, including Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears whose billboard advertisements led to great controversy. \"Newsweek\" referred to the pose more than a decade later, and \"The New York Times\" coined \"demiclad\" for the nude pregnant handbra pose. Eventually, \"Vogue\" and \"Harper's Bazaar\" included pregnant cover models, and \"Star\" included a pregnant","title":"More Demi Moore"},{"id":"14550855","text":"Lauren Pope Lauren Grace Pope (born 29 September 1982) is an English television personality, glamour model and DJ. She has appeared in the ITV2 reality series \"The Only Way Is Essex\". She was born and raised in Devon. Pope's breakthrough came as a glamour model in \"The Sun\". Building upon this notoriety, she was subsequently linked with Prince Harry.Earlier this year Pope was the face of Quiz Clothing's collaboration with fellow \"The Only way is Essex\" cast members Dan Edgar and Chloe Lewis. In 2007, Pope began a career as a DJ. \"Nuts\" magazine named her the \"world's sexiest DJ\".","title":"Lauren Pope"},{"id":"11746369","text":"with each baby and I have.\" The weeklong effort also involved shots taken in Kauai, Hawaii that are included in Gair's second book, \"Body Painting\". Moore felt she looked better on the cover at age 29 than she had in a bikini nine years earlier in \"Blame It on Rio\". Demi Moore had appeared on the cover of \"Vanity Fair\" exactly one year earlier in the August 1991 edition in Leibovitz's photograph, \"More Demi Moore\". As a groundbreaking work, the photograph of her pregnant pose was an iconic one for Moore, Leibovitz and women in general who now view public","title":"Demi's Birthday Suit"},{"id":"6723285","text":"Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922) was described as having no facial hair and a childish voice and appearance. The illusion of agelessness seems to be a goal for many individuals, such as Hollywood celebrities, that have been known to strive for, sometimes undergoing extensive and/or risky cosmetic surgeries. Demi Moore, Naomi Campbell, Eminem, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Madonna are particularly mentioned in the media for their alleged efforts to appear 'forever young'. Television host Dick Clark was often described as \"America's Oldest Teenager.\" Many of his viewers report difficulty in perceiving typical signs of aging since the 1960s, despite him being born","title":"Ageless"},{"id":"7267277","text":"the 20th Century Fox film \"Headin' for Broadway\". Followed that with a sweet depiction of John Carlucio in \"Choices\". This was to be Demi Moore screen debut as Carafotes girlfriend. He then gave a gritty performance as the working class Vinnie Salvucci co-starring alongside Tom Cruise in \"All the Right Moves\", and delivered a memorable performance in the industry short film \"Scriptfellas\". Carafotes won an L.A. Drama Critics Award for writing \"Beyond the Ring\", for which he was also nominated for best actor. He also won the audience award at the Beverly Hills film festival for directing and writing super","title":"Paul Carafotes"},{"id":"6246706","text":"Kenya Moore Kenya Summer Moore Daly (born January 24, 1971), is an American actress, model, producer, author, television personality, and entrepreneur. She co-starred in the Bravo series \"The Real Housewives of Atlanta\" from 2012 to 2018 and was a member of the cast of \"The Celebrity Apprentice 7\" in 2015. Moore rose to prominence in 1993 after winning the Miss USA contest which led her to compete in that year's Miss Universe pageant ultimately landing her among the top six, but she did not take home the crown. She subsequently appeared in minor roles in films including \"Waiting To Exhale\"","title":"Kenya Moore"},{"id":"12751441","text":"Following her role in \"Showgirls\", Riffel was cast in \"Striptease\" with Demi Moore and Burt Reynolds. \"Showgirls\" was generally disliked and the filmmakers feared people would pre-judge \"Striptease\" for that reason. To avoid any association between the two films, advèrtisements projected \"Striptease\" as more comedic than \"Showgirls\", which had been marketed as a drama. Aside from a common context, \"Striptease\" and \"Showgirls\" shared two notable connections: Marguerite Derricks choreographed both films, and Rena Riffel played a prominent role in each. Widely considered a box office failure, \"Striptease\" lacked the momentum that \"Showgirls\" gained in its cult status and has subsequently","title":"Rena Riffel"},{"id":"6862129","text":"Dina Spybey Dina Spybey (born August 29, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in more than 20 films, including \"John Q.\", \"subUrbia\" and \"The Haunted Mansion\". She is perhaps best known for her role as Tracy Montrose Blair on the first season of \"Six Feet Under\". She played \"young Elise Eliot\" in \"The First Wives Club\". She was in \"Greg the Bunny\", and \"Remember WENN\", and also played a stripper colleague of Demi Moore's in \"Striptease\". She played a supporting role in her husband Mark Waters' film \"Just Like Heaven\" (2005). She had a small role in Waters'","title":"Dina Spybey"},{"id":"3568914","text":"a must-see\". She has made cameo appearances on television shows such as \"L.A. Law\", \"227\", \"Super Mario Bros. Super Show\", \"Simon and Simon\", \"The King of Queens\", and \"Full House\"; and in films such as \"\" (1994) and \"Double Dragon\" (1994). She also appeared as Doris in the horror movie \"Graduation Day\" in 1981. It is an American slasher film directed by Herb Freed and produced by Troma Entertainment. She guest-starred on \"Married...With Children\"; in a gender-bending parody of the film \"Indecent Proposal\", White had the Robert Redford role while Al Bundy had that of Demi Moore. She served as","title":"Vanna White"},{"id":"9212552","text":"worked hard to get to where [she is] now, and [wanted] to enjoy it while it lasts\". Cyrus hosted the March 5, 2011, episode of \"Saturday Night Live\", during which she performed in a number of skits and poked fun at her recent controversies. She later made an appearance on the MTV series \"Punk'd\", appearing with Kelly Osbourne and Khloé Kardashian. Cyrus starred in the independent film \"LOL\" (2012) with Demi Moore. The film had a limited release, and was critically and commercially unsuccessful. She then starred in the comedy film \"So Undercover\", appearing as an FBI agent who is","title":"Miley Cyrus"},{"id":"1561594","text":"Rob Lowe, which marked a positive turning point in her career, as Moore noted that, following its release, she began seeing better scripts. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and praised her performance, writing, \"There isn't a romantic note she isn't required to play in this movie, and she plays them all flawlessly.\" The success of \"About Last Night...\" was unrivaled by Moore's other two 1986 releases, \"One Crazy Summer\" and \"Wisdom\", the last youth-oriented films in which she would star. Moore made her professional stage debut in an off-Broadway production of \"The Early","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"14304732","text":"sweetness found in the comedy \"Barefoot in the Park\". Conversely, Kevin Thomas from the \"Los Angeles Times\" gave praise to the cast for their performances and both director Samples and co-writer Meyer for adding wit and \"affectionate humor\" to the film's infertility plot, despite having an unfulfilling conclusion, calling it \"an uncommonly thoughtful and intelligent mainstream entertainment, painstaking and stylish in every aspect.\" Lauren Holly earned a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress for her work in the film and \"Turbulence\", but lost the award to Demi Moore for \"G.I. Jane\". A Smile Like Yours A Smile Like Yours is","title":"A Smile Like Yours"},{"id":"5831704","text":"and performed with the Light Opera Company. DeSoto made her film debut in 1979 with \"The In-Laws\". She appeared opposite Nick Nolte and Debra Winger in \"Cannery Row\" (1982). DeSoto won the Golden Eagle Award for Best Actress for her performance in \"The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez\" (1982). In 1986, she appeared opposite Rob Lowe and Demi Moore in \"About Last Night\", playing Mrs. Lyons. That same year, she portrayed waitress Diana Olmos in the short-lived sitcom, \"The Redd Foxx Show\". In 1987, DeSoto appeared in the biographic film \"La Bamba\". In that film, she portrayed Connie Valenzuela, the mother","title":"Rosanna DeSoto"},{"id":"14336837","text":"Streak (film) Streak is a 2008 American coming-of-age short film directed by Demi Moore, written by Kelly Fremon and Allan Loeb, and starring Brittany Snow and Rumer Willis. The film was actress Demi Moore's first film as a director. The plot focuses on a young woman stuck in a life she no longer wants with gym-rat friends and obsessive behavior. To break free, she reaches for fun in an interesting form of expression. Director Demi Moore's then 20-year-old daughter Rumer Willis starred in the film. Of directing her daughter, Moore said, \"The great thing is I’m seeing her mature and","title":"Streak (film)"},{"id":"469475","text":"1994, \"ER\", which starred Anthony Edwards and George Clooney, was a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawning series such as \"Grey's Anatomy\" (2005–present). It made NBC the most watched channel in the United States. This show launched the career of George Clooney. That same year, \"Chicago Hope\", that starred Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, was also a popular series for CBS, lasting between 1994 and 2000. \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre paving the way for \"Dawson's Creek\", \"Felicity\", and other shows airing in later","title":"1990s"},{"id":"1825034","text":"Julianne Moore Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith; December 3, 1960) is an American actress, prolific in films since the early 1990s. She is particularly known for her portrayals of emotionally troubled women in both independent and Hollywood films, and has received many accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actress. After studying theatre at Boston University, Moore began her career with a series of television roles. From 1985 to 1988, she was a regular in the soap opera \"As the World Turns\", earning a Daytime Emmy for her performance. Her film debut was in \"\" (1990), and she continued","title":"Julianne Moore"},{"id":"1561607","text":"a secret past. Moore portrayed a chief risk management officer at a large Wall Street investment bank during the initial stages of the financial crisis of 2007–08 in the critically acclaimed corporate drama \"Margin Call\" (2011), where she was part of an ensemble cast that included Kevin Spacey, Simon Baker, and Paul Bettany. The cast garnered nominations for the \"Best Ensemble\" award from the Gotham Awards, the Phoenix Film Critics Society and the Central Ohio Film Critics Association. Also in 2011, Moore received a Directors Guild of America Award nomination for Outstanding Directing – Miniseries or TV Film for her","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"3493047","text":"script, and a great idea, this stealth marketing. My character had worked with Demi [Moore] when Demi was an 18-year-old, having her sitting on bar stools at expensive bars and ordering certain champagnes and certain cigarettes. And now she has little pods of these families all over the country, and she's got them in rented houses for a year at a whack to heist all the neighbors. And I thought that capitalism could be as vicious as anything they ever came up with in the U.S.S.R. And certainly to some degree, we do seem to be involved in that, don't","title":"Lauren Hutton"},{"id":"7706473","text":"Gregory Joujon-Roche Gregory Metcalfe ”Greg” Joujon-Roche (December 7, 1966 – July 31, 2016) was an American personal trainer and author who founded Holistic Fitness in Los Angeles in 1994. Joujon-Roche was born in Los Angeles, California and raised in Kauai, Hawaii. He later moved back to Los Angeles where he worked as a model and appeared in the 1989 direct-to-video horror film, \"Psycho Cop\". In the early 90s, Joujon-Roche began working as a personal trainer and, in 1994, opened Holistic Fitness. His first celebrity client was actress Demi Moore who hired Joujon-Roche to get her into shape for the 1996","title":"Gregory Joujon-Roche"},{"id":"5428739","text":"Scott Helvenston Stephen \"Scott\" Helvenston (June 21, 1965 – March 31, 2004) was an United States Navy SEAL. He was working as a security contractor for Blackwater Security when he was killed in the 31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush within days of arriving in Iraq. Helvenston was a personal trainer for Hollywood celebrities such as Demi Moore (for \"G.I. Jane\"), and was also featured in the reality shows \"Combat Missions\" and \"Man vs. Beast\" (in the latter, he completed an obstacle course faster than a chimpanzee). He also starred in a reality series called \"Extreme Expeditions: Model Behavior\" months before","title":"Scott Helvenston"},{"id":"1561609","text":"killer in the Western drama \"Forsaken\" (2015), with Donald Sutherland and Kiefer Sutherland, was followed by the role of the daughter of a retired high school teacher in the road comedy \"Wild Oats,\" with Shirley MacLaine and Jessica Lange, which premiered on Lifetime in August 2016, and in a limited release the following month. In her next film, the drama \"Blind\" (2016), Moore starred opposite Alec Baldwin, portraying the neglected wife of an indicted businessman having an affair with a novelist blinded in a car crash. In February 2017, Moore joined the cast of \"Empire,\" in the recurring role of","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"17103148","text":"and her performance in the latter as a linguistics professor with early-onset Alzheimer's disease earned her the Best Actress Oscar. Moore also appeared in \"\" which earned over $755 million to emerge as her highest-grossing release. In 2017 Moore played a villainous entrepreneur in the highly successful spy film \"\". Julianne Moore filmography Julianne Moore is an American actress who made her acting debut on television in 1984 in the mystery series \"The Edge of Night\". The following year she made her first appearance in the soap opera \"As the World Turns\", which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award for","title":"Julianne Moore filmography"},{"id":"6124233","text":"once Demi Moore became a well-known figure after her appearances on \"General Hospital\" starting in 1982. The Nu Kats dissolved in 1981. Moore briefly moved to the Upper West Side of Manhattan and joined local NYC band The Dates, who never recorded. After an illness in the family brought him back to Los Angeles, Moore remained in LA and formed a new pop-influenced band called Boy. Boy released an EP on Radioactive Records and Freddy received a Screen Actors Guild/AFTRA card while portraying the small role of 'Arn' in the 1982 film \"Parasite\", a 3-D movie which starred his wife","title":"Freddy Moore"},{"id":"469531","text":"at Ridgemont High\", \"Mannequin\", \"Porky's\", \"Pretty in Pink\", \"Sixteen Candles\", \"St. Elmo's Fire\", \"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\", \"Weird Science\", and \"Valley Girl\" were popular teen comedies of the era and launched the careers of several major celebrities such as: Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Forest Whitaker, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Andrew McCarthy, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Sean Penn, Nicolas Cage and Michael J Fox. Other popular films included \"About Last Night...\", \"Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure\", \"Dirty Dancing\", \"Flashdance\", \"Footloose\", \"Raging Bull\" and \"St. Elmo's Fire\" which also launched the careers of high-profile celebrities like Demi Moore, Joe Pesci, Keanu Reeves,","title":"1980s"},{"id":"1561591","text":"to pursue a singing career, though she did sing in the films \"One Crazy Summer\" and \"Bobby.\" Moore also appeared on the cover of the January 1981 issue of the adult magazine \"Oui,\" taken from a photo session in which she had posed nude. In a 1988 interview, Moore claimed she \"only posed for the cover of \"Oui\"—I was 16; I told them I was 18\". Interviewer Alan Carter said, \"However, some peekaboo shots did appear inside. And later, nude shots of her turned up in \"Celebrity Sleuth\"—photos that she once said 'were for a European fashion magazine'.\" In 1990,","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"10971637","text":"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. is an influential 1998 Second Circuit fair use case. Annie Leibovitz is a professional portrait photographer who had published a photograph of celebrity Demi Moore while Moore was seven months pregnant. The photograph, published on the front cover of \"Vanity Fair\" in August, 1991 with the title \"More Demi Moore\", had achieved significant fame and notoriety on publication, and Paramount Pictures chose to parody it in 1993 as part of a promotional campaign for its new film \"\". Paramount's commissioned photograph featured Leslie Nielsen's face superimposed over the body of","title":"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp."},{"id":"3901632","text":"established actress when she began her long career on daytime TV, she made her soap debut in April 1983, replacing Carolyn Jones as the powerful Washington, DC, matriarch Myrna Clegg on \"Capitol\", which she played through the final episode in March 1987. As the rival of the kindly Clarissa McCandless (Constance Towers), she had a part in practically every storyline, as well as a steady leading man in veteran film actor Richard Egan. Marj received two Supporting Actress \"Soap Opera Digest\" nominations for this part. She then took over for Shirley Ann Field as the troubled Pamela Pepperidge Capwell Conrad","title":"Marj Dusay"},{"id":"11531806","text":"More Demi Moore More Demi Moore or the August 1991 \"Vanity Fair\" cover was a controversial handbra nude photograph of the then seven-months pregnant Demi Moore taken by Annie Leibovitz for the August 1991 cover of \"Vanity Fair\" to accompany a cover story about Moore. The cover has had a lasting societal impact. Since the cover was released, several celebrities have posed for photographs in advanced stages of pregnancy, although not necessarily as naked as Moore. This trend has made pregnancy photos fashionable and created a booming business. The photograph is one of the most highly regarded magazine covers of","title":"More Demi Moore"},{"id":"2242027","text":"in \"The Breakfast Club\" and \"St. Elmo's Fire\". Following the success of these back-to-back Brat Pack films, he starred in \"That Was Then, This Is Now\" (which he co-wrote), the horror film \"Maximum Overdrive\" (for which he was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award), and the crime drama \"Wisdom\" (with fellow Brat Packer Demi Moore). Estevez was originally cast in \"Platoon\" to be private Chris Taylor but was forced to drop out after production was delayed for two years; the role eventually went to his younger brother Charlie Sheen. He went on to lead roles in the comedy/action film \"Stakeout\"","title":"Emilio Estevez"},{"id":"14336838","text":"operate as a complete professional. And it’s giving us, I think, another opportunity to connect in a totally different way.\" Streak (film) Streak is a 2008 American coming-of-age short film directed by Demi Moore, written by Kelly Fremon and Allan Loeb, and starring Brittany Snow and Rumer Willis. The film was actress Demi Moore's first film as a director. The plot focuses on a young woman stuck in a life she no longer wants with gym-rat friends and obsessive behavior. To break free, she reaches for fun in an interesting form of expression. Director Demi Moore's then 20-year-old daughter Rumer","title":"Streak (film)"},{"id":"11582104","text":"Joanne Gair Joanne \"Kiwi Jo\" or \"Kiwi Joe\" Gair (born c. 1958) is a New Zealand-born and raised make-up artist and body painter whose body paintings have been featured in the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" from 1999 to the most recent edition. She is considered the world's leading trompe-l'œil body painter and make-up artist, and she became famous with a \"Vanity Fair\" \"Demi's Birthday Suit\" cover of Demi Moore in a body painting in 1992. Her \"Disappearing Model\" was featured on the highest rated episode of \"Ripley's Believe It or Not.\" She is the daughter of George Gair. In addition","title":"Joanne Gair"},{"id":"1561587","text":"When Moore was three months old, her mother married Dan Guynes, a newspaper advertising salesman who frequently changed jobs. As a result, the family moved many times. Moore said in 1991, \"My dad was Dan Guynes. He raised me. There is a man who would be considered my biological father who I don't really have a relationship with.\" Moore suffered from strabismus as a child. This was ultimately corrected by two operations. She also suffered from kidney dysfunction. Moore learned of her biological father, Harmon, at age 13, when she found her mother and stepfather's marriage certificate and inquired about","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"19828588","text":"1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards The 1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards were held on June 3, 1995 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles. The awards originally had categories for both video and theatrical releases. Below is a complete list of winners. Sandra Bullock, Speed Sandra Bullock, Speed Meg Ryan, When a Man Loves a Woman Demi Moore, Disclosure Whoopi Goldberg, Sister Act 2 Jodie Foster, Maverick Angela Bassett, What's Love Got To Do With It Cameron Diaz, The Mask Harrison Ford, The Fugitive Harrison Ford, Clear and Present Danger Tom Hanks, Philadelphia Tom Hanks, Forrest Gump Jim Carrey, Jim Carrey, The","title":"1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards"},{"id":"2242036","text":"LeBlanc, Claudia Schiffer, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Estevez was in a relationship with Carey Salley, a Wilhelmina model, until they broke up in 1986. They have a son, Taylor Levi Estevez (born June 22, 1984), and a daughter, Paloma Rae Estevez (born February 15, 1986). On April 29, 1992, Estevez married singer-choreographer Paula Abdul. They divorced in May 1994, with Abdul later stating that she wanted children and Estevez, who already had two children, did not. Estevez was briefly engaged to actress Demi Moore and they remain good friends. The two starred as a feuding married couple in the 2006 movie","title":"Emilio Estevez"},{"id":"11531807","text":"all time, and it is one of Leibovitz's best known works. The picture has been parodied several times, including for advertising \"\" (1994). This led to the 1998 Second Circuit fair use case \"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.\" In addition to being satirically parodied and popularizing pregnancy photographs, there was also backlash. Critics rated it grotesque and obscene, and it was also seriously considered when Internet decency standards were first being legislated and adjudicated. Others thought it was a powerful artistic statement. In each of the subsequent two years, Moore made follow-up cover appearances on \"Vanity Fair\", the first of","title":"More Demi Moore"},{"id":"7584253","text":"timing does seem to have gotten rusty since his \"Moonlighting\" days. Their movie-stars-yelling-at-each-other relationship doesn't feel much more real than the happily married act they put on for their kids.\" In the \"Chicago Sun-Times\", Roger Ebert awarded the film a one star and wrote: \"Gene Siskel used to ask if a movie was as good as a documentary of the same actors having lunch. Watching \"The Story of Us\", I imagined a documentary of the marriage of, say, Bruce Willis and Demi Moore. I do not say that to score a cheap point, but because Moore and Willis are spirited","title":"The Story of Us (film)"},{"id":"8281505","text":"they promote \"Wisdom\" as this most phenomenal thing that hasn't happened since Orson Welles, I'm going to get hit.\" \"I have a kind of nihilistic point of view,\" he added. \"I'm into making films that are realistic and not fluff. When you deal in reality, you're dealing with a lot of serious problems. We could be sitting here and now and being vaporized by nuclear weapons by accidentally. That's reality... Life does not end happily ever after.\" The female lead went to Demi Moore who was then Estevez's fiancée. (The two met while making \"St Elmo's Fire\".) \"I'm not going","title":"Wisdom (film)"},{"id":"9361001","text":"Wilson Phillips' previous work), and Desmond Child. According to Chynna, she was offered $1 million to record a solo album for EMI, and was dropped shortly after due to the album's disappointing sales. Three singles were commercially released from the album: \"Naked and Sacred\", \"I Live for You\", (which was featured in the 1996 film \"Striptease\" starring Demi Moore), and \"Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me\". The album track \"Remember Me\" was released in promo form and sent to U.S. radio in 1996, but was never commercially released and never charted. \"Just to Hear You Say That","title":"Naked and Sacred"},{"id":"8385235","text":"Critics have drawn similarities between the \"I'll Make a Man Out of You\" sequence and Hercules' training montage in Disney's \"Hercules \"(1997), as well as actress Demi Moore's role as Lieutenant Jordan O'Neil in the film \"G. I. Jane \"(1997). In the book \"Ways of Being Male: Representing Masculinities in Children's Literature\", author John Stephens wrote that although both \"Mulan \"and \"Hercules\" depict \"the active male body as spectacle,\" \"Mulan\"s is less \"straight-forward\" due to the character's gender. Michael Dequina of \"The Movie Report\" observed that \"Mulan's transformation is highly reminiscent of Demi Moore's in last year's Disney drama \"G.I.","title":"I'll Make a Man Out of You"},{"id":"10663525","text":"Is Me\", \"Here We Go Again\", \"Skyscraper\", \"Give Your Heart a Break\", \"Heart Attack\", \"Cool for the Summer\", and \"Sorry Not Sorry\". Of her television credits, Lovato starred as the titular character on \"Sonny with a Chance\" from 2009 to 2011; was featured as a judge and mentor on the American version of \"The X Factor\" in 2012 and 2013; and appeared as a recurring character on \"Glee\". Her struggles with bipolar disorder, addiction, an eating disorder, and self-harm received significant media attention in the 2010s, in response to which she published the book \"Staying Strong: 365 Days a Year\"","title":"Demi Lovato"},{"id":"8751755","text":"Stocks, after Charity abandoned him, as she believed he had died when she went to find him. Atkins grew up in the village of Silverdale, Lancashire and attended Our Lady's R.C. High School in Lancaster, before going on to study at Salford University. Atkins is best known for playing the role of Charity Tate on the ITV1 Soap Opera \"Emmerdale\" from the year 2000. This role was her first appearance on British television. After first leaving \"Emmerdale\", Atkins appeared in episodes of the BBC series \"Dalziel and Pascoe\", \"Mayo\", \"I'm with Stupid\", \"New Street Law\", \"Doctors\" and \"Casualty\". Atkins is","title":"Emma Atkins"},{"id":"5816592","text":"by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale. Both Roger Ebert and James Berardinelli rated the film one star out of four, denouncing the implausible storyline as well as the casting of Lauren Holly as an action heroine. G. Allen Johnson of the San Francisco Examiner called the film \"an absolute bore\". Lauren Holly's performance in the film earned her a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress, though she lost to Demi Moore for \"G.I. Jane\". \"Turbulence\" was also nominated for Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property but lost","title":"Turbulence (1997 film)"},{"id":"15935134","text":"and took Tom McSweeney acting classes. She began acting in 2010 with a role in Australian horror film \"Still Waters\" between 2010 and 2011. Harman secured a role on popular soap opera \"Home and Away\" and began appearing on 31 August 2011. She plays rebellious teenager Sasha Bezmel, the illegitimate daughter of Sid Walker. Harman relocated to Sydney for the role. In 2015 Harman left Home and away after four years. In 2013, Harman was a contestant in the first Australian season of \"Celebrity Splash!\". The following year, Harman announced her departure from \"Home and Away\". She joined the presenting","title":"Demi Harman"},{"id":"10160180","text":"Alexandra Pigg Alexandra Pigg (born 1962 in Knotty Ash, Liverpool) is a British actress who first came to prominence as Petra Taylor in the TV soap opera \"Brookside\". Her best-known film appearances are as Elaine in \"Letter to Brezhnev\" (1985), for which she was nominated for a BAFTA award, and as Bridget Baines in \"A Chorus of Disapproval\" (1988). She also starred in the BBC film \"Smart Money\" (1986), \"Strapless\" (1989) with Bridget Fonda, \"Chicago Joe and the Showgirl\" (1990) with Kiefer Sutherland and Emily Lloyd, \"Bullseye!\" (1990) starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore, and \"Immortal Beloved\" (1994) with Gary","title":"Alexandra Pigg"},{"id":"3697516","text":"was written and illustrated by then-Fantastic Four writer/artist John Byrne. She-Hulk regained a solo series in 1989, \"The Sensational She-Hulk\" (maintaining the 1985 graphic novel's title). \"The Sensational She-Hulk\" ran for sixty issues. Issues #1 to #8, #31 to #46, and #48 to 50 were written and drawn by Byrne. Byrne's She-Hulk stories satirized comic books and introduced She-Hulk's awareness that she is a comic book character. Two issues tested the limits of the comics code: #34 makes reference to the 1991 \"Vanity Fair\" cover in which actress Demi Moore appeared nude and pregnant (She-Hulk's version has her holding a","title":"She-Hulk"},{"id":"3000401","text":"Anne Hathaway Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American actress and singer. One of the world's highest-paid actresses in 2015, she has received multiple awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a British Academy Film Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award. Her films have earned $6.4 billion worldwide, and she appeared in the \"Forbes\" Celebrity 100 in 2009. Hathaway graduated from Millburn High School in New Jersey, where she acted in several plays. As a teenager, she was cast in the television series \"Get Real\" (1999–2000) and made her breakthrough as the protagonist in her debut","title":"Anne Hathaway"},{"id":"3258594","text":"soap opera. It rose to the top of the ratings in the early 1980s in part thanks to the monumentally popular \"supercouple\" Luke and Laura, whose 1981 wedding brought in 30 million viewers and remains the highest-rated hour in American soap opera history. The soap opera is also known for its high-profile celebrity guest stars who have included, among others, Roseanne Barr, James Franco and Elizabeth Taylor. In 2007, the program was listed as one of \"Time\" magazine's \"100 Best TV Shows of All-\"TIME\".\" On April 23, 2009, \"General Hospital\" began broadcasting in high definition, making it the first ABC","title":"General Hospital"},{"id":"4862326","text":"Cleo Moore Cleouna Moore (October 31, 1924 – October 25, 1973) was an American actress, usually featured in the role of a blonde bombshell in Hollywood films of the 1950s. She also became a well-known pin-up girl. Although she never obtained true film stardom, Moore has become a cult fan favorite, with several of her films being considered cult classics. Cleouna Moore was born in Galvez, Louisiana, and raised in nearby Gonzales, Louisiana. Her father ran a grocery store. She was educated in Gonzales' public schools and took a secretarial course at Pope's Commercial College in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At","title":"Cleo Moore"},{"id":"4565423","text":"television career continued as she played Grace Alvarez, the forensic pathologist for the Violent Crimes Task Force for four seasons on NBC's \"Profiler\". She has had guest-starring and recurring roles on shows such as \"ER\", \"The West Wing\", and \"Law & Order.\" Her most widely seen performances may be playing Seattle attorney Catherine Alvarez in the film \"Disclosure\" (1994), starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore. She followed this up with a series of performances as Vanessa Galiano in the TV series, \"Law & Order\" and as Judge Victoria Peyton on ABC's \"Boston Legal\". Since 2003, Maffia has appeared as Liz","title":"Roma Maffia"},{"id":"1561611","text":"Willis, intending to portray \"anti-Hollywood, anti-glitz\" attitude. The cover drew a lot of attention, being discussed on television, radio, and in newspaper articles. The frankness of Leibovitz's portrayal of a pregnant sex symbol led to divided opinions, ranging from suggestions of sexual objectification to celebrations of the photograph as a symbol of empowerment. The photograph was subject to numerous parodies, including the \"Spy\" Magazine version, which placed Moore's then-husband Bruce Willis's head on her body. In \"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.,\" Leibovitz sued over one parody featuring Leslie Nielsen, made to promote the 1994 film \".\" In the parody, the","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"17103144","text":"Julianne Moore filmography Julianne Moore is an American actress who made her acting debut on television in 1984 in the mystery series \"The Edge of Night\". The following year she made her first appearance in the soap opera \"As the World Turns\", which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Ingenue in a Drama Series in 1988. Following roles in television films, Moore had her breakthrough in Robert Altman's drama film \"Short Cuts\" (1993). Her performance garnered critical acclaim as well as notoriety for a monologue her character delivers while nude below the waist. Among Moore's releases of 1995","title":"Julianne Moore filmography"},{"id":"13616133","text":"Mommy XXX Mommy XXX is an American reality television web series directed and produced by John Ferrie and starring former porn star Demi Delia. The show was produced by Teru Media and premiered on Sony Pictures Entertainment owned Crackle on June 18, 2009. The show \"chronicles the life of Demi Delia, an actively working porn star with two teenage children...\". New episodes streamed on Thursday through September 10, 2009. \"\"Mommy XXX\" takes us inside Demi's home -- known as \"the Castle or Compound\"—in The Valley where porn wannabes and naive newcomers to the adult film world hang out. In documenting","title":"Mommy XXX"},{"id":"8964240","text":"been compared to dolls, and though his career progressed beyond the men's magazines for which he is still best known (he has done book and magazine covers including TIME magazine), he believes that Gene is the \"something significant\" he has felt bound to do after watching 2/3 of his friends die during the AIDS epidemic. After its debut at the 1995 Toy Fair, Gene became a hit among adult collectors, among them actress Demi Moore (\"the world's most high-profile doll collector\", according to the \"New York Times\"). Between 1995 and 2005 the dolls were manufactured by the Ashton-Drake Galleries. From","title":"Gene Marshall"},{"id":"2717402","text":"demand and appeared in several films, including \"Road House\" (1989). His biggest role came when he starred in \"Ghost\" (1990) with Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg. In 1991, he starred alongside \"Youngblood\" castmate Keanu Reeves in another major action hit, \"Point Break\", and he was chosen by \"People\" magazine as that year's \"Sexiest Man Alive\". In 2003, Swayze co-produced and also starred in the fictional dance film \"One Last Dance\", along with his real-life wife Lisa Niemi and a talented cast. The story revolves around an actual dance production, \"Without a Word\", which had been choreographed by Alonzo King, and","title":"Patrick Swayze"},{"id":"15262739","text":"Helene Palmer Helene Palmer (5 March 1928 – 5 January 2011) was a British actress best known for her portrayal of Ida Clough, a factory machinist in the long-running soap opera, \"Coronation Street\". She appeared in the show on/off between 1978 and 1998. She began her career as an entertainer in British nightclubs during the 1960s and 1970s. She collaborated and became friends with many well-known English actors and comedians in the clubs, including Lynne Perrie, Pat Phoenix, Liz Dawn, Freddie Starr and Les Dawson. Palmer joined the cast of \"Coronation Street\" in 1978, portraying machinist Ida Clough. Her son,","title":"Helene Palmer"},{"id":"1561590","text":"Guynes posed nude for the magazine \"High Society\" in 1993, where she spoofed Moore's \"Vanity Fair\" pregnancy and bodypaint covers and parodied her love scene from the film \"Ghost\". Moore and Guynes briefly reconciled shortly before Guynes died of cancer in July 1998 at age 54. Demi Moore co-wrote three songs with Freddy Moore and appeared in the music video for their selection \"It's Not a Rumor,\" performed by his band, The Nu Kats. She continues to receive royalty checks from her brief songwriting work (1980–81). Moore was not known, as of late October 2018, to have expressed any desire","title":"Demi Moore"},{"id":"8801663","text":"the 20th century, the handbra appeared on numerous celebrity magazine covers. The August 1991 cover of \"Vanity Fair\" magazine, known as the \"More Demi Moore\" cover, contained a controversial handbra nude photograph of the then seven-months pregnant Demi Moore taken by Annie Leibovitz. Two years later Janet Jackson appeared on the September 1993 cover of \"Rolling Stone\" with her nipples covered by a pair of male hands. The magazine later named it their \"Most Popular Cover Ever\". In July 1994, Ronald Reagan's daughter Patti Davis appeared on the cover of \"Playboy\" with another model covering her breasts. Photographer Raphael Mazzucco","title":"Handbra"},{"id":"459788","text":"Winona Ryder Winona Ryder (born Winona Laura Horowitz; October 29, 1971) is an American actress and film producer. One of the most successful and iconic actresses of the 1990s, she made her film debut in \"Lucas\" (1986). As Lydia Deetz, a goth teenager in Tim Burton's \"Beetlejuice\" (1988), she garnered critical acclaim and widespread recognition. After appearances in film and on television, Ryder continued her acting career with the cult film \"Heathers\" (1988), a controversial satire that has since become a landmark teen film. She later appeared in the coming of age drama \"Mermaids\" (1990), earning a Golden Globe Award","title":"Winona Ryder"},{"id":"14329907","text":"in mind. It was announced on August 19, 2011, that Tigelaar was reteaming with former \"Life Unexpected\" executive producers Gary Fleder and Mary Beth Basile on \"The Joneses\", a drama series in development for ABC. It is based on the 2009 \"film of the same name\" that originally starred Demi Moore and David Duchovny. In July 2012, after ABC had passed on the project, it was reported that cable channel Bravo had picked the series up to development. In May 2011, Tigelaar joined the crew of the ABC fantasy series \"Once Upon a Time\", as a writer and co-executive producer.","title":"Liz Tigelaar"},{"id":"8412324","text":"film \"The Next Karate Kid\" (1994) and appeared on television as John Abbott's former secretary, Audrey North, on \"The Young and the Restless\" (1996). She later played Madame Julianna Deschanel on \"Sunset Beach\" (1997). In 1998, Towers had supporting parts in the horror film \"The Relic\" (1998), and the thriller \"A Perfect Murder\" (1998), playing the mother of Gwyneth Paltrow's character. Towers' best-known soap part is as villainous Helena Cassadine on \"General Hospital\" which she began playing late in 1997, continuing until her character was killed off in 2017. Towers guest-starred in the \"\" episode \"The Forsaken\" in 1993. She","title":"Constance Towers"},{"id":"874652","text":"Dench established herself as one of the most significant British theatre performers, working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company. She received critical praise in television during this period, in the series \"A Fine Romance\" from 1981 until 1984, and from 1992 to 2005 with a starring role in the romantic comedy series \"As Time Goes By\". Her film appearances were infrequent, and included supporting roles in major films, such as \"A Room with a View\" (1986), before she rose to international fame as M in \"GoldenEye\" (1995), a role she continued to play in James Bond","title":"Judi Dench"},{"id":"13616134","text":"the day-to-day life of a busy mom who also happens to be a real-life porn star, \"Mommy XXX\" episodes will expose Demi Delia's personal side...\" Mommy XXX Mommy XXX is an American reality television web series directed and produced by John Ferrie and starring former porn star Demi Delia. The show was produced by Teru Media and premiered on Sony Pictures Entertainment owned Crackle on June 18, 2009. The show \"chronicles the life of Demi Delia, an actively working porn star with two teenage children...\". New episodes streamed on Thursday through September 10, 2009. \"\"Mommy XXX\" takes us inside Demi's","title":"Mommy XXX"},{"id":"7066003","text":"critics and currently holds a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Antonio Banderas was nominated for a Goya Award for his part, while both Melanie Griffith and Daryl Hannah received Golden Raspberry Award nominations for theirs as both Worst Actress and Worst Supporting Actress respectively. Griffith lost the former category to Demi Moore for both \"The Juror\" and \"Striptease\", while Hannah lost the latter category to Griffith for her performance in \"Mulholland Falls\". Two Much Two Much is a 1995 romantic screwball comedy film based on Donald Westlake's novel of the same name, and is also a remake of the 1984","title":"Two Much"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1561584\",\n \"text\": \"Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career and appeared in the men's pornographic magazine \\\"Oui\\\" in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera \\\"General Hospital\\\" and subsequently gained recognition as a member of the Brat Pack with roles in \\\"Blame It on Rio\\\" (1984), \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\" (1985), and \\\"About Last Night...\\\" (1986). Following a few roles, she subsequently came over\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561593\",\n \"text\": \"the 1982 spoof film \\\"Young Doctors in Love\\\". Moore's film career took off in 1984 following her appearance in the sex comedy \\\"Blame It on Rio\\\". Her other 1984 film was the comedy \\\"No Small Affair\\\". Her commercial breakthrough came in Joel Schumacher's yuppie drama \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\" (1985), which received negative reviews, but was a box office success and brought Moore to international recognition. Because of her association with that film, Moore was often listed as part of the Brat Pack, a label she felt was \\\"demeaning\\\". She progressed to more serious material with \\\"About Last Night...\\\" (1986), co-starring\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561592\",\n \"text\": \"she told another interviewer, \\\"I was 17 years old. I was underage. It was just the cover.\\\" Moore made her film debut with a brief role in the 1981 teen drama \\\"Choices\\\", directed by Silvio Narizzano. Her second film feature was the 3-D sci-fi horror film \\\"Parasite\\\" (1982), for which director Charles Band had instructed casting director Johanna Ray to \\\"find me the next Karen Allen.\\\" Moore then joined the cast of the ABC soap opera \\\"General Hospital\\\", playing the role of an investigative reporter until 1983. During her tenure on the series, she made an uncredited cameo appearance in\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561585\",\n \"text\": \"the Brat Pack curse with her starring role in \\\"Ghost\\\" (1990), the highest-grossing film of that year, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination. She continued to find box-office success in the early 1990s, with the films \\\"A Few Good Men\\\" (1992), \\\"Indecent Proposal\\\" (1993), and \\\"Disclosure\\\" (1994). In 1996, Moore became the highest-paid actress in film history when she received a then-unprecedented US$12.5 million to star in \\\"Striptease\\\", a film although a commercial success was a major critical disappointment winning her the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress. Her next major role, \\\"G.I. Jane\\\" (1997), for which she\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561586\",\n \"text\": \"famously shaved her head won her a second Razzie Award for Worst Actress and was followed by a lengthy break and downturn in Moore's career. Her later film roles include \\\"\\\" (2003), \\\"Bobby\\\" (2006), \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" (2007), and \\\"Margin Call\\\" (2011). Besides acting, her personal life has been the subject of significant media coverage, particularly her marriages to actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. Was born Demi Gene Harmon on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico. Her biological father, Air Force airman Charles Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia (née King), after a two-month marriage before Moore was born.\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561598\",\n \"text\": \"(1995) found moderate box office success, the thriller \\\"The Juror\\\" (1996) was heavily panned by critics. Moore was paid a record-breaking salary of US$12.5 million in 1996 to star in \\\"Striptease\\\". Much hype was made about Moore's willingness to dance topless for the part, though this was the sixth time she had shown her breasts on film. Although the film was actually a financial success—grossing over US$113 million worldwide—it failed to reach expectations and was widely considered a flop. Moore produced and starred in a controversial miniseries for HBO called \\\"If These Walls Could Talk\\\" (1996), a three-part anthology about\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561595\",\n \"text\": \"Girl\\\", which ran at the Circle Repertory Company in fall 1986. In 1988, Moore starred as a prophecy-bearing mother in the apocalyptic drama \\\"The Seventh Sign\\\"—her first outing as a solo film star— and in 1989, she played the quick-witted local laundress and prostitute in Neil Jordan's Depression-era allegory \\\"We're No Angels\\\", opposite Robert De Niro. Her most successful film to date is the supernatural romantic melodrama \\\"Ghost\\\" (1990), which grossed over US$505 million at the box office and was the highest-grossing film of the year. She played a young woman in jeopardy to be protected by the ghost of\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561603\",\n \"text\": \"the gigglefest as the angels fight, kick, dance and motocross like Indiana Jones clones on estrogen\\\". The film was followed by yet another three-year absence. In the interim, Moore signed on as the face of the Versace fashion brand and the Helena Rubinstein brand of cosmetics. Moore portrayed an alcoholic singer whose career is on the downswing, as part of an ensemble cast, in Emilio Estevez's drama \\\"Bobby\\\" (2006), about the hours leading up to the Robert F. Kennedy assassination. As a member of the cast, she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561610\",\n \"text\": \"a take-charge nurse with a mysterious past. The comedy \\\"Rough Night\\\" (2017), in which she acted alongside Scarlett Johansson, Kate McKinnon, Jillian Bell, Zoë Kravitz and Ty Burrell, featured Moore as one half of a nymphomaniac couple seducing a member of a bachelorette party gone wrong. Her first widely released film since \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" (2007), \\\"Rough Night\\\" was a moderate commercial success. In August 1991, Moore appeared nude on the cover of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" under the title \\\"More Demi Moore.\\\" Annie Leibovitz shot the picture while Moore was seven months pregnant with the second of her three daughters, Scout LaRue\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4021189\",\n \"text\": \"Demi Moore and Tony Curtis. After directing shows such as \\\"The First Hundred Years\\\", \\\"The Secret Storm\\\" (for many years), and \\\"Bright Promise\\\", she is best known for taking over the ailing ABC Daytime serial \\\"General Hospital\\\" in 1978 as Executive Producer. Fred Silverman, the head of ABC, gave Monty thirteen weeks to turn the show around, with cancellation threatened if she did not succeed. It subsequently became the top-rated American daytime drama and won several Daytime Emmy Awards. To accomplish this turnaround, she increased the show's pace, and focused main storylines on younger characters to reach out to younger\",\n \"title\": \"Gloria Monty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561597\",\n \"text\": \"were not widely seen, but Moore sustained her A-list status with her starring roles in Rob Reiner's \\\"A Few Good Men\\\" (1992), Adrian Lyne's \\\"Indecent Proposal\\\" (1993), and Barry Levinson's \\\"Disclosure\\\" (1994)—all of which opened at #1 at the box office and were blockbuster hits. By 1995, Moore was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. However, critical acclaim subsequently began to wane with her subsequent film releases; her portrayal of Hester Prynne in \\\"The Scarlet Letter\\\" (1995), a \\\"freely adapted\\\" version of the historical romance novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, was met with harsh criticism. While the coming-of-age drama \\\"Now and Then\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12364035\",\n \"text\": \"sanitize it, and I didn’t, and I got my ass kicked for it.\\\" Moore played the main female character, Erin Grant. For the film, she was paid $12.5 million, which was at the time a record for an actress. Bergman later said, \\\"Is Demi the funniest person in the world? No. Would the movie have been made without her? Probably not. No other major star was willing to take her clothes off, and I was not going to do a TNT version of \\\"Striptease\\\" with people running around in swimsuits.\\\" To prepare for her role, Moore visited strip clubs in\",\n \"title\": \"Striptease (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561601\",\n \"text\": \"1997. After \\\"G.I. Jane\\\", Moore retreated from the spotlight and moved to Hailey, Idaho, on a full-time basis to devote herself to raising her three daughters. She was off screen for three years before re-emerging in the arthouse psychological drama \\\"Passion of Mind\\\" (2000), the first English-language film from Belgian director Alain Berliner. Her performance as a woman with multiple personality disorder was well received, but the film itself garnered mixed reviews and was deemed \\\"naggingly slow\\\" by some critics. Moore then resumed her self-imposed career hiatus and continued to turn down film offers. Producer Irwin Winkler said in 2001,\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561617\",\n \"text\": \"Men Don't Buy Girls.\\\" In November 2012, the foundation said it was announcing \\\"a new name and refined mission\\\" as Thorn: Digital Defenders of Children, which aimed \\\"to disrupt and deflate the predatory behavior of those who abuse and traffic children, solicit sex with children or create and share child pornography\\\". The following is a list of accolades Moore has received throughout her career: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"934474\",\n \"text\": \"to \\\"Showgirls\\\" poor reception, \\\"Striptease\\\", a 1996 film about nude dancers starring Demi Moore, was distanced from \\\"Showgirls\\\" in advertisements; \\\"Striptease\\\" nonetheless won the next year's Razzie Award for Worst Picture. Rena Riffel, who played Penny/Hope in \\\"Showgirls\\\", was also cast in \\\"Striptease\\\", as Tiffany Glass. The term \\\"\\\"Showgirls\\\"-bad\\\" has been adopted by film critics and fans to refer to films considered guilty pleasures, or \\\"so-bad-they're-good\\\". To date, \\\"Showgirls\\\" is the highest-grossing NC-17 production, earning $20,350,754 at the North American box office. \\\"I met Paul Verhoeven and he was just so charismatic,\\\" remarked Toni Halliday, who contributed to the soundtrack.\",\n \"title\": \"Showgirls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12364029\",\n \"text\": \"Striptease (film) Striptease is a 1996 American erotic comedy film directed, produced, and written by Andrew Bergman, and starring Demi Moore, Burt Reynolds and Ving Rhames. The film is based on Carl Hiaasen's novel of the same name, and is about a stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute and corrupt politics. \\\"Striptease\\\" was generally reviled by critics. It wound up winning several Golden Raspberry Awards, which are given to the worst in cinema. Among these awards given to \\\"Striptease\\\" was the Award for Worst Picture of 1996. Former FBI secretary Erin Grant (Demi Moore) loses custody of\",\n \"title\": \"Striptease (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9240632\",\n \"text\": \"Young Doctors in Love Young Doctors in Love is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Garry Marshall. Similar in tone to the \\\"Airplane!\\\" movies, it spoofs a variety of medical shows (in particular, \\\"General Hospital\\\") and has many guest stars from ABC soap operas. The film stars Sean Young, Michael McKean, Harry Dean Stanton, Dabney Coleman and Patrick Macnee. It also features Demi Moore in one of her early film roles. A group of young medical interns join the City Hospital surgery staff run by Dr. Prang, a brash and cynical surgeon leading an expensive and dissolute lifestyle. Meanwhile,\",\n \"title\": \"Young Doctors in Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561599\",\n \"text\": \"abortion alongside Sissy Spacek and Cher. Its screenwriter, Nancy Savoca, directed two segments, including one in which Moore played a widowed nurse in the early 1950s seeking a back-alley abortion. For that role, Moore received a second Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress. Also in 1996, she provided the speaking voice of the beautiful Esmeralda in Disney's animated adaptation of \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", and starred in Mike Judge's comedy \\\"Beavis and Butt-head Do America\\\", alongside her then husband Bruce Willis. Moore famously shaved her head to play the first woman to undergo training in the Navy SEAL in\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12422547\",\n \"text\": \"icon status, spawning various spoofs and parodies (notably the episode of \\\"Friends\\\", \\\"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy\\\"). Actresses fighting in bikinis in movies like \\\"\\\" and \\\"Blue Crush\\\" have made the two-piece, according to Gina Bellafonte of \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"the millennial equivalent of the power suit.\\\" The \\\"Full Throttle\\\" scene showing actress Demi Moore walking out of the ocean wearing a bikini was credited with reviving her career. In the film \\\"Varsity Blues\\\" (1999), Ali Larter attempts to seduce James Van Der Beek sporting a \\\"bikini\\\" made of whipped cream over her otherwise naked body. In\",\n \"title\": \"Bikini in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561602\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I had a project about a year and a half ago, and we made an inquiry about her—a real good commercial picture. She wasn't interested.\\\" Another three years passed before Moore acted again. She returned to the screen, playing a villain in the 2003 film \\\"\\\", opposite Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore and Lucy Liu. A commercial success, the film made US$259.1 million worldwide, and \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", on Moore's role, remarked: \\\"It's a relief when Demi Moore shows up as fallen angel [...] Moore, 40, looks great in a bikini and doesn’t even try to act. Her unsmiling sexiness cuts through\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561604\",\n \"text\": \"Motion Picture but won the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble Cast. She played a grieving and tormented novelist in the mystery thriller \\\"Half Light\\\" (also 2006). Moore took on the role of a driven police officer investigating a serial killer in 2007's \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\", with Kevin Costner. \\\"The New York Times\\\" found her performance to be \\\"the most wooden\\\" of her career, writing: \\\"Looking exhausted and tense, the actress is as expressive as a wax museum effigy\\\". \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" made US$48.1 million worldwide, and was Moore's last widely released film until 2017. She reunited with \\\"Blame It on\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5601899\",\n \"text\": \"She was a regular guest on Channel 4's music show \\\"The Word\\\", including one occasion where she tricked presenter Terry Christian into showing his testicles in a hidden camera set-up. Around this time, Clarke's boyfriend was the artist Jamie Reid, and she was paid an undisclosed sum to pose nude while nine months pregnant with their daughter Rowan. The resulting pictures were a response to the then recent \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" spread of actress Demi Moore, in which she was shown nude while also nine months pregnant. The pictures of Clarke were published in Sunday tabloid, the \\\"Sunday People\\\". She also\",\n \"title\": \"Margi Clarke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561605\",\n \"text\": \"Rio\\\" co-star Michael Caine for the British crime drama \\\"Flawless\\\" (2008), which saw her portray an American executive helping to steal a handful of diamonds from the London Diamond Corporation during the 1960s. While the film found a limited release in theaters, Moore received positive reviews from critics; \\\"Miami Herard\\\" wrote: \\\"The inspired pairing of Demi Moore and Michael Caine as a pair of thieves in the diamond-heist semi-caper movie \\\"Flawless\\\" goes a long way toward overcoming the film's slack, leisurely pacing\\\". After \\\"Mr. Brooks,\\\" Moore has since acted mainly in independent films. In 2010, Moore took on the role\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9240634\",\n \"text\": \"passable hot-weather entertainment.\\\" It maintains a 29% \\\"rotten\\\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews. Young Doctors in Love Young Doctors in Love is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Garry Marshall. Similar in tone to the \\\"Airplane!\\\" movies, it spoofs a variety of medical shows (in particular, \\\"General Hospital\\\") and has many guest stars from ABC soap operas. The film stars Sean Young, Michael McKean, Harry Dean Stanton, Dabney Coleman and Patrick Macnee. It also features Demi Moore in one of her early film roles. A group of young medical interns join the City Hospital surgery staff\",\n \"title\": \"Young Doctors in Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561596\",\n \"text\": \"her murdered lover. The love scene between Moore and Patrick Swayze that starts in front of a potter's wheel to the sound of \\\"Unchained Melody\\\" has become an iconic moment in cinema history. \\\"Ghost\\\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and Moore's performance earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 1991, Moore starred in the horror comedy \\\"Nothing but Trouble\\\", co-produced and appeared in the mystery thriller \\\"Mortal Thoughts\\\", and played a blonde for the first time in the romantic comedy \\\"The Butcher's Wife\\\", with Roger Ebert's review describing her as \\\"warm and cuddly\\\". Those films\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561588\",\n \"text\": \"the circumstances since she \\\"saw my parents were married in February 1963. I was born in '62.\\\" At age 15, Moore moved to West Hollywood, California, where her mother worked for a magazine distribution company. Moore attended Fairfax High School there, and recalled, \\\"I moved out of my family's house when I was 16 and left high school in my junior year.\\\" She signed with the Elite Modeling Agency and went to Europe to work as a pin-up girl, then enrolled in drama classes after being inspired by her next-door neighbor, 17-year-old German actress Nastassja Kinski. In August 1979, three\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936164\",\n \"text\": \"Rebecca Gilling Rebecca Gilling (born 3 November 1953 in Castlecrag, Sydney, Australia) is a former Australian actress. She is the daughter of prominent feminist campaigner Bridget Gilling. Her first acting role was in \\\"Stone\\\" (1974) but who came to prominence as the \\\"bad girl\\\" flight attendant Diana Moore in the feature film version of soap opera \\\"Number 96\\\" (1974). Her next acting role was in \\\"The Man from Hong Kong\\\" (1975). Gilling went on to act in several television series. She was a regular support character in \\\"Glenview High\\\" (1977) and then played the key role of Liz Kennedy in\",\n \"title\": \"Rebecca Gilling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561608\",\n \"text\": \"work as a director in a segment of the 2011 Lifetime anthology film \\\"Five,\\\" and starred opposite Ellen Barkin, Ellen Burstyn and George Kennedy in Sam Levinson's black comedy \\\"Another Happy Day,\\\" which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Moore appeared as the mother of a troubled teen in \\\"LOL\\\" (2012), with Miley Cyrus. The film had a limited release, and was critically and commercially unsuccessful. She played a similar mother role in her next film, the likewise coming-of-age dramedy \\\"Very Good Girls\\\" (2013), which co-starred Dakota Fanning and Elizabeth Olsen. Her part as an old flame of a quick-draw\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11531808\",\n \"text\": \"which propelled Joanne Gair to prominence as a trompe-l'œil body painter. In 1991, Demi Moore was a budding A-list film star who had been married to Bruce Willis since 1987. The couple had had their first child Rumer Willis in 1988, and they had hired three photographers for an audience of six friends for the delivery. In 1990, she had starred in that year's highest-grossing film, \\\"Ghost\\\", for which she was paid $750,000, and she had earned $2.5 million for 1991 roles in \\\"The Butcher's Wife\\\" and \\\"Mortal Thoughts\\\". Following the photo, she would earn $3 million for her 1992\",\n \"title\": \"More Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3506479\",\n \"text\": \"spawned a film version. Soon after, he appeared in two of British TV's most successful sitcoms at the same time. On ITV, he was playing naive medical student Alan Moore in \\\"Rising Damp\\\" (voted ITV's best-ever sitcom in the \\\"Britain's Best Sitcom\\\" poll in 2004) while also starring alongside Ronnie Barker in the BBC sitcom \\\"Porridge\\\" as prison inmate Lennie Godber. He also appeared in the films \\\"Rentadick\\\" (1972) and \\\"Three for All\\\" (1975) and made appearances in several other television series such as the \\\"ITV Playhouse\\\" episode \\\"Last Summer\\\" in 1976. Shortly after his 30th birthday, Beckinsale was the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Beckinsale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561606\",\n \"text\": \"of a daughter helping her father deal with age-related health problems in the dramedy \\\"Happy Tears,\\\" opposite Parker Posey and Rip Torn, and starred as the matriarch of a family moving into a suburban neighborhood in the comedy \\\"The Joneses,\\\" with David Duchovny. The latter film was largely highlighted upon its theatrical release, with critics concluding that it \\\"benefits from its timely satire of consumer culture — as well as a pair of strong performances\\\" from Duchovny and Moore. In \\\"Bunraku\\\" (2010), a film Moore described as a \\\"big action adventure,\\\" she played a courtesan and a femme fatale with\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12364050\",\n \"text\": \"was not pornography and it was aired at night. In 2003, Radioactive Films used a scene from \\\"Striptease\\\" featuring Moore nude in a video called \\\"Hollywood's Hottest\\\". This raised a dispute as to whether use of the scene qualified as fair use. A lawsuit was launched as a consequence. Striptease (film) Striptease is a 1996 American erotic comedy film directed, produced, and written by Andrew Bergman, and starring Demi Moore, Burt Reynolds and Ving Rhames. The film is based on Carl Hiaasen's novel of the same name, and is about a stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute\",\n \"title\": \"Striptease (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7737357\",\n \"text\": \"a reality show called \\\"The Cougar\\\" where women would pick a date. The 2009 sitcom \\\"Cougar Town\\\" originally explored the difficulty and stigma of many so-called cougars. In \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), a married mother pursues a much younger man (21 in the film). On the soap opera \\\"Days of Our Lives\\\", character Eve Donovan is a cougar, repeatedly sleeping with the much younger JJ Deveraux. The \\\"cougar phenomenon\\\", as it is called, is frequently associated with present-day, glamorous celebrities such as Madonna, Sam Taylor-Johnson and Demi Moore. However, it has been claimed that the trend of influential women dating younger\",\n \"title\": \"Cougar (slang)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561600\",\n \"text\": \"Ridley Scott's \\\"G.I. Jane\\\" (1997). Budgeted at US$50 million, the film was a moderate commercial success, with a worldwide gross of US$97.1 million. During the film's production, it was reported that Moore had ordered studio chiefs to charter two planes for her entourage and her, which reinforced her negative reputation for being a diva—she had previously turned down the Sandra Bullock role in \\\"While You Were Sleeping\\\" because the studio refused to meet her salary demands, and was dubbed \\\"Gimme Moore\\\" by the media. Moore took on the role of an ultrapious psychiatrist in Woody Allen's \\\"Deconstructing Harry\\\", also in\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8286614\",\n \"text\": \"November 1981. At the wedding, Robert was reacquainted with Mikkos's vengeful widow, Helena Cassadine, who came to town to make a huge donation to General Hospital but secretly put a curse on Luke and Laura. In early 1982, Robert took up with feisty reporter Jackie Templeton (Demi Moore) who had come to town searching for her missing sister. Robert was helping Luke search for the missing Laura, and Jackie was searching for her own sister, Laura Templeton, a model whom Laura Spencer resembled. Robert and Luke were thrust into another episode of world intrigue when David Gray, the rightful heir\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Scorpio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957196\",\n \"text\": \"haircut was not well received by the fashion industry, and Evangelista was cancelled from 16 fashion shows. However, by the spring of 1989, Evangelista's haircut was the look of the season. The haircut was referred to as \\\"The Linda\\\", and it inspired the creation of a wig called \\\"The Evangelista\\\". Even famous women sought to emulate the look. Among them were Demi Moore, who sported the haircut in the 1990 film \\\"Ghost\\\", and Susan Sullivan from the television show \\\"Falcon Crest\\\". It has been said of Evangelista that \\\"the world's most famous haircut turned her from an averagely in-demand top\",\n \"title\": \"Linda Evangelista\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561613\",\n \"text\": \"of 17, she married singer Freddy Moore, 12 years her senior and recently divorced from his first wife, Lucy. During their marriage, Demi began using Freddy's surname as her stage name. She filed for divorce in September 1984; it was finalized on August 7, 1985. Moore was then engaged to actor Emilio Estevez, with whom she co-starred in \\\"Wisdom,\\\" a crime drama he also wrote and directed. The pair planned to marry in December 1986, but called off the engagement. On November 21, 1987, Moore married her second husband, actor Bruce Willis. She and Willis have three daughters together: Rumer\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11531820\",\n \"text\": \"Moore was again on the cover of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", but this time she was dressed in two straps and a large red bow and was sitting on David Letterman's lap while he was dressed up as Santa Claus. Other celebrities have since posed nude or semi-nude while in advanced pregnancy, including Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears whose billboard advertisements led to great controversy. \\\"Newsweek\\\" referred to the pose more than a decade later, and \\\"The New York Times\\\" coined \\\"demiclad\\\" for the nude pregnant handbra pose. Eventually, \\\"Vogue\\\" and \\\"Harper's Bazaar\\\" included pregnant cover models, and \\\"Star\\\" included a pregnant\",\n \"title\": \"More Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14550855\",\n \"text\": \"Lauren Pope Lauren Grace Pope (born 29 September 1982) is an English television personality, glamour model and DJ. She has appeared in the ITV2 reality series \\\"The Only Way Is Essex\\\". She was born and raised in Devon. Pope's breakthrough came as a glamour model in \\\"The Sun\\\". Building upon this notoriety, she was subsequently linked with Prince Harry.Earlier this year Pope was the face of Quiz Clothing's collaboration with fellow \\\"The Only way is Essex\\\" cast members Dan Edgar and Chloe Lewis. In 2007, Pope began a career as a DJ. \\\"Nuts\\\" magazine named her the \\\"world's sexiest DJ\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Pope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11746369\",\n \"text\": \"with each baby and I have.\\\" The weeklong effort also involved shots taken in Kauai, Hawaii that are included in Gair's second book, \\\"Body Painting\\\". Moore felt she looked better on the cover at age 29 than she had in a bikini nine years earlier in \\\"Blame It on Rio\\\". Demi Moore had appeared on the cover of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" exactly one year earlier in the August 1991 edition in Leibovitz's photograph, \\\"More Demi Moore\\\". As a groundbreaking work, the photograph of her pregnant pose was an iconic one for Moore, Leibovitz and women in general who now view public\",\n \"title\": \"Demi's Birthday Suit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6723285\",\n \"text\": \"Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922) was described as having no facial hair and a childish voice and appearance. The illusion of agelessness seems to be a goal for many individuals, such as Hollywood celebrities, that have been known to strive for, sometimes undergoing extensive and/or risky cosmetic surgeries. Demi Moore, Naomi Campbell, Eminem, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Madonna are particularly mentioned in the media for their alleged efforts to appear 'forever young'. Television host Dick Clark was often described as \\\"America's Oldest Teenager.\\\" Many of his viewers report difficulty in perceiving typical signs of aging since the 1960s, despite him being born\",\n \"title\": \"Ageless\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7267277\",\n \"text\": \"the 20th Century Fox film \\\"Headin' for Broadway\\\". Followed that with a sweet depiction of John Carlucio in \\\"Choices\\\". This was to be Demi Moore screen debut as Carafotes girlfriend. He then gave a gritty performance as the working class Vinnie Salvucci co-starring alongside Tom Cruise in \\\"All the Right Moves\\\", and delivered a memorable performance in the industry short film \\\"Scriptfellas\\\". Carafotes won an L.A. Drama Critics Award for writing \\\"Beyond the Ring\\\", for which he was also nominated for best actor. He also won the audience award at the Beverly Hills film festival for directing and writing super\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Carafotes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6246706\",\n \"text\": \"Kenya Moore Kenya Summer Moore Daly (born January 24, 1971), is an American actress, model, producer, author, television personality, and entrepreneur. She co-starred in the Bravo series \\\"The Real Housewives of Atlanta\\\" from 2012 to 2018 and was a member of the cast of \\\"The Celebrity Apprentice 7\\\" in 2015. Moore rose to prominence in 1993 after winning the Miss USA contest which led her to compete in that year's Miss Universe pageant ultimately landing her among the top six, but she did not take home the crown. She subsequently appeared in minor roles in films including \\\"Waiting To Exhale\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Kenya Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12751441\",\n \"text\": \"Following her role in \\\"Showgirls\\\", Riffel was cast in \\\"Striptease\\\" with Demi Moore and Burt Reynolds. \\\"Showgirls\\\" was generally disliked and the filmmakers feared people would pre-judge \\\"Striptease\\\" for that reason. To avoid any association between the two films, advèrtisements projected \\\"Striptease\\\" as more comedic than \\\"Showgirls\\\", which had been marketed as a drama. Aside from a common context, \\\"Striptease\\\" and \\\"Showgirls\\\" shared two notable connections: Marguerite Derricks choreographed both films, and Rena Riffel played a prominent role in each. Widely considered a box office failure, \\\"Striptease\\\" lacked the momentum that \\\"Showgirls\\\" gained in its cult status and has subsequently\",\n \"title\": \"Rena Riffel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6862129\",\n \"text\": \"Dina Spybey Dina Spybey (born August 29, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in more than 20 films, including \\\"John Q.\\\", \\\"subUrbia\\\" and \\\"The Haunted Mansion\\\". She is perhaps best known for her role as Tracy Montrose Blair on the first season of \\\"Six Feet Under\\\". She played \\\"young Elise Eliot\\\" in \\\"The First Wives Club\\\". She was in \\\"Greg the Bunny\\\", and \\\"Remember WENN\\\", and also played a stripper colleague of Demi Moore's in \\\"Striptease\\\". She played a supporting role in her husband Mark Waters' film \\\"Just Like Heaven\\\" (2005). She had a small role in Waters'\",\n \"title\": \"Dina Spybey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3568914\",\n \"text\": \"a must-see\\\". She has made cameo appearances on television shows such as \\\"L.A. Law\\\", \\\"227\\\", \\\"Super Mario Bros. Super Show\\\", \\\"Simon and Simon\\\", \\\"The King of Queens\\\", and \\\"Full House\\\"; and in films such as \\\"\\\" (1994) and \\\"Double Dragon\\\" (1994). She also appeared as Doris in the horror movie \\\"Graduation Day\\\" in 1981. It is an American slasher film directed by Herb Freed and produced by Troma Entertainment. She guest-starred on \\\"Married...With Children\\\"; in a gender-bending parody of the film \\\"Indecent Proposal\\\", White had the Robert Redford role while Al Bundy had that of Demi Moore. She served as\",\n \"title\": \"Vanna White\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9212552\",\n \"text\": \"worked hard to get to where [she is] now, and [wanted] to enjoy it while it lasts\\\". Cyrus hosted the March 5, 2011, episode of \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", during which she performed in a number of skits and poked fun at her recent controversies. She later made an appearance on the MTV series \\\"Punk'd\\\", appearing with Kelly Osbourne and Khloé Kardashian. Cyrus starred in the independent film \\\"LOL\\\" (2012) with Demi Moore. The film had a limited release, and was critically and commercially unsuccessful. She then starred in the comedy film \\\"So Undercover\\\", appearing as an FBI agent who is\",\n \"title\": \"Miley Cyrus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561594\",\n \"text\": \"Rob Lowe, which marked a positive turning point in her career, as Moore noted that, following its release, she began seeing better scripts. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and praised her performance, writing, \\\"There isn't a romantic note she isn't required to play in this movie, and she plays them all flawlessly.\\\" The success of \\\"About Last Night...\\\" was unrivaled by Moore's other two 1986 releases, \\\"One Crazy Summer\\\" and \\\"Wisdom\\\", the last youth-oriented films in which she would star. Moore made her professional stage debut in an off-Broadway production of \\\"The Early\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14304732\",\n \"text\": \"sweetness found in the comedy \\\"Barefoot in the Park\\\". Conversely, Kevin Thomas from the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" gave praise to the cast for their performances and both director Samples and co-writer Meyer for adding wit and \\\"affectionate humor\\\" to the film's infertility plot, despite having an unfulfilling conclusion, calling it \\\"an uncommonly thoughtful and intelligent mainstream entertainment, painstaking and stylish in every aspect.\\\" Lauren Holly earned a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress for her work in the film and \\\"Turbulence\\\", but lost the award to Demi Moore for \\\"G.I. Jane\\\". A Smile Like Yours A Smile Like Yours is\",\n \"title\": \"A Smile Like Yours\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5831704\",\n \"text\": \"and performed with the Light Opera Company. DeSoto made her film debut in 1979 with \\\"The In-Laws\\\". She appeared opposite Nick Nolte and Debra Winger in \\\"Cannery Row\\\" (1982). DeSoto won the Golden Eagle Award for Best Actress for her performance in \\\"The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez\\\" (1982). In 1986, she appeared opposite Rob Lowe and Demi Moore in \\\"About Last Night\\\", playing Mrs. Lyons. That same year, she portrayed waitress Diana Olmos in the short-lived sitcom, \\\"The Redd Foxx Show\\\". In 1987, DeSoto appeared in the biographic film \\\"La Bamba\\\". In that film, she portrayed Connie Valenzuela, the mother\",\n \"title\": \"Rosanna DeSoto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14336837\",\n \"text\": \"Streak (film) Streak is a 2008 American coming-of-age short film directed by Demi Moore, written by Kelly Fremon and Allan Loeb, and starring Brittany Snow and Rumer Willis. The film was actress Demi Moore's first film as a director. The plot focuses on a young woman stuck in a life she no longer wants with gym-rat friends and obsessive behavior. To break free, she reaches for fun in an interesting form of expression. Director Demi Moore's then 20-year-old daughter Rumer Willis starred in the film. Of directing her daughter, Moore said, \\\"The great thing is I’m seeing her mature and\",\n \"title\": \"Streak (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469475\",\n \"text\": \"1994, \\\"ER\\\", which starred Anthony Edwards and George Clooney, was a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawning series such as \\\"Grey's Anatomy\\\" (2005–present). It made NBC the most watched channel in the United States. This show launched the career of George Clooney. That same year, \\\"Chicago Hope\\\", that starred Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, was also a popular series for CBS, lasting between 1994 and 2000. \\\"Beverly Hills, 90210\\\" ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre paving the way for \\\"Dawson's Creek\\\", \\\"Felicity\\\", and other shows airing in later\",\n \"title\": \"1990s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1825034\",\n \"text\": \"Julianne Moore Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith; December 3, 1960) is an American actress, prolific in films since the early 1990s. She is particularly known for her portrayals of emotionally troubled women in both independent and Hollywood films, and has received many accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actress. After studying theatre at Boston University, Moore began her career with a series of television roles. From 1985 to 1988, she was a regular in the soap opera \\\"As the World Turns\\\", earning a Daytime Emmy for her performance. Her film debut was in \\\"\\\" (1990), and she continued\",\n \"title\": \"Julianne Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561607\",\n \"text\": \"a secret past. Moore portrayed a chief risk management officer at a large Wall Street investment bank during the initial stages of the financial crisis of 2007–08 in the critically acclaimed corporate drama \\\"Margin Call\\\" (2011), where she was part of an ensemble cast that included Kevin Spacey, Simon Baker, and Paul Bettany. The cast garnered nominations for the \\\"Best Ensemble\\\" award from the Gotham Awards, the Phoenix Film Critics Society and the Central Ohio Film Critics Association. Also in 2011, Moore received a Directors Guild of America Award nomination for Outstanding Directing – Miniseries or TV Film for her\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3493047\",\n \"text\": \"script, and a great idea, this stealth marketing. My character had worked with Demi [Moore] when Demi was an 18-year-old, having her sitting on bar stools at expensive bars and ordering certain champagnes and certain cigarettes. And now she has little pods of these families all over the country, and she's got them in rented houses for a year at a whack to heist all the neighbors. And I thought that capitalism could be as vicious as anything they ever came up with in the U.S.S.R. And certainly to some degree, we do seem to be involved in that, don't\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Hutton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7706473\",\n \"text\": \"Gregory Joujon-Roche Gregory Metcalfe ”Greg” Joujon-Roche (December 7, 1966 – July 31, 2016) was an American personal trainer and author who founded Holistic Fitness in Los Angeles in 1994. Joujon-Roche was born in Los Angeles, California and raised in Kauai, Hawaii. He later moved back to Los Angeles where he worked as a model and appeared in the 1989 direct-to-video horror film, \\\"Psycho Cop\\\". In the early 90s, Joujon-Roche began working as a personal trainer and, in 1994, opened Holistic Fitness. His first celebrity client was actress Demi Moore who hired Joujon-Roche to get her into shape for the 1996\",\n \"title\": \"Gregory Joujon-Roche\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5428739\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Helvenston Stephen \\\"Scott\\\" Helvenston (June 21, 1965 – March 31, 2004) was an United States Navy SEAL. He was working as a security contractor for Blackwater Security when he was killed in the 31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush within days of arriving in Iraq. Helvenston was a personal trainer for Hollywood celebrities such as Demi Moore (for \\\"G.I. Jane\\\"), and was also featured in the reality shows \\\"Combat Missions\\\" and \\\"Man vs. Beast\\\" (in the latter, he completed an obstacle course faster than a chimpanzee). He also starred in a reality series called \\\"Extreme Expeditions: Model Behavior\\\" months before\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Helvenston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561609\",\n \"text\": \"killer in the Western drama \\\"Forsaken\\\" (2015), with Donald Sutherland and Kiefer Sutherland, was followed by the role of the daughter of a retired high school teacher in the road comedy \\\"Wild Oats,\\\" with Shirley MacLaine and Jessica Lange, which premiered on Lifetime in August 2016, and in a limited release the following month. In her next film, the drama \\\"Blind\\\" (2016), Moore starred opposite Alec Baldwin, portraying the neglected wife of an indicted businessman having an affair with a novelist blinded in a car crash. In February 2017, Moore joined the cast of \\\"Empire,\\\" in the recurring role of\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17103148\",\n \"text\": \"and her performance in the latter as a linguistics professor with early-onset Alzheimer's disease earned her the Best Actress Oscar. Moore also appeared in \\\"\\\" which earned over $755 million to emerge as her highest-grossing release. In 2017 Moore played a villainous entrepreneur in the highly successful spy film \\\"\\\". Julianne Moore filmography Julianne Moore is an American actress who made her acting debut on television in 1984 in the mystery series \\\"The Edge of Night\\\". The following year she made her first appearance in the soap opera \\\"As the World Turns\\\", which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award for\",\n \"title\": \"Julianne Moore filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6124233\",\n \"text\": \"once Demi Moore became a well-known figure after her appearances on \\\"General Hospital\\\" starting in 1982. The Nu Kats dissolved in 1981. Moore briefly moved to the Upper West Side of Manhattan and joined local NYC band The Dates, who never recorded. After an illness in the family brought him back to Los Angeles, Moore remained in LA and formed a new pop-influenced band called Boy. Boy released an EP on Radioactive Records and Freddy received a Screen Actors Guild/AFTRA card while portraying the small role of 'Arn' in the 1982 film \\\"Parasite\\\", a 3-D movie which starred his wife\",\n \"title\": \"Freddy Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469531\",\n \"text\": \"at Ridgemont High\\\", \\\"Mannequin\\\", \\\"Porky's\\\", \\\"Pretty in Pink\\\", \\\"Sixteen Candles\\\", \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\", \\\"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\\\", \\\"Weird Science\\\", and \\\"Valley Girl\\\" were popular teen comedies of the era and launched the careers of several major celebrities such as: Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Forest Whitaker, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Andrew McCarthy, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Sean Penn, Nicolas Cage and Michael J Fox. Other popular films included \\\"About Last Night...\\\", \\\"Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure\\\", \\\"Dirty Dancing\\\", \\\"Flashdance\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Raging Bull\\\" and \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\" which also launched the careers of high-profile celebrities like Demi Moore, Joe Pesci, Keanu Reeves,\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561591\",\n \"text\": \"to pursue a singing career, though she did sing in the films \\\"One Crazy Summer\\\" and \\\"Bobby.\\\" Moore also appeared on the cover of the January 1981 issue of the adult magazine \\\"Oui,\\\" taken from a photo session in which she had posed nude. In a 1988 interview, Moore claimed she \\\"only posed for the cover of \\\"Oui\\\"—I was 16; I told them I was 18\\\". Interviewer Alan Carter said, \\\"However, some peekaboo shots did appear inside. And later, nude shots of her turned up in \\\"Celebrity Sleuth\\\"—photos that she once said 'were for a European fashion magazine'.\\\" In 1990,\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10971637\",\n \"text\": \"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. is an influential 1998 Second Circuit fair use case. Annie Leibovitz is a professional portrait photographer who had published a photograph of celebrity Demi Moore while Moore was seven months pregnant. The photograph, published on the front cover of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" in August, 1991 with the title \\\"More Demi Moore\\\", had achieved significant fame and notoriety on publication, and Paramount Pictures chose to parody it in 1993 as part of a promotional campaign for its new film \\\"\\\". Paramount's commissioned photograph featured Leslie Nielsen's face superimposed over the body of\",\n \"title\": \"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3901632\",\n \"text\": \"established actress when she began her long career on daytime TV, she made her soap debut in April 1983, replacing Carolyn Jones as the powerful Washington, DC, matriarch Myrna Clegg on \\\"Capitol\\\", which she played through the final episode in March 1987. As the rival of the kindly Clarissa McCandless (Constance Towers), she had a part in practically every storyline, as well as a steady leading man in veteran film actor Richard Egan. Marj received two Supporting Actress \\\"Soap Opera Digest\\\" nominations for this part. She then took over for Shirley Ann Field as the troubled Pamela Pepperidge Capwell Conrad\",\n \"title\": \"Marj Dusay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11531806\",\n \"text\": \"More Demi Moore More Demi Moore or the August 1991 \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" cover was a controversial handbra nude photograph of the then seven-months pregnant Demi Moore taken by Annie Leibovitz for the August 1991 cover of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" to accompany a cover story about Moore. The cover has had a lasting societal impact. Since the cover was released, several celebrities have posed for photographs in advanced stages of pregnancy, although not necessarily as naked as Moore. This trend has made pregnancy photos fashionable and created a booming business. The photograph is one of the most highly regarded magazine covers of\",\n \"title\": \"More Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2242027\",\n \"text\": \"in \\\"The Breakfast Club\\\" and \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\". Following the success of these back-to-back Brat Pack films, he starred in \\\"That Was Then, This Is Now\\\" (which he co-wrote), the horror film \\\"Maximum Overdrive\\\" (for which he was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award), and the crime drama \\\"Wisdom\\\" (with fellow Brat Packer Demi Moore). Estevez was originally cast in \\\"Platoon\\\" to be private Chris Taylor but was forced to drop out after production was delayed for two years; the role eventually went to his younger brother Charlie Sheen. He went on to lead roles in the comedy/action film \\\"Stakeout\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Emilio Estevez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14336838\",\n \"text\": \"operate as a complete professional. And it’s giving us, I think, another opportunity to connect in a totally different way.\\\" Streak (film) Streak is a 2008 American coming-of-age short film directed by Demi Moore, written by Kelly Fremon and Allan Loeb, and starring Brittany Snow and Rumer Willis. The film was actress Demi Moore's first film as a director. The plot focuses on a young woman stuck in a life she no longer wants with gym-rat friends and obsessive behavior. To break free, she reaches for fun in an interesting form of expression. Director Demi Moore's then 20-year-old daughter Rumer\",\n \"title\": \"Streak (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11582104\",\n \"text\": \"Joanne Gair Joanne \\\"Kiwi Jo\\\" or \\\"Kiwi Joe\\\" Gair (born c. 1958) is a New Zealand-born and raised make-up artist and body painter whose body paintings have been featured in the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" from 1999 to the most recent edition. She is considered the world's leading trompe-l'œil body painter and make-up artist, and she became famous with a \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" \\\"Demi's Birthday Suit\\\" cover of Demi Moore in a body painting in 1992. Her \\\"Disappearing Model\\\" was featured on the highest rated episode of \\\"Ripley's Believe It or Not.\\\" She is the daughter of George Gair. In addition\",\n \"title\": \"Joanne Gair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561587\",\n \"text\": \"When Moore was three months old, her mother married Dan Guynes, a newspaper advertising salesman who frequently changed jobs. As a result, the family moved many times. Moore said in 1991, \\\"My dad was Dan Guynes. He raised me. There is a man who would be considered my biological father who I don't really have a relationship with.\\\" Moore suffered from strabismus as a child. This was ultimately corrected by two operations. She also suffered from kidney dysfunction. Moore learned of her biological father, Harmon, at age 13, when she found her mother and stepfather's marriage certificate and inquired about\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19828588\",\n \"text\": \"1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards The 1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards were held on June 3, 1995 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles. The awards originally had categories for both video and theatrical releases. Below is a complete list of winners. Sandra Bullock, Speed Sandra Bullock, Speed Meg Ryan, When a Man Loves a Woman Demi Moore, Disclosure Whoopi Goldberg, Sister Act 2 Jodie Foster, Maverick Angela Bassett, What's Love Got To Do With It Cameron Diaz, The Mask Harrison Ford, The Fugitive Harrison Ford, Clear and Present Danger Tom Hanks, Philadelphia Tom Hanks, Forrest Gump Jim Carrey, Jim Carrey, The\",\n \"title\": \"1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2242036\",\n \"text\": \"LeBlanc, Claudia Schiffer, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Estevez was in a relationship with Carey Salley, a Wilhelmina model, until they broke up in 1986. They have a son, Taylor Levi Estevez (born June 22, 1984), and a daughter, Paloma Rae Estevez (born February 15, 1986). On April 29, 1992, Estevez married singer-choreographer Paula Abdul. They divorced in May 1994, with Abdul later stating that she wanted children and Estevez, who already had two children, did not. Estevez was briefly engaged to actress Demi Moore and they remain good friends. The two starred as a feuding married couple in the 2006 movie\",\n \"title\": \"Emilio Estevez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11531807\",\n \"text\": \"all time, and it is one of Leibovitz's best known works. The picture has been parodied several times, including for advertising \\\"\\\" (1994). This led to the 1998 Second Circuit fair use case \\\"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.\\\" In addition to being satirically parodied and popularizing pregnancy photographs, there was also backlash. Critics rated it grotesque and obscene, and it was also seriously considered when Internet decency standards were first being legislated and adjudicated. Others thought it was a powerful artistic statement. In each of the subsequent two years, Moore made follow-up cover appearances on \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", the first of\",\n \"title\": \"More Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7584253\",\n \"text\": \"timing does seem to have gotten rusty since his \\\"Moonlighting\\\" days. Their movie-stars-yelling-at-each-other relationship doesn't feel much more real than the happily married act they put on for their kids.\\\" In the \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\", Roger Ebert awarded the film a one star and wrote: \\\"Gene Siskel used to ask if a movie was as good as a documentary of the same actors having lunch. Watching \\\"The Story of Us\\\", I imagined a documentary of the marriage of, say, Bruce Willis and Demi Moore. I do not say that to score a cheap point, but because Moore and Willis are spirited\",\n \"title\": \"The Story of Us (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8281505\",\n \"text\": \"they promote \\\"Wisdom\\\" as this most phenomenal thing that hasn't happened since Orson Welles, I'm going to get hit.\\\" \\\"I have a kind of nihilistic point of view,\\\" he added. \\\"I'm into making films that are realistic and not fluff. When you deal in reality, you're dealing with a lot of serious problems. We could be sitting here and now and being vaporized by nuclear weapons by accidentally. That's reality... Life does not end happily ever after.\\\" The female lead went to Demi Moore who was then Estevez's fiancée. (The two met while making \\\"St Elmo's Fire\\\".) \\\"I'm not going\",\n \"title\": \"Wisdom (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9361001\",\n \"text\": \"Wilson Phillips' previous work), and Desmond Child. According to Chynna, she was offered $1 million to record a solo album for EMI, and was dropped shortly after due to the album's disappointing sales. Three singles were commercially released from the album: \\\"Naked and Sacred\\\", \\\"I Live for You\\\", (which was featured in the 1996 film \\\"Striptease\\\" starring Demi Moore), and \\\"Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me\\\". The album track \\\"Remember Me\\\" was released in promo form and sent to U.S. radio in 1996, but was never commercially released and never charted. \\\"Just to Hear You Say That\",\n \"title\": \"Naked and Sacred\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8385235\",\n \"text\": \"Critics have drawn similarities between the \\\"I'll Make a Man Out of You\\\" sequence and Hercules' training montage in Disney's \\\"Hercules \\\"(1997), as well as actress Demi Moore's role as Lieutenant Jordan O'Neil in the film \\\"G. I. Jane \\\"(1997). In the book \\\"Ways of Being Male: Representing Masculinities in Children's Literature\\\", author John Stephens wrote that although both \\\"Mulan \\\"and \\\"Hercules\\\" depict \\\"the active male body as spectacle,\\\" \\\"Mulan\\\"s is less \\\"straight-forward\\\" due to the character's gender. Michael Dequina of \\\"The Movie Report\\\" observed that \\\"Mulan's transformation is highly reminiscent of Demi Moore's in last year's Disney drama \\\"G.I.\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Make a Man Out of You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10663525\",\n \"text\": \"Is Me\\\", \\\"Here We Go Again\\\", \\\"Skyscraper\\\", \\\"Give Your Heart a Break\\\", \\\"Heart Attack\\\", \\\"Cool for the Summer\\\", and \\\"Sorry Not Sorry\\\". Of her television credits, Lovato starred as the titular character on \\\"Sonny with a Chance\\\" from 2009 to 2011; was featured as a judge and mentor on the American version of \\\"The X Factor\\\" in 2012 and 2013; and appeared as a recurring character on \\\"Glee\\\". Her struggles with bipolar disorder, addiction, an eating disorder, and self-harm received significant media attention in the 2010s, in response to which she published the book \\\"Staying Strong: 365 Days a Year\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Lovato\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8751755\",\n \"text\": \"Stocks, after Charity abandoned him, as she believed he had died when she went to find him. Atkins grew up in the village of Silverdale, Lancashire and attended Our Lady's R.C. High School in Lancaster, before going on to study at Salford University. Atkins is best known for playing the role of Charity Tate on the ITV1 Soap Opera \\\"Emmerdale\\\" from the year 2000. This role was her first appearance on British television. After first leaving \\\"Emmerdale\\\", Atkins appeared in episodes of the BBC series \\\"Dalziel and Pascoe\\\", \\\"Mayo\\\", \\\"I'm with Stupid\\\", \\\"New Street Law\\\", \\\"Doctors\\\" and \\\"Casualty\\\". Atkins is\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Atkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5816592\",\n \"text\": \"by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"B-\\\" on an A+ to F scale. Both Roger Ebert and James Berardinelli rated the film one star out of four, denouncing the implausible storyline as well as the casting of Lauren Holly as an action heroine. G. Allen Johnson of the San Francisco Examiner called the film \\\"an absolute bore\\\". Lauren Holly's performance in the film earned her a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress, though she lost to Demi Moore for \\\"G.I. Jane\\\". \\\"Turbulence\\\" was also nominated for Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property but lost\",\n \"title\": \"Turbulence (1997 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15935134\",\n \"text\": \"and took Tom McSweeney acting classes. She began acting in 2010 with a role in Australian horror film \\\"Still Waters\\\" between 2010 and 2011. Harman secured a role on popular soap opera \\\"Home and Away\\\" and began appearing on 31 August 2011. She plays rebellious teenager Sasha Bezmel, the illegitimate daughter of Sid Walker. Harman relocated to Sydney for the role. In 2015 Harman left Home and away after four years. In 2013, Harman was a contestant in the first Australian season of \\\"Celebrity Splash!\\\". The following year, Harman announced her departure from \\\"Home and Away\\\". She joined the presenting\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Harman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10160180\",\n \"text\": \"Alexandra Pigg Alexandra Pigg (born 1962 in Knotty Ash, Liverpool) is a British actress who first came to prominence as Petra Taylor in the TV soap opera \\\"Brookside\\\". Her best-known film appearances are as Elaine in \\\"Letter to Brezhnev\\\" (1985), for which she was nominated for a BAFTA award, and as Bridget Baines in \\\"A Chorus of Disapproval\\\" (1988). She also starred in the BBC film \\\"Smart Money\\\" (1986), \\\"Strapless\\\" (1989) with Bridget Fonda, \\\"Chicago Joe and the Showgirl\\\" (1990) with Kiefer Sutherland and Emily Lloyd, \\\"Bullseye!\\\" (1990) starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore, and \\\"Immortal Beloved\\\" (1994) with Gary\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandra Pigg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3697516\",\n \"text\": \"was written and illustrated by then-Fantastic Four writer/artist John Byrne. She-Hulk regained a solo series in 1989, \\\"The Sensational She-Hulk\\\" (maintaining the 1985 graphic novel's title). \\\"The Sensational She-Hulk\\\" ran for sixty issues. Issues #1 to #8, #31 to #46, and #48 to 50 were written and drawn by Byrne. Byrne's She-Hulk stories satirized comic books and introduced She-Hulk's awareness that she is a comic book character. Two issues tested the limits of the comics code: #34 makes reference to the 1991 \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" cover in which actress Demi Moore appeared nude and pregnant (She-Hulk's version has her holding a\",\n \"title\": \"She-Hulk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3000401\",\n \"text\": \"Anne Hathaway Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American actress and singer. One of the world's highest-paid actresses in 2015, she has received multiple awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a British Academy Film Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award. Her films have earned $6.4 billion worldwide, and she appeared in the \\\"Forbes\\\" Celebrity 100 in 2009. Hathaway graduated from Millburn High School in New Jersey, where she acted in several plays. As a teenager, she was cast in the television series \\\"Get Real\\\" (1999–2000) and made her breakthrough as the protagonist in her debut\",\n \"title\": \"Anne Hathaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3258594\",\n \"text\": \"soap opera. It rose to the top of the ratings in the early 1980s in part thanks to the monumentally popular \\\"supercouple\\\" Luke and Laura, whose 1981 wedding brought in 30 million viewers and remains the highest-rated hour in American soap opera history. The soap opera is also known for its high-profile celebrity guest stars who have included, among others, Roseanne Barr, James Franco and Elizabeth Taylor. In 2007, the program was listed as one of \\\"Time\\\" magazine's \\\"100 Best TV Shows of All-\\\"TIME\\\".\\\" On April 23, 2009, \\\"General Hospital\\\" began broadcasting in high definition, making it the first ABC\",\n \"title\": \"General Hospital\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4862326\",\n \"text\": \"Cleo Moore Cleouna Moore (October 31, 1924 – October 25, 1973) was an American actress, usually featured in the role of a blonde bombshell in Hollywood films of the 1950s. She also became a well-known pin-up girl. Although she never obtained true film stardom, Moore has become a cult fan favorite, with several of her films being considered cult classics. Cleouna Moore was born in Galvez, Louisiana, and raised in nearby Gonzales, Louisiana. Her father ran a grocery store. She was educated in Gonzales' public schools and took a secretarial course at Pope's Commercial College in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At\",\n \"title\": \"Cleo Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4565423\",\n \"text\": \"television career continued as she played Grace Alvarez, the forensic pathologist for the Violent Crimes Task Force for four seasons on NBC's \\\"Profiler\\\". She has had guest-starring and recurring roles on shows such as \\\"ER\\\", \\\"The West Wing\\\", and \\\"Law & Order.\\\" Her most widely seen performances may be playing Seattle attorney Catherine Alvarez in the film \\\"Disclosure\\\" (1994), starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore. She followed this up with a series of performances as Vanessa Galiano in the TV series, \\\"Law & Order\\\" and as Judge Victoria Peyton on ABC's \\\"Boston Legal\\\". Since 2003, Maffia has appeared as Liz\",\n \"title\": \"Roma Maffia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561611\",\n \"text\": \"Willis, intending to portray \\\"anti-Hollywood, anti-glitz\\\" attitude. The cover drew a lot of attention, being discussed on television, radio, and in newspaper articles. The frankness of Leibovitz's portrayal of a pregnant sex symbol led to divided opinions, ranging from suggestions of sexual objectification to celebrations of the photograph as a symbol of empowerment. The photograph was subject to numerous parodies, including the \\\"Spy\\\" Magazine version, which placed Moore's then-husband Bruce Willis's head on her body. In \\\"Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.,\\\" Leibovitz sued over one parody featuring Leslie Nielsen, made to promote the 1994 film \\\".\\\" In the parody, the\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17103144\",\n \"text\": \"Julianne Moore filmography Julianne Moore is an American actress who made her acting debut on television in 1984 in the mystery series \\\"The Edge of Night\\\". The following year she made her first appearance in the soap opera \\\"As the World Turns\\\", which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Ingenue in a Drama Series in 1988. Following roles in television films, Moore had her breakthrough in Robert Altman's drama film \\\"Short Cuts\\\" (1993). Her performance garnered critical acclaim as well as notoriety for a monologue her character delivers while nude below the waist. Among Moore's releases of 1995\",\n \"title\": \"Julianne Moore filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13616133\",\n \"text\": \"Mommy XXX Mommy XXX is an American reality television web series directed and produced by John Ferrie and starring former porn star Demi Delia. The show was produced by Teru Media and premiered on Sony Pictures Entertainment owned Crackle on June 18, 2009. The show \\\"chronicles the life of Demi Delia, an actively working porn star with two teenage children...\\\". New episodes streamed on Thursday through September 10, 2009. \\\"\\\"Mommy XXX\\\" takes us inside Demi's home -- known as \\\"the Castle or Compound\\\"—in The Valley where porn wannabes and naive newcomers to the adult film world hang out. In documenting\",\n \"title\": \"Mommy XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8964240\",\n \"text\": \"been compared to dolls, and though his career progressed beyond the men's magazines for which he is still best known (he has done book and magazine covers including TIME magazine), he believes that Gene is the \\\"something significant\\\" he has felt bound to do after watching 2/3 of his friends die during the AIDS epidemic. After its debut at the 1995 Toy Fair, Gene became a hit among adult collectors, among them actress Demi Moore (\\\"the world's most high-profile doll collector\\\", according to the \\\"New York Times\\\"). Between 1995 and 2005 the dolls were manufactured by the Ashton-Drake Galleries. From\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2717402\",\n \"text\": \"demand and appeared in several films, including \\\"Road House\\\" (1989). His biggest role came when he starred in \\\"Ghost\\\" (1990) with Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg. In 1991, he starred alongside \\\"Youngblood\\\" castmate Keanu Reeves in another major action hit, \\\"Point Break\\\", and he was chosen by \\\"People\\\" magazine as that year's \\\"Sexiest Man Alive\\\". In 2003, Swayze co-produced and also starred in the fictional dance film \\\"One Last Dance\\\", along with his real-life wife Lisa Niemi and a talented cast. The story revolves around an actual dance production, \\\"Without a Word\\\", which had been choreographed by Alonzo King, and\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Swayze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15262739\",\n \"text\": \"Helene Palmer Helene Palmer (5 March 1928 – 5 January 2011) was a British actress best known for her portrayal of Ida Clough, a factory machinist in the long-running soap opera, \\\"Coronation Street\\\". She appeared in the show on/off between 1978 and 1998. She began her career as an entertainer in British nightclubs during the 1960s and 1970s. She collaborated and became friends with many well-known English actors and comedians in the clubs, including Lynne Perrie, Pat Phoenix, Liz Dawn, Freddie Starr and Les Dawson. Palmer joined the cast of \\\"Coronation Street\\\" in 1978, portraying machinist Ida Clough. Her son,\",\n \"title\": \"Helene Palmer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1561590\",\n \"text\": \"Guynes posed nude for the magazine \\\"High Society\\\" in 1993, where she spoofed Moore's \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" pregnancy and bodypaint covers and parodied her love scene from the film \\\"Ghost\\\". Moore and Guynes briefly reconciled shortly before Guynes died of cancer in July 1998 at age 54. Demi Moore co-wrote three songs with Freddy Moore and appeared in the music video for their selection \\\"It's Not a Rumor,\\\" performed by his band, The Nu Kats. She continues to receive royalty checks from her brief songwriting work (1980–81). Moore was not known, as of late October 2018, to have expressed any desire\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8801663\",\n \"text\": \"the 20th century, the handbra appeared on numerous celebrity magazine covers. The August 1991 cover of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" magazine, known as the \\\"More Demi Moore\\\" cover, contained a controversial handbra nude photograph of the then seven-months pregnant Demi Moore taken by Annie Leibovitz. Two years later Janet Jackson appeared on the September 1993 cover of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" with her nipples covered by a pair of male hands. The magazine later named it their \\\"Most Popular Cover Ever\\\". In July 1994, Ronald Reagan's daughter Patti Davis appeared on the cover of \\\"Playboy\\\" with another model covering her breasts. Photographer Raphael Mazzucco\",\n \"title\": \"Handbra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"459788\",\n \"text\": \"Winona Ryder Winona Ryder (born Winona Laura Horowitz; October 29, 1971) is an American actress and film producer. One of the most successful and iconic actresses of the 1990s, she made her film debut in \\\"Lucas\\\" (1986). As Lydia Deetz, a goth teenager in Tim Burton's \\\"Beetlejuice\\\" (1988), she garnered critical acclaim and widespread recognition. After appearances in film and on television, Ryder continued her acting career with the cult film \\\"Heathers\\\" (1988), a controversial satire that has since become a landmark teen film. She later appeared in the coming of age drama \\\"Mermaids\\\" (1990), earning a Golden Globe Award\",\n \"title\": \"Winona Ryder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14329907\",\n \"text\": \"in mind. It was announced on August 19, 2011, that Tigelaar was reteaming with former \\\"Life Unexpected\\\" executive producers Gary Fleder and Mary Beth Basile on \\\"The Joneses\\\", a drama series in development for ABC. It is based on the 2009 \\\"film of the same name\\\" that originally starred Demi Moore and David Duchovny. In July 2012, after ABC had passed on the project, it was reported that cable channel Bravo had picked the series up to development. In May 2011, Tigelaar joined the crew of the ABC fantasy series \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\", as a writer and co-executive producer.\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Tigelaar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412324\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"The Next Karate Kid\\\" (1994) and appeared on television as John Abbott's former secretary, Audrey North, on \\\"The Young and the Restless\\\" (1996). She later played Madame Julianna Deschanel on \\\"Sunset Beach\\\" (1997). In 1998, Towers had supporting parts in the horror film \\\"The Relic\\\" (1998), and the thriller \\\"A Perfect Murder\\\" (1998), playing the mother of Gwyneth Paltrow's character. Towers' best-known soap part is as villainous Helena Cassadine on \\\"General Hospital\\\" which she began playing late in 1997, continuing until her character was killed off in 2017. Towers guest-starred in the \\\"\\\" episode \\\"The Forsaken\\\" in 1993. She\",\n \"title\": \"Constance Towers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"874652\",\n \"text\": \"Dench established herself as one of the most significant British theatre performers, working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company. She received critical praise in television during this period, in the series \\\"A Fine Romance\\\" from 1981 until 1984, and from 1992 to 2005 with a starring role in the romantic comedy series \\\"As Time Goes By\\\". Her film appearances were infrequent, and included supporting roles in major films, such as \\\"A Room with a View\\\" (1986), before she rose to international fame as M in \\\"GoldenEye\\\" (1995), a role she continued to play in James Bond\",\n \"title\": \"Judi Dench\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13616134\",\n \"text\": \"the day-to-day life of a busy mom who also happens to be a real-life porn star, \\\"Mommy XXX\\\" episodes will expose Demi Delia's personal side...\\\" Mommy XXX Mommy XXX is an American reality television web series directed and produced by John Ferrie and starring former porn star Demi Delia. The show was produced by Teru Media and premiered on Sony Pictures Entertainment owned Crackle on June 18, 2009. The show \\\"chronicles the life of Demi Delia, an actively working porn star with two teenage children...\\\". New episodes streamed on Thursday through September 10, 2009. \\\"\\\"Mommy XXX\\\" takes us inside Demi's\",\n \"title\": \"Mommy XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7066003\",\n \"text\": \"critics and currently holds a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Antonio Banderas was nominated for a Goya Award for his part, while both Melanie Griffith and Daryl Hannah received Golden Raspberry Award nominations for theirs as both Worst Actress and Worst Supporting Actress respectively. Griffith lost the former category to Demi Moore for both \\\"The Juror\\\" and \\\"Striptease\\\", while Hannah lost the latter category to Griffith for her performance in \\\"Mulholland Falls\\\". Two Much Two Much is a 1995 romantic screwball comedy film based on Donald Westlake's novel of the same name, and is also a remake of the 1984\",\n \"title\": \"Two Much\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Demi Moore context: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career and appeared in the men's pornographic magazine \\\"Oui\\\" in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera \\\"General Hospital\\\" and subsequently gained recognition as a member of the Brat Pack with roles in \\\"Blame It on Rio\\\" (1984), \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\" (1985), and \\\"About Last Night...\\\" (1986). Following a few roles, she subsequently came over\\n\\nIn which soap did Demi Moore find fame?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 201,\n \"origin_tokens\": 201,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Demi Moore context: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career and appeared in the men's pornographic magazine \\\"Oui\\\" in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera \\\"General Hospital\\\" and subsequently gained recognition as a member of the Brat Pack with roles in \\\"Blame It on Rio\\\" (1984), \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\" (1985), and \\\"About Last Night...\\\" (1986). Following a few roles, she subsequently came over\\n\\ntitle: Demi Moore context 17..I.\\\", Moore retreated the spotlight and movediley, Idaho, on full- to devote herself to raising three daughters She was off three years before reemerging in the arthouse psychological dramaPass of Mind\\\" (2000 the English-language Belgian director Alain Berliner. Her as woman with multiple personality disorder was well received but the garnered mixed reviews and was deemed \\\"naggingly slow\\\" by some critics resumed selfimposed career hiatus and continued to turn down offerscer Ir Winkler in 201,\\n: Demi Moore:ously shaved head her azie Award for Wor Actress and was followedynturn in Moore's career. Her film roles include203),Bobby\\\"2006),oks\\\"07 andargin Call\\\" (1, personal has been the subject significant media particularly her to Will and Ashton Kcher. born Demi Gene November11, 962, in Roswell, New Mexico., Air airman Charles Harmon, Sr., left her, Virginia (née), after a two-month before was born::iller drama \\\" ( andland was followed by role of of teacher \\\"W MacLaine and Jessica Lange, which premiered on Lifetime in August 2016, and in a limited release the following month. In her next film, the drama \\\"Blind\\\" (2016), Moore starred opposite Alec Baldwin, portraying the neglected wife of an indicted businessman having an affair with a novelist blinded in a car crash. In February 2017, Moore joined the cast of \\\"Empire,\\\" in the recurring role of\\n\\nIn which soap did Demi Moore find fame?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 521,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15054,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":75,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":75,"string":"75"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"To the nearest million, what is the population of London, England?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["seven million","7million","7 million"],"string":"[\n \"seven million\",\n \"7million\",\n \"7 million\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"7 million"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"432861","text":"Demography of the United Kingdom According to the 2011 census, the total population of the United Kingdom was around 63,182,000. It is the 21st-most populated country in the world. Its overall population density is 259 people per square kilometre (671 people per sq mi), with England having a significantly higher population density than Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's southeast, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city of London, the population density of which is just over 5,200 per square kilometre (13,468 per sq mi). The","title":"Demography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"236617","text":"for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration. However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to 9,787,426 people in 2011, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million","title":"London"},{"id":"429204","text":"confirmed that the proportion of the population aged 0–14 has nearly halved (31% in 1911 compared to 18 in 2011) and the proportion of older people aged 65 and over has more than tripled (from 5 to 16%). England's population in 2011 was 53 million. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with 420 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2015. with a particular concentration in London and the south-east. The 2011 census put Scotland's population at 5.3 million, Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million. In 2012 the average total fertility","title":"United Kingdom"},{"id":"236618","text":"depending on the definition used. According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union and the second most populous in Europe. During the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in London. The region covers an area of . The population density is , more than ten times that of any other . In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region. According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White,","title":"London"},{"id":"18584636","text":"residents in mid-2009. London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to an estimated 9,332,000 people in 2005, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London has been the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union. The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city","title":"Greater London"},{"id":"7710870","text":"population of 18 million. Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of . Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000. Demography of London The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of","title":"Demography of London"},{"id":"236563","text":"and accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The population within the London commuter belt is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. London was the world's most populous city from 1831 to 1925. London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude,","title":"London"},{"id":"2214742","text":"either estimating it by exports or by deaths. His method of using exports is by considering that a 30 percent increase in exports corresponds to a similar proportionate increase in population. The way he would use deaths would be by multiplying the number of deaths by 30 – estimating that one out of thirty people die each year. To obtain the population of all of England he would multiply the population of London by 8. Such a simple use of estimation could have easily have been abused and Petty was accused more than once of doctoring the figures for the","title":"William Petty"},{"id":"12889153","text":"higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely. Earlier demographic crises − in particular the Great Famine of 1315–1317 − had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348. England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90 percent of the population lived on the countryside. Of the major cities, London was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants. Further down the scale were Norwich, with around 12,000 people, and York with around 10,000.","title":"Black Death in England"},{"id":"119368","text":"parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north (for example, the Lake District and Pennines) and in the west (for example, Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills). The capital is London, which has the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. England's population of over 55 million comprises 84% of the population of","title":"England"},{"id":"10085130","text":"of British Indians originating from Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The table below shows the dispersity of Indian people in the United Kingdom. The figures for all countries, regions, cities and boroughs are based on the 2011 census. Indians number over half a million in London, which is the city's single largest non-white ethnic group. Indians have a significant impact on the culture of the British capital. Within London, Southall, Hounslow, Brent, Croydon, Redbridge, Ealing, Barnet, Tooting, Harrow and Wembley, the latter of which is one of the few places outside India where Indians make up the largest ethnic group (almost","title":"British Indian"},{"id":"9215743","text":"percentage points higher than in the rest of England. This represents 2.3 million Londoners, 58% of whom are in a working family. Further research published by Trust for London, carried out by Loughborough University, found that two in five Londoners cannot afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living – one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole, and represents 3.3 million Londoners. The table below shows the percentage of","title":"Poverty in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"2549939","text":"of London is also referred to as the \"London Mayor\", a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000. There is also a London political party, One London, which was represented in the assembly from 2005-8, and is eurosceptic, with roots","title":"Politics of England"},{"id":"181051","text":"2011, the population grew over 8 million people for the first time in decades. White British formed less than half of the population for the first time. In the public there was ambivalence leading-up to the Olympics, though public sentiment changed strongly in their favour following a successful opening ceremony and when the anticipated organisational and transport problems never occurred. History of London The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural capital cities. It has withstood","title":"History of London"},{"id":"119440","text":"highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom. The South of England has a higher life expectancy than the North, however, regional differences do seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years, the fastest increase in any region outside London, and the gap between life expectancy in the North East and South East is now 2.5 years, down from 2.9 in 1993. With over 53 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting","title":"England"},{"id":"4837544","text":"Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom. It is located in the southeast of Great Britain. The London region covers an area of , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre. A larger area, referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre. London is a port on the Thames (see main article \"Port of London\"),","title":"Geography of London"},{"id":"18584643","text":"in the urban area, while 250,000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s. By 2006, the population had recovered to the level of 1970 (and the level of population in the 1920s). It is now approaching the 1939 peak. Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 boundaries. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries. Figures from 1981 onward are","title":"Greater London"},{"id":"236574","text":"royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. Disaster struck in the form of the Black Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population. London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.","title":"London"},{"id":"6632018","text":"country. The 2011 census found that 1.85 million of a total Black population of 1.9 million lived in England, with 1.09 million of those in London, where they made up 13.3 per cent of the population, compared to 3.5 per cent of England's population and 3 per cent of the UK's population. The ten local authorities with the highest proportion of their populations describing themselves as Black in the census were all in London: Lewisham (27.2 per cent), Southwark (26.9 per cent), Lambeth (25.9 per cent), Hackney (23.1 per cent), Croydon (20.2 per cent), Barking and Dagenham (20.0 per cent),","title":"Black British"},{"id":"2214755","text":"parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training. Petty projected the growth of the city of London and supposed that it might swallow the rest of England – not so far from what actually happened: Now, if the city double its people in 40 years, and the present number be 670,000, and if the whole territory be 7,400,000, and double in 360 years, as aforesaid, then by the underwritten table it appears that A.D. 1840 the people of the city will be 10,718,880, and those of the whole country but 10,917,389, which is but inconsiderably more.","title":"William Petty"},{"id":"12889152","text":"the plague returned to England, this time causing the death of around 20 percent of the population. After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, in local or national outbreaks. From this point on its effect became less severe, and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665–66. It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million. The number is probably in the","title":"Black Death in England"},{"id":"9084662","text":"is roughly the same size as that of Sweden. With an estimated 8,615,246 residents in 2015, London is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. London generates approximately 22 per cent of the UK's GDP. 841,000 private sector businesses were based in London at the start of 2013, more than in any other region or country in the UK. 18 per cent are in the professional, scientific and technical activities sector while 15 per cent are in the construction sector. Many of these are small and medium-sized enterprises. London produced in 2016 about £408","title":"Economy of London"},{"id":"1792082","text":"the national legislation, noise resulting from recreational activities like sports and leisure is not considered as environmental noise. The United Kingdom reported a total of 28 metropolitan areas, where London is the largest with 8.3 million inhabitants. The majority of metropolitan areas are located in England; in Scotland and Wales there are each two, in Northern Ireland only the capital Belfast. General: Environmental noise Environmental noise is the summary of noise pollution from outside, caused by transport, industrial and recreational activities. Noise is frequently described as 'unwanted sound', and, within this context, environmental noise is generally present in some form","title":"Environmental noise"},{"id":"12946760","text":"18 million, and by the end of the century had reached 40 million. Today, Bangladeshis form the largest minority population in Tower Hamlets, constituting 33.5% of the borough's population at the 2001 census; the Bangladeshi community there is the largest such community in Britain. The 2006 estimates show a decline in this group to 29.8% of the population, reflecting a movement to better economic circumstances and the larger houses available in the eastern suburbs. In this, the latest group of migrants are following a pattern established for over three centuries. The high levels of poverty in the East End have,","title":"East End of London"},{"id":"157477","text":"to about 4.9 million by 1680, recovering to just over 5 million by 1700. Other diseases, such as smallpox, took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague. The higher death rate in cities, both generally and specifically from the plague, was made up by continuous immigration, from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town. There were no contemporary censuses of London's population, but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years. Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels, Hearth Tax returns","title":"Great Plague of London"},{"id":"9031832","text":"halt further spread eastward. The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite several radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire. By the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants. John Evelyn, contrasting London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris, called it a \"wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion of Houses\", and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by","title":"Great Fire of London"},{"id":"2266503","text":"London into 28 metropolitan boroughs. These replaced the ancient parish vestries and district boards as the second tier of local government. County of London boroughs numbered in the information box on the right side: † Not a metropolitan borough. Population fell after World War I and as recorded at each census until its 1965 demise. In 1901 the population was 4.5 million and by 1961 it had fallen to 3.2 million. Following the 1931 census more of the population of \"Greater London\" (defined at the time as the Metropolitan Police District and City of London) lived outside the county than","title":"County of London"},{"id":"9098319","text":"Mehmed VI supported their reforms as long as they didn't interfere with his rule and his successors were backed by the Neu Reich. The Empire has recently become wealthy due to its creation of petrochemical-based plastics—little of the wealth trickles down to the lower classes. The Great Metropolis is an urban sprawl formed from the amalgamation of Liverpool and Manchester. It has a population of about 100 million people, most of whom are refugees from Europe or immigrants from the colonies or the Kingdom of Ireland. It is more culturally influential than London due to its size and economic power","title":"Etherscope"},{"id":"2301745","text":"London commuter belt The London commuter belt is a metropolitan area that includes London and its surrounding commuter zone (the area in which it is practicable to commute to work in London). It is also known as the London metropolitan area, or Southeast metropolitan area. It should not be confused with Greater London or the Greater London Built-up Area. The most up-to-date population figures are from Eurostat, that the London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with a population of 13,709,128 (in 2011, provisionally 14,431,830 in 2016). The boundaries are not fixed; they expand as transport options improve","title":"London commuter belt"},{"id":"236619","text":"with 44.9 per cent White British, 2.2 per cent White Irish, 0.1 per cent gypsy/Irish traveller and 12.1 per cent classified as Other White. 20.9 per cent of Londoners are of Asian and mixed-Asian descent. 19.7 per cent are of full Asian descent, with those of mixed-Asian heritage comprising 1.2 of the population. Indians account for 6.6 per cent of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.7 per cent each. Chinese peoples account for 1.5 per cent of the population, with Arabs comprising 1.3 per cent. A further 4.9 per cent are classified as \"Other Asian\". 15.6 per","title":"London"},{"id":"12946759","text":"House building could not keep pace and overcrowding was rife. It was not until the interwar period that there was a decline caused by migration to new London suburbs like the Becontree estate, built by the London County Council between 1921 and 1932, and to areas outside London. This depopulation accelerated after the Second World War and has only recently begun to reverse. These population figures reflect the area that now forms the London Borough of Tower Hamlets only: By comparison, in 1801 the population of England and Wales was 9 million; by 1851 it had more than doubled to","title":"East End of London"},{"id":"12390198","text":"Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation. Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century. The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006. The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010. The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters","title":"World population"},{"id":"45210","text":"Domestic animals include the Connemara pony, Shetland pony, English Mastiff, Irish wolfhound and many varieties of cattle and sheep. England has a generally high population density, with almost 80% of the total population of the islands. Elsewhere in Great Britain and Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Built-up Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major population centres include the Greater Manchester Built-up Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million) and West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"12390197","text":"World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza. Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity. During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829. Between 1700 and 1900, Europe’s population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million. Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.","title":"World population"},{"id":"11264393","text":"into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1801 to 6.2 million a century later (1.8% average annual growth). During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivalled until the latter part of the century, when Paris and New York City began to threaten its dominance. While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Life for the poor was immortalized by Charles","title":"19th-century London"},{"id":"6631978","text":"century. Other estimates put the number at 15,000. In 1772, Lord Mansfield put the number of black people in the country at as many as 15,000, though most modern historians consider 10,000 to be the most likely. The black population was estimated at around 10,000 in London alone, making black people 1% of the overall London population. The black female population is estimated to have barely reached 20% of the overall Afro-Caribbean population in the country. In the 1780s with the end of the American Revolutionary War, hundreds of black loyalists from America were resettled in Britain. Later some emigrated","title":"Black British"},{"id":"236620","text":"cent of London's population are of Black and mixed-Black descent. 13.3 per cent are of full Black descent, with those of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.3 per cent. Black Africans account for 7.0 per cent of London's population, with 4.2 per cent as Black Caribbean and 2.1 per cent as \"Other Black\". 5.0 per cent are of mixed race. Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19","title":"London"},{"id":"111482","text":"of population are Saint Petersburg, Madrid, Berlin and Rome, each having over 3 million residents. When considering the commuter belts or metropolitan areas, within the EU (for which comparable data is available) London covers the largest population, followed in order by Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr area, Rome, Milan, Athens and Warsaw. \"Europe\" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of the Roman Empire and its culture. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of Christendom (or more specifically Latin Christendom), as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of","title":"Europe"},{"id":"181026","text":"19th century, London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivalled until the latter part of the century, when Paris and New York began to threaten its dominance. While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th-century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Life for the poor was immortalised by Charles Dickens","title":"History of London"},{"id":"12413473","text":"are listed below. At the 2011 census, 36.7% of London's population was foreign born (including 24.5% born outside of Europe). With 3,082,000 residents born abroad in 2014. London has the largest population number (not percentage) of foreign-born. Significant migration from Arab countries to the UK began in the 1940s, mostly by Egyptians. Other waves followed, such as Lebanese fleeing the civil war. The centre of London has a thriving Arab community, centred around Edgware Road. A major wave of immigration began in the 1970s, as people from the Sylhet region arrived in London, fleeing poverty and the Bangladesh Liberation War.","title":"Ethnic groups in London"},{"id":"18584642","text":"born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany. London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons. Huguenots, Eastern European Jews, Cypriots and East African Asians are examples of the former; Irish, Bangladeshis and West Indians came for new lives. The East End district around Spitalfields has been first home for several ethnic groups, which have subsequently moved elsewhere in London as they gained prosperity. The population of the current area of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (when only about 850,000 people were","title":"Greater London"},{"id":"181000","text":"Company (1555) and the British East India Company (1600) were established in London by Royal Charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule India, was one of the key institutions in London, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. Immigrants arrived in London not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605. The growth of the population and wealth of London was fuelled by a vast expansion in the use of coastal","title":"History of London"},{"id":"83497","text":"census the ethnic composition was 84.6% White, 6.8% South Asian, 2.6% Black, 2.3% Mixed, 2.0% Chinese and 1.7% were listed as \"other\". To the right is a table showing the change in population since 1801, based on decadal censuses. The first half of the 19th century shows a population of between 120,000–140,000, decreasing dramatically from 1851 to 1991, with a small increase between 1991 and 2001. The only notable boundary change since the first census in 1801 occurred in 1994. The City's full-time working residents have much higher gross weekly pay than in London and Great Britain (England, Wales and","title":"City of London"},{"id":"10085127","text":"from 467,634 to around 669,000 (an increase of over 200,000). The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded 1,451,862, residents of Indian ethnicity, accounting for 2.3 per cent of the total UK population (not including those of mixed ethnic backgrounds). The equivalent figure from the 2001 Census was 1,053,411 (1.8 per cent of the total UK population). People born in India are the UK's largest foreign-born population, totalling an estimated 1,734,000 in 2013. According to the 2011 census, the cities with the most Indian-born residents are London (262,247), Leicester (37,224), Birmingham (27,206), Sandwell (15,190), Wolverhampton (14,955). Today there are considerable numbers of","title":"British Indian"},{"id":"4001866","text":"yields. The former has a bigger catchment area than the latter because more people live north of the Thames than south of it. Heathrow's catchment area includes about three-quarters of London's population and roughly two-thirds of the population in the whole of Southeast England. London is where most of the demand for air travel in the Southeast originates. This means that 5.6mn people in London live in Heathrow's catchment area as opposed to 1.9mn in Gatwick's catchment area (out of an estimated total Greater London population of 7.5mn). The comparable figures for the Southeast are: 6.7mn people in Heathrow's catchment","title":"CityFlyer Express"},{"id":"6632006","text":"The 1991 census was the first to include a question on ethnicity, and the black population of Great Britain (i.e. the United Kingdom excluding Northern Ireland, where the question was not asked) was recorded as 890,727, or 1.63% of the total population. This figure included 499,964 people in the Black-Caribbean category (0.9%), 212,362 in the Black-African category (0.4%) and 178,401 in the Black-Other category (0.3%). An increasing number of black Londoners were London- or British-born. Even with this growing population and the first blacks elected to Parliament, many argue that there was still discrimination and a socio-economic imbalance in London","title":"Black British"},{"id":"18584635","text":"government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of Greater London. All London Borough councils belong to the London Councils association. Three London Boroughs carry the honorific title of \"Royal Borough\": Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston, and Greenwich. Within the City of London are the liberties of Middle Temple and Inner Temple. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official","title":"Greater London"},{"id":"12413480","text":"the British capital for generations and come from all walks of life. Irish migration to Great Britain has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of, and complex relationship between, the islands of Ireland and Great Britain and the various political entities that have ruled them. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from the island of Ireland or have Irish ancestry. Around six million Britons have an Irish grandfather or grandmother (approximately 10% of the UK population). 900,000 ethnic Irish people live in the capital (12% of the city's population); despite this, some sources put the","title":"Ethnic groups in London"},{"id":"866919","text":"in all the metropolitan counties, with various powers allocated depending on the devolution deals negotiated between the borough councils and central government. The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 800 (South Yorkshire) and 2,800 (West Midlands) people/km². Individual metropolitan districts range from 4,000 people/km² in Liverpool to only 500 people/km² in Doncaster. Residents of metropolitan counties account for around 22% of the population of England, or 18% of the United Kingdom. The six metropolitan counties and their metropolitan districts are: The structures of Greater London and Berkshire are similar to the metropolitan counties, but they themselves are not as","title":"Metropolitan county"},{"id":"627011","text":"of up to one million people. From around 1825 to 1918 London was the largest city in the world, with the population growing rapidly; it was the first city to reach a population of over 5 million in 1900. In 1950, New York City was the only urban area with a population of over 10 million. Geographers had identified 25 such areas as of October 2005, as compared with 19 megacities in 2004 and only nine in 1985. This increase has happened as the world's population moves towards the high (75–85%) urbanization levels of North America and Western Europe. Since","title":"Megacity"},{"id":"157444","text":"bills of mortality published each week in the capital. These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole. In 1665, he revised his estimate to 'not above 460,000'. Other contemporaries put the figure higher, (the French Ambassador, for example, suggested 600,000) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates. The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich, with a population of 30,000. There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority. Instead, each parish appointed two or more 'searchers of the dead', whose duty was to inspect a","title":"Great Plague of London"},{"id":"12413470","text":"Ethnic groups in London London is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world. A 2000 survey of school children reported there were over 300 languages spoken at home. At the 2011 census, London had a population of 8,173,941. Of this number, 44.9% were White British. 37% of the population were born outside the UK, including 24.5% born outside of Europe. At the 2011 census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,101,688. This is a rise of 39% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 781,751. Inner London and Outer London have a near-equal","title":"Ethnic groups in London"},{"id":"329046","text":"the coast in South East England, the city receives more sunshine per annum than most of the UK. The city gets around of rain a year, with a minimum of of rain reported on 103 days a year. Portsmouth, as the most densely populated city in the United Kingdom, is the only city whose population density exceeds that of London. As of the 2011 census, the city had 205,400 residents. This equates to 5,100 people living in every square kilometre (0.4 sq.mi.), which is eleven times more than the regional average of 440 people per square kilometre and more than","title":"Portsmouth"},{"id":"9987914","text":"10.6% of the population of London. 4.3% of Londoners are Caribbean, 5.5% of Londoners are African and a further 0.8% are from other black backgrounds including American and Latin American. There are also 117,400 people who are mixed black and white. At the 2011 UK Census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,088,640 or 13.3% of the population. History of African immigrants in London This article charts the history of African immigration in London, England, from Roman times to the present day. Archeologists have found a spoon and a lamp with representations of Sub-Saharan African people dating from","title":"History of African immigrants in London"},{"id":"180996","text":"revolt collapsed. Trade increased steadily during the Middle Ages, and London grew rapidly as a result. In 1100, London's population was somewhat more than 15,000. By 1300, it had grown to roughly 80,000. London lost at least half of its population during the Black Death in the mid-14th century, but its economic and political importance stimulated a rapid recovery despite further epidemics. Trade in London was organised into various guilds, which effectively controlled the city, and elected the Lord Mayor of the City of London. Medieval London was made up of narrow and twisting streets, and most of the buildings","title":"History of London"},{"id":"11071571","text":"Birmingham Birmingham (, ) is the second-most populous city in the United Kingdom, after London, and the most populous city in the English Midlands. With an estimated population of 1,137,100 , Birmingham is the cultural, social, financial and commercial centre of the Midlands. It is the main centre of the West Midlands conurbation, which is the third most populated urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population in 2011 of 2,440,986. The wider Birmingham metropolitan area is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a population of over 3.7 million. Birmingham is frequently referred to as the United","title":"Birmingham"},{"id":"432869","text":"continue, the UK's population would increase by 3.6 million between mid-2016 to mid-2026. This represents an average annual growth rate of 0.5%. Over the same period, England is projected to grow by 5.9%; for Wales, this figure is 3.1%, while for Scotland and Northern Ireland the figures are 3.2% and 4.2% respectively. These projections do not allow for any possible effects of the UK leaving the European Union. There are 13 urban areas that exceed 500,000 inhabitants: they are centred on London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds and Bradford, Southampton and Portsmouth, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leicester, Manchester, Belfast, Bristol, Newcastle upon Tyne and","title":"Demography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"11921970","text":"32,532 Bangladeshis in 2011, Oldham with 16,310, and Luton, Bedfordshire with a population of 13,606. More than half of the United Kingdom's Bangladeshis—approximately 53%—were born in Bangladesh. Bangladesh ranks third in the list of countries of birth for Londoners born outside the United Kingdom. Bangladeshis are one of the youngest of the UK's ethnic populations; 38% under the age of 16, 59% aged between 16–64, and only 3% aged 65 and over. The census also revealed a heavy predominance in the male population, which was 64% of the total. Since 2011, an estimated 6,000 Bangladeshi families have come to the","title":"British Bangladeshi"},{"id":"17934619","text":"Chinese community in London There is a Chinese community in London. There are 120,250 Chinese people in London, comprising 1.5% of the city's population. 33% of ethnic Chinese people in the United Kingdom reside in London. , As of 2000, more recent ethnic Chinese arrivals originated from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Vietnam while historically Chinese had migrated from Hong Kong, including the urbanised areas and the New Territories; Singapore; Malaysia; and elsewhere in southeast Asia. John Eade, the author of \"Placing London: From Imperial Capital to Global City\", stated that a Chinese community representative stated that in the 1780s Chinese","title":"Chinese community in London"},{"id":"12889168","text":"England were more extensive than those of any other European country, it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90 percent. Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25 percent to more than 60 percent of the total population. The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in","title":"Black Death in England"},{"id":"7710867","text":"or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born (including 24.5% born in a non-European country) making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. According to the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language, with a further 1,406,912 (19.8%)","title":"Demography of London"},{"id":"119441","text":"for 84% of the combined total. England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world. With a density of 424 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta. The English people are a British people. Some genetic evidence suggests that 75–95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and","title":"England"},{"id":"12413472","text":"At the 2011 census, the total Asian population of London stood at 1,511,546. This is a rise of 60% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 947,425. Outer London has a greater Asian population than Inner London: The Asian population of London is noticeably concentrated in East and West London. Harrow has the highest Indian population, Redbridge has the highest Pakistani population and Tower Hamlets has the highest Bangladeshi and Chinese population. Newham has the highest total Asian population in London. The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Asian population (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Asian)","title":"Ethnic groups in London"},{"id":"2339686","text":"is 1,254 km (484 sq. miles). Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are midyear estimates, with those for 2002 to 2009 having been revised during 2010. These mid-year estimates are more accurate than the censuses themselves, which are known to underestimate the population of London. Outer London continued to grow as population moved from Inner London, reaching a peak in 1951 at 4,517,588. The population of Greater London as a whole then started to decline, and the Outer London","title":"Outer London"},{"id":"329047","text":"London, which has 4,900 people per square kilometre. The city used to be even more densely populated, with the 1951 census showing a population of 233,545. In a reversal of that decrease, the population of the city has been gradually increasing since the 1990s. With about 860,000 residents, the South Hampshire built-up area is the fifth-largest urban area in England and the largest in South East England, forming the centre of one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas. The city is predominantly white in terms of ethnicity, with 91.8% of the population belonging to this ethnic group. Portsmouth's","title":"Portsmouth"},{"id":"8989529","text":"or themselves migrated to other parts of the world after the British Empire established itself in India. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora. The British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the 2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ethnicity (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the seven-year period between 2001 and 2009, the number of Indian-born people in the UK increased in size by 38% from 467,634 to","title":"Indian people"},{"id":"13649261","text":"Bradford, and the population density was 4,560 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,820/sq mi). For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. Bradford has the youngest, fastest growing population outside London. The census showed that of Bradford's total population, 67.44% (352,317) was White, 26.83% (140,149) Asian, 2.48% (12,979) Mixed Race, 1.77% (9,267) Black and 1.48% (7,740) from other races. 22.1% of the population are British Asian (included in the 26.83% \"Asian\" figure above), the third-highest percentage of South Asians in a single settlement in England and Wales (behind the city of Leicester at 29.9% and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets).","title":"Bradford"},{"id":"886711","text":"Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of \"UrbanEye\" published in 2002. Based on a small sample in Putney High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in Greater London to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4,200,000. According to their estimate the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed, it has been widely quoted. Furthermore, the figure of 500,000 for","title":"Closed-circuit television"},{"id":"429208","text":"1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain, almost all born overseas. In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia, China, Africa and the Caribbean, just under 0.2% of the UK population. By 1961 this number had more than quadrupled to 384,000, just over 0.7% of the United Kingdom population. Since 1948 substantial immigration from Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia has been a legacy of ties forged by the British Empire. Migration from new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe since 2004 has resulted","title":"United Kingdom"},{"id":"6632007","text":"among the blacks. In 1992, the number of blacks in Parliament increased to six, and in 1997, they increased their numbers to nine. There are still many problems that black Londoners face; the new global and high-tech information revolution is changing the urban economy and some argue that it is driving up unemployment rates among blacks relative to non-blacks, something, it is argued, that threatens to erode the progress made thus far. By 2001, the Black British population was estimated at 1,148,738 (2.0%). The late 1950s through to the late 1980s saw a number of mass street conflicts involving young","title":"Black British"},{"id":"18584639","text":"Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that in 2006 London's foreign-born population was 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 UK Census showed that 27.1% of the population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as Non-White. In the 2011 UK Census, 59.79% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (44.89%), White Irish (2.15%) or \"Other White\" (12.65%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Colombians and Portuguese). 18.49% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and \"Other Asian\" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern","title":"Greater London"},{"id":"1057727","text":"delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate. The British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities, making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving. London had nine million people – a fifth of the British population – living in an area of , which was difficult to defend because of its size. Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United","title":"The Blitz"},{"id":"4561601","text":"City of Westminster. Following a two-year battle with the Office for National Statistics, the City of Westminster population was revised upwards by 10%. and a review of future census methodology was commissioned. Malthouse argued against the introduction of the London congestion charge, opposing it on the grounds that the idea should not be first introduced in the most populous city in England, and that London was already one of the most expensive cities to live in. He also suggested that the purpose of the scheme was to address Transport for London's budgetary shortfall. As Deputy Leader of Westminster Council, Malthouse","title":"Kit Malthouse"},{"id":"8549408","text":"Since the 2011 UK Census was returned, London contains by far the lowest percentage of English and other White British people of all the UK regions, where they make up less than half of the population in 24 of the 32 boroughs, including: Newham (16.7%), Brent (18.0%), Ealing (30.4%), Harrow (30.9%), Tower Hamlets (31.2%), Westminster (35.2%) and Hackney (36.2%). The city with the lowest White British population as a percentage is Leicester (45.1%). The Unitary Authority with the lowest White British percentage is Slough (34.5%), followed by Luton (44.6%). (Note:- though since 2001 census data for White British and White","title":"White British"},{"id":"15582287","text":"around erosion and attributes surrounding erosion that this article will focus on. Globally, the number of people living on the coast is increasing. It has been stated that there has been over a 35% increase in the population of people living on the coasts since 1995. The average density of people in coastal regions is 3 times higher than the global average density. Historically, city development, especially large cities, was based on coasts due to the economic benefits of the ports. In 1950, there were only 2 megacities (cities with greater than 8 million people) in the coastal zone, London","title":"Coastal development hazards"},{"id":"10876091","text":"given over to agriculture - with the growing of wheat, barley and rapeseed particularly common - as well as to the raising of livestock, especially cattle and sheep. In places it is very heavily populated, with towns, suburbs and villages found nearly everywhere - although the plateau of Salisbury Plain remains largely wild. The most significant centre of population is London, at the head of the Thames estuary, one of the largest cities in the world. Due to this high population density, and to a certain amount of depredation caused by the non-native grey squirrel, edible dormice (in the Chilterns)","title":"English Lowlands beech forests"},{"id":"3257902","text":"digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long. The total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits (after the initial zero). The \"area code\" is also referred to as an \"STD (code)\" (subscriber trunk dialling) or a \"dialling code\" in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is (020) for London. The code allocated to the largest area is (028) for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not","title":"Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"6631952","text":"ethnic minority populations in Britain. This has become a controversial definition. \"Black British\" is one of various self-designation entries used in official UK ethnicity classifications. Black residents constituted around 3 per cent of the United Kingdom's population in 2011. The figures have increased from the 1991 census when 1.63% of the population were recorded as Black or Black British to 1.15 million residents in 2001, or 2 per cent of the population, this further increased to just over 1.9 million in 2011. Over 95% of Black British live in England, particularly in England's larger urban areas, with most (over a","title":"Black British"},{"id":"236616","text":"of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. About 69% of children born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was","title":"London"},{"id":"12153869","text":"to London during his administration; from 2000 to 2005 London's population grew by 200,000 to reach 7.5 million. He didn't oppose this, encouraging racial equality and celebrating the city's multiculturalism. Livingstone condemned the UK's involvement in the Iraq War and involved himself in the Stop the War campaign. In November 2003, he made headlines for referring to US President George W. Bush as \"the greatest threat to life on this planet,\" just before Bush's official visit to the UK. Livingstone also organised an alternative \"Peace Reception\" at City Hall \"for everybody who is not George Bush,\" with anti-war Vietnam veteran","title":"Ken Livingstone"},{"id":"157443","text":"US. In order to judge the severity of an epidemic, it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred. There was no official census of the population to provide this figure, and the best contemporary count comes from the work of John Graunt (1620–1674), who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first demographers, bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics. In 1662, he estimated that 384,000 people lived in the City of London, the Liberties, Westminster and the out-parishes, based on figures in the","title":"Great Plague of London"},{"id":"502277","text":"the city of London had a population of 366,151 people, a 3.9% increase from the 2006 population. Children under five accounted for approximately 5.2 percent of the resident population of London. The percentage of the resident population in London of retirement age (65 and over) is 13.7, also the percentage for Canada as a whole. The average age is 38.2 years of age, compared to 39.9 years of age for all of Canada. Between 2006 and 2011, the population of metropolitan London grew by 3.7 percent, compared with an increase of 5.7 percent for Ontario as a whole. According to","title":"London, Ontario"},{"id":"2339673","text":"is more than €80,000 while the UK GDP per capita is around €27,000. Many of the world's wealthiest people live in Inner London, but there is also widespread poverty. Central London is located at the core of Inner London. Labour have the majority of support in Inner London, contributing to the recent election of Mayor of London Sadiq Khan. The area that is now Inner London was defined by the Registrar General as a collection of parishes called \"London\" and appeared in the 1851 Census. At the time the metropolitan area—commonly called the Metropolis—had its origins in the area of","title":"Inner London"},{"id":"502279","text":"0.8 percent are Korean Canadian, 0.6 percent are Filipino, and 0.7 percent belong to other groups. In the 2011 census, the predominant ethnic origins of Londoners were English (30.5%), Canadian (26.0%), Scottish (20.8%), Irish (20.3%), German (11.5%), French (10.1%), Dutch (6.2%), Italian (4.7%), Polish (4.4%), Portuguese (2.8%), and Ukrainian (2.5%). In February 2015, Statistics Canada published a population estimate of the London CMA of 502,360, as of July 1, 2014. London's economy is dominated by medical research, insurance, manufacturing, and information technology. Much of the life sciences and biotechnology-related research is conducted or supported by the University of Western Ontario,","title":"London, Ontario"},{"id":"119528","text":"The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over one million, including the two megacities (cities with a population of over 10 million) of London and Paris. Also, there are several other metropolises with a population of over 5 million like Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin and includes polycentric urbanised regions like Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf et al.), Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al.),","title":"European Union"},{"id":"2346045","text":"police force is one manifestation. The City of London area has a resident population of around 9,000. However, there is also a daily influx of approximately 400,000 commuters into the City, along with thousands of tourists. The police authority is the Common Council of the City, and unlike other territorial forces in England and Wales there is not a police and crime commissioner replacing that police authority by way of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, but like a police and crime commissioner, the Common Council is elected. As of September 2017 the force had a workforce of","title":"City of London Police"},{"id":"429203","text":"UK every ten years. In the 2011 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775. It is the third-largest in the European Union, the fifth-largest in the Commonwealth and the 22nd-largest in the world. In mid-2014 and mid-2015 net long-term international migration contributed more to population growth. In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth. Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7%. This compares to 0.3% per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2% in the decade 1981 to 1991. The 2011 census also","title":"United Kingdom"},{"id":"558442","text":"will be at higher risk of extinction by 2050 because of the joint effects of predicted climate and land-use change under business-as-usual human development scenarios. The world’s population numbered nearly 7.6 billion as of mid-2017 (which is approximately one billion more inhabitants compared to 2005) and is forecast to reach 11.1 billion in 2100. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"\"It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human population through the 20th century has had more impact on biodiversity than any other single factor.\"\" At least until the middle","title":"Biodiversity"},{"id":"119400","text":"sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious. Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of","title":"England"},{"id":"7725024","text":"claims have been made on behalf of Cardiff and Belfast due to their status as the respective capital cities of Wales and Northern Ireland. Furthermore, a number of opinion polls have been conducted since 2000 and complicate the issue further, with public response showing a consistent view amongst the British population that Manchester is the second city. Birmingham is technically the United Kingdom's most populous city; the City of London has fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and Greater London is not recognized as a city. Since the formation of the United Kingdom, several places have been described as the \"second city\".","title":"Second city of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"196148","text":"Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. According to Robert Hughes in \"The Fatal Shore\", the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million. Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s. Europe's population increased","title":"Industrial Revolution"},{"id":"432858","text":"large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Due to the island location of the UK, the country has great potential for generating electricity from wave power and tidal power, although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis. England is one of the most densely populated countries/regions in the world, and the most densely populated major nation in Europe. The high population density (especially in the southeast of England) coupled with a changing climate, is likely to put extreme pressure on","title":"Geography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"937124","text":"having decreased by 24% between 2003/04 and 2007/08. Tower Hamlets has one of the smallest White British populations of any local authority in the United Kingdom. No ethnic group forms a majority of the population; a plurality of residents are of White ethnicity (45%) of which 31% are White British. Asians form 41% of the population, of which 32% are Bangladeshi; which is the largest ethnic minority group in the borough. A small proportion are of Black African and Caribbean descent (7%), with Somalis representing the second-largest minority ethnic group. Those of mixed ethnic backgrounds form 4%, while other ethnic","title":"London Borough of Tower Hamlets"},{"id":"432874","text":"from 194,670 people in 1985, there were estimated to be 14,570 centenarians (people aged 100 or over) and 850 people aged 105 or over. The UK Office for National Statistics' 2016-based National Population Projections suggest that the UK population will continue to age with the number of people aged 85 and over doubling from 1.6 million in mid-2016 to 3.2 million in mid-2041. In 2012, the UK's total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.92 children per woman, below the replacement rate, which in the UK is 2.075. In 2001, the TFR was at a record low of 1.63, but it then","title":"Demography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"634137","text":"South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of","title":"South East England"},{"id":"432877","text":"Asian/Asian British: Indian 2.3%, Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 1.9%, mixed 2%, other 3.7% (2011 est.) 28.5 years. note: data represent England and Wales only (2014 est.) \"total population:\" 80.8 years \"male:\" 78.6 years \"female:\" 83.1 years (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 35th Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.) There are known difficulties in producing reliable estimates of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population. The Integrated Household Survey, published by the Office for National Statistics, provides the following estimates for the adult UK population as","title":"Demography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"18584640","text":"Asian ethnicities). 13.32% classed themselves as Black British (7% as Black African, 4.22% as Black Caribbean, 2.08% as \"Other Black\"). 4.96% were of mixed race; and 3.44% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other \"British Orientals\"). The table shows the top 21 countries of birth of residents in 2011, the date of the last UK Census. These figures do not give a fair indication of the total population of the specific ethnic groups associated with each country. For example, Londoners of Greek origin (from both Greece and Cyprus) number 300,000, since an organised Greek community has been established","title":"Greater London"},{"id":"236621","text":"per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, , London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. A portion of the German-born population are likely","title":"London"},{"id":"6632019","text":"Newham (19.6 per cent), Greenwich (19.1 per cent), Haringey (18.8 per cent) and Brent (18.8 per cent). Outside of London, the next largest populations are in Birmingham (96,360, 9%) / Wolverhampton (17,309, 6.9%), Manchester (43,484, 8.6%), Bristol (25,734, 6%), Nottingham (22,185, 7.3%), Leicester (20,585, 6.2%) and Luton (19,909, 9.8%). An academic journal article published in 2005, citing sources from 1997 and 2001, estimated that nearly half of British-born African-Caribbean men, a third of British-born African-Caribbean women, and a fifth of African men, have white partners. In 2014, \"The Economist\" reported that, according to the Labour Force Survey, 48 per cent","title":"Black British"},{"id":"181045","text":"The outward expansion of London was slowed by the war, and the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt. Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old County of London (which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the London County Council were abolished, and the much larger area of Greater London was established with a new Greater London Council (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new London boroughs. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the","title":"History of London"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"432861\",\n \"text\": \"Demography of the United Kingdom According to the 2011 census, the total population of the United Kingdom was around 63,182,000. It is the 21st-most populated country in the world. Its overall population density is 259 people per square kilometre (671 people per sq mi), with England having a significantly higher population density than Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's southeast, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city of London, the population density of which is just over 5,200 per square kilometre (13,468 per sq mi). The\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236617\",\n \"text\": \"for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration. However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to 9,787,426 people in 2011, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"429204\",\n \"text\": \"confirmed that the proportion of the population aged 0–14 has nearly halved (31% in 1911 compared to 18 in 2011) and the proportion of older people aged 65 and over has more than tripled (from 5 to 16%). England's population in 2011 was 53 million. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with 420 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2015. with a particular concentration in London and the south-east. The 2011 census put Scotland's population at 5.3 million, Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million. In 2012 the average total fertility\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236618\",\n \"text\": \"depending on the definition used. According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union and the second most populous in Europe. During the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in London. The region covers an area of . The population density is , more than ten times that of any other . In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region. According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2011 Census estimates, 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White,\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18584636\",\n \"text\": \"residents in mid-2009. London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to an estimated 9,332,000 people in 2005, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London has been the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union. The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city\",\n \"title\": \"Greater London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7710870\",\n \"text\": \"population of 18 million. Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of . Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000. Demography of London The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236563\",\n \"text\": \"and accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The population within the London commuter belt is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. London was the world's most populous city from 1831 to 1925. London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude,\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2214742\",\n \"text\": \"either estimating it by exports or by deaths. His method of using exports is by considering that a 30 percent increase in exports corresponds to a similar proportionate increase in population. The way he would use deaths would be by multiplying the number of deaths by 30 – estimating that one out of thirty people die each year. To obtain the population of all of England he would multiply the population of London by 8. Such a simple use of estimation could have easily have been abused and Petty was accused more than once of doctoring the figures for the\",\n \"title\": \"William Petty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12889153\",\n \"text\": \"higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely. Earlier demographic crises − in particular the Great Famine of 1315–1317 − had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348. England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90 percent of the population lived on the countryside. Of the major cities, London was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants. Further down the scale were Norwich, with around 12,000 people, and York with around 10,000.\",\n \"title\": \"Black Death in England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119368\",\n \"text\": \"parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north (for example, the Lake District and Pennines) and in the west (for example, Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills). The capital is London, which has the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. England's population of over 55 million comprises 84% of the population of\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10085130\",\n \"text\": \"of British Indians originating from Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The table below shows the dispersity of Indian people in the United Kingdom. The figures for all countries, regions, cities and boroughs are based on the 2011 census. Indians number over half a million in London, which is the city's single largest non-white ethnic group. Indians have a significant impact on the culture of the British capital. Within London, Southall, Hounslow, Brent, Croydon, Redbridge, Ealing, Barnet, Tooting, Harrow and Wembley, the latter of which is one of the few places outside India where Indians make up the largest ethnic group (almost\",\n \"title\": \"British Indian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9215743\",\n \"text\": \"percentage points higher than in the rest of England. This represents 2.3 million Londoners, 58% of whom are in a working family. Further research published by Trust for London, carried out by Loughborough University, found that two in five Londoners cannot afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living – one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole, and represents 3.3 million Londoners. The table below shows the percentage of\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2549939\",\n \"text\": \"of London is also referred to as the \\\"London Mayor\\\", a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000. There is also a London political party, One London, which was represented in the assembly from 2005-8, and is eurosceptic, with roots\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"181051\",\n \"text\": \"2011, the population grew over 8 million people for the first time in decades. White British formed less than half of the population for the first time. In the public there was ambivalence leading-up to the Olympics, though public sentiment changed strongly in their favour following a successful opening ceremony and when the anticipated organisational and transport problems never occurred. History of London The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural capital cities. It has withstood\",\n \"title\": \"History of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119440\",\n \"text\": \"highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom. The South of England has a higher life expectancy than the North, however, regional differences do seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years, the fastest increase in any region outside London, and the gap between life expectancy in the North East and South East is now 2.5 years, down from 2.9 in 1993. With over 53 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4837544\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom. It is located in the southeast of Great Britain. The London region covers an area of , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre. A larger area, referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre. London is a port on the Thames (see main article \\\"Port of London\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18584643\",\n \"text\": \"in the urban area, while 250,000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s. By 2006, the population had recovered to the level of 1970 (and the level of population in the 1920s). It is now approaching the 1939 peak. Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 boundaries. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries. Figures from 1981 onward are\",\n \"title\": \"Greater London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236574\",\n \"text\": \"royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. Disaster struck in the form of the Black Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population. London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632018\",\n \"text\": \"country. The 2011 census found that 1.85 million of a total Black population of 1.9 million lived in England, with 1.09 million of those in London, where they made up 13.3 per cent of the population, compared to 3.5 per cent of England's population and 3 per cent of the UK's population. The ten local authorities with the highest proportion of their populations describing themselves as Black in the census were all in London: Lewisham (27.2 per cent), Southwark (26.9 per cent), Lambeth (25.9 per cent), Hackney (23.1 per cent), Croydon (20.2 per cent), Barking and Dagenham (20.0 per cent),\",\n \"title\": \"Black British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2214755\",\n \"text\": \"parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training. Petty projected the growth of the city of London and supposed that it might swallow the rest of England – not so far from what actually happened: Now, if the city double its people in 40 years, and the present number be 670,000, and if the whole territory be 7,400,000, and double in 360 years, as aforesaid, then by the underwritten table it appears that A.D. 1840 the people of the city will be 10,718,880, and those of the whole country but 10,917,389, which is but inconsiderably more.\",\n \"title\": \"William Petty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12889152\",\n \"text\": \"the plague returned to England, this time causing the death of around 20 percent of the population. After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, in local or national outbreaks. From this point on its effect became less severe, and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665–66. It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million. The number is probably in the\",\n \"title\": \"Black Death in England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9084662\",\n \"text\": \"is roughly the same size as that of Sweden. With an estimated 8,615,246 residents in 2015, London is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. London generates approximately 22 per cent of the UK's GDP. 841,000 private sector businesses were based in London at the start of 2013, more than in any other region or country in the UK. 18 per cent are in the professional, scientific and technical activities sector while 15 per cent are in the construction sector. Many of these are small and medium-sized enterprises. London produced in 2016 about £408\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1792082\",\n \"text\": \"the national legislation, noise resulting from recreational activities like sports and leisure is not considered as environmental noise. The United Kingdom reported a total of 28 metropolitan areas, where London is the largest with 8.3 million inhabitants. The majority of metropolitan areas are located in England; in Scotland and Wales there are each two, in Northern Ireland only the capital Belfast. General: Environmental noise Environmental noise is the summary of noise pollution from outside, caused by transport, industrial and recreational activities. Noise is frequently described as 'unwanted sound', and, within this context, environmental noise is generally present in some form\",\n \"title\": \"Environmental noise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12946760\",\n \"text\": \"18 million, and by the end of the century had reached 40 million. Today, Bangladeshis form the largest minority population in Tower Hamlets, constituting 33.5% of the borough's population at the 2001 census; the Bangladeshi community there is the largest such community in Britain. The 2006 estimates show a decline in this group to 29.8% of the population, reflecting a movement to better economic circumstances and the larger houses available in the eastern suburbs. In this, the latest group of migrants are following a pattern established for over three centuries. The high levels of poverty in the East End have,\",\n \"title\": \"East End of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"157477\",\n \"text\": \"to about 4.9 million by 1680, recovering to just over 5 million by 1700. Other diseases, such as smallpox, took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague. The higher death rate in cities, both generally and specifically from the plague, was made up by continuous immigration, from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town. There were no contemporary censuses of London's population, but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years. Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels, Hearth Tax returns\",\n \"title\": \"Great Plague of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9031832\",\n \"text\": \"halt further spread eastward. The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite several radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire. By the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants. John Evelyn, contrasting London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris, called it a \\\"wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion of Houses\\\", and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by\",\n \"title\": \"Great Fire of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2266503\",\n \"text\": \"London into 28 metropolitan boroughs. These replaced the ancient parish vestries and district boards as the second tier of local government. County of London boroughs numbered in the information box on the right side: † Not a metropolitan borough. Population fell after World War I and as recorded at each census until its 1965 demise. In 1901 the population was 4.5 million and by 1961 it had fallen to 3.2 million. Following the 1931 census more of the population of \\\"Greater London\\\" (defined at the time as the Metropolitan Police District and City of London) lived outside the county than\",\n \"title\": \"County of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9098319\",\n \"text\": \"Mehmed VI supported their reforms as long as they didn't interfere with his rule and his successors were backed by the Neu Reich. The Empire has recently become wealthy due to its creation of petrochemical-based plastics—little of the wealth trickles down to the lower classes. The Great Metropolis is an urban sprawl formed from the amalgamation of Liverpool and Manchester. It has a population of about 100 million people, most of whom are refugees from Europe or immigrants from the colonies or the Kingdom of Ireland. It is more culturally influential than London due to its size and economic power\",\n \"title\": \"Etherscope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2301745\",\n \"text\": \"London commuter belt The London commuter belt is a metropolitan area that includes London and its surrounding commuter zone (the area in which it is practicable to commute to work in London). It is also known as the London metropolitan area, or Southeast metropolitan area. It should not be confused with Greater London or the Greater London Built-up Area. The most up-to-date population figures are from Eurostat, that the London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with a population of 13,709,128 (in 2011, provisionally 14,431,830 in 2016). The boundaries are not fixed; they expand as transport options improve\",\n \"title\": \"London commuter belt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236619\",\n \"text\": \"with 44.9 per cent White British, 2.2 per cent White Irish, 0.1 per cent gypsy/Irish traveller and 12.1 per cent classified as Other White. 20.9 per cent of Londoners are of Asian and mixed-Asian descent. 19.7 per cent are of full Asian descent, with those of mixed-Asian heritage comprising 1.2 of the population. Indians account for 6.6 per cent of the population, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.7 per cent each. Chinese peoples account for 1.5 per cent of the population, with Arabs comprising 1.3 per cent. A further 4.9 per cent are classified as \\\"Other Asian\\\". 15.6 per\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12946759\",\n \"text\": \"House building could not keep pace and overcrowding was rife. It was not until the interwar period that there was a decline caused by migration to new London suburbs like the Becontree estate, built by the London County Council between 1921 and 1932, and to areas outside London. This depopulation accelerated after the Second World War and has only recently begun to reverse. These population figures reflect the area that now forms the London Borough of Tower Hamlets only: By comparison, in 1801 the population of England and Wales was 9 million; by 1851 it had more than doubled to\",\n \"title\": \"East End of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12390198\",\n \"text\": \"Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation. Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century. The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006. The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010. The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters\",\n \"title\": \"World population\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45210\",\n \"text\": \"Domestic animals include the Connemara pony, Shetland pony, English Mastiff, Irish wolfhound and many varieties of cattle and sheep. England has a generally high population density, with almost 80% of the total population of the islands. Elsewhere in Great Britain and Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Built-up Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major population centres include the Greater Manchester Built-up Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million) and West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12390197\",\n \"text\": \"World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza. Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity. During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829. Between 1700 and 1900, Europe’s population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million. Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.\",\n \"title\": \"World population\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11264393\",\n \"text\": \"into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1801 to 6.2 million a century later (1.8% average annual growth). During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivalled until the latter part of the century, when Paris and New York City began to threaten its dominance. While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Life for the poor was immortalized by Charles\",\n \"title\": \"19th-century London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6631978\",\n \"text\": \"century. Other estimates put the number at 15,000. In 1772, Lord Mansfield put the number of black people in the country at as many as 15,000, though most modern historians consider 10,000 to be the most likely. The black population was estimated at around 10,000 in London alone, making black people 1% of the overall London population. The black female population is estimated to have barely reached 20% of the overall Afro-Caribbean population in the country. In the 1780s with the end of the American Revolutionary War, hundreds of black loyalists from America were resettled in Britain. Later some emigrated\",\n \"title\": \"Black British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236620\",\n \"text\": \"cent of London's population are of Black and mixed-Black descent. 13.3 per cent are of full Black descent, with those of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.3 per cent. Black Africans account for 7.0 per cent of London's population, with 4.2 per cent as Black Caribbean and 2.1 per cent as \\\"Other Black\\\". 5.0 per cent are of mixed race. Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111482\",\n \"text\": \"of population are Saint Petersburg, Madrid, Berlin and Rome, each having over 3 million residents. When considering the commuter belts or metropolitan areas, within the EU (for which comparable data is available) London covers the largest population, followed in order by Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr area, Rome, Milan, Athens and Warsaw. \\\"Europe\\\" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of the Roman Empire and its culture. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of Christendom (or more specifically Latin Christendom), as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of\",\n \"title\": \"Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"181026\",\n \"text\": \"19th century, London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivalled until the latter part of the century, when Paris and New York began to threaten its dominance. While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th-century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Life for the poor was immortalised by Charles Dickens\",\n \"title\": \"History of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12413473\",\n \"text\": \"are listed below. At the 2011 census, 36.7% of London's population was foreign born (including 24.5% born outside of Europe). With 3,082,000 residents born abroad in 2014. London has the largest population number (not percentage) of foreign-born. Significant migration from Arab countries to the UK began in the 1940s, mostly by Egyptians. Other waves followed, such as Lebanese fleeing the civil war. The centre of London has a thriving Arab community, centred around Edgware Road. A major wave of immigration began in the 1970s, as people from the Sylhet region arrived in London, fleeing poverty and the Bangladesh Liberation War.\",\n \"title\": \"Ethnic groups in London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18584642\",\n \"text\": \"born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany. London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons. Huguenots, Eastern European Jews, Cypriots and East African Asians are examples of the former; Irish, Bangladeshis and West Indians came for new lives. The East End district around Spitalfields has been first home for several ethnic groups, which have subsequently moved elsewhere in London as they gained prosperity. The population of the current area of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (when only about 850,000 people were\",\n \"title\": \"Greater London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"181000\",\n \"text\": \"Company (1555) and the British East India Company (1600) were established in London by Royal Charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule India, was one of the key institutions in London, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. Immigrants arrived in London not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605. The growth of the population and wealth of London was fuelled by a vast expansion in the use of coastal\",\n \"title\": \"History of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"83497\",\n \"text\": \"census the ethnic composition was 84.6% White, 6.8% South Asian, 2.6% Black, 2.3% Mixed, 2.0% Chinese and 1.7% were listed as \\\"other\\\". To the right is a table showing the change in population since 1801, based on decadal censuses. The first half of the 19th century shows a population of between 120,000–140,000, decreasing dramatically from 1851 to 1991, with a small increase between 1991 and 2001. The only notable boundary change since the first census in 1801 occurred in 1994. The City's full-time working residents have much higher gross weekly pay than in London and Great Britain (England, Wales and\",\n \"title\": \"City of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10085127\",\n \"text\": \"from 467,634 to around 669,000 (an increase of over 200,000). The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded 1,451,862, residents of Indian ethnicity, accounting for 2.3 per cent of the total UK population (not including those of mixed ethnic backgrounds). The equivalent figure from the 2001 Census was 1,053,411 (1.8 per cent of the total UK population). People born in India are the UK's largest foreign-born population, totalling an estimated 1,734,000 in 2013. According to the 2011 census, the cities with the most Indian-born residents are London (262,247), Leicester (37,224), Birmingham (27,206), Sandwell (15,190), Wolverhampton (14,955). Today there are considerable numbers of\",\n \"title\": \"British Indian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4001866\",\n \"text\": \"yields. The former has a bigger catchment area than the latter because more people live north of the Thames than south of it. Heathrow's catchment area includes about three-quarters of London's population and roughly two-thirds of the population in the whole of Southeast England. London is where most of the demand for air travel in the Southeast originates. This means that 5.6mn people in London live in Heathrow's catchment area as opposed to 1.9mn in Gatwick's catchment area (out of an estimated total Greater London population of 7.5mn). The comparable figures for the Southeast are: 6.7mn people in Heathrow's catchment\",\n \"title\": \"CityFlyer Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632006\",\n \"text\": \"The 1991 census was the first to include a question on ethnicity, and the black population of Great Britain (i.e. the United Kingdom excluding Northern Ireland, where the question was not asked) was recorded as 890,727, or 1.63% of the total population. This figure included 499,964 people in the Black-Caribbean category (0.9%), 212,362 in the Black-African category (0.4%) and 178,401 in the Black-Other category (0.3%). An increasing number of black Londoners were London- or British-born. Even with this growing population and the first blacks elected to Parliament, many argue that there was still discrimination and a socio-economic imbalance in London\",\n \"title\": \"Black British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18584635\",\n \"text\": \"government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of Greater London. All London Borough councils belong to the London Councils association. Three London Boroughs carry the honorific title of \\\"Royal Borough\\\": Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston, and Greenwich. Within the City of London are the liberties of Middle Temple and Inner Temple. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official\",\n \"title\": \"Greater London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12413480\",\n \"text\": \"the British capital for generations and come from all walks of life. Irish migration to Great Britain has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of, and complex relationship between, the islands of Ireland and Great Britain and the various political entities that have ruled them. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from the island of Ireland or have Irish ancestry. Around six million Britons have an Irish grandfather or grandmother (approximately 10% of the UK population). 900,000 ethnic Irish people live in the capital (12% of the city's population); despite this, some sources put the\",\n \"title\": \"Ethnic groups in London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866919\",\n \"text\": \"in all the metropolitan counties, with various powers allocated depending on the devolution deals negotiated between the borough councils and central government. The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 800 (South Yorkshire) and 2,800 (West Midlands) people/km². Individual metropolitan districts range from 4,000 people/km² in Liverpool to only 500 people/km² in Doncaster. Residents of metropolitan counties account for around 22% of the population of England, or 18% of the United Kingdom. The six metropolitan counties and their metropolitan districts are: The structures of Greater London and Berkshire are similar to the metropolitan counties, but they themselves are not as\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan county\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"627011\",\n \"text\": \"of up to one million people. From around 1825 to 1918 London was the largest city in the world, with the population growing rapidly; it was the first city to reach a population of over 5 million in 1900. In 1950, New York City was the only urban area with a population of over 10 million. Geographers had identified 25 such areas as of October 2005, as compared with 19 megacities in 2004 and only nine in 1985. This increase has happened as the world's population moves towards the high (75–85%) urbanization levels of North America and Western Europe. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Megacity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"157444\",\n \"text\": \"bills of mortality published each week in the capital. These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole. In 1665, he revised his estimate to 'not above 460,000'. Other contemporaries put the figure higher, (the French Ambassador, for example, suggested 600,000) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates. The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich, with a population of 30,000. There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority. Instead, each parish appointed two or more 'searchers of the dead', whose duty was to inspect a\",\n \"title\": \"Great Plague of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12413470\",\n \"text\": \"Ethnic groups in London London is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world. A 2000 survey of school children reported there were over 300 languages spoken at home. At the 2011 census, London had a population of 8,173,941. Of this number, 44.9% were White British. 37% of the population were born outside the UK, including 24.5% born outside of Europe. At the 2011 census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,101,688. This is a rise of 39% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 781,751. Inner London and Outer London have a near-equal\",\n \"title\": \"Ethnic groups in London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"329046\",\n \"text\": \"the coast in South East England, the city receives more sunshine per annum than most of the UK. The city gets around of rain a year, with a minimum of of rain reported on 103 days a year. Portsmouth, as the most densely populated city in the United Kingdom, is the only city whose population density exceeds that of London. As of the 2011 census, the city had 205,400 residents. This equates to 5,100 people living in every square kilometre (0.4 sq.mi.), which is eleven times more than the regional average of 440 people per square kilometre and more than\",\n \"title\": \"Portsmouth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9987914\",\n \"text\": \"10.6% of the population of London. 4.3% of Londoners are Caribbean, 5.5% of Londoners are African and a further 0.8% are from other black backgrounds including American and Latin American. There are also 117,400 people who are mixed black and white. At the 2011 UK Census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,088,640 or 13.3% of the population. History of African immigrants in London This article charts the history of African immigration in London, England, from Roman times to the present day. Archeologists have found a spoon and a lamp with representations of Sub-Saharan African people dating from\",\n \"title\": \"History of African immigrants in London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"180996\",\n \"text\": \"revolt collapsed. Trade increased steadily during the Middle Ages, and London grew rapidly as a result. In 1100, London's population was somewhat more than 15,000. By 1300, it had grown to roughly 80,000. London lost at least half of its population during the Black Death in the mid-14th century, but its economic and political importance stimulated a rapid recovery despite further epidemics. Trade in London was organised into various guilds, which effectively controlled the city, and elected the Lord Mayor of the City of London. Medieval London was made up of narrow and twisting streets, and most of the buildings\",\n \"title\": \"History of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11071571\",\n \"text\": \"Birmingham Birmingham (, ) is the second-most populous city in the United Kingdom, after London, and the most populous city in the English Midlands. With an estimated population of 1,137,100 , Birmingham is the cultural, social, financial and commercial centre of the Midlands. It is the main centre of the West Midlands conurbation, which is the third most populated urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population in 2011 of 2,440,986. The wider Birmingham metropolitan area is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a population of over 3.7 million. Birmingham is frequently referred to as the United\",\n \"title\": \"Birmingham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432869\",\n \"text\": \"continue, the UK's population would increase by 3.6 million between mid-2016 to mid-2026. This represents an average annual growth rate of 0.5%. Over the same period, England is projected to grow by 5.9%; for Wales, this figure is 3.1%, while for Scotland and Northern Ireland the figures are 3.2% and 4.2% respectively. These projections do not allow for any possible effects of the UK leaving the European Union. There are 13 urban areas that exceed 500,000 inhabitants: they are centred on London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds and Bradford, Southampton and Portsmouth, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leicester, Manchester, Belfast, Bristol, Newcastle upon Tyne and\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11921970\",\n \"text\": \"32,532 Bangladeshis in 2011, Oldham with 16,310, and Luton, Bedfordshire with a population of 13,606. More than half of the United Kingdom's Bangladeshis—approximately 53%—were born in Bangladesh. Bangladesh ranks third in the list of countries of birth for Londoners born outside the United Kingdom. Bangladeshis are one of the youngest of the UK's ethnic populations; 38% under the age of 16, 59% aged between 16–64, and only 3% aged 65 and over. The census also revealed a heavy predominance in the male population, which was 64% of the total. Since 2011, an estimated 6,000 Bangladeshi families have come to the\",\n \"title\": \"British Bangladeshi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17934619\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese community in London There is a Chinese community in London. There are 120,250 Chinese people in London, comprising 1.5% of the city's population. 33% of ethnic Chinese people in the United Kingdom reside in London. , As of 2000, more recent ethnic Chinese arrivals originated from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Vietnam while historically Chinese had migrated from Hong Kong, including the urbanised areas and the New Territories; Singapore; Malaysia; and elsewhere in southeast Asia. John Eade, the author of \\\"Placing London: From Imperial Capital to Global City\\\", stated that a Chinese community representative stated that in the 1780s Chinese\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese community in London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12889168\",\n \"text\": \"England were more extensive than those of any other European country, it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90 percent. Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25 percent to more than 60 percent of the total population. The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in\",\n \"title\": \"Black Death in England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7710867\",\n \"text\": \"or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born (including 24.5% born in a non-European country) making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. According to the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language, with a further 1,406,912 (19.8%)\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119441\",\n \"text\": \"for 84% of the combined total. England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world. With a density of 424 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta. The English people are a British people. Some genetic evidence suggests that 75–95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12413472\",\n \"text\": \"At the 2011 census, the total Asian population of London stood at 1,511,546. This is a rise of 60% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 947,425. Outer London has a greater Asian population than Inner London: The Asian population of London is noticeably concentrated in East and West London. Harrow has the highest Indian population, Redbridge has the highest Pakistani population and Tower Hamlets has the highest Bangladeshi and Chinese population. Newham has the highest total Asian population in London. The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Asian population (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Asian)\",\n \"title\": \"Ethnic groups in London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2339686\",\n \"text\": \"is 1,254 km (484 sq. miles). Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are midyear estimates, with those for 2002 to 2009 having been revised during 2010. These mid-year estimates are more accurate than the censuses themselves, which are known to underestimate the population of London. Outer London continued to grow as population moved from Inner London, reaching a peak in 1951 at 4,517,588. The population of Greater London as a whole then started to decline, and the Outer London\",\n \"title\": \"Outer London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"329047\",\n \"text\": \"London, which has 4,900 people per square kilometre. The city used to be even more densely populated, with the 1951 census showing a population of 233,545. In a reversal of that decrease, the population of the city has been gradually increasing since the 1990s. With about 860,000 residents, the South Hampshire built-up area is the fifth-largest urban area in England and the largest in South East England, forming the centre of one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas. The city is predominantly white in terms of ethnicity, with 91.8% of the population belonging to this ethnic group. Portsmouth's\",\n \"title\": \"Portsmouth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8989529\",\n \"text\": \"or themselves migrated to other parts of the world after the British Empire established itself in India. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora. The British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the 2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ethnicity (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the seven-year period between 2001 and 2009, the number of Indian-born people in the UK increased in size by 38% from 467,634 to\",\n \"title\": \"Indian people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13649261\",\n \"text\": \"Bradford, and the population density was 4,560 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,820/sq mi). For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. Bradford has the youngest, fastest growing population outside London. The census showed that of Bradford's total population, 67.44% (352,317) was White, 26.83% (140,149) Asian, 2.48% (12,979) Mixed Race, 1.77% (9,267) Black and 1.48% (7,740) from other races. 22.1% of the population are British Asian (included in the 26.83% \\\"Asian\\\" figure above), the third-highest percentage of South Asians in a single settlement in England and Wales (behind the city of Leicester at 29.9% and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets).\",\n \"title\": \"Bradford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886711\",\n \"text\": \"Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of \\\"UrbanEye\\\" published in 2002. Based on a small sample in Putney High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in Greater London to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4,200,000. According to their estimate the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed, it has been widely quoted. Furthermore, the figure of 500,000 for\",\n \"title\": \"Closed-circuit television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"429208\",\n \"text\": \"1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain, almost all born overseas. In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia, China, Africa and the Caribbean, just under 0.2% of the UK population. By 1961 this number had more than quadrupled to 384,000, just over 0.7% of the United Kingdom population. Since 1948 substantial immigration from Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia has been a legacy of ties forged by the British Empire. Migration from new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe since 2004 has resulted\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632007\",\n \"text\": \"among the blacks. In 1992, the number of blacks in Parliament increased to six, and in 1997, they increased their numbers to nine. There are still many problems that black Londoners face; the new global and high-tech information revolution is changing the urban economy and some argue that it is driving up unemployment rates among blacks relative to non-blacks, something, it is argued, that threatens to erode the progress made thus far. By 2001, the Black British population was estimated at 1,148,738 (2.0%). The late 1950s through to the late 1980s saw a number of mass street conflicts involving young\",\n \"title\": \"Black British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18584639\",\n \"text\": \"Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that in 2006 London's foreign-born population was 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 UK Census showed that 27.1% of the population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as Non-White. In the 2011 UK Census, 59.79% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (44.89%), White Irish (2.15%) or \\\"Other White\\\" (12.65%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Colombians and Portuguese). 18.49% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and \\\"Other Asian\\\" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern\",\n \"title\": \"Greater London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1057727\",\n \"text\": \"delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate. The British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities, making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving. London had nine million people – a fifth of the British population – living in an area of , which was difficult to defend because of its size. Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United\",\n \"title\": \"The Blitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4561601\",\n \"text\": \"City of Westminster. Following a two-year battle with the Office for National Statistics, the City of Westminster population was revised upwards by 10%. and a review of future census methodology was commissioned. Malthouse argued against the introduction of the London congestion charge, opposing it on the grounds that the idea should not be first introduced in the most populous city in England, and that London was already one of the most expensive cities to live in. He also suggested that the purpose of the scheme was to address Transport for London's budgetary shortfall. As Deputy Leader of Westminster Council, Malthouse\",\n \"title\": \"Kit Malthouse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8549408\",\n \"text\": \"Since the 2011 UK Census was returned, London contains by far the lowest percentage of English and other White British people of all the UK regions, where they make up less than half of the population in 24 of the 32 boroughs, including: Newham (16.7%), Brent (18.0%), Ealing (30.4%), Harrow (30.9%), Tower Hamlets (31.2%), Westminster (35.2%) and Hackney (36.2%). The city with the lowest White British population as a percentage is Leicester (45.1%). The Unitary Authority with the lowest White British percentage is Slough (34.5%), followed by Luton (44.6%). (Note:- though since 2001 census data for White British and White\",\n \"title\": \"White British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15582287\",\n \"text\": \"around erosion and attributes surrounding erosion that this article will focus on. Globally, the number of people living on the coast is increasing. It has been stated that there has been over a 35% increase in the population of people living on the coasts since 1995. The average density of people in coastal regions is 3 times higher than the global average density. Historically, city development, especially large cities, was based on coasts due to the economic benefits of the ports. In 1950, there were only 2 megacities (cities with greater than 8 million people) in the coastal zone, London\",\n \"title\": \"Coastal development hazards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10876091\",\n \"text\": \"given over to agriculture - with the growing of wheat, barley and rapeseed particularly common - as well as to the raising of livestock, especially cattle and sheep. In places it is very heavily populated, with towns, suburbs and villages found nearly everywhere - although the plateau of Salisbury Plain remains largely wild. The most significant centre of population is London, at the head of the Thames estuary, one of the largest cities in the world. Due to this high population density, and to a certain amount of depredation caused by the non-native grey squirrel, edible dormice (in the Chilterns)\",\n \"title\": \"English Lowlands beech forests\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3257902\",\n \"text\": \"digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long. The total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits (after the initial zero). The \\\"area code\\\" is also referred to as an \\\"STD (code)\\\" (subscriber trunk dialling) or a \\\"dialling code\\\" in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is (020) for London. The code allocated to the largest area is (028) for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not\",\n \"title\": \"Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6631952\",\n \"text\": \"ethnic minority populations in Britain. This has become a controversial definition. \\\"Black British\\\" is one of various self-designation entries used in official UK ethnicity classifications. Black residents constituted around 3 per cent of the United Kingdom's population in 2011. The figures have increased from the 1991 census when 1.63% of the population were recorded as Black or Black British to 1.15 million residents in 2001, or 2 per cent of the population, this further increased to just over 1.9 million in 2011. Over 95% of Black British live in England, particularly in England's larger urban areas, with most (over a\",\n \"title\": \"Black British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236616\",\n \"text\": \"of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. About 69% of children born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12153869\",\n \"text\": \"to London during his administration; from 2000 to 2005 London's population grew by 200,000 to reach 7.5 million. He didn't oppose this, encouraging racial equality and celebrating the city's multiculturalism. Livingstone condemned the UK's involvement in the Iraq War and involved himself in the Stop the War campaign. In November 2003, he made headlines for referring to US President George W. Bush as \\\"the greatest threat to life on this planet,\\\" just before Bush's official visit to the UK. Livingstone also organised an alternative \\\"Peace Reception\\\" at City Hall \\\"for everybody who is not George Bush,\\\" with anti-war Vietnam veteran\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Livingstone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"157443\",\n \"text\": \"US. In order to judge the severity of an epidemic, it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred. There was no official census of the population to provide this figure, and the best contemporary count comes from the work of John Graunt (1620–1674), who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first demographers, bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics. In 1662, he estimated that 384,000 people lived in the City of London, the Liberties, Westminster and the out-parishes, based on figures in the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Plague of London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"502277\",\n \"text\": \"the city of London had a population of 366,151 people, a 3.9% increase from the 2006 population. Children under five accounted for approximately 5.2 percent of the resident population of London. The percentage of the resident population in London of retirement age (65 and over) is 13.7, also the percentage for Canada as a whole. The average age is 38.2 years of age, compared to 39.9 years of age for all of Canada. Between 2006 and 2011, the population of metropolitan London grew by 3.7 percent, compared with an increase of 5.7 percent for Ontario as a whole. According to\",\n \"title\": \"London, Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2339673\",\n \"text\": \"is more than €80,000 while the UK GDP per capita is around €27,000. Many of the world's wealthiest people live in Inner London, but there is also widespread poverty. Central London is located at the core of Inner London. Labour have the majority of support in Inner London, contributing to the recent election of Mayor of London Sadiq Khan. The area that is now Inner London was defined by the Registrar General as a collection of parishes called \\\"London\\\" and appeared in the 1851 Census. At the time the metropolitan area—commonly called the Metropolis—had its origins in the area of\",\n \"title\": \"Inner London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"502279\",\n \"text\": \"0.8 percent are Korean Canadian, 0.6 percent are Filipino, and 0.7 percent belong to other groups. In the 2011 census, the predominant ethnic origins of Londoners were English (30.5%), Canadian (26.0%), Scottish (20.8%), Irish (20.3%), German (11.5%), French (10.1%), Dutch (6.2%), Italian (4.7%), Polish (4.4%), Portuguese (2.8%), and Ukrainian (2.5%). In February 2015, Statistics Canada published a population estimate of the London CMA of 502,360, as of July 1, 2014. London's economy is dominated by medical research, insurance, manufacturing, and information technology. Much of the life sciences and biotechnology-related research is conducted or supported by the University of Western Ontario,\",\n \"title\": \"London, Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119528\",\n \"text\": \"The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over one million, including the two megacities (cities with a population of over 10 million) of London and Paris. Also, there are several other metropolises with a population of over 5 million like Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin and includes polycentric urbanised regions like Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf et al.), Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al.),\",\n \"title\": \"European Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2346045\",\n \"text\": \"police force is one manifestation. The City of London area has a resident population of around 9,000. However, there is also a daily influx of approximately 400,000 commuters into the City, along with thousands of tourists. The police authority is the Common Council of the City, and unlike other territorial forces in England and Wales there is not a police and crime commissioner replacing that police authority by way of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, but like a police and crime commissioner, the Common Council is elected. As of September 2017 the force had a workforce of\",\n \"title\": \"City of London Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"429203\",\n \"text\": \"UK every ten years. In the 2011 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775. It is the third-largest in the European Union, the fifth-largest in the Commonwealth and the 22nd-largest in the world. In mid-2014 and mid-2015 net long-term international migration contributed more to population growth. In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth. Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7%. This compares to 0.3% per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2% in the decade 1981 to 1991. The 2011 census also\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"558442\",\n \"text\": \"will be at higher risk of extinction by 2050 because of the joint effects of predicted climate and land-use change under business-as-usual human development scenarios. The world’s population numbered nearly 7.6 billion as of mid-2017 (which is approximately one billion more inhabitants compared to 2005) and is forecast to reach 11.1 billion in 2100. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \\\"\\\"It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human population through the 20th century has had more impact on biodiversity than any other single factor.\\\"\\\" At least until the middle\",\n \"title\": \"Biodiversity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119400\",\n \"text\": \"sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious. Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7725024\",\n \"text\": \"claims have been made on behalf of Cardiff and Belfast due to their status as the respective capital cities of Wales and Northern Ireland. Furthermore, a number of opinion polls have been conducted since 2000 and complicate the issue further, with public response showing a consistent view amongst the British population that Manchester is the second city. Birmingham is technically the United Kingdom's most populous city; the City of London has fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and Greater London is not recognized as a city. Since the formation of the United Kingdom, several places have been described as the \\\"second city\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Second city of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"196148\",\n \"text\": \"Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. According to Robert Hughes in \\\"The Fatal Shore\\\", the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million. Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s. Europe's population increased\",\n \"title\": \"Industrial Revolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432858\",\n \"text\": \"large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Due to the island location of the UK, the country has great potential for generating electricity from wave power and tidal power, although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis. England is one of the most densely populated countries/regions in the world, and the most densely populated major nation in Europe. The high population density (especially in the southeast of England) coupled with a changing climate, is likely to put extreme pressure on\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"937124\",\n \"text\": \"having decreased by 24% between 2003/04 and 2007/08. Tower Hamlets has one of the smallest White British populations of any local authority in the United Kingdom. No ethnic group forms a majority of the population; a plurality of residents are of White ethnicity (45%) of which 31% are White British. Asians form 41% of the population, of which 32% are Bangladeshi; which is the largest ethnic minority group in the borough. A small proportion are of Black African and Caribbean descent (7%), with Somalis representing the second-largest minority ethnic group. Those of mixed ethnic backgrounds form 4%, while other ethnic\",\n \"title\": \"London Borough of Tower Hamlets\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432874\",\n \"text\": \"from 194,670 people in 1985, there were estimated to be 14,570 centenarians (people aged 100 or over) and 850 people aged 105 or over. The UK Office for National Statistics' 2016-based National Population Projections suggest that the UK population will continue to age with the number of people aged 85 and over doubling from 1.6 million in mid-2016 to 3.2 million in mid-2041. In 2012, the UK's total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.92 children per woman, below the replacement rate, which in the UK is 2.075. In 2001, the TFR was at a record low of 1.63, but it then\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"634137\",\n \"text\": \"South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of\",\n \"title\": \"South East England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432877\",\n \"text\": \"Asian/Asian British: Indian 2.3%, Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 1.9%, mixed 2%, other 3.7% (2011 est.) 28.5 years. note: data represent England and Wales only (2014 est.) \\\"total population:\\\" 80.8 years \\\"male:\\\" 78.6 years \\\"female:\\\" 83.1 years (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 35th Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.) There are known difficulties in producing reliable estimates of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population. The Integrated Household Survey, published by the Office for National Statistics, provides the following estimates for the adult UK population as\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18584640\",\n \"text\": \"Asian ethnicities). 13.32% classed themselves as Black British (7% as Black African, 4.22% as Black Caribbean, 2.08% as \\\"Other Black\\\"). 4.96% were of mixed race; and 3.44% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other \\\"British Orientals\\\"). The table shows the top 21 countries of birth of residents in 2011, the date of the last UK Census. These figures do not give a fair indication of the total population of the specific ethnic groups associated with each country. For example, Londoners of Greek origin (from both Greece and Cyprus) number 300,000, since an organised Greek community has been established\",\n \"title\": \"Greater London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"236621\",\n \"text\": \"per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, , London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. A portion of the German-born population are likely\",\n \"title\": \"London\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632019\",\n \"text\": \"Newham (19.6 per cent), Greenwich (19.1 per cent), Haringey (18.8 per cent) and Brent (18.8 per cent). Outside of London, the next largest populations are in Birmingham (96,360, 9%) / Wolverhampton (17,309, 6.9%), Manchester (43,484, 8.6%), Bristol (25,734, 6%), Nottingham (22,185, 7.3%), Leicester (20,585, 6.2%) and Luton (19,909, 9.8%). An academic journal article published in 2005, citing sources from 1997 and 2001, estimated that nearly half of British-born African-Caribbean men, a third of British-born African-Caribbean women, and a fifth of African men, have white partners. In 2014, \\\"The Economist\\\" reported that, according to the Labour Force Survey, 48 per cent\",\n \"title\": \"Black British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"181045\",\n \"text\": \"The outward expansion of London was slowed by the war, and the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt. Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old County of London (which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the London County Council were abolished, and the much larger area of Greater London was established with a new Greater London Council (GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new London boroughs. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the\",\n \"title\": \"History of London\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Demography of the United Kingdom context: Demography of the United Kingdom According to the 2011 census, the total population of the United Kingdom was around 63,182,000. It is the 21st-most populated country in the world. Its overall population density is 259 people per square kilometre (671 people per sq mi), with England having a significantly higher population density than Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's southeast, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city of London, the population density of which is just over 5,200 per square kilometre (13,468 per sq mi). The\\n\\nTo the nearest million, what is the population of London, England?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: London context: of's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. About 69% of children born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was\\n\\ntitle: Greater London context: government dating back to the 2th and is separate from the county of Greater London All London Bor councils belong to the London Councils association Three London Borough the honorific title ofRoyal Bor Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston, Greenwich. Within the City of London are liberties Middle Temple and Inner Temple. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the populated city in the world until overtaken New in 1925. Its pe at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated,753,600 official\\ntitle: context tre having been Winchester came in the Tower. City ofminster developed a true capital in governmental terms, City of London, England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished its own unique, of London 1100, its population 1,00 130 it grown to nearly 100,000aster struck the form the Death the-14th century, when London lost third of its London focus' Revol 138.\\nography of London context: population 8 million developed a standard for areas the the11; it Another gives the the700 Dem London The dem Londoned the and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of\\n\\nTo the nearest million, what is the population of London, England?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 482,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14626,\n \"ratio\": \"30.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":76,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":76,"string":"76"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What did Clarice Cliff create?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Pots","Pottery and porcelain","Pottery maker","Art ware","Pottery-makers","Pottery-maker","Vase painting","Fine art pot","Clay pottery","Ceramics","Pottery","Ceramicware","Art pottery","Painted vase","Ceramic pot","Ceramic ware","Ceramics art","Pot throwing","Pottery-making","Pottery making","Ceramic paint","Pottery makers","Potterymaker","Ceramicist","Potterymaking","Clay pot","Pot","Pottery manufacture","Coil pot","History of pottery","Ceramic wares","Potterymakers","Making a pot"],"string":"[\n \"Pots\",\n \"Pottery and porcelain\",\n \"Pottery maker\",\n \"Art ware\",\n \"Pottery-makers\",\n \"Pottery-maker\",\n \"Vase painting\",\n \"Fine art pot\",\n \"Clay pottery\",\n \"Ceramics\",\n \"Pottery\",\n \"Ceramicware\",\n \"Art pottery\",\n \"Painted vase\",\n \"Ceramic pot\",\n \"Ceramic ware\",\n \"Ceramics art\",\n \"Pot throwing\",\n \"Pottery-making\",\n \"Pottery making\",\n \"Ceramic paint\",\n \"Pottery makers\",\n \"Potterymaker\",\n \"Ceramicist\",\n \"Potterymaking\",\n \"Clay pot\",\n \"Pot\",\n \"Pottery manufacture\",\n \"Coil pot\",\n \"History of pottery\",\n \"Ceramic wares\",\n \"Potterymakers\",\n \"Making a pot\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Pottery"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2333820","text":"cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 \"Ravel\" (seen on Cliff's Conical shape ware) which was an abstract leaf and flower pattern named after the composer. The image shows a Conical coffee pot, and sugar bowl and cream with four triangular feet, another of Cliff's rather Bizarre shape ideas which proved popular with 1930s customers. \"Ravel\" was to be produced between 1929 and at least as late as 1935. In 1928 Clarice produced a simple, hand painted pattern of \"Crocus\" flowers in orange, blue and purple, each flower being constructed with confident upward strokes. Then green leaves","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333822","text":"1930s. \"Crocus\" was unusual in that it was produced on both tableware, tea and coffeeware, and 'fancies', novelty items made primarily as gift ware. The pattern had many colour variations, including \"Purple Crocus\" (1932) \"Blue Crocus\" (1935), \"Sungleam Crocus\" (1935) \"Spring Crocus\". It was even produced after the war, the final pieces with \"Clarice Cliff\" marks being made in 1963, though Midwinter (who bought the factory) continued to paint it to order until as late as 1968. By 1929, Cliff's team of decorators had grown to a team of around 70 young painters, mainly women (called her 'Bizarre girls') but","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333824","text":"would buy pottery by 'mail order' from advertising in magazines. The series of leaflets, each of which covered a range of pieces in a similar style or set of colours, included ones for \"Bizarre, Fantasque, Delecia, Appliqué, Inspiration, Crocus & Gayday\" and others. The original leaflet for the \"Appliqué\" patterns featured just two, \"Lucerne\" and \"Lugano\", but Cliff's prolific ability to design new patterns is witnessed by the fact that by 1932 the \"Appliqué\" range had 14 patterns: with \"Avignon, Windmill, Red Tree, Idyll, Palermo, Blossom, Caravan, Bird of Paradise, Etna, Garden, Eden\" and \"Monsoon\" in addition to the original","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333853","text":"Antiques Roadshow programme in December 2009. In September 2009 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London opened its 'New Ceramics Galleries' and Cliff's work was chosen to be included; 'There will be two rooms displaying 20th-century collections. One will show ceramics made in a factory context and will include objects by designers such as Susie Cooper and Clarice Cliff' . Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333812","text":"Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming the head of the factory artistic department. The Cliff family moved to Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, from the Eccleshall area in about 1725. Cliff was born in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, England. When Clarice was born their home was on Meir Street on a terrace of modest houses. Cliff's father Harry Thomas Cliff worked at the local iron foundry in Tunstall, her mother Ann","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333850","text":"Stanley Kubrick when they wrote their book; Kay was Kubrick's personal assistant, and as set designer Peter had been able to decorate a room in \"A Clockwork Orange\" with a frieze he has designed based on original landscapes by Cliff. The collecting market for Clarice Cliff pottery is complex; it is still possible to find examples of \"Crocus\", Cliff's longest produced pattern (1928–1964) for as little as £30–50. But rare combinations of shape and pattern attract very high prices at auction. The world record price for a piece of Clarice Cliff is held by Christie's, South Kensington, London, who sold","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333829","text":"were issued to enlarge the range. \"Bon Jour\" had 20 shapes created during 1933, with about 10 more being added in 1934. There were also many other innovatively shaped vases, bowls and 'fancies', such as the \"Liner vase\", \"Flower tube vase\" and the (now rare) \"Lido Lady\" ashtray and \"Age of Jazz\" musicians and dancers. Through the depths of the Depression Cliff's wares continued to sell in volume at what were high prices for the time. Her \"Bizarre\" and \"Fantasque\" ware was sold throughout North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, but not in mainland Europe. In Britain many top","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333827","text":"Shorter, and this gradually developed into an affair, conducted in secrecy. The couple worked closely together on creating awareness of 'Bizarre ware' to catch the attention of buyers in the middle of a major financial depression, and with a skilful eye and great foresight, Colley Shorter registered Clarice's name and even some of her shapes. It was her ability to design both patterns and also the shapes they were to go on that distinguished Cliff above any other designers in the Staffordshire Potteries at this time. Her first modelling in the mid 20s was of stylised figures, people, ducks, the","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333832","text":"made entirely of Bizarre ware which had been made to promote the ware in Britain. It was in this article, that Cliff made what has become her most famous quote: \"Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery\" Between 1932 and 1934 Cliff was the art director for a major project involving nearly 30 artists of the day (prompted by the Prince of Wales) to promote good design on tableware. The 'Artists in Industry' earthenware","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333819","text":"in March and May. These dates are recorded in the Royal College of Art archive and were also remembered by Gladys Scarlett (in 1982 ) as she was briefly left alone at Newport to paint the new 'Bizarre' ware. From 1927 Cliff was actually credited for shapes she designed, such as her \"Viking Boat\" flower holder, though her modelling for the factory is recorded in trade journal as far back as 1923–24. The shapes from 1929 onwards took on a more 'Moderne' influence, often angular and geometric, and some are what was to be later termed Art Deco. Abstract and","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333826","text":"\"Autumn\" pattern issued near the end of 1930 which was to prove the most adaptable and popular. Originally created in red (coral) green and black in 1930, from 1931 many colourway variations appeared. The rarest remains the red colourway, shown on a wall plaque, but the best selling version at the time was one with the trees in blue green and yellow. All these variations have proven particularly collectible. In 1930, Cliff was appointed Art Director to Newport Pottery and A. J. Wilkinson, the two adjoining factories that produced her wares. Her work involved spending more time with the Colley","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333825","text":"two. The \"Appliqué Lugano\" pattern is shown left on a wall plaque, with (inset) the printed \"Bizarre\" mark, and a \"hand painted\" range name as often seen on this ware. \"Appliqué\", with its more intense colouring, proved long term to be one of the most sought after Cliff ranges. The \"Fantasque\" range evolved between 1928 and 1934 and mainly featured abstracts or landscapes of cottages and trees, and some Art Deco inspired patterns. The first \"Fantasque\" landscape pattern was \"Trees and House\" and this sold well from 1930 until at least 1934. However, it was the slightly later, more sophisticated","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333844","text":"painted, unlike some of the later production Wedgwood, and faithfully respected the original designs and production methods with the exception of the crocus conical sifter. The production actually took place on the same premises as the original production line of the Newport pottery. The 3 principal designs produced were Honolulu on a 12 inch Mei Ping vase, Summerhouse on a 13 inch wall plate and a striking version of Umbrellas and Rain on a conical bowl. These pieces can be identified with a tiny impressed 85 for the year of manufacture. There was also a selection of 6 conical sugar","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333817","text":"to decorate some of the old defective 'glost' (white) ware in her own freehand patterns. For these she used on-glaze enamel colours, which enabled a brighter palette than underglaze colours. She covered the imperfections in simple patterns of triangles, in a style that she called 'Bizarre'. The earliest examples had just a hand-painted mark, usually in a rust coloured paint, 'Bizarre by Clarice Cliff', sometimes with 'Newport Pottery' underneath. To the surprise of the company's senior salesman Ewart Oakes, when he took a car load to a major stockist, it was immediately popular. Clarice was joined by young painter Gladys","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333833","text":"examples were produced under her direction, and the artists included such notable names as Duncan Grant, Paul Nash, Barbara Hepworth, Vanessa Bell, and Dame Laura Knight. The project 'Modern Art for the Table' was launched at Harrods London in October 1934 but received a mixed response from both the public and the press, though at the same time Cliff's own patterns and shapes were selling in large quantities around the world. Cliff's patterns are highly stylised and interpreted in strong colours, such as the 1933 \"Honolulu\" pattern. The trees are enamelled in red (coral) orange and yellow. Cliff produced a","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333821","text":"were added by holding the piece upside down and painting thin lines amongst the flowers. Being made from the individual brushstrokes, the \"Crocus\" pattern was clearly completely hand-painted, and the vibrant colours instantly attracted large sales. Initially, Clarice had just one young decorator produce \"Crocus\", Ethel Barrow. But as orders flooded in by 1930 a separate decorating 'shop' was established underneath the top floor of the building which housed the 'Bizarre' shop, and Ethel became responsible for training young painters how to do the pattern. Twenty young women painted nothing but \"Crocus\" 5½ days a week, for much of the","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333818","text":"Scarlett, who helped her with the ware, and soon a more professional 'backstamp' was made, which carried Cliff's facsimile signature, and proclaimed \"Hand painted Bizarre by Clarice Cliff, Newport Pottery England\". This backstamp was in fact to lead to \"Bizarre\" being used as an umbrella name for her entire pattern range, so that the factory then had to refer to the first pieces in the simple triangles as \"Original Bizarre\". In March 1927 Colley Shorter (who acted very independently of his brother, Guy), sent Cliff to the Royal College of Art in Kensington, London for two brief periods of study","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333837","text":"ware. It was produced in more muted colours, right until the start of the war in 1939. Other modelled shapes included the 1937 'Raffia' based on traditional basketware by Native Americans, decorated in a similar style to them with small blocks of colour. More popular was the heavily modelled \"Harvest\" ware, jugs and bowls modelled with corn and fruit. After the war this range was heavily marketed in North America (very patriotically) as \"England\". This later modelled ware attracts relatively low prices at auction. In 1940, after the death of Ann Shorter, Colley's wife, he married Cliff and she moved","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333845","text":"sifters, again hand painted, with the exception of the aforementioned Crocus which was lithographed. Whilst the purists still scoff at these pieces some 30 years later they are actually a very accurate representation of the originals they were copied from and in themselves are now becoming sought after not least because they allow collectors to acquire excellent pieces and a more affordable price. A chain of mergers finally led to Wedgwood owning the Clarice Cliff name, and from 1992 to 2002 they too produced a range of reproductions of the highly sought 1930s pieces. These were made to a high","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333813","text":"(née Machin) took in washing to supplement the family income, and they had seven children. Cliff was sent to a different school from her siblings, and this perhaps prompted her more independent approach to her career, and her non-standard life style by Stoke-on-Trent standards. After school Cliff would visit an aunt who was a hand painters at a local pottery company, and she also made models from papier-mâché at school. At the age of 13, Cliff started working in the pottery industry. Her first work was as a gilder, adding gold lines on ware of traditional design. Once she had","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333846","text":"quality, and were produced in small numbers for sale to collectors who could not find (or perhaps could not afford) the most striking original pieces. The first pieces produced included a ginger jar in \"House and Bridge\", a large shape 14 vase in \"Solitude\", a Stamford shape teapot milk and sugar in \"Pink Roof Cottage\", a Conical bowl in \"Tennis\", and a wall plaque in \"Lightning\". From 1996 to 2002 pieces were made for CCCC members and these were also sold at major Wedgwood rooms. The hand painted pieces ceased production in 2002 but ware with printed (not hand painted)","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333828","text":"floral embossed \"Davenport\" ware of 1925. But in 1929 at the same time as she started the colourful cubist and landscape designs, Cliff's modelling took on a new style. This was influenced by European originals by Désny, Tétard Freres, Josef Hoffmann and others, that she had seen in design journals including 'Mobilier e Décoration'. Between 1929 and 1935 Cliff issued a mass of shape ranges, including \"Conical, Bon Jour/Biarritz, Stamford, Eton, Daffodil\", and \"Trieste\". In each of these there were tea and coffee ware shapes, but the first two were so popular that biscuit barrels, sugar sifters, bowls and vases","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333838","text":"into his home at Chetwynd House on Northwood Lane in Clayton, Staffordshire. This Arts and Crafts home had been designed in 1899 and was one of the earliest commissions of the British architects Parker and Unwin (Richard Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin) who were later heavily involved in the Welwyn Garden city project. During World War II only plain white pottery (utility ware) was permitted under wartime regulations, so Cliff assisted with management of the pottery but was not able to continue design work. Instead she concentrated her creative talents on gardening and the massive garden at Chetwynd House became","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"15005273","text":"relief to Maling's patterns, giving a tactile effect to floral depictions. Maling's art deco lustre ware is prized for its iridescent sheen. Norman Carling Norman Carling (1902–1971) was an English designer/modeller in ceramics, who created a large number of Art Deco models and joined Maling pottery in 1935 from the firm of A.J. Wilkinson, a company which also employed Clarice Cliff. Mostly these were one of a kind or in very small runs, but which never saw full production. He was responsible for Maling's classic 1930s art deco design called \"\"Blossom Time\"\". Carling was one of a talented design team","title":"Norman Carling"},{"id":"5630366","text":"were 3 pottery works in the town, by the close of the century that number had risen to 13. Famous potters located in the town have been the Adams dynasty of potters founded by William Adams, as well as Alfred Meakin, Booths founded by Enoch Booth and Enoch Wedgwood. Robert Beswick, father of Beswick Pottery founder James Wright Beswick, began making pottery in Tunstall. Jabez Vodrey is a noted emigrant potter, the first English potter west of the Appalachian Mountains. Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic industrial artist active from 1922 to 1963.","title":"Tunstall, Staffordshire"},{"id":"2333848","text":". The work of the CCCC culminated with the centenary exhibition\" 'Clarice Cliff, the Art of Bizarre' \"at the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent. Nowadays, with 26 years of experience the club is based online (see below). It should not be confused with an organisation who used the same name from 2001 after registering it in 1997. The CCCC was then the consultant for the BBC Radio 4 drama 'The Bizarre Girl', written by Lizzie Slater which was described as \" 'an uplifting drama exploring the dramatic rise of Clarice Cliff from the shop floor to Company Art Director ~ illustrating","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333843","text":"Reviews\" from 1982 to 2004. The club also held meetings and exhibitions in Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand. The Stoke-on-Trent meetings visited the old painting shop of Bizarre ware by the canal at Newport, Burslem from 1987 to 1997, ironically the only building left standing on the site. Sadly it was demolished by Wedgwood in 1997, and the land sold for housing. in 1985 a series of pieces were produced under the title The Bizarre Collection, with the mark for the \"Royal Staffordshire Pottery by Clarice Cliff\", and marketed by the Midwinter pottery. These pieces were all hand","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333841","text":"including Martin Battersby, an early devotee of 20s and 30s design, the first author on that period to publish major works, and a devotee of Cliff's ceramics. Then, on 23 October 1972, Cliff died suddenly at Chetwynd House. The exhibition and the first book published privately in 1976 'Clarice Cliff' by Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson (L'Odeon publishing) marked the start of a major revival of interest in Cliff's work, which has continued to be sought after by Art Deco ceramic collectors ever since. In 1982 the ORIGINAL \"Clarice Cliff Collectors Club\" was formed and promoted her and her work","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2560072","text":"accounts Elizabeth, The Queen Mother was an admirer of her work. At the age of 80 she retired to live on the Isle of Man, and died there in 1995. Like the Potteries-based ceramic designers Clarice Cliff and Charlotte Rhead, her work has become highly sought after and valued by some pottery collectors. Susie Cooper Susan Vera \"Susie\" Cooper (29 October 1902 – 28 July 1995) was a prolific English ceramic designer working in the Stoke-on-Trent pottery industries from the 1920s to the 1980s. Born in Burslem, Staffordshire, she was the youngest of seven children. From an early age she","title":"Susie Cooper"},{"id":"2333816","text":"lover and she journeyed to the Royal College of Art and to Paris. Cliff was given a second apprenticeship at A. J. Wilkinson's in 1924 (when she was already 25 years old) primarily as a 'modeller' but she also worked with the factory designers John Butler and Fred Ridgway. They produced conservative, Victorian style ware – Butler had been the designer for over 20 years by this time. Eventually, Cliff's wide range of skills were recognised and in 1927 she was given her own studio at the adjoining Newport Pottery which Shorter had bought in 1920. Here Cliff was allowed","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"12146279","text":"Austin Shorter, 1882 to 1963) he renamed it Chetwynd House, and that name remains with it to today. Shorter's second wife was the British ceramic designer Clarice Cliff, and it is with her that the house is now most closely identified, as she worked extensively on the large gardens with Shorter for many of her retirement years, and after his death. They collaborated on architectural writing including \"The Art of Building a Home\" (1901), applying the Arts and Crafts Movement to working-class housing. In 1902 they were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph","title":"Richard Barry Parker"},{"id":"2333836","text":"After the visit Cliff sent the daughter a present of a miniature child's tea set painted in her \"Honolulu\" pattern. In the mid 30s tastes changed and heavily modelled ware came into vogue. The \"My Garden\" series issued from 1934 onwards led the way, with small flowers modelled as a handle or base on more rounded shapes. These were fully painted in bright colours – the body of the ware was covered in thin colour washes – 'Verdant' was green, 'Sunrise' yellow and so on. The range included vases, bowls, jugs, a biscuit barrel, and proved very popular as gift","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"15005272","text":"Norman Carling Norman Carling (1902–1971) was an English designer/modeller in ceramics, who created a large number of Art Deco models and joined Maling pottery in 1935 from the firm of A.J. Wilkinson, a company which also employed Clarice Cliff. Mostly these were one of a kind or in very small runs, but which never saw full production. He was responsible for Maling's classic 1930s art deco design called \"\"Blossom Time\"\". Carling was one of a talented design team working for Maling in the 1930s, the other two being Miss Theo Maling and Lucien George Boullemier. Carling also introduced designs in","title":"Norman Carling"},{"id":"2333815","text":"modelling figurines and vases, gilding, keeping pattern books and hand painting ware: outlining, enamelling (filling in colours within the outline) and banding (the radial bands on plates or vessels). In the early 1920s the decorating manager Jack Walker brought Cliff to the attention of one of the two factory owners, Arthur Colley Austin Shorter, who managed it with his brother Guy. Colley Shorter was 17 years older than Cliff, and as well as playing a major role in nurturing her skills and ideas, he was married but was later to be her husband. Cliff was given special attention by her","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333840","text":"thus she was never to return to creative work. The post-war ware has little value at auction. A.J.Wilkinson and their Newport Pottery continued to sell ware under Cliff's name until 1964. The death of Colley Shorter in 1963 led Cliff to sell the factory to Midwinter in 1964 and she retired, becoming somewhat of a recluse. However, from December 1971 to January 1972, the first exhibition of Clarice Cliff pottery took place at Brighton, East Sussex. Cliff reluctantly provided comments for the catalogue, though she refused an invitation to go to the opening. The exhibition was prompted by enthusiastic collectors,","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"1481719","text":"Wedgwood, who cut the first sod for the canal in 1766 and erected his Etruria Works that year. Wedgwood built upon the successes of earlier local potters such as his mentor Thomas Whieldon and along with scientists and engineers, raised the pottery business to a new level. Josiah Spode introduced bone china at Trent in 1796, and Thomas Minton opened his manufactory. With the industry came a large number of notable 20th-century ceramic artists including Clarice Cliff, Susie Cooper, Charlotte Rhead, Frederick Hurten Rhead and Jabez Vodrey. North Staffordshire was a centre for coal mining. The first reports of coal","title":"Stoke-on-Trent"},{"id":"2333839","text":"her shared passion with Shorter. After the war, although Cliff was occasionally nostalgic for the 'Bizarre' years, as witnessed in personal letters to friends, she seemed to be realistic and accepted the commercial taste was for conservative ware. Clarice seemed to enjoy playing a lesser role at the factory, knowing that she could not recapture those crazy days of the thirties. Much of the post-war production went to Australia, New Zealand or North America, where the taste was for formal ware in traditional English designs such as \"Tonquin\" rather than the striking patterns and shapes that had established Cliff's reputation;","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333852","text":"sample in the 1930s) for a staggering £3000. In May 2009 an eighteen-inch charger in the \"May Avenue\" pattern sold for £20,500 at Fielding's auctioneers. On 2 August 2009 Will Farmer of the BBC \"Antiques Roadshow\" and members of the original Clarice Cliff Collectors Club unveiled three plaques commemorating Clarice Cliff's life and work in the Potteries. These were on her birthplace, Meir Street, Tunstall, her second home on Edwards Street, Tunstall and the site of Newport Pottery by the canal in Burslem where her Bizarre ware was decorated. These were filmed by BBC television for showing on a special","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"11025221","text":"bodies for friends and family. She also designed for the Clayburn Pottery. Like other Potteries-based ceramic designers such as Clarice Cliff, Susie Cooper and Charlotte Rhead, her work has become highly sought after and valued by pottery collectors. Jessie Tait Dorothy Jessie Tait (6 March 1928 – 14 January 2010) was a prolific English ceramic designer working in the Stoke-on-Trent pottery industries, most prominently for Midwinter, from the 1940s to the 1980s. Born in Stoke-on-Trent, Tait studied at the Burslem School of Art. She first worked as a junior designer to Charlotte Rhead, and then as designer for the Midwinter","title":"Jessie Tait"},{"id":"4301647","text":"of hotelware. The Trent and Mersey Canal and a key path of the National Cycle Network run through Middleport. The line of the canal through the City of Stoke-on-Trent is a linear conservation area. Middleport contains one of the nation's richest stretches of canalside industrial heritage. Since 1990 the canal area has benefited from around £1m of Groundwork funding, and £4m of Townscape Heritage funding. Clarice Cliff's Newport Pottery, where she produced some of her most famous work, was adjacent to the canal and an artist-designed 12-foot steel markerpost identifies the location. Middleport is an area that is strategic to","title":"Middleport, Staffordshire"},{"id":"2333830","text":"London stores sold it, including Harrods. Some of the other London stockists have long since closed, but the list is impressive: \" 'Maple & Co., Lawley's, Bon Marche, John Lewis Peter Robinson, Selfridges, John Barker & Co., Warring & Gillow and Gorringe's'. \" However, the extant order books of the period confirm that Bizarre ware was never sold at Woolworths as some have erroneously stated. Further outrageous patterns, vividly coloured, such as \"Melon\" and \"Circle Tree\" appeared in 1930. Cliff devised many ways of marketing these; in-store painting demonstrations, for which Cliff chose just the prettiest of her painters and","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"18874957","text":"papers around 1804 allowed the engravers to use a much wider variety of tonal techniques which became capable of being reproduced on the ware, much more successfully. Far from perfecting underglaze print Wedgwood was persuaded by his painters not to adopt underglaze printing until it became evident that Mr Spode was taking away his business through competitive pricing for a much more heavily decorated high quality product. Stoke-on-Trent's supremacy in pottery manufacture nurtured and attracted a large number of ceramic artists including Clarice Cliff, Susie Cooper, Lorna Bailey, Charlotte Rhead, Frederick Hurten Rhead and Jabez Vodrey. Studio pottery is made","title":"Ceramic art"},{"id":"8898510","text":"abstract patterns based on the pottery of Clarice Cliff. These were produced by the Old Ellgreave Pottery in underglaze colours. In December 1995, when Bailey was 17, her \"House and Path\" and \"Sunburst\" patterns were put into full production. These were painted by Bailey and a small team of painters onto a range of shapes, including vases, jugs, teapots, sugar shakers, cruets, candlesticks, and wall pockets. They were then sold primarily to trade buyers. In addition to being marked with a factory stamp, Bailey signed almost all of her pieces. In 1998, \"Collect it!\" magazine, featured her \"Astro Rocket Sugar","title":"Lorna Bailey"},{"id":"2333847","text":"patterns were made in larger quantities by Wedgwood during and after this time. These reproductions should not be confused with forgeries (of which a number are found), the Wedgwood ones are clearly marked as 'Wedgwood Clarice Cliff'. An original Cliff painter Alice Andrews, then in her 80s, was employed to appear at launches of the ware in stores throughout Britain. In the mid 90s Cliff's position as a major artist of her era was confirmed when she was included in major international reference works; the massive \"Dictionary of Art\" by Macmillan Publishers, and \"Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon\" by K. G. Saur Verlag","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333835","text":"into context when he pointed out that in the same period, Susie Cooper, another Staffordshire ceramicist and designer, had \" 'fewer than 20 reviews, all bar one in the trade press' \". Despite all the publicity she received, Cliff was actually quite camera shy, and in most cases the images of her pottery were what dominated the women's magazine of the day. One picture which shows Cliff informally was taken when a South African stockist of her ware, from Werner Brothers, visited the factory on a buying trip. Cliff is seen with the 3-year-old daughter and wife of the stockist.","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333851","text":"an 'charger' (wall plaque) in the \"May Avenue\" pattern for £39,500 in 2004. Shortly after this the same auction house sold an vase in \"Sunspots\" for £20,000. In 2008, Cliff's pottery continued to prove both sought after and esteemed. Despite the financial depression collectors still paid high prices for special pieces. In Britain, Bonhams, London sold a 'Triple Bonjour' vase in \"Blue Firs\" for £6000. A rare \"Red Autumn\" shape 369 vase sold for £4900 at Fielding's auctioneers, Stourbridge in the West Midlands, and Woolley and Wallis auctioneers Salisbury sold a high miniature vase in \"Café\" (used as a salesman's","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"15019303","text":"became Wilkinson & Hulme and in 1885 to Arthur J. Wilkinson. The works at first produced earthenware for the home market, but later operations concentrated on white graniteware for the United States. Wilkinson introduced gold lustre on graniteware. In about 1896 A. J. Wilkinson took over the Royal Staffordshire Pottery in Burslem. The pottery was managed by Colley Shorter, an affluent Victorian, and his brother Guy. Colley, whose full name was Arthur Colley Austin Shorter (1882-1963), moved in exclusive circles and had a taste for antiques and fine furnishings. His second wife was the ceramic designer Clarice Cliff. In 1920","title":"A.J. Wilkinson"},{"id":"2333834","text":"colourway variation on this by simply changing the trees to shades of blue and pink, and this was then called \"Rudyard\" after a local Staffordshire beauty spot. Clarice Cliff's fame and success in the 1930s are hard to fully appreciate now, but at that time there was no such thing as 'career women'. The publicity she received in the national press was unprecedented. Research by a PhD student into the contemporary press between 1928 and 1936 found \" '360 articles about Cliff and her work were published in the trade press, women's magazines, national and local newspapers'.\" This was put","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333823","text":"also four boys – who hand painted the ware under her direction. Many of these workers were traced in the 1980s and 1990s and they totalled over 100. Their names and work for Clarice Cliff were recorded in the centenary book. The factory produced a series of small colour printed leaflets (quite unusual for this time) which could be obtained by post, or picked up from stockists. This promotional device was clearly successful, as one young girl was employed whose only job was to put the leaflets in stamped addressed envelopes sent into the factory. At this time, many women","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333814","text":"mastered this she changed jobs to learn freehand painting at another potbank, at the same time studying art and sculpture at the Burslem School of Art in the evenings. In 1916,Cliff made the rather unusual decision to move to the factory of A.J. Wilkinson at Newport, Burslem, to improve her career opportunities. This necessitated a lengthy journey to work. This was an unusual start to an unusual career; most young women in the Staffordshire Potteries were on 'apprentice wages', and having mastered a particular task, stayed with that to maximise their income. However, Cliff was ambitious and acquired skills in","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"5818085","text":"1987. In 1985 Rhead, Clarice Cliff, and Susie Cooper were the subject of \"Pottery Ladies\", a series of TV documentaries made for Channel 4 with the support of the Arts Council of Great Britain. Susie Cooper was the only one of the three who was still alive by this time, but one of the 25-minute programmes includes interviews with paintresses and tubeliners who worked with Rhead. Charlotte Rhead Charlotte Rhead (19 October 1885 in Burslem – 6 November 1947) was an English ceramics designer active in the 1920s and the 1930s in the Potteries area of Staffordshire. Charlotte Rhead was","title":"Charlotte Rhead"},{"id":"2333849","text":"how a working-class Staffordshire girl brought modern art to the people'.\" The drama was broadcast in December 2000. In 2002 Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson, the authors of the original 'Clarice Cliff' book from 1976 returned to Britain to lecture at a CCCC event at Christie's, South Kensington. They spoke about the early days of collecting when their first purchase had been,\" 'a Summerhouse Athens jug for 7 shillings and 6 pence, 35 pence'. \" Peter had actually spoken to Cliff on the phone, but she had declined to be interviewed. They revealed that they had both been working for","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"2333842","text":"throughout the world. The club founder had appealed in the Staffordshire Evening Sentinel for anyone who worked with Cliff to contact him and was delighted when he found 28 former workers. Still calling themselves the 'Bizarre girls' even in their mid 70s and early 80s Cliff's former painters were delighted in the interest in the pottery they had hand painted 50 years earlier. They attended the annual meetings of the club, and were to be involved in many television and radio programmes about Cliff, and a mass of books that appeared. Many of their memories were recorded in the \"CCCC","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"5818084","text":"the firm of AG Richardson in Tunstall. Their brand name was Crown Ducal. Rhead is noted for her cheerful tubelined designs. Her style was more traditional than that of Clarice Cliff and Susie Cooper, her contemporaries. Rhead's ware was popular in her lifetime, and continues to fetch moderate prices at auction. Jessie Tait, another prolific ceramic designer, worked for Charlotte Rhead. The leading authority on the Rhead family was Bernard Bumpus (1921–2004) who curated an exhibition about the Rhead family, \"Rhead Artists and Potters\", which toured various UK museums in the 1980s. Bumpus's publications include \"Charlotte Rhead: Potter and Designer\",","title":"Charlotte Rhead"},{"id":"5136644","text":"and when he married his star designer Clarice Cliff in 1940, she moved into the house and lived there until 1972. It is her association that has made the house particularly famous since. In 1902 Parker and Unwin were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and the following year they were given the opportunity to take part in the creation of Letchworth (loosely based on the Utopian plan of Ebenezer Howard), when the First Garden City Company asked them to submit a plan. In 1903 they were involved with","title":"Raymond Unwin"},{"id":"6012100","text":"Buescher was sold to Selmer, Selmer allowed the use of the Buescher trademark for products sold under Buescher's established distribution network. During the 1970s, the market position of the Buescher Aristocrat/Selmer Bundy model declined under competition from Yamaha's more up-to-date and more efficiently produced student instruments. The Buescher brand was retired by Selmer in 1983. After the Conn-Selmer company was formed in 2003, it briefly tried to revive the Buescher brand to market Asian-made saxophones. The Buescher company also produced some flutes and clarinets between 1910 and 1920, the Saxonette (also known as the \"clariphon\" and the \"claribel\"), a clarinet","title":"Buescher Band Instrument Company"},{"id":"822012","text":"of brush and pen-and-ink, whereas H.P. Lovecraft's \"Cool Air\" was a foray into duotone paper. \"Nightfall\" was an exercise in ink wash. \"Clarice\" was also drawn in pen, brush, and ink, and with ink wash. In 1975, Wrightson joined with fellow artists Jeffrey Catherine Jones, Michael Kaluta, and Barry Windsor-Smith to form The Studio, a shared loft in Manhattan where the group would pursue creative products outside the constraints of comic book commercialism. Though he continued to produce sequential art, Wrightson at this time began producing artwork for numerous posters, prints, calendars, and even a highly detailed coloring book. He","title":"Bernie Wrightson"},{"id":"7490467","text":"for the Table\" tableware range produced by Clarice Cliff. At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam Knight won the Silver Medal in Painting with the painting \"Boxer\" (1917), one of the series she had painted at Witley in 1916. In 1929 Knight was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and in June 1931 she received an honorary degree from St. Andrews University. Knight was elected president of the Society of Women Artists in 1932 and held the post until 1967. In 1936 she became the first woman since 1769 elected to full membership of the","title":"Laura Knight"},{"id":"81244","text":"may have entered the English language via the French \"clarinette\" (the feminine diminutive of Old French \"clarin\" or \"clarion\"), or from Provençal \"\", \"oboe\". It would seem however that its real roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the Renaissance and Baroque eras. \"Clarion\", \"clarin\" and the Italian \"clarino\" are all derived from the medieval term \"claro\" which referred to an early form of trumpet. This is probably the origin of the Italian \"clarinetto\", itself a diminutive of \"clarino\", and consequently of the European equivalents such as \"clarinette\" in French or the","title":"Clarinet"},{"id":"7815728","text":"Saxonette A saxonette is a soprano clarinet in C, A, or B that has both a curved barrel and an upturned bell, both usually made of metal. It has the approximate overall shape of a saxophone, but unlike that instrument it has a cylindrical bore and overblows by a twelfth. The instrument is also known as the 'Claribel' and 'Clariphon'. First Produced by Buescher Band Instrument Company between 1918 and 1921 under the name Clariphone. Saxonettes were first produced by the Buescher Band Instrument Company between 1918 and 1921 under the name \"Clariphon\". They are almost always simple (Albert) system,","title":"Saxonette"},{"id":"12332001","text":"and \"Hahn/Cock\" (2010), a 14 ft (4.3m) cockerel in ultramarine blue to be shown on London's Trafalgar Square Fourth plinth from July 2013 to January 2015. In her working process, Fritsch combines the techniques of traditional sculpture with those of industrial production. While many of her early works were handcrafted, Fritsch now makes only the models for her sculptures and then hands these over to a factory for production, to \"near-pathological specifications\". She uses these models to create moulds, from which the final sculptures are cast in materials such as plaster, polyester and aluminium. Many are made as editions, meaning","title":"Katharina Fritsch"},{"id":"603388","text":"MiG-15 in Korea, although by this time the F-80 (as it was redesignated in June 1948) was already considered obsolete. Starting with the P-80, Lockheed's secret development work was conducted by its Advanced Development Division, more commonly known as the Skunk Works. The name was taken from Al Capp's comic strip Li'l Abner. This organization has become famous and spawned many successful Lockheed designs, including the U-2 (late 1950s), SR-71 Blackbird (1962) and F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter (1978). The Skunk Works often created high-quality designs in a short time and sometimes with limited resources. In 1954, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules,","title":"Lockheed Corporation"},{"id":"8578565","text":"Trouble\" was shortlisted for the 2005 British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year. The third novel, \"Clarice Bean, Don't Look Now\" was published in 2007. Child's illustrations contain different media including magazine cuttings, collage, material and photography as well as traditional watercolours. She is the illustrator of the \"Definitely Daisy\" series by Jenny Oldfield. A television series based on her \"Charlie and Lola\" books was made by Tiger Aspect for CBeebies, on which Child was an Associate Producer. Three series of 26 episodes and two specials were made. \"Charlie and Lola\" has been sold throughout the world, and won","title":"Lauren Child"},{"id":"7262736","text":"themes of floating heads (both of the human and animal kind), sleek aeroplanes, floral close-ups, and limitless roads. Hearman is particularly vague about the meanings of her works, preferring to let the viewers make their own interpretations. This is why she leaves all her works untitled. Growing up in suburban Croydon, Hearman took to painting and drawing at a young age. As a child she had limited ability to travel, so her initial subjects were the landscape around her. Landscapes have subsequently formed the basis of many of her works. Clarice Beckett has been identified by Australian arts writer, critic","title":"Louise Hearman"},{"id":"18874958","text":"by artists working alone or in small groups, producing unique items or short runs, typically with all stages of manufacture carried out by one individual. It is represented by potters all over the world but has strong roots in Britain, with potters such as Bernard Leach, William Staite Murray, Dora Billington, Lucie Rie and Hans Coper. Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established a style of pottery influenced by Far-Eastern and medieval English forms. After briefly experimenting with earthenware, he turned to stoneware fired to high temperatures in large oil- or wood-burning kilns. This style dominated British studio pottery in the mid-20th-century. The","title":"Ceramic art"},{"id":"14136517","text":"his black and grey graphite portrayal of post-industrial Britain (e.g. canals, cityscapes, viaducts, steam trains) his portfolio included diverse other subjects such as megaliths, Stonehenge, quarries in North Wales, motorway construction and the solstices (often in combination). Colour treatment was largely reserved for Cheshire landscapes, and pictures of Clarice Cliff ceramics. L.S.Lowry attended one of his earliest exhibitions, buying three of his major early works to hang alongside his small collection of Pre-Raphaelites. Grimshaw became a regular visitor to Lowry’s home in Mottram. In 1973 the North West Arts Association published \"Townscape: Trevor Grimshaw\", a book reproducing 30 drawings. In","title":"Trevor Grimshaw"},{"id":"4375454","text":"Christmas tree display: most years the tree is designed and decorated by someone notable in the fashion industry. Trees have been designed by John Galliano (Dior) and Kally Ellis (McQueens). Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana from Dolce & Gabbana decorated a lavish 22 ft Christmas tree displayed in the lobby in 2013. In 2012 the tree was created by Kally Ellis, founder of British floral designers McQueens. In 2011 the tree featured a family of puppets in a Christmas scene and was decorated by Lanvin. In 2015 the tree was designed by Christopher Bailey of Burberry. This modern take on","title":"Claridge's"},{"id":"16581564","text":"43 minutes, during a thunder storm which threatened to sink her support boats. Fisher, with Stanley Baker, was one of the judges in the 1954 Prestatyn \"Easy To Love\" Bathing Beauty Contest. Fisher married Paddy Johnson, footballer with Grimsby Town F.C. After retiring, she became a swimming teacher in Grimsby. In 2015, her biography was published. \"Blonde In Deep Water\" is written by local journalist Lucy Wood. In 2016, she appeared on the BBC Television series \"Flog It!\", to sell her Clarice Cliff 'Inspiration' vase at auction. and in June 2018 she appeared on Antiques Roadshow with her collection of","title":"Brenda Fisher"},{"id":"10530617","text":"making wooden railway carriages at Cockshute sidings and narrowboats at the canal, while the area west of the train lines (Brick Kiln Lane) specialised in brick making. A new ideal 'model' factory, Cliffe Vale Pottery, was built by T.W. Twyford in 1887, and his factory manufactured the world's first flushing toilets and other innovative sanitaryware for over 100 years. The Twyfords works closed in 1994, and moved to a purpose-built factory at Alsager. The nearby Armitage Shanks sanitaryware pottery, established at the Excelsior Works in Cliffe Vale from 1912, closed in 2007 and moved to a new factory at Middlewich.","title":"Cliffe Vale, Staffordshire"},{"id":"19822294","text":"History of knotting Knots and knotting have been used and studied throughout history. For example, Chinese knotting is a decorative handicraft art that began as a form of Chinese folk art in the Tang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China, later popularized in the Ming. Knot theory is the recent mathematical study of unknots. Knots of ancient origin include the bottle sling, bowline, cat's paw, clove hitch, cow hitch, double fisherman's knot, eskimo bowline, figure-eight knot, fisherman's knot, half hitch, kalmyk loop, one-sided overhand bend, overhand knot, overhand loop, reef knot, running bowline, single hitch, thief knot, Turk's head","title":"History of knotting"},{"id":"2333831","text":"most famously she and Shorter had the idea to actually pay major 1930s celebrities to endorse the ware. This was done both in magazine articles and by appearances at large stores. The celebrities included 'actresses \"Adrienne Allen\", \"Marion Lorne\", \"Marie Tempest\", the BBC presenter \"Christopher Stone\", musical comedy star \"Bobby Howes\" '. Even Sir Malcolm Campbell who had just broken the world land speed record appeared at a promotion at the First Avenue Hotel, London in 1930. Cliff's worldwide impact was made clear by a story in the 'Pasadena Evening Post' in California. It pictured her with a five-foot-high 'horse'","title":"Clarice Cliff"},{"id":"3364829","text":"Clarice Starling Clarice M. Starling is a fictional character who appears in the novels \"The Silence of the Lambs\" and \"Hannibal\" by Thomas Harris. In the film adaptation of \"The Silence of the Lambs\", she was played by Jodie Foster, while in the film adaptation of \"Hannibal\", she was played by Julianne Moore. Clarice Starling, as portrayed by Foster, was ranked the sixth greatest protagonist in film history on AFI's \"100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains\", making her the highest-ranking heroine. In 1991, for her portrayal of Starling she also received the Academy Award for Best Actress. In \"The Silence of","title":"Clarice Starling"},{"id":"7140515","text":"manufacture pottery, and not only decorate it. These two businesses were combined and Portmeirion Potteries Ltd was born. Susan Williams-Ellis' early Portmeirion designs included Malachite (1960), Moss Agate (1961) and Talisman (1962). In 1963, she created the popular design Totem, an abstract pattern based on primitive forms coupled with a cylindrical shape. She later created Magic City (1966) and Magic Garden (1970), but arguably Portmeirion's most recognised design is the Botanic Garden range, decorated with a variety of floral illustrations adapted from Thomas Green's \"Universal or-Botanical, Medical and Agricultural Dictionary\" (1817), and looking back to a tradition begun by the","title":"Portmeirion Pottery"},{"id":"4958867","text":"three Wills sisters, Laura, Julia and Carolyn, produced two lines which are probably the most famous of all Poole's output: Delphis and Aegean. Delphis is easily recognised: it is psychedelic, with vibrant colours and designs inspired by artists such as Mondrian, Warhol, Matisse and Pollock. Aegean is more subtle, with the sgraffito technique used to create the \"silhouette\" patterns that make this range so recognisable. Poole Pottery (Carter, Stabler and Adams) produced two-coloured tableware from the 1930s, but had to stop production during World War Two. When they re-launched the range in the late 1940s, they named it Twintone. Twintone","title":"Poole Pottery"},{"id":"4958868","text":"was used on three shapes of tableware, many table accessories and a whole host of decorative ware right up to 1981. The Poole Delphis range, launched in 1963, was initially conceived by Guy Sydenham and Robert Jefferson and later developed by Jefferson and Tony Morris. Every piece is pretty much unique, with designs created by the decorators themselves. Introduced in 1970, Aegean utilises spray-on glazes in a wide range of techniques (sgraffito, silhouette, mosaic, flow line and carved clay) and patterns (from pure 1970's abstraction to more figurative images of fish, leaves, boats and pastoral scenes). Initially thought of as","title":"Poole Pottery"},{"id":"7140514","text":"Portmeirion Pottery Portmeirion is a British pottery company based in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Portmeirion Pottery began in 1960 when pottery designer Susan Williams-Ellis (daughter of Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, who created the Italian-style Portmeirion Village in North Wales) and her husband, Euan Cooper-Willis, took over a small pottery-decorating company in Stoke-on-Trent called A. E. Gray Ltd. Susan Williams-Ellis had been working with A.E. Gray for some years, commissioning designs to sell at the gift shop in Portmeirion Village, the items bearing the backstamp \"Gray's Pottery Portmeirionware\". In 1961, the couple purchased a second pottery company, Kirkhams Ltd, that had the capacity to","title":"Portmeirion Pottery"},{"id":"1290008","text":"Spectre (DC Comics character) The Spectre is the name given to several fictional antihero characters who have appeared in numerous comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in \"More Fun Comics\" #52 (Feb. 1940). He was created by Jerry Siegel and Bernard Baily, although several sources attribute creator credit solely to Siegel, limiting Baily to being merely the artist assigned to the feature. The Spectre debuted in \"More Fun Comics\" #52 (February 1940) when hard-boiled cop Jim Corrigan, on his way with his fiancee Clarice to their engagement party, is murdered by thugs who stuff him into","title":"Spectre (DC Comics character)"},{"id":"8578561","text":"Lauren Child Lauren Child MBE (born Helen Child, 29 November 1965) is an English children's author and illustrator. She is known for her book series, such as the Charlie and Lola picture books, the Clarice Bean series and the Ruby Redfort novel series. Influences include E. H. Shepard, Quentin Blake, Carl Larsson, and Ludwig Bemelmans. Lauren Child introduced Charlie and Lola in 2000 with \"I Will Not Ever Never Eat A Tomato\" and won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association for the year's most \"distinguished illustration in a book for children\". For the 50th anniversary of the","title":"Lauren Child"},{"id":"6553445","text":"the Norman Conquest of England. The Bayeux Tapestry may have been created in either a commercial workshop by a royal or an aristocratic lady and her retinue, or in a workshop in a nunnery. In the 14th century, a royal workshop is documented, based at the Tower of London, and there may have been other earlier arrangements. Manuscript illumination affords us many of the named artists of the Medieval Period including Ende, a 10th-century Spanish nun; Guda, a 12th-century German nun; and Claricia, a 12th-century laywoman in a Bavarian scriptorium. These women, and many more unnamed illuminators, benefited from the","title":"Women artists"},{"id":"15623079","text":"contrasting colors and chose subjects that he enjoyed, such as painting still lifes. Fritillary is a bulb that flowers in the spring with between three and ten flowers for each bulb. Imperial fritillaries, with an orange-red flower, were grown in French and Dutch gardens at the end of the 19th century. The Gladiolus, plural Gladioli, was one of Van Gogh's favorite flower. He especially enjoyed how they opened up like a fan after having been placed in a vase. Because of their height, Van Gogh liked to use Gladioli to create triangular-structured compositions, such as \"Vase with Gladioli and Carnation\"","title":"Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)"},{"id":"11532984","text":"by Cavendish Textiles), Bookroom Art Press (prints originally produced as tea towels), 1882 Ltd (ceramic 'flower bricks' originally produced by Bristol Pottery) and Alternative Flooring (carpets originally produced by Wilton Royal). See external links below. Lucienne Day Désirée Lucienne Lisbeth Dulcie Day OBE RDI FCSD (\"née\" Conradi; 5 January 1917 – 30 January 2010) was one of the most influential British textile designers of the 1950s and 1960s. Day drew on inspiration from other arts to develop a new style of abstract pattern-making in post-war British textiles, known as ‘Contemporary’ design. She was also active in other fields, such as","title":"Lucienne Day"},{"id":"7123219","text":"Sikorsky VS-44 The Sikorsky VS-44 was a large four-engined flying boat built in the United States in the early 1940s by Sikorsky Aircraft. The VS-44 was designed primarily for the transatlantic passenger market, with a capacity of 40+ passengers. Three units were produced: \"Excalibur\", \"Excambian\", and \"Exeter\". In the early 1930s, the primary mode of long-distance air travel over oceans was in flying boats, due to the ease of constructing docking facilities on shore without having to construct runways, and the possibility of malfunction forcing a sea landing. One flying boat designer was Russian immigrant Igor Sikorsky who had founded","title":"Sikorsky VS-44"},{"id":"7123207","text":"Sikorsky VS-44 The Sikorsky VS-44 was a large four-engined flying boat built in the United States in the early 1940s by Sikorsky Aircraft. The VS-44 was designed primarily for the transatlantic passenger market, with a capacity of 40+ passengers. Three units were produced: \"Excalibur\", \"Excambian\", and \"Exeter\". In the early 1930s, the primary mode of long-distance air travel over oceans was in flying boats, due to the ease of constructing docking facilities on shore without having to construct runways, and the possibility of malfunction forcing a sea landing. One flying boat designer was Russian immigrant Igor Sikorsky who had founded","title":"Sikorsky VS-44"},{"id":"81242","text":"diminutive version of the 'clarion' or 'clarino' and it has been suggested that clarino players may have helped themselves out by playing particularly difficult passages on these newly developed \"mock trumpets\". Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability. In modern times, the most popular clarinet is the B clarinet. However, the clarinet in A, just a semitone lower, is regularly used in orchestral music. An orchestral","title":"Clarinet"},{"id":"18150575","text":"her online retail store still sells a collection of scarves under her eponymous brand. She now produces under licence – including for Japanese retailer Hankyu and The Rug Company – putting over 50 designs a year onto products. Her wallpaper designs have been used in London locations such as Annabel's nightclub and Claridge's and The Dorchester hotels. During her early career Crosland held external teaching appointments at several art colleges, including Glasgow School of Art. More recently, she has been an external examiner at the Royal College of Art. Crosland was elected a Royal Designer for Industry by the RSA","title":"Neisha Crosland"},{"id":"6723842","text":"Age. The Spanish Golden Age was brought about by the colonization of Americas, as they took advantage of the newfound resources. It saw the birth of notable works of art: \"Don Quixote\", by Miguel de Cervantes (1605), played with the vague line between reality and perception. Lope de Vega, in his play \"Fuente Ovejuna\" (1619), talks about a village that rebels against authority. Rosaura walks through the mountains of Poland, dressed as a man. She finds Clarín, a jester, who tries to make her forget how miserably Poland receives visitors. They arrive at a tower, where they find Segismundo imprisoned,","title":"Life Is a Dream"},{"id":"7973528","text":"in the Baroque era, when \"clarino\" (plural: \"clarini\"), and its variants, came to be specifically understood as the practice of playing the natural trumpet in its high register. The principal register of the instrument extends to the seventh pitch of the harmonic series. The clarino register runs from the eighth to the twentieth pitch in the series. Clarion (instrument) Clarion is a common name for a trumpet in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It also is used as a name for a 4' organ reed stop. There is wide confusion over whether clarion invariably refers to a type of","title":"Clarion (instrument)"},{"id":"5956504","text":"China. Leading trends in British studio pottery in the 20th century are represented by Bernard Leach, William Staite Murray, Dora Billington, Lucie Rie and Hans Coper. Originally trained as a fine artist, Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established a style of pottery, the ethical pot, strongly influenced by Chinese, Korean, Japanese and medieval English forms. After briefly experimenting with earthenware, he turned to stoneware fired to high temperatures in large oil- or wood-burning kilns. This style dominated British studio pottery in the mid-20th century. Leach's influence was disseminated by his writings, in particular \"A Potter's Book\" and the apprentice system he ran","title":"Studio pottery"},{"id":"21000756","text":"City Connection (company) City Connection was founded in April 2005 by Nobuhiro Yoshikawa, and was originally a marketing subsidiary by Tsutaya. Yoshikawa eventually became dissatisfied with the company's current venture, and soon cut ties with Tsutaya and began production of video game soundtracks, usually based on PC games in Japan. In 2011, the company partnered with former game developer Jaleco and produced soundtracks based on Jaleco video games, eventually renaming the company to City Connection, named after the 1985 arcade game of the same name, with their record label being renamed to Clarice Disc, named after the protagonist of \"City","title":"City Connection (company)"},{"id":"14962055","text":"Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels The Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels are a series of 13 small stained-glass windows made in 1862 by Morris, Marshall, Faulker & Co. for Harden Grange, the house of textile merchant Walter Dunlop, near Bingley in Yorkshire, England. Depicting the legend of Tristan and Iseult, they were designed by six of the leading Pre-Raphaelite artists of the day, to an overall design by William Morris. They were acquired in 1917 by Cartwright Hall Art Gallery, which is now part of Bradford Museums & Galleries. They can be seen on display at Cliffe Castle,","title":"Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels"},{"id":"7815729","text":"and most are in C. It is known that they were made in B, C and A, and Boehm system examples exist as well. The J.W Pepper company produced similar instruments at this time branded \"Claribel\". A \"Sax-Clarinet\" appeared in the Couesnon catalogue of 1934. Couesnon instruments are amongst the most common instruments around today. In 1923 the Gretsch Musical Instrument Company advertised a new invention called the Saxonette, which was identical to Buescher's Clariphon. There are some similarities with Buescher branded and Gretsch branded instruments, so the Gretsch may have been a stencil of the Buescher. Instruments have also","title":"Saxonette"},{"id":"7077173","text":"Palissy Palissy was the trade name under which the English firm of A.E. Jones and Sons, of Stoke-on-Trent, marketed their china and pottery. The name was chosen as a tribute to Bernard Palissy, the famous French potter of the 16th century, creator of Palissy ware. They were bought out in 1958 by the Royal Worcester group, and in turn the Carborundum company that already owned Spode china and took over Hammersley china in 1972, and then Royal Worcester in 1974. Later pieces are marked Royal Worcester Group, then Royal Worcester Spode Group, but production was undoubtedly still in Longton. From","title":"Palissy"},{"id":"19190773","text":"the United Kingdom. Collectors of Claridge's work include musician Rod Stewart, celebrity stylist Rachel Zoe and Formula One racing driver David Coulthard. Simon Claridge lives in Reading, United Kingdom, with his business partner and wife, Ruth. Claridge is known for his black and white portraits of iconic women of stage and screen, though in 2015 Claridge exhibited a collection which also featured Elvis Presley and John Lennon. Typically employing the silkscreen technique, Claridge also frequently uses diamond dust, a form of glitter derived from diamonds. Claridge created a portrait of model Kate Moss, which was included in Henry Holland's debut","title":"Simon Claridge"},{"id":"15009474","text":"War. However, in 1920 he became Superintendent of Art Instruction in Stoke-on-Trent, a role which involved responsibility for several art schools. Forsyth was the tutor of a number of notable students at the Burslem School of Art including Susie Cooper, Glyn Colledge, Clarice Cliff, Charlotte Rhead, Arthur Berry, and Mabel Leigh. At that time, Forsyth was described as a \"pottery designer, educator and writer...and one of the main spokespersons on industrial pottery design.\" And the pivotal role he played in British ceramic design has inspired some to call him \"the magus of the mid-twentieth century pottery industry.\" Forsyth is best","title":"Gordon Forsyth"},{"id":"7815732","text":"amongst the New Orleans style of clarinet players. Alphonse Picou was an adherent and can be seeing performing High Society on YouTube. Curved bells and barrels have also been sold as aftermarket accessories. Saxonette A saxonette is a soprano clarinet in C, A, or B that has both a curved barrel and an upturned bell, both usually made of metal. It has the approximate overall shape of a saxophone, but unlike that instrument it has a cylindrical bore and overblows by a twelfth. The instrument is also known as the 'Claribel' and 'Clariphon'. First Produced by Buescher Band Instrument Company","title":"Saxonette"},{"id":"7140517","text":"Spode's ware was returned to Britain from the Far East, to the Portmeirion Group's factory in Stoke-on-Trent. Portmeirion Pottery Portmeirion is a British pottery company based in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Portmeirion Pottery began in 1960 when pottery designer Susan Williams-Ellis (daughter of Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, who created the Italian-style Portmeirion Village in North Wales) and her husband, Euan Cooper-Willis, took over a small pottery-decorating company in Stoke-on-Trent called A. E. Gray Ltd. Susan Williams-Ellis had been working with A.E. Gray for some years, commissioning designs to sell at the gift shop in Portmeirion Village, the items bearing the backstamp \"Gray's Pottery","title":"Portmeirion Pottery"},{"id":"19052695","text":"\"... a name for itself. Its gorgeous colouring and charm of line is too well known to need any pointing out, and the one kiln is kept working at high pressure\". Even today, Joyous pottery remains highly desirable, fetching respectable prices when it appears on the market. By 1933, the business was on its last legs and Davis, along with Shadwell and Longbottom, had moved to the newly established artists' colony of St Ives in Cornwall. There, Shadwell worked with and lived on the compound of Bernard Howell Leach (1887–1979), widely regarded as the father of British studio pottery. The","title":"Lancelot Cayley Shadwell"},{"id":"13541853","text":"re-fretting his battered Fender Stratocaster 18 times (and replacing the neck once), and was responsible for disabling the Strat's vibrato mechanism using a wooden block, a modification he was later also commissioned to apply to Eric Clapton's \"Blackie\". The Eccleshall Scimitar (24.75\" scale), Barracuda (25.5\") and Excalibur bass have original shapes based on outward curves, rather than the inward curves of traditional electric guitars derived from the rounded classical guitar. Eccleshall's C-Model acoustic guitar has a classical guitar shaped body, but for steel strings. His \"Special\" is a variant of this. Many of Eccleshall's standard designs are modified versions of","title":"Chris Eccleshall"},{"id":"18428933","text":"often inspired by the Rococo style of early Sèvres pieces, including exotic birds or flowers on solid or patterned backgrounds. The company introduced a harder paste and harder, brighter glaze after 1796. Between 1804–13 the partner Martin Barr, Jr. was responsible for production of superbly painted ornamental vases with landscapes or designs of natural objects such as shells or flowers. Josiah Wedgwood (1730–95) came from a family of potters. In 1754 he formed a partnership to make earthenware pottery, and became interested in coloring. He invented a rich green glaze for use in leaf and fruit patterns. He established his","title":"China painting"},{"id":"3229851","text":"within Clarice Cliff Court, comprising seven halls of about 30 students over three floors, each named after female ceramicists: Rachel Bishop, Eve Midwinter, Jessie Van Hallen, Charlotte Rhead, Jessie Tait, Millicent Taplin and Star Wedgwood. Along with the halls and en-suite, the university also offers 32 houses known as the Leek Road Houses which inhabit up to 6 people each. Carlton House, Etruscan House, Caledonia Road, Queen Anne Street Flats, Cromwell Court, Church Street and Sovereign House are situated off campus. They are all within of the Stoke Campus, and are reserved for postgraduate and returning (second and third year)","title":"Staffordshire University"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2333820\",\n \"text\": \"cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 \\\"Ravel\\\" (seen on Cliff's Conical shape ware) which was an abstract leaf and flower pattern named after the composer. The image shows a Conical coffee pot, and sugar bowl and cream with four triangular feet, another of Cliff's rather Bizarre shape ideas which proved popular with 1930s customers. \\\"Ravel\\\" was to be produced between 1929 and at least as late as 1935. In 1928 Clarice produced a simple, hand painted pattern of \\\"Crocus\\\" flowers in orange, blue and purple, each flower being constructed with confident upward strokes. Then green leaves\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333822\",\n \"text\": \"1930s. \\\"Crocus\\\" was unusual in that it was produced on both tableware, tea and coffeeware, and 'fancies', novelty items made primarily as gift ware. The pattern had many colour variations, including \\\"Purple Crocus\\\" (1932) \\\"Blue Crocus\\\" (1935), \\\"Sungleam Crocus\\\" (1935) \\\"Spring Crocus\\\". It was even produced after the war, the final pieces with \\\"Clarice Cliff\\\" marks being made in 1963, though Midwinter (who bought the factory) continued to paint it to order until as late as 1968. By 1929, Cliff's team of decorators had grown to a team of around 70 young painters, mainly women (called her 'Bizarre girls') but\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333824\",\n \"text\": \"would buy pottery by 'mail order' from advertising in magazines. The series of leaflets, each of which covered a range of pieces in a similar style or set of colours, included ones for \\\"Bizarre, Fantasque, Delecia, Appliqué, Inspiration, Crocus & Gayday\\\" and others. The original leaflet for the \\\"Appliqué\\\" patterns featured just two, \\\"Lucerne\\\" and \\\"Lugano\\\", but Cliff's prolific ability to design new patterns is witnessed by the fact that by 1932 the \\\"Appliqué\\\" range had 14 patterns: with \\\"Avignon, Windmill, Red Tree, Idyll, Palermo, Blossom, Caravan, Bird of Paradise, Etna, Garden, Eden\\\" and \\\"Monsoon\\\" in addition to the original\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333853\",\n \"text\": \"Antiques Roadshow programme in December 2009. In September 2009 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London opened its 'New Ceramics Galleries' and Cliff's work was chosen to be included; 'There will be two rooms displaying 20th-century collections. One will show ceramics made in a factory context and will include objects by designers such as Susie Cooper and Clarice Cliff' . Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333812\",\n \"text\": \"Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming the head of the factory artistic department. The Cliff family moved to Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, from the Eccleshall area in about 1725. Cliff was born in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, England. When Clarice was born their home was on Meir Street on a terrace of modest houses. Cliff's father Harry Thomas Cliff worked at the local iron foundry in Tunstall, her mother Ann\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333850\",\n \"text\": \"Stanley Kubrick when they wrote their book; Kay was Kubrick's personal assistant, and as set designer Peter had been able to decorate a room in \\\"A Clockwork Orange\\\" with a frieze he has designed based on original landscapes by Cliff. The collecting market for Clarice Cliff pottery is complex; it is still possible to find examples of \\\"Crocus\\\", Cliff's longest produced pattern (1928–1964) for as little as £30–50. But rare combinations of shape and pattern attract very high prices at auction. The world record price for a piece of Clarice Cliff is held by Christie's, South Kensington, London, who sold\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333829\",\n \"text\": \"were issued to enlarge the range. \\\"Bon Jour\\\" had 20 shapes created during 1933, with about 10 more being added in 1934. There were also many other innovatively shaped vases, bowls and 'fancies', such as the \\\"Liner vase\\\", \\\"Flower tube vase\\\" and the (now rare) \\\"Lido Lady\\\" ashtray and \\\"Age of Jazz\\\" musicians and dancers. Through the depths of the Depression Cliff's wares continued to sell in volume at what were high prices for the time. Her \\\"Bizarre\\\" and \\\"Fantasque\\\" ware was sold throughout North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, but not in mainland Europe. In Britain many top\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333827\",\n \"text\": \"Shorter, and this gradually developed into an affair, conducted in secrecy. The couple worked closely together on creating awareness of 'Bizarre ware' to catch the attention of buyers in the middle of a major financial depression, and with a skilful eye and great foresight, Colley Shorter registered Clarice's name and even some of her shapes. It was her ability to design both patterns and also the shapes they were to go on that distinguished Cliff above any other designers in the Staffordshire Potteries at this time. Her first modelling in the mid 20s was of stylised figures, people, ducks, the\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333832\",\n \"text\": \"made entirely of Bizarre ware which had been made to promote the ware in Britain. It was in this article, that Cliff made what has become her most famous quote: \\\"Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery\\\" Between 1932 and 1934 Cliff was the art director for a major project involving nearly 30 artists of the day (prompted by the Prince of Wales) to promote good design on tableware. The 'Artists in Industry' earthenware\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333819\",\n \"text\": \"in March and May. These dates are recorded in the Royal College of Art archive and were also remembered by Gladys Scarlett (in 1982 ) as she was briefly left alone at Newport to paint the new 'Bizarre' ware. From 1927 Cliff was actually credited for shapes she designed, such as her \\\"Viking Boat\\\" flower holder, though her modelling for the factory is recorded in trade journal as far back as 1923–24. The shapes from 1929 onwards took on a more 'Moderne' influence, often angular and geometric, and some are what was to be later termed Art Deco. Abstract and\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333826\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Autumn\\\" pattern issued near the end of 1930 which was to prove the most adaptable and popular. Originally created in red (coral) green and black in 1930, from 1931 many colourway variations appeared. The rarest remains the red colourway, shown on a wall plaque, but the best selling version at the time was one with the trees in blue green and yellow. All these variations have proven particularly collectible. In 1930, Cliff was appointed Art Director to Newport Pottery and A. J. Wilkinson, the two adjoining factories that produced her wares. Her work involved spending more time with the Colley\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333825\",\n \"text\": \"two. The \\\"Appliqué Lugano\\\" pattern is shown left on a wall plaque, with (inset) the printed \\\"Bizarre\\\" mark, and a \\\"hand painted\\\" range name as often seen on this ware. \\\"Appliqué\\\", with its more intense colouring, proved long term to be one of the most sought after Cliff ranges. The \\\"Fantasque\\\" range evolved between 1928 and 1934 and mainly featured abstracts or landscapes of cottages and trees, and some Art Deco inspired patterns. The first \\\"Fantasque\\\" landscape pattern was \\\"Trees and House\\\" and this sold well from 1930 until at least 1934. However, it was the slightly later, more sophisticated\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333844\",\n \"text\": \"painted, unlike some of the later production Wedgwood, and faithfully respected the original designs and production methods with the exception of the crocus conical sifter. The production actually took place on the same premises as the original production line of the Newport pottery. The 3 principal designs produced were Honolulu on a 12 inch Mei Ping vase, Summerhouse on a 13 inch wall plate and a striking version of Umbrellas and Rain on a conical bowl. These pieces can be identified with a tiny impressed 85 for the year of manufacture. There was also a selection of 6 conical sugar\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333817\",\n \"text\": \"to decorate some of the old defective 'glost' (white) ware in her own freehand patterns. For these she used on-glaze enamel colours, which enabled a brighter palette than underglaze colours. She covered the imperfections in simple patterns of triangles, in a style that she called 'Bizarre'. The earliest examples had just a hand-painted mark, usually in a rust coloured paint, 'Bizarre by Clarice Cliff', sometimes with 'Newport Pottery' underneath. To the surprise of the company's senior salesman Ewart Oakes, when he took a car load to a major stockist, it was immediately popular. Clarice was joined by young painter Gladys\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333833\",\n \"text\": \"examples were produced under her direction, and the artists included such notable names as Duncan Grant, Paul Nash, Barbara Hepworth, Vanessa Bell, and Dame Laura Knight. The project 'Modern Art for the Table' was launched at Harrods London in October 1934 but received a mixed response from both the public and the press, though at the same time Cliff's own patterns and shapes were selling in large quantities around the world. Cliff's patterns are highly stylised and interpreted in strong colours, such as the 1933 \\\"Honolulu\\\" pattern. The trees are enamelled in red (coral) orange and yellow. Cliff produced a\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333821\",\n \"text\": \"were added by holding the piece upside down and painting thin lines amongst the flowers. Being made from the individual brushstrokes, the \\\"Crocus\\\" pattern was clearly completely hand-painted, and the vibrant colours instantly attracted large sales. Initially, Clarice had just one young decorator produce \\\"Crocus\\\", Ethel Barrow. But as orders flooded in by 1930 a separate decorating 'shop' was established underneath the top floor of the building which housed the 'Bizarre' shop, and Ethel became responsible for training young painters how to do the pattern. Twenty young women painted nothing but \\\"Crocus\\\" 5½ days a week, for much of the\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333818\",\n \"text\": \"Scarlett, who helped her with the ware, and soon a more professional 'backstamp' was made, which carried Cliff's facsimile signature, and proclaimed \\\"Hand painted Bizarre by Clarice Cliff, Newport Pottery England\\\". This backstamp was in fact to lead to \\\"Bizarre\\\" being used as an umbrella name for her entire pattern range, so that the factory then had to refer to the first pieces in the simple triangles as \\\"Original Bizarre\\\". In March 1927 Colley Shorter (who acted very independently of his brother, Guy), sent Cliff to the Royal College of Art in Kensington, London for two brief periods of study\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333837\",\n \"text\": \"ware. It was produced in more muted colours, right until the start of the war in 1939. Other modelled shapes included the 1937 'Raffia' based on traditional basketware by Native Americans, decorated in a similar style to them with small blocks of colour. More popular was the heavily modelled \\\"Harvest\\\" ware, jugs and bowls modelled with corn and fruit. After the war this range was heavily marketed in North America (very patriotically) as \\\"England\\\". This later modelled ware attracts relatively low prices at auction. In 1940, after the death of Ann Shorter, Colley's wife, he married Cliff and she moved\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333845\",\n \"text\": \"sifters, again hand painted, with the exception of the aforementioned Crocus which was lithographed. Whilst the purists still scoff at these pieces some 30 years later they are actually a very accurate representation of the originals they were copied from and in themselves are now becoming sought after not least because they allow collectors to acquire excellent pieces and a more affordable price. A chain of mergers finally led to Wedgwood owning the Clarice Cliff name, and from 1992 to 2002 they too produced a range of reproductions of the highly sought 1930s pieces. These were made to a high\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333813\",\n \"text\": \"(née Machin) took in washing to supplement the family income, and they had seven children. Cliff was sent to a different school from her siblings, and this perhaps prompted her more independent approach to her career, and her non-standard life style by Stoke-on-Trent standards. After school Cliff would visit an aunt who was a hand painters at a local pottery company, and she also made models from papier-mâché at school. At the age of 13, Cliff started working in the pottery industry. Her first work was as a gilder, adding gold lines on ware of traditional design. Once she had\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333846\",\n \"text\": \"quality, and were produced in small numbers for sale to collectors who could not find (or perhaps could not afford) the most striking original pieces. The first pieces produced included a ginger jar in \\\"House and Bridge\\\", a large shape 14 vase in \\\"Solitude\\\", a Stamford shape teapot milk and sugar in \\\"Pink Roof Cottage\\\", a Conical bowl in \\\"Tennis\\\", and a wall plaque in \\\"Lightning\\\". From 1996 to 2002 pieces were made for CCCC members and these were also sold at major Wedgwood rooms. The hand painted pieces ceased production in 2002 but ware with printed (not hand painted)\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333828\",\n \"text\": \"floral embossed \\\"Davenport\\\" ware of 1925. But in 1929 at the same time as she started the colourful cubist and landscape designs, Cliff's modelling took on a new style. This was influenced by European originals by Désny, Tétard Freres, Josef Hoffmann and others, that she had seen in design journals including 'Mobilier e Décoration'. Between 1929 and 1935 Cliff issued a mass of shape ranges, including \\\"Conical, Bon Jour/Biarritz, Stamford, Eton, Daffodil\\\", and \\\"Trieste\\\". In each of these there were tea and coffee ware shapes, but the first two were so popular that biscuit barrels, sugar sifters, bowls and vases\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333838\",\n \"text\": \"into his home at Chetwynd House on Northwood Lane in Clayton, Staffordshire. This Arts and Crafts home had been designed in 1899 and was one of the earliest commissions of the British architects Parker and Unwin (Richard Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin) who were later heavily involved in the Welwyn Garden city project. During World War II only plain white pottery (utility ware) was permitted under wartime regulations, so Cliff assisted with management of the pottery but was not able to continue design work. Instead she concentrated her creative talents on gardening and the massive garden at Chetwynd House became\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15005273\",\n \"text\": \"relief to Maling's patterns, giving a tactile effect to floral depictions. Maling's art deco lustre ware is prized for its iridescent sheen. Norman Carling Norman Carling (1902–1971) was an English designer/modeller in ceramics, who created a large number of Art Deco models and joined Maling pottery in 1935 from the firm of A.J. Wilkinson, a company which also employed Clarice Cliff. Mostly these were one of a kind or in very small runs, but which never saw full production. He was responsible for Maling's classic 1930s art deco design called \\\"\\\"Blossom Time\\\"\\\". Carling was one of a talented design team\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Carling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5630366\",\n \"text\": \"were 3 pottery works in the town, by the close of the century that number had risen to 13. Famous potters located in the town have been the Adams dynasty of potters founded by William Adams, as well as Alfred Meakin, Booths founded by Enoch Booth and Enoch Wedgwood. Robert Beswick, father of Beswick Pottery founder James Wright Beswick, began making pottery in Tunstall. Jabez Vodrey is a noted emigrant potter, the first English potter west of the Appalachian Mountains. Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic industrial artist active from 1922 to 1963.\",\n \"title\": \"Tunstall, Staffordshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333848\",\n \"text\": \". The work of the CCCC culminated with the centenary exhibition\\\" 'Clarice Cliff, the Art of Bizarre' \\\"at the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent. Nowadays, with 26 years of experience the club is based online (see below). It should not be confused with an organisation who used the same name from 2001 after registering it in 1997. The CCCC was then the consultant for the BBC Radio 4 drama 'The Bizarre Girl', written by Lizzie Slater which was described as \\\" 'an uplifting drama exploring the dramatic rise of Clarice Cliff from the shop floor to Company Art Director ~ illustrating\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333843\",\n \"text\": \"Reviews\\\" from 1982 to 2004. The club also held meetings and exhibitions in Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand. The Stoke-on-Trent meetings visited the old painting shop of Bizarre ware by the canal at Newport, Burslem from 1987 to 1997, ironically the only building left standing on the site. Sadly it was demolished by Wedgwood in 1997, and the land sold for housing. in 1985 a series of pieces were produced under the title The Bizarre Collection, with the mark for the \\\"Royal Staffordshire Pottery by Clarice Cliff\\\", and marketed by the Midwinter pottery. These pieces were all hand\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333841\",\n \"text\": \"including Martin Battersby, an early devotee of 20s and 30s design, the first author on that period to publish major works, and a devotee of Cliff's ceramics. Then, on 23 October 1972, Cliff died suddenly at Chetwynd House. The exhibition and the first book published privately in 1976 'Clarice Cliff' by Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson (L'Odeon publishing) marked the start of a major revival of interest in Cliff's work, which has continued to be sought after by Art Deco ceramic collectors ever since. In 1982 the ORIGINAL \\\"Clarice Cliff Collectors Club\\\" was formed and promoted her and her work\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2560072\",\n \"text\": \"accounts Elizabeth, The Queen Mother was an admirer of her work. At the age of 80 she retired to live on the Isle of Man, and died there in 1995. Like the Potteries-based ceramic designers Clarice Cliff and Charlotte Rhead, her work has become highly sought after and valued by some pottery collectors. Susie Cooper Susan Vera \\\"Susie\\\" Cooper (29 October 1902 – 28 July 1995) was a prolific English ceramic designer working in the Stoke-on-Trent pottery industries from the 1920s to the 1980s. Born in Burslem, Staffordshire, she was the youngest of seven children. From an early age she\",\n \"title\": \"Susie Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333816\",\n \"text\": \"lover and she journeyed to the Royal College of Art and to Paris. Cliff was given a second apprenticeship at A. J. Wilkinson's in 1924 (when she was already 25 years old) primarily as a 'modeller' but she also worked with the factory designers John Butler and Fred Ridgway. They produced conservative, Victorian style ware – Butler had been the designer for over 20 years by this time. Eventually, Cliff's wide range of skills were recognised and in 1927 she was given her own studio at the adjoining Newport Pottery which Shorter had bought in 1920. Here Cliff was allowed\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12146279\",\n \"text\": \"Austin Shorter, 1882 to 1963) he renamed it Chetwynd House, and that name remains with it to today. Shorter's second wife was the British ceramic designer Clarice Cliff, and it is with her that the house is now most closely identified, as she worked extensively on the large gardens with Shorter for many of her retirement years, and after his death. They collaborated on architectural writing including \\\"The Art of Building a Home\\\" (1901), applying the Arts and Crafts Movement to working-class housing. In 1902 they were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Barry Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333836\",\n \"text\": \"After the visit Cliff sent the daughter a present of a miniature child's tea set painted in her \\\"Honolulu\\\" pattern. In the mid 30s tastes changed and heavily modelled ware came into vogue. The \\\"My Garden\\\" series issued from 1934 onwards led the way, with small flowers modelled as a handle or base on more rounded shapes. These were fully painted in bright colours – the body of the ware was covered in thin colour washes – 'Verdant' was green, 'Sunrise' yellow and so on. The range included vases, bowls, jugs, a biscuit barrel, and proved very popular as gift\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15005272\",\n \"text\": \"Norman Carling Norman Carling (1902–1971) was an English designer/modeller in ceramics, who created a large number of Art Deco models and joined Maling pottery in 1935 from the firm of A.J. Wilkinson, a company which also employed Clarice Cliff. Mostly these were one of a kind or in very small runs, but which never saw full production. He was responsible for Maling's classic 1930s art deco design called \\\"\\\"Blossom Time\\\"\\\". Carling was one of a talented design team working for Maling in the 1930s, the other two being Miss Theo Maling and Lucien George Boullemier. Carling also introduced designs in\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Carling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333815\",\n \"text\": \"modelling figurines and vases, gilding, keeping pattern books and hand painting ware: outlining, enamelling (filling in colours within the outline) and banding (the radial bands on plates or vessels). In the early 1920s the decorating manager Jack Walker brought Cliff to the attention of one of the two factory owners, Arthur Colley Austin Shorter, who managed it with his brother Guy. Colley Shorter was 17 years older than Cliff, and as well as playing a major role in nurturing her skills and ideas, he was married but was later to be her husband. Cliff was given special attention by her\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333840\",\n \"text\": \"thus she was never to return to creative work. The post-war ware has little value at auction. A.J.Wilkinson and their Newport Pottery continued to sell ware under Cliff's name until 1964. The death of Colley Shorter in 1963 led Cliff to sell the factory to Midwinter in 1964 and she retired, becoming somewhat of a recluse. However, from December 1971 to January 1972, the first exhibition of Clarice Cliff pottery took place at Brighton, East Sussex. Cliff reluctantly provided comments for the catalogue, though she refused an invitation to go to the opening. The exhibition was prompted by enthusiastic collectors,\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1481719\",\n \"text\": \"Wedgwood, who cut the first sod for the canal in 1766 and erected his Etruria Works that year. Wedgwood built upon the successes of earlier local potters such as his mentor Thomas Whieldon and along with scientists and engineers, raised the pottery business to a new level. Josiah Spode introduced bone china at Trent in 1796, and Thomas Minton opened his manufactory. With the industry came a large number of notable 20th-century ceramic artists including Clarice Cliff, Susie Cooper, Charlotte Rhead, Frederick Hurten Rhead and Jabez Vodrey. North Staffordshire was a centre for coal mining. The first reports of coal\",\n \"title\": \"Stoke-on-Trent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333839\",\n \"text\": \"her shared passion with Shorter. After the war, although Cliff was occasionally nostalgic for the 'Bizarre' years, as witnessed in personal letters to friends, she seemed to be realistic and accepted the commercial taste was for conservative ware. Clarice seemed to enjoy playing a lesser role at the factory, knowing that she could not recapture those crazy days of the thirties. Much of the post-war production went to Australia, New Zealand or North America, where the taste was for formal ware in traditional English designs such as \\\"Tonquin\\\" rather than the striking patterns and shapes that had established Cliff's reputation;\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333852\",\n \"text\": \"sample in the 1930s) for a staggering £3000. In May 2009 an eighteen-inch charger in the \\\"May Avenue\\\" pattern sold for £20,500 at Fielding's auctioneers. On 2 August 2009 Will Farmer of the BBC \\\"Antiques Roadshow\\\" and members of the original Clarice Cliff Collectors Club unveiled three plaques commemorating Clarice Cliff's life and work in the Potteries. These were on her birthplace, Meir Street, Tunstall, her second home on Edwards Street, Tunstall and the site of Newport Pottery by the canal in Burslem where her Bizarre ware was decorated. These were filmed by BBC television for showing on a special\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11025221\",\n \"text\": \"bodies for friends and family. She also designed for the Clayburn Pottery. Like other Potteries-based ceramic designers such as Clarice Cliff, Susie Cooper and Charlotte Rhead, her work has become highly sought after and valued by pottery collectors. Jessie Tait Dorothy Jessie Tait (6 March 1928 – 14 January 2010) was a prolific English ceramic designer working in the Stoke-on-Trent pottery industries, most prominently for Midwinter, from the 1940s to the 1980s. Born in Stoke-on-Trent, Tait studied at the Burslem School of Art. She first worked as a junior designer to Charlotte Rhead, and then as designer for the Midwinter\",\n \"title\": \"Jessie Tait\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4301647\",\n \"text\": \"of hotelware. The Trent and Mersey Canal and a key path of the National Cycle Network run through Middleport. The line of the canal through the City of Stoke-on-Trent is a linear conservation area. Middleport contains one of the nation's richest stretches of canalside industrial heritage. Since 1990 the canal area has benefited from around £1m of Groundwork funding, and £4m of Townscape Heritage funding. Clarice Cliff's Newport Pottery, where she produced some of her most famous work, was adjacent to the canal and an artist-designed 12-foot steel markerpost identifies the location. Middleport is an area that is strategic to\",\n \"title\": \"Middleport, Staffordshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333830\",\n \"text\": \"London stores sold it, including Harrods. Some of the other London stockists have long since closed, but the list is impressive: \\\" 'Maple & Co., Lawley's, Bon Marche, John Lewis Peter Robinson, Selfridges, John Barker & Co., Warring & Gillow and Gorringe's'. \\\" However, the extant order books of the period confirm that Bizarre ware was never sold at Woolworths as some have erroneously stated. Further outrageous patterns, vividly coloured, such as \\\"Melon\\\" and \\\"Circle Tree\\\" appeared in 1930. Cliff devised many ways of marketing these; in-store painting demonstrations, for which Cliff chose just the prettiest of her painters and\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18874957\",\n \"text\": \"papers around 1804 allowed the engravers to use a much wider variety of tonal techniques which became capable of being reproduced on the ware, much more successfully. Far from perfecting underglaze print Wedgwood was persuaded by his painters not to adopt underglaze printing until it became evident that Mr Spode was taking away his business through competitive pricing for a much more heavily decorated high quality product. Stoke-on-Trent's supremacy in pottery manufacture nurtured and attracted a large number of ceramic artists including Clarice Cliff, Susie Cooper, Lorna Bailey, Charlotte Rhead, Frederick Hurten Rhead and Jabez Vodrey. Studio pottery is made\",\n \"title\": \"Ceramic art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8898510\",\n \"text\": \"abstract patterns based on the pottery of Clarice Cliff. These were produced by the Old Ellgreave Pottery in underglaze colours. In December 1995, when Bailey was 17, her \\\"House and Path\\\" and \\\"Sunburst\\\" patterns were put into full production. These were painted by Bailey and a small team of painters onto a range of shapes, including vases, jugs, teapots, sugar shakers, cruets, candlesticks, and wall pockets. They were then sold primarily to trade buyers. In addition to being marked with a factory stamp, Bailey signed almost all of her pieces. In 1998, \\\"Collect it!\\\" magazine, featured her \\\"Astro Rocket Sugar\",\n \"title\": \"Lorna Bailey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333847\",\n \"text\": \"patterns were made in larger quantities by Wedgwood during and after this time. These reproductions should not be confused with forgeries (of which a number are found), the Wedgwood ones are clearly marked as 'Wedgwood Clarice Cliff'. An original Cliff painter Alice Andrews, then in her 80s, was employed to appear at launches of the ware in stores throughout Britain. In the mid 90s Cliff's position as a major artist of her era was confirmed when she was included in major international reference works; the massive \\\"Dictionary of Art\\\" by Macmillan Publishers, and \\\"Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon\\\" by K. G. Saur Verlag\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333835\",\n \"text\": \"into context when he pointed out that in the same period, Susie Cooper, another Staffordshire ceramicist and designer, had \\\" 'fewer than 20 reviews, all bar one in the trade press' \\\". Despite all the publicity she received, Cliff was actually quite camera shy, and in most cases the images of her pottery were what dominated the women's magazine of the day. One picture which shows Cliff informally was taken when a South African stockist of her ware, from Werner Brothers, visited the factory on a buying trip. Cliff is seen with the 3-year-old daughter and wife of the stockist.\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333851\",\n \"text\": \"an 'charger' (wall plaque) in the \\\"May Avenue\\\" pattern for £39,500 in 2004. Shortly after this the same auction house sold an vase in \\\"Sunspots\\\" for £20,000. In 2008, Cliff's pottery continued to prove both sought after and esteemed. Despite the financial depression collectors still paid high prices for special pieces. In Britain, Bonhams, London sold a 'Triple Bonjour' vase in \\\"Blue Firs\\\" for £6000. A rare \\\"Red Autumn\\\" shape 369 vase sold for £4900 at Fielding's auctioneers, Stourbridge in the West Midlands, and Woolley and Wallis auctioneers Salisbury sold a high miniature vase in \\\"Café\\\" (used as a salesman's\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15019303\",\n \"text\": \"became Wilkinson & Hulme and in 1885 to Arthur J. Wilkinson. The works at first produced earthenware for the home market, but later operations concentrated on white graniteware for the United States. Wilkinson introduced gold lustre on graniteware. In about 1896 A. J. Wilkinson took over the Royal Staffordshire Pottery in Burslem. The pottery was managed by Colley Shorter, an affluent Victorian, and his brother Guy. Colley, whose full name was Arthur Colley Austin Shorter (1882-1963), moved in exclusive circles and had a taste for antiques and fine furnishings. His second wife was the ceramic designer Clarice Cliff. In 1920\",\n \"title\": \"A.J. Wilkinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333834\",\n \"text\": \"colourway variation on this by simply changing the trees to shades of blue and pink, and this was then called \\\"Rudyard\\\" after a local Staffordshire beauty spot. Clarice Cliff's fame and success in the 1930s are hard to fully appreciate now, but at that time there was no such thing as 'career women'. The publicity she received in the national press was unprecedented. Research by a PhD student into the contemporary press between 1928 and 1936 found \\\" '360 articles about Cliff and her work were published in the trade press, women's magazines, national and local newspapers'.\\\" This was put\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333823\",\n \"text\": \"also four boys – who hand painted the ware under her direction. Many of these workers were traced in the 1980s and 1990s and they totalled over 100. Their names and work for Clarice Cliff were recorded in the centenary book. The factory produced a series of small colour printed leaflets (quite unusual for this time) which could be obtained by post, or picked up from stockists. This promotional device was clearly successful, as one young girl was employed whose only job was to put the leaflets in stamped addressed envelopes sent into the factory. At this time, many women\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333814\",\n \"text\": \"mastered this she changed jobs to learn freehand painting at another potbank, at the same time studying art and sculpture at the Burslem School of Art in the evenings. In 1916,Cliff made the rather unusual decision to move to the factory of A.J. Wilkinson at Newport, Burslem, to improve her career opportunities. This necessitated a lengthy journey to work. This was an unusual start to an unusual career; most young women in the Staffordshire Potteries were on 'apprentice wages', and having mastered a particular task, stayed with that to maximise their income. However, Cliff was ambitious and acquired skills in\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5818085\",\n \"text\": \"1987. In 1985 Rhead, Clarice Cliff, and Susie Cooper were the subject of \\\"Pottery Ladies\\\", a series of TV documentaries made for Channel 4 with the support of the Arts Council of Great Britain. Susie Cooper was the only one of the three who was still alive by this time, but one of the 25-minute programmes includes interviews with paintresses and tubeliners who worked with Rhead. Charlotte Rhead Charlotte Rhead (19 October 1885 in Burslem – 6 November 1947) was an English ceramics designer active in the 1920s and the 1930s in the Potteries area of Staffordshire. Charlotte Rhead was\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Rhead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333849\",\n \"text\": \"how a working-class Staffordshire girl brought modern art to the people'.\\\" The drama was broadcast in December 2000. In 2002 Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson, the authors of the original 'Clarice Cliff' book from 1976 returned to Britain to lecture at a CCCC event at Christie's, South Kensington. They spoke about the early days of collecting when their first purchase had been,\\\" 'a Summerhouse Athens jug for 7 shillings and 6 pence, 35 pence'. \\\" Peter had actually spoken to Cliff on the phone, but she had declined to be interviewed. They revealed that they had both been working for\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333842\",\n \"text\": \"throughout the world. The club founder had appealed in the Staffordshire Evening Sentinel for anyone who worked with Cliff to contact him and was delighted when he found 28 former workers. Still calling themselves the 'Bizarre girls' even in their mid 70s and early 80s Cliff's former painters were delighted in the interest in the pottery they had hand painted 50 years earlier. They attended the annual meetings of the club, and were to be involved in many television and radio programmes about Cliff, and a mass of books that appeared. Many of their memories were recorded in the \\\"CCCC\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5818084\",\n \"text\": \"the firm of AG Richardson in Tunstall. Their brand name was Crown Ducal. Rhead is noted for her cheerful tubelined designs. Her style was more traditional than that of Clarice Cliff and Susie Cooper, her contemporaries. Rhead's ware was popular in her lifetime, and continues to fetch moderate prices at auction. Jessie Tait, another prolific ceramic designer, worked for Charlotte Rhead. The leading authority on the Rhead family was Bernard Bumpus (1921–2004) who curated an exhibition about the Rhead family, \\\"Rhead Artists and Potters\\\", which toured various UK museums in the 1980s. Bumpus's publications include \\\"Charlotte Rhead: Potter and Designer\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Rhead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5136644\",\n \"text\": \"and when he married his star designer Clarice Cliff in 1940, she moved into the house and lived there until 1972. It is her association that has made the house particularly famous since. In 1902 Parker and Unwin were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and the following year they were given the opportunity to take part in the creation of Letchworth (loosely based on the Utopian plan of Ebenezer Howard), when the First Garden City Company asked them to submit a plan. In 1903 they were involved with\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond Unwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6012100\",\n \"text\": \"Buescher was sold to Selmer, Selmer allowed the use of the Buescher trademark for products sold under Buescher's established distribution network. During the 1970s, the market position of the Buescher Aristocrat/Selmer Bundy model declined under competition from Yamaha's more up-to-date and more efficiently produced student instruments. The Buescher brand was retired by Selmer in 1983. After the Conn-Selmer company was formed in 2003, it briefly tried to revive the Buescher brand to market Asian-made saxophones. The Buescher company also produced some flutes and clarinets between 1910 and 1920, the Saxonette (also known as the \\\"clariphon\\\" and the \\\"claribel\\\"), a clarinet\",\n \"title\": \"Buescher Band Instrument Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"822012\",\n \"text\": \"of brush and pen-and-ink, whereas H.P. Lovecraft's \\\"Cool Air\\\" was a foray into duotone paper. \\\"Nightfall\\\" was an exercise in ink wash. \\\"Clarice\\\" was also drawn in pen, brush, and ink, and with ink wash. In 1975, Wrightson joined with fellow artists Jeffrey Catherine Jones, Michael Kaluta, and Barry Windsor-Smith to form The Studio, a shared loft in Manhattan where the group would pursue creative products outside the constraints of comic book commercialism. Though he continued to produce sequential art, Wrightson at this time began producing artwork for numerous posters, prints, calendars, and even a highly detailed coloring book. He\",\n \"title\": \"Bernie Wrightson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7490467\",\n \"text\": \"for the Table\\\" tableware range produced by Clarice Cliff. At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam Knight won the Silver Medal in Painting with the painting \\\"Boxer\\\" (1917), one of the series she had painted at Witley in 1916. In 1929 Knight was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and in June 1931 she received an honorary degree from St. Andrews University. Knight was elected president of the Society of Women Artists in 1932 and held the post until 1967. In 1936 she became the first woman since 1769 elected to full membership of the\",\n \"title\": \"Laura Knight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"81244\",\n \"text\": \"may have entered the English language via the French \\\"clarinette\\\" (the feminine diminutive of Old French \\\"clarin\\\" or \\\"clarion\\\"), or from Provençal \\\"\\\", \\\"oboe\\\". It would seem however that its real roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the Renaissance and Baroque eras. \\\"Clarion\\\", \\\"clarin\\\" and the Italian \\\"clarino\\\" are all derived from the medieval term \\\"claro\\\" which referred to an early form of trumpet. This is probably the origin of the Italian \\\"clarinetto\\\", itself a diminutive of \\\"clarino\\\", and consequently of the European equivalents such as \\\"clarinette\\\" in French or the\",\n \"title\": \"Clarinet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7815728\",\n \"text\": \"Saxonette A saxonette is a soprano clarinet in C, A, or B that has both a curved barrel and an upturned bell, both usually made of metal. It has the approximate overall shape of a saxophone, but unlike that instrument it has a cylindrical bore and overblows by a twelfth. The instrument is also known as the 'Claribel' and 'Clariphon'. First Produced by Buescher Band Instrument Company between 1918 and 1921 under the name Clariphone. Saxonettes were first produced by the Buescher Band Instrument Company between 1918 and 1921 under the name \\\"Clariphon\\\". They are almost always simple (Albert) system,\",\n \"title\": \"Saxonette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12332001\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Hahn/Cock\\\" (2010), a 14 ft (4.3m) cockerel in ultramarine blue to be shown on London's Trafalgar Square Fourth plinth from July 2013 to January 2015. In her working process, Fritsch combines the techniques of traditional sculpture with those of industrial production. While many of her early works were handcrafted, Fritsch now makes only the models for her sculptures and then hands these over to a factory for production, to \\\"near-pathological specifications\\\". She uses these models to create moulds, from which the final sculptures are cast in materials such as plaster, polyester and aluminium. Many are made as editions, meaning\",\n \"title\": \"Katharina Fritsch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"603388\",\n \"text\": \"MiG-15 in Korea, although by this time the F-80 (as it was redesignated in June 1948) was already considered obsolete. Starting with the P-80, Lockheed's secret development work was conducted by its Advanced Development Division, more commonly known as the Skunk Works. The name was taken from Al Capp's comic strip Li'l Abner. This organization has become famous and spawned many successful Lockheed designs, including the U-2 (late 1950s), SR-71 Blackbird (1962) and F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter (1978). The Skunk Works often created high-quality designs in a short time and sometimes with limited resources. In 1954, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules,\",\n \"title\": \"Lockheed Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8578565\",\n \"text\": \"Trouble\\\" was shortlisted for the 2005 British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year. The third novel, \\\"Clarice Bean, Don't Look Now\\\" was published in 2007. Child's illustrations contain different media including magazine cuttings, collage, material and photography as well as traditional watercolours. She is the illustrator of the \\\"Definitely Daisy\\\" series by Jenny Oldfield. A television series based on her \\\"Charlie and Lola\\\" books was made by Tiger Aspect for CBeebies, on which Child was an Associate Producer. Three series of 26 episodes and two specials were made. \\\"Charlie and Lola\\\" has been sold throughout the world, and won\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Child\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7262736\",\n \"text\": \"themes of floating heads (both of the human and animal kind), sleek aeroplanes, floral close-ups, and limitless roads. Hearman is particularly vague about the meanings of her works, preferring to let the viewers make their own interpretations. This is why she leaves all her works untitled. Growing up in suburban Croydon, Hearman took to painting and drawing at a young age. As a child she had limited ability to travel, so her initial subjects were the landscape around her. Landscapes have subsequently formed the basis of many of her works. Clarice Beckett has been identified by Australian arts writer, critic\",\n \"title\": \"Louise Hearman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18874958\",\n \"text\": \"by artists working alone or in small groups, producing unique items or short runs, typically with all stages of manufacture carried out by one individual. It is represented by potters all over the world but has strong roots in Britain, with potters such as Bernard Leach, William Staite Murray, Dora Billington, Lucie Rie and Hans Coper. Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established a style of pottery influenced by Far-Eastern and medieval English forms. After briefly experimenting with earthenware, he turned to stoneware fired to high temperatures in large oil- or wood-burning kilns. This style dominated British studio pottery in the mid-20th-century. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ceramic art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14136517\",\n \"text\": \"his black and grey graphite portrayal of post-industrial Britain (e.g. canals, cityscapes, viaducts, steam trains) his portfolio included diverse other subjects such as megaliths, Stonehenge, quarries in North Wales, motorway construction and the solstices (often in combination). Colour treatment was largely reserved for Cheshire landscapes, and pictures of Clarice Cliff ceramics. L.S.Lowry attended one of his earliest exhibitions, buying three of his major early works to hang alongside his small collection of Pre-Raphaelites. Grimshaw became a regular visitor to Lowry’s home in Mottram. In 1973 the North West Arts Association published \\\"Townscape: Trevor Grimshaw\\\", a book reproducing 30 drawings. In\",\n \"title\": \"Trevor Grimshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4375454\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas tree display: most years the tree is designed and decorated by someone notable in the fashion industry. Trees have been designed by John Galliano (Dior) and Kally Ellis (McQueens). Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana from Dolce & Gabbana decorated a lavish 22 ft Christmas tree displayed in the lobby in 2013. In 2012 the tree was created by Kally Ellis, founder of British floral designers McQueens. In 2011 the tree featured a family of puppets in a Christmas scene and was decorated by Lanvin. In 2015 the tree was designed by Christopher Bailey of Burberry. This modern take on\",\n \"title\": \"Claridge's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16581564\",\n \"text\": \"43 minutes, during a thunder storm which threatened to sink her support boats. Fisher, with Stanley Baker, was one of the judges in the 1954 Prestatyn \\\"Easy To Love\\\" Bathing Beauty Contest. Fisher married Paddy Johnson, footballer with Grimsby Town F.C. After retiring, she became a swimming teacher in Grimsby. In 2015, her biography was published. \\\"Blonde In Deep Water\\\" is written by local journalist Lucy Wood. In 2016, she appeared on the BBC Television series \\\"Flog It!\\\", to sell her Clarice Cliff 'Inspiration' vase at auction. and in June 2018 she appeared on Antiques Roadshow with her collection of\",\n \"title\": \"Brenda Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10530617\",\n \"text\": \"making wooden railway carriages at Cockshute sidings and narrowboats at the canal, while the area west of the train lines (Brick Kiln Lane) specialised in brick making. A new ideal 'model' factory, Cliffe Vale Pottery, was built by T.W. Twyford in 1887, and his factory manufactured the world's first flushing toilets and other innovative sanitaryware for over 100 years. The Twyfords works closed in 1994, and moved to a purpose-built factory at Alsager. The nearby Armitage Shanks sanitaryware pottery, established at the Excelsior Works in Cliffe Vale from 1912, closed in 2007 and moved to a new factory at Middlewich.\",\n \"title\": \"Cliffe Vale, Staffordshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19822294\",\n \"text\": \"History of knotting Knots and knotting have been used and studied throughout history. For example, Chinese knotting is a decorative handicraft art that began as a form of Chinese folk art in the Tang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China, later popularized in the Ming. Knot theory is the recent mathematical study of unknots. Knots of ancient origin include the bottle sling, bowline, cat's paw, clove hitch, cow hitch, double fisherman's knot, eskimo bowline, figure-eight knot, fisherman's knot, half hitch, kalmyk loop, one-sided overhand bend, overhand knot, overhand loop, reef knot, running bowline, single hitch, thief knot, Turk's head\",\n \"title\": \"History of knotting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333831\",\n \"text\": \"most famously she and Shorter had the idea to actually pay major 1930s celebrities to endorse the ware. This was done both in magazine articles and by appearances at large stores. The celebrities included 'actresses \\\"Adrienne Allen\\\", \\\"Marion Lorne\\\", \\\"Marie Tempest\\\", the BBC presenter \\\"Christopher Stone\\\", musical comedy star \\\"Bobby Howes\\\" '. Even Sir Malcolm Campbell who had just broken the world land speed record appeared at a promotion at the First Avenue Hotel, London in 1930. Cliff's worldwide impact was made clear by a story in the 'Pasadena Evening Post' in California. It pictured her with a five-foot-high 'horse'\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Cliff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3364829\",\n \"text\": \"Clarice Starling Clarice M. Starling is a fictional character who appears in the novels \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" and \\\"Hannibal\\\" by Thomas Harris. In the film adaptation of \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\", she was played by Jodie Foster, while in the film adaptation of \\\"Hannibal\\\", she was played by Julianne Moore. Clarice Starling, as portrayed by Foster, was ranked the sixth greatest protagonist in film history on AFI's \\\"100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains\\\", making her the highest-ranking heroine. In 1991, for her portrayal of Starling she also received the Academy Award for Best Actress. In \\\"The Silence of\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Starling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7140515\",\n \"text\": \"manufacture pottery, and not only decorate it. These two businesses were combined and Portmeirion Potteries Ltd was born. Susan Williams-Ellis' early Portmeirion designs included Malachite (1960), Moss Agate (1961) and Talisman (1962). In 1963, she created the popular design Totem, an abstract pattern based on primitive forms coupled with a cylindrical shape. She later created Magic City (1966) and Magic Garden (1970), but arguably Portmeirion's most recognised design is the Botanic Garden range, decorated with a variety of floral illustrations adapted from Thomas Green's \\\"Universal or-Botanical, Medical and Agricultural Dictionary\\\" (1817), and looking back to a tradition begun by the\",\n \"title\": \"Portmeirion Pottery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4958867\",\n \"text\": \"three Wills sisters, Laura, Julia and Carolyn, produced two lines which are probably the most famous of all Poole's output: Delphis and Aegean. Delphis is easily recognised: it is psychedelic, with vibrant colours and designs inspired by artists such as Mondrian, Warhol, Matisse and Pollock. Aegean is more subtle, with the sgraffito technique used to create the \\\"silhouette\\\" patterns that make this range so recognisable. Poole Pottery (Carter, Stabler and Adams) produced two-coloured tableware from the 1930s, but had to stop production during World War Two. When they re-launched the range in the late 1940s, they named it Twintone. Twintone\",\n \"title\": \"Poole Pottery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4958868\",\n \"text\": \"was used on three shapes of tableware, many table accessories and a whole host of decorative ware right up to 1981. The Poole Delphis range, launched in 1963, was initially conceived by Guy Sydenham and Robert Jefferson and later developed by Jefferson and Tony Morris. Every piece is pretty much unique, with designs created by the decorators themselves. Introduced in 1970, Aegean utilises spray-on glazes in a wide range of techniques (sgraffito, silhouette, mosaic, flow line and carved clay) and patterns (from pure 1970's abstraction to more figurative images of fish, leaves, boats and pastoral scenes). Initially thought of as\",\n \"title\": \"Poole Pottery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7140514\",\n \"text\": \"Portmeirion Pottery Portmeirion is a British pottery company based in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Portmeirion Pottery began in 1960 when pottery designer Susan Williams-Ellis (daughter of Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, who created the Italian-style Portmeirion Village in North Wales) and her husband, Euan Cooper-Willis, took over a small pottery-decorating company in Stoke-on-Trent called A. E. Gray Ltd. Susan Williams-Ellis had been working with A.E. Gray for some years, commissioning designs to sell at the gift shop in Portmeirion Village, the items bearing the backstamp \\\"Gray's Pottery Portmeirionware\\\". In 1961, the couple purchased a second pottery company, Kirkhams Ltd, that had the capacity to\",\n \"title\": \"Portmeirion Pottery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1290008\",\n \"text\": \"Spectre (DC Comics character) The Spectre is the name given to several fictional antihero characters who have appeared in numerous comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in \\\"More Fun Comics\\\" #52 (Feb. 1940). He was created by Jerry Siegel and Bernard Baily, although several sources attribute creator credit solely to Siegel, limiting Baily to being merely the artist assigned to the feature. The Spectre debuted in \\\"More Fun Comics\\\" #52 (February 1940) when hard-boiled cop Jim Corrigan, on his way with his fiancee Clarice to their engagement party, is murdered by thugs who stuff him into\",\n \"title\": \"Spectre (DC Comics character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8578561\",\n \"text\": \"Lauren Child Lauren Child MBE (born Helen Child, 29 November 1965) is an English children's author and illustrator. She is known for her book series, such as the Charlie and Lola picture books, the Clarice Bean series and the Ruby Redfort novel series. Influences include E. H. Shepard, Quentin Blake, Carl Larsson, and Ludwig Bemelmans. Lauren Child introduced Charlie and Lola in 2000 with \\\"I Will Not Ever Never Eat A Tomato\\\" and won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association for the year's most \\\"distinguished illustration in a book for children\\\". For the 50th anniversary of the\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Child\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553445\",\n \"text\": \"the Norman Conquest of England. The Bayeux Tapestry may have been created in either a commercial workshop by a royal or an aristocratic lady and her retinue, or in a workshop in a nunnery. In the 14th century, a royal workshop is documented, based at the Tower of London, and there may have been other earlier arrangements. Manuscript illumination affords us many of the named artists of the Medieval Period including Ende, a 10th-century Spanish nun; Guda, a 12th-century German nun; and Claricia, a 12th-century laywoman in a Bavarian scriptorium. These women, and many more unnamed illuminators, benefited from the\",\n \"title\": \"Women artists\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15623079\",\n \"text\": \"contrasting colors and chose subjects that he enjoyed, such as painting still lifes. Fritillary is a bulb that flowers in the spring with between three and ten flowers for each bulb. Imperial fritillaries, with an orange-red flower, were grown in French and Dutch gardens at the end of the 19th century. The Gladiolus, plural Gladioli, was one of Van Gogh's favorite flower. He especially enjoyed how they opened up like a fan after having been placed in a vase. Because of their height, Van Gogh liked to use Gladioli to create triangular-structured compositions, such as \\\"Vase with Gladioli and Carnation\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11532984\",\n \"text\": \"by Cavendish Textiles), Bookroom Art Press (prints originally produced as tea towels), 1882 Ltd (ceramic 'flower bricks' originally produced by Bristol Pottery) and Alternative Flooring (carpets originally produced by Wilton Royal). See external links below. Lucienne Day Désirée Lucienne Lisbeth Dulcie Day OBE RDI FCSD (\\\"née\\\" Conradi; 5 January 1917 – 30 January 2010) was one of the most influential British textile designers of the 1950s and 1960s. Day drew on inspiration from other arts to develop a new style of abstract pattern-making in post-war British textiles, known as ‘Contemporary’ design. She was also active in other fields, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Lucienne Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7123219\",\n \"text\": \"Sikorsky VS-44 The Sikorsky VS-44 was a large four-engined flying boat built in the United States in the early 1940s by Sikorsky Aircraft. The VS-44 was designed primarily for the transatlantic passenger market, with a capacity of 40+ passengers. Three units were produced: \\\"Excalibur\\\", \\\"Excambian\\\", and \\\"Exeter\\\". In the early 1930s, the primary mode of long-distance air travel over oceans was in flying boats, due to the ease of constructing docking facilities on shore without having to construct runways, and the possibility of malfunction forcing a sea landing. One flying boat designer was Russian immigrant Igor Sikorsky who had founded\",\n \"title\": \"Sikorsky VS-44\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7123207\",\n \"text\": \"Sikorsky VS-44 The Sikorsky VS-44 was a large four-engined flying boat built in the United States in the early 1940s by Sikorsky Aircraft. The VS-44 was designed primarily for the transatlantic passenger market, with a capacity of 40+ passengers. Three units were produced: \\\"Excalibur\\\", \\\"Excambian\\\", and \\\"Exeter\\\". In the early 1930s, the primary mode of long-distance air travel over oceans was in flying boats, due to the ease of constructing docking facilities on shore without having to construct runways, and the possibility of malfunction forcing a sea landing. One flying boat designer was Russian immigrant Igor Sikorsky who had founded\",\n \"title\": \"Sikorsky VS-44\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"81242\",\n \"text\": \"diminutive version of the 'clarion' or 'clarino' and it has been suggested that clarino players may have helped themselves out by playing particularly difficult passages on these newly developed \\\"mock trumpets\\\". Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability. In modern times, the most popular clarinet is the B clarinet. However, the clarinet in A, just a semitone lower, is regularly used in orchestral music. An orchestral\",\n \"title\": \"Clarinet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18150575\",\n \"text\": \"her online retail store still sells a collection of scarves under her eponymous brand. She now produces under licence – including for Japanese retailer Hankyu and The Rug Company – putting over 50 designs a year onto products. Her wallpaper designs have been used in London locations such as Annabel's nightclub and Claridge's and The Dorchester hotels. During her early career Crosland held external teaching appointments at several art colleges, including Glasgow School of Art. More recently, she has been an external examiner at the Royal College of Art. Crosland was elected a Royal Designer for Industry by the RSA\",\n \"title\": \"Neisha Crosland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6723842\",\n \"text\": \"Age. The Spanish Golden Age was brought about by the colonization of Americas, as they took advantage of the newfound resources. It saw the birth of notable works of art: \\\"Don Quixote\\\", by Miguel de Cervantes (1605), played with the vague line between reality and perception. Lope de Vega, in his play \\\"Fuente Ovejuna\\\" (1619), talks about a village that rebels against authority. Rosaura walks through the mountains of Poland, dressed as a man. She finds Clarín, a jester, who tries to make her forget how miserably Poland receives visitors. They arrive at a tower, where they find Segismundo imprisoned,\",\n \"title\": \"Life Is a Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7973528\",\n \"text\": \"in the Baroque era, when \\\"clarino\\\" (plural: \\\"clarini\\\"), and its variants, came to be specifically understood as the practice of playing the natural trumpet in its high register. The principal register of the instrument extends to the seventh pitch of the harmonic series. The clarino register runs from the eighth to the twentieth pitch in the series. Clarion (instrument) Clarion is a common name for a trumpet in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It also is used as a name for a 4' organ reed stop. There is wide confusion over whether clarion invariably refers to a type of\",\n \"title\": \"Clarion (instrument)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5956504\",\n \"text\": \"China. Leading trends in British studio pottery in the 20th century are represented by Bernard Leach, William Staite Murray, Dora Billington, Lucie Rie and Hans Coper. Originally trained as a fine artist, Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established a style of pottery, the ethical pot, strongly influenced by Chinese, Korean, Japanese and medieval English forms. After briefly experimenting with earthenware, he turned to stoneware fired to high temperatures in large oil- or wood-burning kilns. This style dominated British studio pottery in the mid-20th century. Leach's influence was disseminated by his writings, in particular \\\"A Potter's Book\\\" and the apprentice system he ran\",\n \"title\": \"Studio pottery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21000756\",\n \"text\": \"City Connection (company) City Connection was founded in April 2005 by Nobuhiro Yoshikawa, and was originally a marketing subsidiary by Tsutaya. Yoshikawa eventually became dissatisfied with the company's current venture, and soon cut ties with Tsutaya and began production of video game soundtracks, usually based on PC games in Japan. In 2011, the company partnered with former game developer Jaleco and produced soundtracks based on Jaleco video games, eventually renaming the company to City Connection, named after the 1985 arcade game of the same name, with their record label being renamed to Clarice Disc, named after the protagonist of \\\"City\",\n \"title\": \"City Connection (company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14962055\",\n \"text\": \"Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels The Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels are a series of 13 small stained-glass windows made in 1862 by Morris, Marshall, Faulker & Co. for Harden Grange, the house of textile merchant Walter Dunlop, near Bingley in Yorkshire, England. Depicting the legend of Tristan and Iseult, they were designed by six of the leading Pre-Raphaelite artists of the day, to an overall design by William Morris. They were acquired in 1917 by Cartwright Hall Art Gallery, which is now part of Bradford Museums & Galleries. They can be seen on display at Cliffe Castle,\",\n \"title\": \"Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7815729\",\n \"text\": \"and most are in C. It is known that they were made in B, C and A, and Boehm system examples exist as well. The J.W Pepper company produced similar instruments at this time branded \\\"Claribel\\\". A \\\"Sax-Clarinet\\\" appeared in the Couesnon catalogue of 1934. Couesnon instruments are amongst the most common instruments around today. In 1923 the Gretsch Musical Instrument Company advertised a new invention called the Saxonette, which was identical to Buescher's Clariphon. There are some similarities with Buescher branded and Gretsch branded instruments, so the Gretsch may have been a stencil of the Buescher. Instruments have also\",\n \"title\": \"Saxonette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7077173\",\n \"text\": \"Palissy Palissy was the trade name under which the English firm of A.E. Jones and Sons, of Stoke-on-Trent, marketed their china and pottery. The name was chosen as a tribute to Bernard Palissy, the famous French potter of the 16th century, creator of Palissy ware. They were bought out in 1958 by the Royal Worcester group, and in turn the Carborundum company that already owned Spode china and took over Hammersley china in 1972, and then Royal Worcester in 1974. Later pieces are marked Royal Worcester Group, then Royal Worcester Spode Group, but production was undoubtedly still in Longton. From\",\n \"title\": \"Palissy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19190773\",\n \"text\": \"the United Kingdom. Collectors of Claridge's work include musician Rod Stewart, celebrity stylist Rachel Zoe and Formula One racing driver David Coulthard. Simon Claridge lives in Reading, United Kingdom, with his business partner and wife, Ruth. Claridge is known for his black and white portraits of iconic women of stage and screen, though in 2015 Claridge exhibited a collection which also featured Elvis Presley and John Lennon. Typically employing the silkscreen technique, Claridge also frequently uses diamond dust, a form of glitter derived from diamonds. Claridge created a portrait of model Kate Moss, which was included in Henry Holland's debut\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Claridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15009474\",\n \"text\": \"War. However, in 1920 he became Superintendent of Art Instruction in Stoke-on-Trent, a role which involved responsibility for several art schools. Forsyth was the tutor of a number of notable students at the Burslem School of Art including Susie Cooper, Glyn Colledge, Clarice Cliff, Charlotte Rhead, Arthur Berry, and Mabel Leigh. At that time, Forsyth was described as a \\\"pottery designer, educator and writer...and one of the main spokespersons on industrial pottery design.\\\" And the pivotal role he played in British ceramic design has inspired some to call him \\\"the magus of the mid-twentieth century pottery industry.\\\" Forsyth is best\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Forsyth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7815732\",\n \"text\": \"amongst the New Orleans style of clarinet players. Alphonse Picou was an adherent and can be seeing performing High Society on YouTube. Curved bells and barrels have also been sold as aftermarket accessories. Saxonette A saxonette is a soprano clarinet in C, A, or B that has both a curved barrel and an upturned bell, both usually made of metal. It has the approximate overall shape of a saxophone, but unlike that instrument it has a cylindrical bore and overblows by a twelfth. The instrument is also known as the 'Claribel' and 'Clariphon'. First Produced by Buescher Band Instrument Company\",\n \"title\": \"Saxonette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7140517\",\n \"text\": \"Spode's ware was returned to Britain from the Far East, to the Portmeirion Group's factory in Stoke-on-Trent. Portmeirion Pottery Portmeirion is a British pottery company based in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Portmeirion Pottery began in 1960 when pottery designer Susan Williams-Ellis (daughter of Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, who created the Italian-style Portmeirion Village in North Wales) and her husband, Euan Cooper-Willis, took over a small pottery-decorating company in Stoke-on-Trent called A. E. Gray Ltd. Susan Williams-Ellis had been working with A.E. Gray for some years, commissioning designs to sell at the gift shop in Portmeirion Village, the items bearing the backstamp \\\"Gray's Pottery\",\n \"title\": \"Portmeirion Pottery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19052695\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"... a name for itself. Its gorgeous colouring and charm of line is too well known to need any pointing out, and the one kiln is kept working at high pressure\\\". Even today, Joyous pottery remains highly desirable, fetching respectable prices when it appears on the market. By 1933, the business was on its last legs and Davis, along with Shadwell and Longbottom, had moved to the newly established artists' colony of St Ives in Cornwall. There, Shadwell worked with and lived on the compound of Bernard Howell Leach (1887–1979), widely regarded as the father of British studio pottery. The\",\n \"title\": \"Lancelot Cayley Shadwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13541853\",\n \"text\": \"re-fretting his battered Fender Stratocaster 18 times (and replacing the neck once), and was responsible for disabling the Strat's vibrato mechanism using a wooden block, a modification he was later also commissioned to apply to Eric Clapton's \\\"Blackie\\\". The Eccleshall Scimitar (24.75\\\" scale), Barracuda (25.5\\\") and Excalibur bass have original shapes based on outward curves, rather than the inward curves of traditional electric guitars derived from the rounded classical guitar. Eccleshall's C-Model acoustic guitar has a classical guitar shaped body, but for steel strings. His \\\"Special\\\" is a variant of this. Many of Eccleshall's standard designs are modified versions of\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Eccleshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18428933\",\n \"text\": \"often inspired by the Rococo style of early Sèvres pieces, including exotic birds or flowers on solid or patterned backgrounds. The company introduced a harder paste and harder, brighter glaze after 1796. Between 1804–13 the partner Martin Barr, Jr. was responsible for production of superbly painted ornamental vases with landscapes or designs of natural objects such as shells or flowers. Josiah Wedgwood (1730–95) came from a family of potters. In 1754 he formed a partnership to make earthenware pottery, and became interested in coloring. He invented a rich green glaze for use in leaf and fruit patterns. He established his\",\n \"title\": \"China painting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3229851\",\n \"text\": \"within Clarice Cliff Court, comprising seven halls of about 30 students over three floors, each named after female ceramicists: Rachel Bishop, Eve Midwinter, Jessie Van Hallen, Charlotte Rhead, Jessie Tait, Millicent Taplin and Star Wedgwood. Along with the halls and en-suite, the university also offers 32 houses known as the Leek Road Houses which inhabit up to 6 people each. Carlton House, Etruscan House, Caledonia Road, Queen Anne Street Flats, Cromwell Court, Church Street and Sovereign House are situated off campus. They are all within of the Stoke Campus, and are reserved for postgraduate and returning (second and third year)\",\n \"title\": \"Staffordshire University\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Clarice Cliff context: cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 \\\"Ravel\\\" (seen on Cliff's Conical shape ware) which was an abstract leaf and flower pattern named after the composer. The image shows a Conical coffee pot, and sugar bowl and cream with four triangular feet, another of Cliff's rather Bizarre shape ideas which proved popular with 1930s customers. \\\"Ravel\\\" was to be produced between 1929 and at least as late as 1935. In 1928 Clarice produced a simple, hand painted pattern of \\\"Crocus\\\" flowers in orange, blue and purple, each flower being constructed with confident upward strokes. Then green leaves\\n\\nWhat did Clarice Cliff create?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Clarice Cliff context: shared passion with Shorter. After the war, although Cliff was occasionally nostalgic for the 'Bizarre' years, as witnessed in personal letters to friends, she seemed to be realistic and accepted the commercial taste was for conservative ware. Clarice seemed to enjoy playing a lesser role at the factory, knowing that she could not recapture those crazy days of the thirties. Much of the post-war production went to Australia, New Zealand or North America, where the taste was for formal ware in traditional English designs such as \\\"Tonquin\\\" rather than the striking patterns and shapes that had established Cliff's reputation;\\n\\ntitle: Clarice Cliff context Antiques Roadshow programme December 2009. In September 209 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London opened its 'New Ceram Galleries' Cliff's work chosen to included 'There will be two rooms displaying 20-century collections. One will ceramics made in context and will objects by designers such Susie Cooper and Clarice Cliff' . Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff (0 January 189 – 3 October 192) an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprent potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming\\ntitle: Clarice Cl context when he pointed out the same periodie Cooper Stafford cerist and designer, \\\"wer reviews, all bar one the trade press' \\\". Despite theity she received Cl actually quite shy, in the of her pottery domin the day One picture shows was taken when a South stockist her w, Werner Brothers, on bu trip.iff3 daughter wife of the stockist\\n T,shire tery works the that had3ous town Adamsy Alfredinoths and Robertwickall J V notedant potter, the first English potter west of the Appalachian Mountains. Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic industrial artist active from 1922 to 1963.\\n\\nWhat did Clarice Cliff create?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 457,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14932,\n \"ratio\": \"32.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":77,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":77,"string":"77"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ohmss","OHMSS","On Her Majesty's Secret Service","On Her Majestys Secret Service","On Her Majesty's Secret Service (disambiguation)"],"string":"[\n \"Ohmss\",\n \"OHMSS\",\n \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\",\n \"On Her Majestys Secret Service\",\n \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (disambiguation)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6302179","text":"We Have All the Time in the World \"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his","title":"We Have All the Time in the World"},{"id":"6302182","text":"it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie; also because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong. We Have All the Time in the World \"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry. The song title is","title":"We Have All the Time in the World"},{"id":"4283810","text":"was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones. \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-\"From Russia with Love\" films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of \"We Have All the Time in the World\", written by John Barry and Hal David. A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as \"We Have All the Time in the","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"242994","text":"including \"Stardust\", \"What a Wonderful World\", \"When The Saints Go Marching In\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Ain't Misbehavin'\", \"You Rascal You\", and \"Stompin' at the Savoy\". \"We Have All the Time in the World\" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released. In 1964, Armstrong knocked The Beatles off the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart with \"Hello, Dolly!\", which gave the 63-year-old performer","title":"Louis Armstrong"},{"id":"15940295","text":"title sequence for \"Spectre\". A contemporary artist usually sings during the title sequence and an instrumental version of the main track may also be featured as a leitmotif during the film, which repeats in various moods. Writing for \"Rolling Stone\", Andy Greene says that \"James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus,\" though he notes that this is not always the case. \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" has an entirely instrumental credit sequence, though the film features an alternate theme, \"We Have All the Time in the World\", sung by Louis Armstrong.","title":"Motifs in the James Bond film series"},{"id":"2449573","text":"Hearted Melody\", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit \"Johnny Get Angry\" also with Edwards; and \"99 Miles From L.A.\" with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard \"Sea of Heartbreak\", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to \"The Look of Love\" from \"Casino Royale\" with Bacharach, he wrote \"We Have All the Time in the World\", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and in 1979,","title":"Hal David"},{"id":"8442635","text":"the title \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" unless it were written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. The theme was described as \"one of the best title cuts, a wordless Moog-driven monster, suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon.\" Barry also composed the love song \"We Have All the Time in the World\", with lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, sung by Louis Armstrong.","title":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)"},{"id":"10215279","text":"Since then, the Bond theme has been rearranged in many ways after \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\". Barry also composed the love song \"We Have All the Time in the World\" sung by Louis Armstrong. With lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, it is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. \"We Have All the Time in the World\" is often mistakenly referred to as the opening credits theme. It was Armstrong's last recorded song (he died of a heart attack","title":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)"},{"id":"208196","text":"have also been two independent productions of Bond films: \"Casino Royale\" (a 1967 spoof) and \"Never Say Never Again\" (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, \"Thunderball\"). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, making \"James Bond\" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which","title":"James Bond"},{"id":"8442636","text":"It is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. Barry recalled Armstrong was very ill, but recorded the song in one take. The song was re-released in 1994, achieving the number three position during a 13-week spell in the UK charts. A Hal David song entitled \"Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown?\" performed by Danish singer Nina also featured in the film in several scenes. The theme, \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", is used in the film as an action theme","title":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)"},{"id":"20968914","text":"recognizable. He was a stunt performer and minor actor in the following James Bond films: \"Dr. No\" (1962), \"From Russia with Love\" (1963), \"Goldfinger\" (1964), \"Casino Royale\" (1967) and \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967). He also acted and did stunt work in films such as \"Ivanhoe\" (1952), \"A Night to Remember\" (1958), \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"Where Eagles Dare\" (1968), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"Flash Gordon\" (1980), \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" (1981), \"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom\" (1984), \"Highlander\" (1986), \"Willow\" (1988), \"Batman\" (1989), \"\" (1991), \"Chaplin\" (1992) and \"Braveheart\" (1995). Brace was the stunt double for Clancy","title":"Peter Brace"},{"id":"1377832","text":"revenge-themed sequel with Irma Bunt and Marc-Ange Draco returning, and Bond mourning his deceased wife Tracy while Louis Armstrong's \"We Have All the Time in the World\" played in the background. When George Lazenby departed from the role prior to the film's release, a complete rewrite was requested, in addition to Maibaum's script failing to impress Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman. Following this, an original plot had as a villain Auric Goldfinger's twin, seeking revenge for the death of his brother. The plot was later changed after Broccoli had a dream, where his close friend Howard Hughes was replaced","title":"Diamonds Are Forever (film)"},{"id":"4283811","text":"World\" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear. Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films. A number of songs were written as potential Bond themes but went unused. These include: Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album \"Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes\" (lounge), \"\" featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"8516615","text":"musical electronic laboratory door lock in Venice, producer Albert R. Broccoli requested special permission from director Steven Spielberg to use the five-note melody from his film \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\" (1977). In 1985, Broccoli returned the favour by fulfilling Spielberg's request to use the James Bond theme music for a scene in his film, \"The Goonies\" (1985). As James Bond is arriving at the scene of the pheasant shoot, a trumpet is sounded playing the first three brass notes from \"Also sprach Zarathustra\", referencing the film \"\" (1968). \"Moonraker\" was the third of three Bond films for which","title":"Moonraker (film)"},{"id":"4288450","text":"Her Majesty's Secret Service\" (1969), \"The World Is Not Enough\" (1999), \"Casino Royale\" (2006), \"Quantum of Solace\" (2008), \"Skyfall\" (2012), and \"Spectre\" (2015). Monty Norman has been credited with writing the \"James Bond Theme\", and has received royalties since 1962. Norman collected around £485,000 in royalties between the years 1976 and 1999. For \"Dr. No\", the tune was arranged by John Barry, who would later go on to compose the soundtracks for eleven James Bond films. Courts have ruled twice that the theme was written by Monty Norman, despite claims and testimony by Barry that he had actually written the","title":"James Bond Theme"},{"id":"374332","text":"Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \"All I Wanna Do\", \"If It Makes You Happy\", \"My Favorite Mistake\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy Awards (out of 32 nominations) from the National Academy of Recording Arts and","title":"Sheryl Crow"},{"id":"3700839","text":"Lewis Gilbert Lewis Gilbert (6 March 1920 – 23 February 2018) was a British film director, producer and screenwriter, who directed more than 40 films during six decades; among them such varied titles as \"Reach for the Sky\" (1956), \"Sink the Bismarck!\" (1960), \"Alfie\" (1966), \"Educating Rita\" (1983) and \"Shirley Valentine\" (1989), as well as three James Bond films: \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967), \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977) and \"Moonraker\" (1979). Lewis Gilbert was born in Hackney, London, to a second-generation family of music hall performers, and spent his early years travelling with his parents, Ada (Griver), who","title":"Lewis Gilbert"},{"id":"8386978","text":"given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. \"Thunderball\" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after \"From Russia with Love\" and \"Goldfinger\". The original title song was entitled \"Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits","title":"Thunderball (film)"},{"id":"3607816","text":"Propellerheads Propellerheads are an English electronic duo, formed in 1995 and consisting of Will White and Alex Gifford. Their first release was an EP named \"Dive!\", released in 1996 through the independent label Wall of Sound. They gained fame the next year by providing a remix for James Bond movie composer David Arnold's Bond tribute album \"\" covering John Barry's \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", the theme song to the sixth James Bond film, re-orchestrated by Arnold. They also collaborated with Arnold on the track \"Backseat Driver\" for the soundtrack of the Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". The single \"History","title":"Propellerheads"},{"id":"9748534","text":"weeks. Because of the delays and chaotic nature of the filming process, it finally finished ten months later in November. Feldman asked Burt Bacharach and Hal David to provide the music for the film; David worked for a few months completing his part, while Bacharach took nearly two years. The pair produced the song \"The Look of Love\", which was sung by Dusty Springfield. Columbia Pictures approved a production budget of $6 million for the film, although this rose to $12 million at the end of production. The film performed well, with box office returns of $41.7 million. \"Never Say","title":"James Bond in film"},{"id":"6302180","text":"trumpet. Barry chose Armstrong because he felt he could \"deliver the title line with irony\". The song was released as a single in both the US and the UK to coincide with the release of the film in December 1969, but did not chart in either market. The recording became a hit in the UK twenty-five years later, in 1994, as a result of a Guinness beer commercial, after My Bloody Valentine chose to cover it for charity. Armstrong's version was then re-released on vinyl and CD and reached #3 in the UK Singles Chart and #4 in Ireland. In","title":"We Have All the Time in the World"},{"id":"570925","text":"who could \"slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty\". Jones has sold over 100 million records with thirty-six Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom and nineteen in the United States, including \"It's Not Unusual\", \"What's New Pussycat\", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film \"Thunderball\", \"Delilah\", \"Green, Green Grass of Home\", \"She's a Lady\", \"Kiss\" and \"Sex Bomb\". Jones made his acting debut playing the leading role in the 1979 television film \"Pleasure Cove\" as well as playing himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film \"Mars Attacks!\" In 2012,","title":"Tom Jones (singer)"},{"id":"8516554","text":"auction for charity and further events at the Museum of Modern Art and the Toronto International Film Festival. A concert of various music was held in Los Angeles in conjunction with the New York event. The day also saw the release of \"Skyfall\", the theme song of the 2012 \"James Bond\" film of the same name; the song was released at 0:07 BST. Dr. No (film) Dr. No is a 1962 British spy film, starring Sean Connery, with Ursula Andress, Joseph Wiseman and Jack Lord, which was filmed in Jamaica and England. It is the first \"James Bond\" film. Based","title":"Dr. No (film)"},{"id":"8516558","text":"It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Live and Let Die\", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings. Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, New Orleans and the Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring","title":"Live and Let Die (film)"},{"id":"5846769","text":"Tomorrow Never Dies (song) \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" is the song, performed by Sheryl Crow, which served as the theme song to the James Bond film of the same name. The song was co-written by Crow and the song's producer Mitchell Froom, and became her fifth UK Top 20 hit, peaking at No. 12 in 1997. Another song, \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", written by the movie's composer David Arnold and performed by k.d. lang, was originally produced as the official theme tune. When Crow's song became the official theme the k.d. lang song was relegated to the end credits, and renamed \"Surrender\".","title":"Tomorrow Never Dies (song)"},{"id":"17191125","text":"to be mentioned twice in the \"Guinness World Records.\" For his and Jimmy Napes' song \"Writing's on the Wall\", the theme for the James Bond film \"Spectre\" (2015), Smith won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. His second studio album, \"The Thrill of It All\", was released in November 2017, and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and the US \"Billboard\" 200. The lead single, \"Too Good at Goodbyes\", reached number one in the UK and Australia and number four in the US. Samuel Frederick Smith was born on 19 May 1992 in London,","title":"Sam Smith (singer)"},{"id":"17150561","text":"with the mop by his wife when she hears him listening to \"I’ll Be Glad When You Are Dead You Rascal You.\" He falls into a dream in which he is the king of \"Jazzmania,\" sitting on a royal throne with servants to fan him. In the dream Louis Armstrong plays and sings jazz for him while dressed in a leopard print cave man outfit. When he wakes up and sees his flustered wife still standing over him, he smiles and breaks a vase over his own head. The racism in this film was appalling and offensive to Black America","title":"A Rhapsody in Black and Blue"},{"id":"4288459","text":"\"Little Nellie\" autogyro fight scene. The George Lazenby film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" used a unique high-pitched arrangement with the melody played on a Moog synthesizer. The cue is called \"This Never Happened to the Other Feller\" and a similar recording was used over the film's end credits. The film has a downbeat ending and the explosive burst of the \"James Bond Theme\" at the film's very end suggests Bond will return in spite of the situation he finds himself in at the climax of this movie. With the return of Sean Connery in \"Diamonds Are Forever\", the guitar","title":"James Bond Theme"},{"id":"3794013","text":"Antonín Dvořák's \"Song to the Moon\" from \"Rusalka\" and Led Zeppelin's \"Kashmir\", and also a live version of the rarely performed song \"Swanheart\" from the 1998 Nightwish album \"Oceanborn\". On the same year, in July, \"Left in the Dark\" was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja's album \"Colours in the Dark\", as well as a studio version of \"Into the Sun\". On 17 October 2015, Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album, \"No Bitter End\" and \"Goldfinger\", which is a cover of the title song of the James Bond film with the same name. Tarja","title":"Tarja Turunen"},{"id":"10215445","text":"Moonraker (soundtrack) Moonraker is the soundtrack for the eleventh James Bond film of the same name. \"Moonraker\" was the third of the three Bond films for which the theme song was performed by Shirley Bassey. Frank Sinatra was considered for the vocals, before Johnny Mathis was approached and offered the opportunity. Mathis was unhappy about the song and withdrew from the project, leaving the producers scrambling for a replacement. Kate Bush declined as she was due to embark on her British tour, so John Barry offered the song to Bassey within just weeks of the release date. As a result,","title":"Moonraker (soundtrack)"},{"id":"9256733","text":"Cornell was first reported to be writing and performing the song on July 20, 2006 by the Finnish newspaper \"Ilta-Sanomat\". \"You Know My Name\" is the first theme song since 1983's \"Octopussy\" to use a different title than the film, and Cornell is the first male performer since a-ha (in 1987's \"The Living Daylights\"). It is only the fourth Bond theme (after the opening medley of \"Dr. No\", the instrumental theme from \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" and \"All Time High\" from \"Octopussy\") to make no reference to the title of the film. The soundtrack was completed early in the","title":"Casino Royale (2006 soundtrack)"},{"id":"2113621","text":"main titles. Arnold's composition, \"Surrender\", performed by k.d. lang, was still used for the end titles, and features the same prominent melodic motif as the film's score. This was the fourth Bond film to have different opening and closing songs. Moby created a remake of The James Bond Theme to be used for the movie. Two different versions of the soundtrack album were released, the first featuring only music from the first half of the film, and the second rectifying this but cutting several tracks, including the songs, to make room for the missing score tracks. Pulp's effort was re-titled","title":"Tomorrow Never Dies"},{"id":"3271460","text":"Martin Campbell Martin Campbell (born 24 October 1943) is a New Zealand TV and film director, best known for directing Bond movies \"GoldenEye\" (1995) and \"Casino Royale\" (2006). He also directed \"The Mask of Zorro\" (1998), \"The Legend of Zorro\" (2005), \"Green Lantern\" (2011), and \"The Foreigner\" (2017). Born in Hastings, New Zealand, Campbell moved to London, where he began his career as a cameraman in the late 1970s. He went on to direct two James Bond films, 1995's \"GoldenEye\", starring Pierce Brosnan, and 2006's \"Casino Royale\", starring Daniel Craig, and was the oldest director in the series' history, at","title":"Martin Campbell"},{"id":"1480926","text":"featured entertainment at the fictional California High School's graduation party, hosted by Kelly Taylor's dad, Bill Taylor. The band performed \"Lovefool\" and \"Been It.\" The band was also asked to submit the theme song for the James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" but rejected the request due to exhaustion that would be exacerbated by the potential added workload; Persson has called her decision to turn down the offer \"one of my biggest mistakes.\" 1998's \"Gran Turismo\" was followed by a long hiatus during which the band members pursued solo side projects. The same year they also released a compilation album","title":"The Cardigans"},{"id":"208223","text":"\"Dr. No\" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\", Adele's \"Skyfall\", and Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced \"Casino Royale\", Burt Bacharach's score included \"The","title":"James Bond"},{"id":"2693504","text":"David Arnold David G. Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is a British film composer best known for scoring five James Bond films, \"Stargate\" (1994), \"Independence Day\" (1996), \"Godzilla\" (1998) and the television series \"Little Britain\" and \"Sherlock\". For \"Independence Day\" he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for \"Sherlock\" he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative Arts Emmy for the score of \"His Last Vow\", the final episode in the third series. Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. David is scoring","title":"David Arnold"},{"id":"1506001","text":"fright. In the appearance, she sang two songs: \"Half A Chance\" and her signature song, \"You're So Vain\". In 1977, Simon had a surprise international hit with the million-selling gold single \"Nobody Does It Better\", the theme to the James Bond film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". Simon's second-biggest U.S. hit, after \"You're So Vain\", was 1977's biggest Adult Contemporary hit, where it held at No. 1 for seven straight weeks. The single peaked one step behind Debby Boone's mega-hit \"You Light Up My Life\" on \"Billboard's\" Pop Singles chart from October 22 to November 5, 1977 and received Grammy","title":"Carly Simon"},{"id":"9748541","text":"in the Academy Award-winning song \"The Windmills of Your Mind\"—and was performed by Lani Hall. Fleming's estate, financially backed by Eon Productions and MGM, made a final attempt to block the film in the High Courts in London in the spring of 1983, but this was thrown out by the court and \"Never Say Never Again\" was permitted to proceed. When \"Never Say Never Again\" was released, it grossed $9.72 million ($ million in dollars) on its first weekend, which was reported to be \"the best opening record of any \"James Bond\" film\" up to that point and surpassing \"Octopussy\"s","title":"James Bond in film"},{"id":"10215276","text":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (\"OHMSS\") is the soundtrack for the sixth James Bond film of the same name. The soundtrack to this film was composed, arranged, and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive Bond film. The opening theme proved a challenge; the convention was to include the film's title in the opening song's lyrics; the film became the first in the series since \"From Russia with Love\" to deviate from this rule. Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title \"On Her Majesty's Secret","title":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)"},{"id":"2693513","text":"Arnold was hired to score the installment and, returning the compliment to the man he refers to as \"The guvnor\", included musical references to Barry's score for \"From Russia with Love\" (as well as, of course, the \"James Bond Theme\" by Monty Norman). Arnold scored the four subsequent Bond films: \"The World Is Not Enough\", \"Die Another Day\" (in which he included references to John Barry's score for \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\"), \"Casino Royale\" and \"Quantum of Solace\". Arnold did not score the 23rd James Bond film, \"Skyfall\", with Thomas Newman taking his place. Arnold commented that Newman had","title":"David Arnold"},{"id":"374380","text":"gun control measures, opposes military intervention in Syria, and supports fighting climate change. Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \"All I Wanna Do\", \"If It Makes You Happy\", \"My Favorite Mistake\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy","title":"Sheryl Crow"},{"id":"1434472","text":"Theme\" and \"I Never Miss\". Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, \"Die Another Day\". The title song, \"The World Is Not Enough\", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth \"Bond\" theme co-written by Black, preceded by \"Thunderball\", \"Diamonds Are Forever\", \"The Man with the Golden Gun\", and \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". IGN chose \"The World Is Not Enough\" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time. In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time,","title":"The World Is Not Enough"},{"id":"4288465","text":"played throughout the film as a substitute for the \"James Bond Theme\". A new recording of the classic theme, titled \"The Name's Bond…James Bond\", only plays during the end credits to signal the beginning of the character's new arc as the 21st century version of James Bond. Although that is the first time the theme is played in its entirety, the first bars of the song (the chord progression) appeared as a slow background music in seven moments throughout the movie: after Bond's conversation with M (during his flight), after winning the Aston Martin, when he makes his first appearance","title":"James Bond Theme"},{"id":"20222190","text":"break and all the shit was coming to the surface ... It was a real low point after it.\" Years later, Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song for the 2015 James Bond film \"Spectre\", and submitted \"Man of War\". The production team liked the song, but rejected it when they discovered it had not been written for the film and would be ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead suspended work on their ninth album, \"A Moon Shaped Pool\" (2016), to record an original song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as","title":"Man of War (song)"},{"id":"8652817","text":"work in the United Kingdom due to tax reasons. The soundtrack, in comparison to other Bond films of the time, is more disco-oriented and included a new disco rendition of the \"James Bond Theme\", titled \"Bond 77\" which Hamlisch admitted was somewhat influenced by You Should Be Dancing by The Bee Gees An element of the Barry style remains in the suspenseful film sequence in which Bond and Amasova try to track down Jaws at an antiquated site in Egypt. The accompanying Hamlisch music echoes Barry's \"Stalking,\" from the pre-credit fantasy sequence of \"From Russia with Love\", featuring Bond (Sean","title":"The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)"},{"id":"11443813","text":"acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA award nomination. \"Casino Royale\" became the highest-grossing in the series at the time. \"Quantum of Solace\" followed two years later. Craig's third Bond film, \"Skyfall\", premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the twentieth highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, \"Spectre\", premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth (and, possibly, final) Bond film, currently","title":"Daniel Craig"},{"id":"4283808","text":"Media. Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" from \"Spectre\" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's \"A View To A Kill\" topped the singles charts in the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. \"The Living Daylights\" featured The Pretenders performing \"If There","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"11196750","text":"David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, the BET Awards and MTV New Year's Eve in Times Square. In 2011, Niia began performing The Best of 007 in New York. Backed by a 14 piece orchestra, Niia paid homage to the soundtrack of James Bond films including classics \"Goldfinger\", \"Thunderball\", and \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". She has also released covers of the classic track Mad World by Tears for Fears, Jai Paul's viral hit BTSTU, and Cher's Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down). In February 2013, Niia self-released her single \"Made For You\"","title":"Niia"},{"id":"17010360","text":"The Fabergé egg in the film is real; it was made in 1897 and is called the \"Coronation Egg\", although the egg in the film is named in the auction catalogue as \"Property of a Lady\", which is the name of one of Ian Fleming's short stories released in more recent editions of the collection \"Octopussy and The Living Daylights\". In a bit of diegesis that \"breaks the fourth wall\", Vijay signals his affiliation to MI6 by playing the James Bond Theme on a recorder while Bond is disembarking from a boat in the harbour near the City Palace. Like","title":"Filming of James Bond in the 1980s"},{"id":"10215281","text":"not in the chronological order in which they occur in the film. On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (\"OHMSS\") is the soundtrack for the sixth James Bond film of the same name. The soundtrack to this film was composed, arranged, and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive Bond film. The opening theme proved a challenge; the convention was to include the film's title in the opening song's lyrics; the film became the first in the series since \"From Russia with Love\" to deviate from this rule. Barry felt it would be difficult","title":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)"},{"id":"9524033","text":"Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack) Tomorrow Never Dies is the soundtrack of the 18th James Bond film of the same name. David Arnold composed the score of \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", his first full Bond soundtrack. Arnold came to the producer's attention due to his successful cover interpretations in \"\"—which featured major artists performing classic James Bond title songs. The theme tune was chosen through a competitive process. There were approximately twelve submissions; including songs from Swan Lee, Pulp, Saint Etienne, Marc Almond, and Sheryl Crow. According to Nina Persson of Swedish pop group The Cardigans, they were also asked to submit","title":"Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5974996","text":"Diamonds from Sierra Leone \"Diamonds from Sierra Leone\" is a song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West. It was released on July 4, 2005, as the lead single of his second studio album, \"Late Registration\". The song contains a sample of the theme song for the 1971 James Bond film, \"Diamonds Are Forever\" as performed by Shirley Bassey. Bassey was reported to be very impressed with Kanye's performance and stated that she wished to work with him in the future. The song peaked at number 43 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, was moderately successful on the iTunes music service, and","title":"Diamonds from Sierra Leone"},{"id":"6502226","text":"Nobody Does It Better \"Nobody Does It Better\" is a song composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager. It was recorded by Carly Simon as the theme song for the 1977 James Bond film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". It was the first Bond theme song to be titled differently from the name of the film since \"Dr. No\", although the phrase \"the spy who loved me\" is included in the lyrics. The song was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album. \"Nobody Does It Better\" became a major worldwide hit, spending three weeks at","title":"Nobody Does It Better"},{"id":"208219","text":"two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films, Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in \"GoldenEye\", released in 1995; he remained in the role for a total of four films, before leaving in 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role of Bond for \"Casino Royale\", which rebooted the series. Craig has appeared for a total of four films and his fifth is scheduled for release in 2020. The series has grossed almost $7 billion to date, making it the third-highest-grossing film series (behind \"Harry Potter\" and","title":"James Bond"},{"id":"4288470","text":"the time, Moby's highest-peaking single on the chart. The song features two samples of dialogue from the Bond films: Pierce Brosnan saying \"Bond, James Bond\" as heard in \"GoldenEye\", and the conversation between Bond and Auric Goldfinger in \"Goldfinger\": \"Do you expect me to talk?\" / \"No, Mr. Bond. I expect you to die.\" James Bond Theme The \"James Bond Theme\" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since \"Dr. No\", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence","title":"James Bond Theme"},{"id":"10215200","text":"remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was \"big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song.\" He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was \"impeccable\". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, \"Diamonds Are Forever\" and \"Moonraker\". John Barry used the \"Goldfinger\"","title":"Goldfinger (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5302571","text":"The film is a parody of the James Bond films. This film was the first feature film voice role for Betty Rubble's voice actress Gerry Johnson. Additionally, it marked the first voice work of Henry Corden, who supplied Fred's singing voice, and would go on to fully assume the role of Fred after Alan Reed's death in 1977. While the film includes numerous musical interludes, including one song performed by Louis Prima, the theme song from the show itself is not used. In the opening scene, secret agent Rock Slag, who is physically identical to Fred Flintstone, is being chased","title":"The Man Called Flintstone"},{"id":"4288458","text":"listening devices. In \"Goldfinger\", the \"James Bond Theme\" can be heard on the soundtrack in \"Bond Back in Action Again\" (gunbarrel and pre-title sequence). The \"James Bond Theme\" for this movie is heavily influenced by the brassy, jazzy theme song sung by Shirley Bassey. \"Thunderball\" featured a full orchestral version of the theme in the track \"Chateau Flight\". Another full orchestral version was intended for the end titles of the film. \"You Only Live Twice\" featured a funereal orchestration with Bond's \"burial\" at sea sequence in Hong Kong harbour. A full orchestral version of the theme was used in the","title":"James Bond Theme"},{"id":"2693519","text":"which premiered in October 2015. In September 2016 the Royal Albert Hall hosted an orchestral performance of \"Independence Day\" with the score performed live to picture, David Arnold gave a pre-show talk. David Arnold David G. Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is a British film composer best known for scoring five James Bond films, \"Stargate\" (1994), \"Independence Day\" (1996), \"Godzilla\" (1998) and the television series \"Little Britain\" and \"Sherlock\". For \"Independence Day\" he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for \"Sherlock\" he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative","title":"David Arnold"},{"id":"1942438","text":"release and the following year was nominated for two Grammy Awards, Album of the Year and Best Rock Album. \"Version 2.0\" went on to match the sales of its predecessor. Garbage followed this up by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond movie \"The World Is Not Enough\". Despite being named one of \"Rolling Stone\"'s Top 10 Albums of The Year, Garbage's 2001 third album \"Beautiful Garbage\" failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors. Garbage quietly disbanded in late 2003, but regrouped to complete fourth album \"Bleed Like Me\" in 2005, peaking at","title":"Butch Vig"},{"id":"8465300","text":"Bond film to receive an Academy Award. John Barry was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Score for a Motion Picture, and Ken Adam was nominated for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) for Best British Art Direction (Colour), where he also won the award for Best British Art Direction (Black and White) for \"Dr. Strangelove\". The American Film Institute has honoured the film four times: ranking it No. 90 for best movie quote (\"A martini. Shaken, not stirred\"), No. 53 for best song (\"Goldfinger\"), No. 49 for best villain (Auric Goldfinger), and No. 71 for","title":"Goldfinger (film)"},{"id":"10215450","text":"films, the score for \"Moonraker\" has never received an extended release, due to the loss of the original session masters which appear to have been misplaced in France. As such, the album does not contain the \"James Bond Theme\" despite it featuring in the film. Some familiar pieces of music also appear in the film: Moonraker (soundtrack) Moonraker is the soundtrack for the eleventh James Bond film of the same name. \"Moonraker\" was the third of the three Bond films for which the theme song was performed by Shirley Bassey. Frank Sinatra was considered for the vocals, before Johnny Mathis","title":"Moonraker (soundtrack)"},{"id":"13225166","text":"which he likewise completes and passes. The show has 60 episodes; 24 in the first season and 36 in the second. The episode names are usually references to the names of \"James Bond\" films, such as \"Three Wheels Are Not Enough\" and \"The Boy with the Golden Gift\". The first two seasons contain at least one episode title that parodies all 22 of the existing Bond films at the time (as \"Skyfall\" was released after Season 2 originally concluded, same with \"Spectre\"). Some episode titles also parody the Carly Simon song \"Nobody Does it Better\" which is the popular theme","title":"Special Agent Oso"},{"id":"1505984","text":"Carly Simon Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author. She first rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include \"Anticipation\" (No. 13), \"You Belong To Me\" (No. 6), \"Coming Around Again\" (No. 18), and her four Gold certified singles \"Jesse\" (No. 11), \"Mockingbird\" (No. 5, a duet with James Taylor), \"You're So Vain\" (No. 1), and \"Nobody Does It Better\" (No. 2) from the 1977 James Bond film, \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". After a brief stint with her sister Lucy","title":"Carly Simon"},{"id":"11221181","text":"television series \"Call Me Mister\" as Julie Columbus in 1986. She has had roles in the films \"My Beautiful Laundrette\" (1985), \"Half Moon Street\" (1986) and \"Stormy Monday\" (1988), and in 1987 she played a CIA agent, Ava, in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\". Dulice Liecier Dulice Liecier (born 1965, Stepney, London), is a British actress. She played Precious Matthews in the Children's BBC serial \"Grange Hill\". Liecier was one of the children who sang on Pink Floyd’s 1979 hit single \"Another Brick In The Wall\". Liecier started her acting career in \"Grange Hill\" as Precious Matthews, who","title":"Dulice Liecier"},{"id":"9103147","text":"James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from \"Jaws\", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to \"The Spy Who Loved Me\", \"Nobody Does It Better\", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)","title":"For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)"},{"id":"9748490","text":"John Barry. The title song of the film, \"The Living Daylights\", was co-written with Paul Waaktaar-Savoy of the Norwegian pop-music group A-ha and recorded by them. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song. The production costs of \"The Living Daylights\" were $40 million, and the film posted box office results of $191.2 million. Shortly after the release of \"The Living Daylights\", producers Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson and writer Richard Maibaum started discussing its successor. They decided that the film would retain a realistic style, as well as showing","title":"James Bond in film"},{"id":"11448270","text":"respectively. The self-titled record remains Crow's most critically acclaimed album to date. Crow won two Grammy Awards for this new effort in 1997 and one additional nomination in 1998. Shortly afterwards, Crow contributed to the \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" soundtrack, writing and performing the theme song for the James Bond movie. The song became Crow's fifth top-20 hit in the UK and received nominations for a Golden Globe and a Grammy. Despite encountering difficulties in recording her third studio album, Crow released \"The Globe Sessions\" in 1998. Preceded by the top 20 hit single \"My Favorite Mistake\", the album debuted at","title":"Sheryl Crow discography"},{"id":"15968988","text":"for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the first time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \"Skyfall\" also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. The film also features Charles Trenet's 1938 song \"Boum !\" during scenes in which Silva shows Bond around his abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's song, \"Boom Boom\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \"Skyfall\" was on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.","title":"Skyfall"},{"id":"8386979","text":"after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote \"Thunderball\", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, \"I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning.\" Country musician Johnny Cash","title":"Thunderball (film)"},{"id":"577870","text":"the title song for the James Bond spoof \"The Liquidator\", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, \"Thunderball\" (1965). \"Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, \"Thunderball,\" hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's","title":"Shirley Bassey"},{"id":"10222456","text":"10 seen below) on an Enhanced CD version. The 2003 release, by EMI, restored the original soundtrack music sans dialogue. The original music video of \"All Time High\" shows Rita Coolidge in very soft focus in what appears to be an Indian palace, but which is actually one of the film's locations, the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. Original Release/2003 Remastered Version: 1997 release: Octopussy (soundtrack) Octopussy is the soundtrack for the eponymous thirteenth James Bond film. The score was composed by John Barry, the lyrics by Tim Rice. The opening theme, \"All Time High\" is sung by Rita Coolidge","title":"Octopussy (soundtrack)"},{"id":"8794870","text":"You Know My Name \"You Know My Name\", performed by Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell, is the theme song to the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale.\" Cornell wrote it jointly with David Arnold, the soundtrack's composer. The film producers chose Cornell because they wanted a strong male singer. Cornell and Arnold tried to make the song a replacement theme for the character instead of the \"James Bond theme\" reflecting the agent's inexperience in \"Casino Royale\", as well as an introduction to Daniel Craig's grittier and more emotional portrayal of Bond. The single sold 148,000 copies in 2006 in the UK,","title":"You Know My Name"},{"id":"8516621","text":"clothing at MI6 headquarters in Brazil, and the alien-contacting theme from \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\" as the key-code for a security door as mentioned previously. The Italian aria \"Vesti la giubba\" from Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera \"I Pagliacci\", was sung in Venice, before one of the henchmen falls to his death from a building, landing and ruining a piano, resulting in Bond to quip the often misquoted line from the film \"Casablanca\", \"Play it again, Sam\". \"Moonraker\" premiered on 26 June 1979, in the Odeon Leicester Square, United Kingdom. Three days after the UK release, it went on general","title":"Moonraker (film)"},{"id":"4288449","text":"James Bond Theme The \"James Bond Theme\" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since \"Dr. No\", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in almost every James Bond film. The \"James Bond Theme\" has accompanied the opening titles twice, as part of the medley that opens \"Dr. No\" and then again in the opening credits of \"From Russia with Love\" (1963). It has been used as music over the end credits for \"Dr. No\", \"Thunderball\" (1965), \"On","title":"James Bond Theme"},{"id":"15940296","text":"Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\" (for the film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\"), and Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" with Adele's \"Skyfall\" and Sam","title":"Motifs in the James Bond film series"},{"id":"15940309","text":"amongst others. Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in \"Goldfinger\"; it later featured in \"Thunderball\", \"GoldenEye\", \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", \"Casino Royale\", \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\". The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2,090,000 to an unnamed European collector. Bond also shows his taste for aircraft: a gyrocopter—\"Little Nellie\"—features in \"You Only Live Twice\", a Cessna 185 Seaplane in \"Licence to Kill\", an Acrostar Jet in \"Octopussy\", the Space Shuttle in \"Moonraker\" and","title":"Motifs in the James Bond film series"},{"id":"2947421","text":"the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \"A View to a Kill\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"19504483","text":"musicians including Morrissey and Nick Cave and houses the world's largest vinyl record collection. Work was interrupted by the recording of \"Spectre\", commissioned for the 2015 James Bond film. The song was rejected for the film, according to Greenwood, for being \"too dark\". Godrich said: \"That fucking James Bond movie threw us a massive curveball. It was a real waste of energy. We stopped doing what we were doing and had to concentrate on that for a while since we were told it was something that was going to come to fruition ... It caused a stop right when we","title":"A Moon Shaped Pool"},{"id":"7776668","text":"Help the Aged (song) \"Help the Aged\" is a song by British alternative rock band Pulp, and was released on 11 November 1997 as the lead single from their 1998 album \"This Is Hardcore\". The single charted at no. 8 in the UK Singles Chart (see 1997 in British music), becoming the band's fifth consecutive top ten single. B-side \"Tomorrow Never Lies\" was intended to be used as the theme to the James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". The song was ultimately rejected in favour of a song by Sheryl Crow, and was renamed after the film's working title. The","title":"Help the Aged (song)"},{"id":"374344","text":"\"Love Is a Good Thing\" Crow says that Wal-Mart sells guns to children. The album also features a protest song called \"Redemption Day\", which was covered by Johnny Cash on his last album . In 1997, Crow contributed the theme song to the James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". Her song \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" was nominated for a Grammy Award and Best Original Song Golden Globe. Crow collaborated on Scott Weiland's 1998 album, \"12 Bar Blues\". In 1998, Crow released \"The Globe Sessions\". During this period, she discussed in interviews having gone through a deep depression, and there was speculation","title":"Sheryl Crow"},{"id":"10229510","text":"film is easily a memorable as those secondary themes he used in \"You Only Live Twice\" (the \"Space March\"), \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (a similar space-themed piece, and the \"Bond Meets Bambi and Thumper\" theme which echoed both the \"James Bond Theme\" and the title song) among others. A View To A Kill Theme “Set-piece Theme” May Day Motif Pegasus’ Theme A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \"A View to a Kill\", was written","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"9748503","text":"and The Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner. As Serra did not collaborate with Bono or The Edge, orchestral versions of the song did not appear throughout \"GoldenEye\", as had been the case in previous James Bond films. Before \"GoldenEye\" had been released in November 1995, MGM/UA started their preparations for Bond 18, intending for a release in early December 1997, leaving Eon Productions little time for pre-production. The producers were unable to convince Martin Campbell to return; his agent said that \"Martin just didn't want to do two Bond films in a row\". Instead, Roger Spottiswoode was chosen","title":"James Bond in film"},{"id":"1506052","text":"singles certifications Carly Simon Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author. She first rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include \"Anticipation\" (No. 13), \"You Belong To Me\" (No. 6), \"Coming Around Again\" (No. 18), and her four Gold certified singles \"Jesse\" (No. 11), \"Mockingbird\" (No. 5, a duet with James Taylor), \"You're So Vain\" (No. 1), and \"Nobody Does It Better\" (No. 2) from the 1977 James Bond film, \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". After a brief stint with her","title":"Carly Simon"},{"id":"8516531","text":"in a casino were seen ... as attributes of a gentleman\". After losing a hand of Chemin de Fer to Bond, Trench asks his name. There is the \"most important gesture [in] ... the way he lights his cigarette before giving her the satisfaction of an answer. 'Bond, James Bond'.\" Once Connery says his line, Monty Norman's Bond theme plays \"and creates an indelible link between music and character.\" In the short scene introducing Bond, there are portrayed \"qualities of strength, action, reaction, violence – and this elegant, slightly brutal gambler with the quizzical sneer we see before us who","title":"Dr. No (film)"},{"id":"1729114","text":"funk and R&B music. The first two singles were \"Original Fire\" and \"Revelations\". Two of the songs from the third album, \"Shape of Things to Come\" and \"Wide Awake\" were also prominently featured in Michael Mann's 2006 film, \"Miami Vice\", prior to the release of the album. Despite the exposure to other forms of media and the positive critical buzz for their third album, Audioslave did not tour behind the release. They went into hiatus to allow Cornell to complete \"You Know My Name\", the theme song for the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale\", and Morello to pursue his","title":"Chris Cornell"},{"id":"19012069","text":"Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song) \"Writing's on the Wall\" is a song by English singer Sam Smith, written for the release of the 2015 \"James Bond\" film \"Spectre\". The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by the latter alongside Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure and released on 25 September 2015. \"Writing's on the Wall\" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to previous Bond theme songs. The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was","title":"Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)"},{"id":"10222455","text":"Octopussy (soundtrack) Octopussy is the soundtrack for the eponymous thirteenth James Bond film. The score was composed by John Barry, the lyrics by Tim Rice. The opening theme, \"All Time High\" is sung by Rita Coolidge and is one of six Bond film title songs or songs that are not named after film's title. The original compact disc released in 1985, by A&M Records, was recalled because of a printing error, and became a rarity. In 1997, the soundtrack was released, by Rykodisc, with the original soundtrack music and some film dialogue, (additional tracks, No. 3, No. 7, and No.","title":"Octopussy (soundtrack)"},{"id":"4283809","text":"Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \"Licence to Kill\" has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. \"GoldenEye\" featured Éric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \"Thunderball\" soundtrack, where \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"10000476","text":"screen credits include \"The Double Man\" (1967), \"Only When I Larf\" (1968), \"Assignment K\" (1968), \"Isadora\" (1968), \"Patton\" (1970), \"Lust for a Vampire\" (1971), \"Madame Sin\" (1972), \"Embassy\" (1972), \"Endless Night\" (1972), \"Twilight's Last Gleaming\" (1977), \"Winterspelt\" (1979), \"Supergirl\" (1984), and \"Haunted Honeymoon\" (1986). He also gave uncredited performances in the James Bond films \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967) and \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (1971). In 1983, Healy received the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in \"Guys and Dolls\" during the 1982 theatre season. His performance of \"Nicely Nicely Johnson\" was praised as \"show-stopping\" as he","title":"David Healy (actor)"},{"id":"17812624","text":"2015, Smith confirmed that his new song \"Writing's on the Wall\" would be the theme song to the 24th James Bond film \"Spectre\". The song was released on 25 September 2015 and became the first Bond theme ever to go to number one in the UK. His second album, \"The Thrill of It All\", followed in 2017 and topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Its lead single \"Too Good at Goodbyes\" reached number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand and also reached the top 5","title":"Sam Smith discography"},{"id":"1729135","text":"Know My Name\", which Cornell co-wrote and performed and which accompanies the opening titles for the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale\". \"You Know My Name\" is the first theme song since 1983's \"Octopussy\" to use a different title than the film, the first ever sung by a male American, and the first ever title theme song that did not appear on the soundtrack album. \"You Know My Name\" won a 2006 Satellite Award in the category of Best Original Song, and a 2007 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film. The","title":"Chris Cornell"},{"id":"577869","text":"\"I'll Get By\" (also 1961), and a cover version of the Ben E. King hit \"I (Who Have Nothing)\" in 1963. Bassey appeared on the cover of \"Ebony\" magazine in 1963, and sang at a Washington gala celebrating President Kennedy's second year in office. Bassey enjoyed her only US Top 40 \"Billboard\" Hot 100 hit in 1965 with the title song of the James Bond film, \"Goldfinger\". The single, released in the United States during January 1965, peaked at No. 8, while the original soundtrack of \"Goldfinger\" hit No. 1 in the US that year. Also in 1965, she sang","title":"Shirley Bassey"},{"id":"3641884","text":"another United Artists comedy \"The Mouse on the Moon\" under a pseudonym of \"The Countdowns\". Bob Hope sang the title song over the end credits. \"Call Me Bwana\" was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on 27 June 2011 via MGM's Limited Edition Collection as a MOD (manufacture-on-demand) widescreen Region 1 DVD. Call Me Bwana Call Me Bwana is a 1963 British Technicolor farce film starring Bob Hope and Anita Ekberg, and directed by Gordon Douglas. Largely set in Africa, it is one of three films made by Eon Productions not about the fictional MI6 agent James Bond and","title":"Call Me Bwana"},{"id":"9748519","text":"his fourth soundtrack for the Bond film series. Producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli announced on 26 July 2006 that Chris Cornell would perform the title song, entitled \"You Know My Name\", which he co-wrote with Arnold. In July 2006, as \"Casino Royale\" entered post-production, Eon Productions announced that the next film would be based on an original idea by producer Michael G. Wilson. In June 2007 Marc Forster was confirmed as director. He was surprised that he was approached for the job, stating he was not a big Bond film fan through the years, and that he would","title":"James Bond in film"},{"id":"302610","text":"the late 90s/early 2000. \"Someone from the \"New Musical Express\" rang us about a feature we're to do with them and said 'We don't want it to be about the multi-cultural angle'. In other words that fad is over. And I'm personally insulted... what other angle is there for us?! I get sick of it all.\" In 1999, Atlas collaborated with David Arnold on the song \"One Brief Moment\". The single featured a cover version of the James Bond theme song from the film \"You Only Live Twice\". Two years earlier, Atlas had collaborated with Arnold on the album \"Shaken","title":"Natacha Atlas"},{"id":"1526706","text":"Fourth Protocol\" (1987) and the comedy \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (1993). In 1994, Brosnan became the fifth actor to portray secret agent James Bond in the Eon Productions film series, starring in four films from 1995 to 2002 (\"GoldenEye\", \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", \"The World Is Not Enough\" and \"Die Another Day\"). He lent his likeness for Bond in the video games \"GoldenEye 007\", \"\" and \"\", providing his voice for the latter. During this period, he also took the lead in other films including the epic disaster adventure film \"Dante's Peak\" (1997) and the remake of the heist film \"The Thomas Crown","title":"Pierce Brosnan"},{"id":"3650588","text":"receive a BAFTA nomination for a performance as James Bond. He also received the Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor. \"Casino Royale\" won the Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild, and singer Chris Cornell's \"You Know My Name\" won the International Press Academy Satellite Award for Best Original Song. The film was nominated for five Saturn Awards— Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film, Best Actor (Daniel Craig), Best Supporting Actress (Eva Green), Best Writing (Purvis, Wade and Haggis) and Best Music (David Arnold). The 2006 Golden Tomato Awards named \"Casino Royale\" the Wide Release Film of the","title":"Casino Royale (2006 film)"},{"id":"8594138","text":"Barry had thought he could not write a song about a vague \"Thunderball\" term or the film's story, so his song was a description of the character James Bond. The song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey. When there were problems with Bassey's singing it was later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick and featured a longer instrumental opening designed so the lyrics would not be heard until after the title \"Thunderball\" appeared in Maurice Binder's title design. Both versions were not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits after United Artists requested that the theme song","title":"Thunderball (soundtrack)"},{"id":"4288468","text":"end credits is David Arnold's \"Casino Royale\" track \"The Name's Bond…James Bond\". Despite this, the film's score was composed by Thomas Newman, who also incorporated the \"James Bond Theme\" throughout the entire film. In \"Spectre\", the theme appears at the beginning of the film as part of the opening gunbarrel sequence, indicating a return to the franchise's classic roots of 1962–2002. Over 70 cover versions of the \"James Bond Theme\" have been recorded by artists such as: American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled \"James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)\" for the Bond film \"Tomorrow Never","title":"James Bond Theme"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6302179\",\n \"text\": \"We Have All the Time in the World \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", the title theme being the instrumental \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\\\" also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his\",\n \"title\": \"We Have All the Time in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6302182\",\n \"text\": \"it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie; also because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong. We Have All the Time in the World \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", the title theme being the instrumental \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\\\" also composed by Barry. The song title is\",\n \"title\": \"We Have All the Time in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283810\",\n \"text\": \"was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones. \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-\\\"From Russia with Love\\\" films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", written by John Barry and Hal David. A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as \\\"We Have All the Time in the\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"242994\",\n \"text\": \"including \\\"Stardust\\\", \\\"What a Wonderful World\\\", \\\"When The Saints Go Marching In\\\", \\\"Dream a Little Dream of Me\\\", \\\"Ain't Misbehavin'\\\", \\\"You Rascal You\\\", and \\\"Stompin' at the Savoy\\\". \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released. In 1964, Armstrong knocked The Beatles off the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart with \\\"Hello, Dolly!\\\", which gave the 63-year-old performer\",\n \"title\": \"Louis Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15940295\",\n \"text\": \"title sequence for \\\"Spectre\\\". A contemporary artist usually sings during the title sequence and an instrumental version of the main track may also be featured as a leitmotif during the film, which repeats in various moods. Writing for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", Andy Greene says that \\\"James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus,\\\" though he notes that this is not always the case. \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" has an entirely instrumental credit sequence, though the film features an alternate theme, \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", sung by Louis Armstrong.\",\n \"title\": \"Motifs in the James Bond film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2449573\",\n \"text\": \"Hearted Melody\\\", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit \\\"Johnny Get Angry\\\" also with Edwards; and \\\"99 Miles From L.A.\\\" with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard \\\"Sea of Heartbreak\\\", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to \\\"The Look of Love\\\" from \\\"Casino Royale\\\" with Bacharach, he wrote \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", and in 1979,\",\n \"title\": \"Hal David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8442635\",\n \"text\": \"the title \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" unless it were written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. The theme was described as \\\"one of the best title cuts, a wordless Moog-driven monster, suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon.\\\" Barry also composed the love song \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", with lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, sung by Louis Armstrong.\",\n \"title\": \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215279\",\n \"text\": \"Since then, the Bond theme has been rearranged in many ways after \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\". Barry also composed the love song \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" sung by Louis Armstrong. With lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, it is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" is often mistakenly referred to as the opening credits theme. It was Armstrong's last recorded song (he died of a heart attack\",\n \"title\": \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208196\",\n \"text\": \"have also been two independent productions of Bond films: \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (a 1967 spoof) and \\\"Never Say Never Again\\\" (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, \\\"Thunderball\\\"). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, making \\\"James Bond\\\" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8442636\",\n \"text\": \"It is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. Barry recalled Armstrong was very ill, but recorded the song in one take. The song was re-released in 1994, achieving the number three position during a 13-week spell in the UK charts. A Hal David song entitled \\\"Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown?\\\" performed by Danish singer Nina also featured in the film in several scenes. The theme, \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", is used in the film as an action theme\",\n \"title\": \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20968914\",\n \"text\": \"recognizable. He was a stunt performer and minor actor in the following James Bond films: \\\"Dr. No\\\" (1962), \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" (1963), \\\"Goldfinger\\\" (1964), \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (1967) and \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" (1967). He also acted and did stunt work in films such as \\\"Ivanhoe\\\" (1952), \\\"A Night to Remember\\\" (1958), \\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\" (1962), \\\"Where Eagles Dare\\\" (1968), \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), \\\"Flash Gordon\\\" (1980), \\\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\" (1981), \\\"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom\\\" (1984), \\\"Highlander\\\" (1986), \\\"Willow\\\" (1988), \\\"Batman\\\" (1989), \\\"\\\" (1991), \\\"Chaplin\\\" (1992) and \\\"Braveheart\\\" (1995). Brace was the stunt double for Clancy\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Brace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1377832\",\n \"text\": \"revenge-themed sequel with Irma Bunt and Marc-Ange Draco returning, and Bond mourning his deceased wife Tracy while Louis Armstrong's \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" played in the background. When George Lazenby departed from the role prior to the film's release, a complete rewrite was requested, in addition to Maibaum's script failing to impress Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman. Following this, an original plot had as a villain Auric Goldfinger's twin, seeking revenge for the death of his brother. The plot was later changed after Broccoli had a dream, where his close friend Howard Hughes was replaced\",\n \"title\": \"Diamonds Are Forever (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283811\",\n \"text\": \"World\\\" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear. Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films. A number of songs were written as potential Bond themes but went unused. These include: Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album \\\"Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes\\\" (lounge), \\\"\\\" featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516615\",\n \"text\": \"musical electronic laboratory door lock in Venice, producer Albert R. Broccoli requested special permission from director Steven Spielberg to use the five-note melody from his film \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\" (1977). In 1985, Broccoli returned the favour by fulfilling Spielberg's request to use the James Bond theme music for a scene in his film, \\\"The Goonies\\\" (1985). As James Bond is arriving at the scene of the pheasant shoot, a trumpet is sounded playing the first three brass notes from \\\"Also sprach Zarathustra\\\", referencing the film \\\"\\\" (1968). \\\"Moonraker\\\" was the third of three Bond films for which\",\n \"title\": \"Moonraker (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288450\",\n \"text\": \"Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" (1969), \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\" (1999), \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (2006), \\\"Quantum of Solace\\\" (2008), \\\"Skyfall\\\" (2012), and \\\"Spectre\\\" (2015). Monty Norman has been credited with writing the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\", and has received royalties since 1962. Norman collected around £485,000 in royalties between the years 1976 and 1999. For \\\"Dr. No\\\", the tune was arranged by John Barry, who would later go on to compose the soundtracks for eleven James Bond films. Courts have ruled twice that the theme was written by Monty Norman, despite claims and testimony by Barry that he had actually written the\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374332\",\n \"text\": \"Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \\\"All I Wanna Do\\\", \\\"If It Makes You Happy\\\", \\\"My Favorite Mistake\\\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy Awards (out of 32 nominations) from the National Academy of Recording Arts and\",\n \"title\": \"Sheryl Crow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3700839\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis Gilbert Lewis Gilbert (6 March 1920 – 23 February 2018) was a British film director, producer and screenwriter, who directed more than 40 films during six decades; among them such varied titles as \\\"Reach for the Sky\\\" (1956), \\\"Sink the Bismarck!\\\" (1960), \\\"Alfie\\\" (1966), \\\"Educating Rita\\\" (1983) and \\\"Shirley Valentine\\\" (1989), as well as three James Bond films: \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" (1967), \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\" (1977) and \\\"Moonraker\\\" (1979). Lewis Gilbert was born in Hackney, London, to a second-generation family of music hall performers, and spent his early years travelling with his parents, Ada (Griver), who\",\n \"title\": \"Lewis Gilbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386978\",\n \"text\": \"given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. \\\"Thunderball\\\" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" and \\\"Goldfinger\\\". The original title song was entitled \\\"Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\\\", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits\",\n \"title\": \"Thunderball (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3607816\",\n \"text\": \"Propellerheads Propellerheads are an English electronic duo, formed in 1995 and consisting of Will White and Alex Gifford. Their first release was an EP named \\\"Dive!\\\", released in 1996 through the independent label Wall of Sound. They gained fame the next year by providing a remix for James Bond movie composer David Arnold's Bond tribute album \\\"\\\" covering John Barry's \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", the theme song to the sixth James Bond film, re-orchestrated by Arnold. They also collaborated with Arnold on the track \\\"Backseat Driver\\\" for the soundtrack of the Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". The single \\\"History\",\n \"title\": \"Propellerheads\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748534\",\n \"text\": \"weeks. Because of the delays and chaotic nature of the filming process, it finally finished ten months later in November. Feldman asked Burt Bacharach and Hal David to provide the music for the film; David worked for a few months completing his part, while Bacharach took nearly two years. The pair produced the song \\\"The Look of Love\\\", which was sung by Dusty Springfield. Columbia Pictures approved a production budget of $6 million for the film, although this rose to $12 million at the end of production. The film performed well, with box office returns of $41.7 million. \\\"Never Say\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6302180\",\n \"text\": \"trumpet. Barry chose Armstrong because he felt he could \\\"deliver the title line with irony\\\". The song was released as a single in both the US and the UK to coincide with the release of the film in December 1969, but did not chart in either market. The recording became a hit in the UK twenty-five years later, in 1994, as a result of a Guinness beer commercial, after My Bloody Valentine chose to cover it for charity. Armstrong's version was then re-released on vinyl and CD and reached #3 in the UK Singles Chart and #4 in Ireland. In\",\n \"title\": \"We Have All the Time in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570925\",\n \"text\": \"who could \\\"slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty\\\". Jones has sold over 100 million records with thirty-six Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom and nineteen in the United States, including \\\"It's Not Unusual\\\", \\\"What's New Pussycat\\\", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film \\\"Thunderball\\\", \\\"Delilah\\\", \\\"Green, Green Grass of Home\\\", \\\"She's a Lady\\\", \\\"Kiss\\\" and \\\"Sex Bomb\\\". Jones made his acting debut playing the leading role in the 1979 television film \\\"Pleasure Cove\\\" as well as playing himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film \\\"Mars Attacks!\\\" In 2012,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Jones (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516554\",\n \"text\": \"auction for charity and further events at the Museum of Modern Art and the Toronto International Film Festival. A concert of various music was held in Los Angeles in conjunction with the New York event. The day also saw the release of \\\"Skyfall\\\", the theme song of the 2012 \\\"James Bond\\\" film of the same name; the song was released at 0:07 BST. Dr. No (film) Dr. No is a 1962 British spy film, starring Sean Connery, with Ursula Andress, Joseph Wiseman and Jack Lord, which was filmed in Jamaica and England. It is the first \\\"James Bond\\\" film. Based\",\n \"title\": \"Dr. No (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516558\",\n \"text\": \"It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings. Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, New Orleans and the Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring\",\n \"title\": \"Live and Let Die (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5846769\",\n \"text\": \"Tomorrow Never Dies (song) \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" is the song, performed by Sheryl Crow, which served as the theme song to the James Bond film of the same name. The song was co-written by Crow and the song's producer Mitchell Froom, and became her fifth UK Top 20 hit, peaking at No. 12 in 1997. Another song, \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\", written by the movie's composer David Arnold and performed by k.d. lang, was originally produced as the official theme tune. When Crow's song became the official theme the k.d. lang song was relegated to the end credits, and renamed \\\"Surrender\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow Never Dies (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17191125\",\n \"text\": \"to be mentioned twice in the \\\"Guinness World Records.\\\" For his and Jimmy Napes' song \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\", the theme for the James Bond film \\\"Spectre\\\" (2015), Smith won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. His second studio album, \\\"The Thrill of It All\\\", was released in November 2017, and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and the US \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The lead single, \\\"Too Good at Goodbyes\\\", reached number one in the UK and Australia and number four in the US. Samuel Frederick Smith was born on 19 May 1992 in London,\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Smith (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17150561\",\n \"text\": \"with the mop by his wife when she hears him listening to \\\"I’ll Be Glad When You Are Dead You Rascal You.\\\" He falls into a dream in which he is the king of \\\"Jazzmania,\\\" sitting on a royal throne with servants to fan him. In the dream Louis Armstrong plays and sings jazz for him while dressed in a leopard print cave man outfit. When he wakes up and sees his flustered wife still standing over him, he smiles and breaks a vase over his own head. The racism in this film was appalling and offensive to Black America\",\n \"title\": \"A Rhapsody in Black and Blue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288459\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Little Nellie\\\" autogyro fight scene. The George Lazenby film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" used a unique high-pitched arrangement with the melody played on a Moog synthesizer. The cue is called \\\"This Never Happened to the Other Feller\\\" and a similar recording was used over the film's end credits. The film has a downbeat ending and the explosive burst of the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" at the film's very end suggests Bond will return in spite of the situation he finds himself in at the climax of this movie. With the return of Sean Connery in \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\", the guitar\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3794013\",\n \"text\": \"Antonín Dvořák's \\\"Song to the Moon\\\" from \\\"Rusalka\\\" and Led Zeppelin's \\\"Kashmir\\\", and also a live version of the rarely performed song \\\"Swanheart\\\" from the 1998 Nightwish album \\\"Oceanborn\\\". On the same year, in July, \\\"Left in the Dark\\\" was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja's album \\\"Colours in the Dark\\\", as well as a studio version of \\\"Into the Sun\\\". On 17 October 2015, Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album, \\\"No Bitter End\\\" and \\\"Goldfinger\\\", which is a cover of the title song of the James Bond film with the same name. Tarja\",\n \"title\": \"Tarja Turunen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215445\",\n \"text\": \"Moonraker (soundtrack) Moonraker is the soundtrack for the eleventh James Bond film of the same name. \\\"Moonraker\\\" was the third of the three Bond films for which the theme song was performed by Shirley Bassey. Frank Sinatra was considered for the vocals, before Johnny Mathis was approached and offered the opportunity. Mathis was unhappy about the song and withdrew from the project, leaving the producers scrambling for a replacement. Kate Bush declined as she was due to embark on her British tour, so John Barry offered the song to Bassey within just weeks of the release date. As a result,\",\n \"title\": \"Moonraker (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9256733\",\n \"text\": \"Cornell was first reported to be writing and performing the song on July 20, 2006 by the Finnish newspaper \\\"Ilta-Sanomat\\\". \\\"You Know My Name\\\" is the first theme song since 1983's \\\"Octopussy\\\" to use a different title than the film, and Cornell is the first male performer since a-ha (in 1987's \\\"The Living Daylights\\\"). It is only the fourth Bond theme (after the opening medley of \\\"Dr. No\\\", the instrumental theme from \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" and \\\"All Time High\\\" from \\\"Octopussy\\\") to make no reference to the title of the film. The soundtrack was completed early in the\",\n \"title\": \"Casino Royale (2006 soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2113621\",\n \"text\": \"main titles. Arnold's composition, \\\"Surrender\\\", performed by k.d. lang, was still used for the end titles, and features the same prominent melodic motif as the film's score. This was the fourth Bond film to have different opening and closing songs. Moby created a remake of The James Bond Theme to be used for the movie. Two different versions of the soundtrack album were released, the first featuring only music from the first half of the film, and the second rectifying this but cutting several tracks, including the songs, to make room for the missing score tracks. Pulp's effort was re-titled\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow Never Dies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3271460\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Campbell Martin Campbell (born 24 October 1943) is a New Zealand TV and film director, best known for directing Bond movies \\\"GoldenEye\\\" (1995) and \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (2006). He also directed \\\"The Mask of Zorro\\\" (1998), \\\"The Legend of Zorro\\\" (2005), \\\"Green Lantern\\\" (2011), and \\\"The Foreigner\\\" (2017). Born in Hastings, New Zealand, Campbell moved to London, where he began his career as a cameraman in the late 1970s. He went on to direct two James Bond films, 1995's \\\"GoldenEye\\\", starring Pierce Brosnan, and 2006's \\\"Casino Royale\\\", starring Daniel Craig, and was the oldest director in the series' history, at\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1480926\",\n \"text\": \"featured entertainment at the fictional California High School's graduation party, hosted by Kelly Taylor's dad, Bill Taylor. The band performed \\\"Lovefool\\\" and \\\"Been It.\\\" The band was also asked to submit the theme song for the James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" but rejected the request due to exhaustion that would be exacerbated by the potential added workload; Persson has called her decision to turn down the offer \\\"one of my biggest mistakes.\\\" 1998's \\\"Gran Turismo\\\" was followed by a long hiatus during which the band members pursued solo side projects. The same year they also released a compilation album\",\n \"title\": \"The Cardigans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208223\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dr. No\\\" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", Carly Simon's \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", Sheena Easton's \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\", Adele's \\\"Skyfall\\\", and Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced \\\"Casino Royale\\\", Burt Bacharach's score included \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2693504\",\n \"text\": \"David Arnold David G. Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is a British film composer best known for scoring five James Bond films, \\\"Stargate\\\" (1994), \\\"Independence Day\\\" (1996), \\\"Godzilla\\\" (1998) and the television series \\\"Little Britain\\\" and \\\"Sherlock\\\". For \\\"Independence Day\\\" he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for \\\"Sherlock\\\" he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative Arts Emmy for the score of \\\"His Last Vow\\\", the final episode in the third series. Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. David is scoring\",\n \"title\": \"David Arnold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1506001\",\n \"text\": \"fright. In the appearance, she sang two songs: \\\"Half A Chance\\\" and her signature song, \\\"You're So Vain\\\". In 1977, Simon had a surprise international hit with the million-selling gold single \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", the theme to the James Bond film \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\". Simon's second-biggest U.S. hit, after \\\"You're So Vain\\\", was 1977's biggest Adult Contemporary hit, where it held at No. 1 for seven straight weeks. The single peaked one step behind Debby Boone's mega-hit \\\"You Light Up My Life\\\" on \\\"Billboard's\\\" Pop Singles chart from October 22 to November 5, 1977 and received Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"Carly Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748541\",\n \"text\": \"in the Academy Award-winning song \\\"The Windmills of Your Mind\\\"—and was performed by Lani Hall. Fleming's estate, financially backed by Eon Productions and MGM, made a final attempt to block the film in the High Courts in London in the spring of 1983, but this was thrown out by the court and \\\"Never Say Never Again\\\" was permitted to proceed. When \\\"Never Say Never Again\\\" was released, it grossed $9.72 million ($ million in dollars) on its first weekend, which was reported to be \\\"the best opening record of any \\\"James Bond\\\" film\\\" up to that point and surpassing \\\"Octopussy\\\"s\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215276\",\n \"text\": \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (\\\"OHMSS\\\") is the soundtrack for the sixth James Bond film of the same name. The soundtrack to this film was composed, arranged, and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive Bond film. The opening theme proved a challenge; the convention was to include the film's title in the opening song's lyrics; the film became the first in the series since \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" to deviate from this rule. Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret\",\n \"title\": \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2693513\",\n \"text\": \"Arnold was hired to score the installment and, returning the compliment to the man he refers to as \\\"The guvnor\\\", included musical references to Barry's score for \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" (as well as, of course, the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" by Monty Norman). Arnold scored the four subsequent Bond films: \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\", \\\"Die Another Day\\\" (in which he included references to John Barry's score for \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\"), \\\"Casino Royale\\\" and \\\"Quantum of Solace\\\". Arnold did not score the 23rd James Bond film, \\\"Skyfall\\\", with Thomas Newman taking his place. Arnold commented that Newman had\",\n \"title\": \"David Arnold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374380\",\n \"text\": \"gun control measures, opposes military intervention in Syria, and supports fighting climate change. Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \\\"All I Wanna Do\\\", \\\"If It Makes You Happy\\\", \\\"My Favorite Mistake\\\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"Sheryl Crow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1434472\",\n \"text\": \"Theme\\\" and \\\"I Never Miss\\\". Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, \\\"Die Another Day\\\". The title song, \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth \\\"Bond\\\" theme co-written by Black, preceded by \\\"Thunderball\\\", \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\", \\\"The Man with the Golden Gun\\\", and \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". IGN chose \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time. In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time,\",\n \"title\": \"The World Is Not Enough\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288465\",\n \"text\": \"played throughout the film as a substitute for the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\". A new recording of the classic theme, titled \\\"The Name's Bond…James Bond\\\", only plays during the end credits to signal the beginning of the character's new arc as the 21st century version of James Bond. Although that is the first time the theme is played in its entirety, the first bars of the song (the chord progression) appeared as a slow background music in seven moments throughout the movie: after Bond's conversation with M (during his flight), after winning the Aston Martin, when he makes his first appearance\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20222190\",\n \"text\": \"break and all the shit was coming to the surface ... It was a real low point after it.\\\" Years later, Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song for the 2015 James Bond film \\\"Spectre\\\", and submitted \\\"Man of War\\\". The production team liked the song, but rejected it when they discovered it had not been written for the film and would be ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead suspended work on their ninth album, \\\"A Moon Shaped Pool\\\" (2016), to record an original song for the film, \\\"Spectre\\\", but this was also rejected as\",\n \"title\": \"Man of War (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8652817\",\n \"text\": \"work in the United Kingdom due to tax reasons. The soundtrack, in comparison to other Bond films of the time, is more disco-oriented and included a new disco rendition of the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\", titled \\\"Bond 77\\\" which Hamlisch admitted was somewhat influenced by You Should Be Dancing by The Bee Gees An element of the Barry style remains in the suspenseful film sequence in which Bond and Amasova try to track down Jaws at an antiquated site in Egypt. The accompanying Hamlisch music echoes Barry's \\\"Stalking,\\\" from the pre-credit fantasy sequence of \\\"From Russia with Love\\\", featuring Bond (Sean\",\n \"title\": \"The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11443813\",\n \"text\": \"acclaimed, earning him a BAFTA award nomination. \\\"Casino Royale\\\" became the highest-grossing in the series at the time. \\\"Quantum of Solace\\\" followed two years later. Craig's third Bond film, \\\"Skyfall\\\", premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series and the twentieth highest-grossing film of all time; it was also the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom until 2015. Craig's fourth Bond film, \\\"Spectre\\\", premiered in 2015. He also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games, alongside Queen Elizabeth II. His fifth (and, possibly, final) Bond film, currently\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel Craig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283808\",\n \"text\": \"Media. Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" from \\\"Spectre\\\" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's \\\"A View To A Kill\\\" topped the singles charts in the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. \\\"The Living Daylights\\\" featured The Pretenders performing \\\"If There\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11196750\",\n \"text\": \"David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, the BET Awards and MTV New Year's Eve in Times Square. In 2011, Niia began performing The Best of 007 in New York. Backed by a 14 piece orchestra, Niia paid homage to the soundtrack of James Bond films including classics \\\"Goldfinger\\\", \\\"Thunderball\\\", and \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\". She has also released covers of the classic track Mad World by Tears for Fears, Jai Paul's viral hit BTSTU, and Cher's Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down). In February 2013, Niia self-released her single \\\"Made For You\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Niia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17010360\",\n \"text\": \"The Fabergé egg in the film is real; it was made in 1897 and is called the \\\"Coronation Egg\\\", although the egg in the film is named in the auction catalogue as \\\"Property of a Lady\\\", which is the name of one of Ian Fleming's short stories released in more recent editions of the collection \\\"Octopussy and The Living Daylights\\\". In a bit of diegesis that \\\"breaks the fourth wall\\\", Vijay signals his affiliation to MI6 by playing the James Bond Theme on a recorder while Bond is disembarking from a boat in the harbour near the City Palace. Like\",\n \"title\": \"Filming of James Bond in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215281\",\n \"text\": \"not in the chronological order in which they occur in the film. On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (\\\"OHMSS\\\") is the soundtrack for the sixth James Bond film of the same name. The soundtrack to this film was composed, arranged, and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive Bond film. The opening theme proved a challenge; the convention was to include the film's title in the opening song's lyrics; the film became the first in the series since \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" to deviate from this rule. Barry felt it would be difficult\",\n \"title\": \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9524033\",\n \"text\": \"Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack) Tomorrow Never Dies is the soundtrack of the 18th James Bond film of the same name. David Arnold composed the score of \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\", his first full Bond soundtrack. Arnold came to the producer's attention due to his successful cover interpretations in \\\"\\\"—which featured major artists performing classic James Bond title songs. The theme tune was chosen through a competitive process. There were approximately twelve submissions; including songs from Swan Lee, Pulp, Saint Etienne, Marc Almond, and Sheryl Crow. According to Nina Persson of Swedish pop group The Cardigans, they were also asked to submit\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5974996\",\n \"text\": \"Diamonds from Sierra Leone \\\"Diamonds from Sierra Leone\\\" is a song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West. It was released on July 4, 2005, as the lead single of his second studio album, \\\"Late Registration\\\". The song contains a sample of the theme song for the 1971 James Bond film, \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" as performed by Shirley Bassey. Bassey was reported to be very impressed with Kanye's performance and stated that she wished to work with him in the future. The song peaked at number 43 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, was moderately successful on the iTunes music service, and\",\n \"title\": \"Diamonds from Sierra Leone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6502226\",\n \"text\": \"Nobody Does It Better \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\" is a song composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager. It was recorded by Carly Simon as the theme song for the 1977 James Bond film \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\". It was the first Bond theme song to be titled differently from the name of the film since \\\"Dr. No\\\", although the phrase \\\"the spy who loved me\\\" is included in the lyrics. The song was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album. \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\" became a major worldwide hit, spending three weeks at\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Does It Better\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208219\",\n \"text\": \"two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films, Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in \\\"GoldenEye\\\", released in 1995; he remained in the role for a total of four films, before leaving in 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role of Bond for \\\"Casino Royale\\\", which rebooted the series. Craig has appeared for a total of four films and his fifth is scheduled for release in 2020. The series has grossed almost $7 billion to date, making it the third-highest-grossing film series (behind \\\"Harry Potter\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288470\",\n \"text\": \"the time, Moby's highest-peaking single on the chart. The song features two samples of dialogue from the Bond films: Pierce Brosnan saying \\\"Bond, James Bond\\\" as heard in \\\"GoldenEye\\\", and the conversation between Bond and Auric Goldfinger in \\\"Goldfinger\\\": \\\"Do you expect me to talk?\\\" / \\\"No, Mr. Bond. I expect you to die.\\\" James Bond Theme The \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since \\\"Dr. No\\\", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215200\",\n \"text\": \"remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was \\\"big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song.\\\" He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was \\\"impeccable\\\". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" and \\\"Moonraker\\\". John Barry used the \\\"Goldfinger\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Goldfinger (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5302571\",\n \"text\": \"The film is a parody of the James Bond films. This film was the first feature film voice role for Betty Rubble's voice actress Gerry Johnson. Additionally, it marked the first voice work of Henry Corden, who supplied Fred's singing voice, and would go on to fully assume the role of Fred after Alan Reed's death in 1977. While the film includes numerous musical interludes, including one song performed by Louis Prima, the theme song from the show itself is not used. In the opening scene, secret agent Rock Slag, who is physically identical to Fred Flintstone, is being chased\",\n \"title\": \"The Man Called Flintstone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288458\",\n \"text\": \"listening devices. In \\\"Goldfinger\\\", the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" can be heard on the soundtrack in \\\"Bond Back in Action Again\\\" (gunbarrel and pre-title sequence). The \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" for this movie is heavily influenced by the brassy, jazzy theme song sung by Shirley Bassey. \\\"Thunderball\\\" featured a full orchestral version of the theme in the track \\\"Chateau Flight\\\". Another full orchestral version was intended for the end titles of the film. \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" featured a funereal orchestration with Bond's \\\"burial\\\" at sea sequence in Hong Kong harbour. A full orchestral version of the theme was used in the\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2693519\",\n \"text\": \"which premiered in October 2015. In September 2016 the Royal Albert Hall hosted an orchestral performance of \\\"Independence Day\\\" with the score performed live to picture, David Arnold gave a pre-show talk. David Arnold David G. Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is a British film composer best known for scoring five James Bond films, \\\"Stargate\\\" (1994), \\\"Independence Day\\\" (1996), \\\"Godzilla\\\" (1998) and the television series \\\"Little Britain\\\" and \\\"Sherlock\\\". For \\\"Independence Day\\\" he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for \\\"Sherlock\\\" he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative\",\n \"title\": \"David Arnold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1942438\",\n \"text\": \"release and the following year was nominated for two Grammy Awards, Album of the Year and Best Rock Album. \\\"Version 2.0\\\" went on to match the sales of its predecessor. Garbage followed this up by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond movie \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\". Despite being named one of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"'s Top 10 Albums of The Year, Garbage's 2001 third album \\\"Beautiful Garbage\\\" failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors. Garbage quietly disbanded in late 2003, but regrouped to complete fourth album \\\"Bleed Like Me\\\" in 2005, peaking at\",\n \"title\": \"Butch Vig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8465300\",\n \"text\": \"Bond film to receive an Academy Award. John Barry was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Score for a Motion Picture, and Ken Adam was nominated for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) for Best British Art Direction (Colour), where he also won the award for Best British Art Direction (Black and White) for \\\"Dr. Strangelove\\\". The American Film Institute has honoured the film four times: ranking it No. 90 for best movie quote (\\\"A martini. Shaken, not stirred\\\"), No. 53 for best song (\\\"Goldfinger\\\"), No. 49 for best villain (Auric Goldfinger), and No. 71 for\",\n \"title\": \"Goldfinger (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215450\",\n \"text\": \"films, the score for \\\"Moonraker\\\" has never received an extended release, due to the loss of the original session masters which appear to have been misplaced in France. As such, the album does not contain the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" despite it featuring in the film. Some familiar pieces of music also appear in the film: Moonraker (soundtrack) Moonraker is the soundtrack for the eleventh James Bond film of the same name. \\\"Moonraker\\\" was the third of the three Bond films for which the theme song was performed by Shirley Bassey. Frank Sinatra was considered for the vocals, before Johnny Mathis\",\n \"title\": \"Moonraker (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225166\",\n \"text\": \"which he likewise completes and passes. The show has 60 episodes; 24 in the first season and 36 in the second. The episode names are usually references to the names of \\\"James Bond\\\" films, such as \\\"Three Wheels Are Not Enough\\\" and \\\"The Boy with the Golden Gift\\\". The first two seasons contain at least one episode title that parodies all 22 of the existing Bond films at the time (as \\\"Skyfall\\\" was released after Season 2 originally concluded, same with \\\"Spectre\\\"). Some episode titles also parody the Carly Simon song \\\"Nobody Does it Better\\\" which is the popular theme\",\n \"title\": \"Special Agent Oso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505984\",\n \"text\": \"Carly Simon Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author. She first rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include \\\"Anticipation\\\" (No. 13), \\\"You Belong To Me\\\" (No. 6), \\\"Coming Around Again\\\" (No. 18), and her four Gold certified singles \\\"Jesse\\\" (No. 11), \\\"Mockingbird\\\" (No. 5, a duet with James Taylor), \\\"You're So Vain\\\" (No. 1), and \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\" (No. 2) from the 1977 James Bond film, \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\". After a brief stint with her sister Lucy\",\n \"title\": \"Carly Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11221181\",\n \"text\": \"television series \\\"Call Me Mister\\\" as Julie Columbus in 1986. She has had roles in the films \\\"My Beautiful Laundrette\\\" (1985), \\\"Half Moon Street\\\" (1986) and \\\"Stormy Monday\\\" (1988), and in 1987 she played a CIA agent, Ava, in the James Bond film \\\"The Living Daylights\\\". Dulice Liecier Dulice Liecier (born 1965, Stepney, London), is a British actress. She played Precious Matthews in the Children's BBC serial \\\"Grange Hill\\\". Liecier was one of the children who sang on Pink Floyd’s 1979 hit single \\\"Another Brick In The Wall\\\". Liecier started her acting career in \\\"Grange Hill\\\" as Precious Matthews, who\",\n \"title\": \"Dulice Liecier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9103147\",\n \"text\": \"James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from \\\"Jaws\\\", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\", \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)\",\n \"title\": \"For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748490\",\n \"text\": \"John Barry. The title song of the film, \\\"The Living Daylights\\\", was co-written with Paul Waaktaar-Savoy of the Norwegian pop-music group A-ha and recorded by them. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song. The production costs of \\\"The Living Daylights\\\" were $40 million, and the film posted box office results of $191.2 million. Shortly after the release of \\\"The Living Daylights\\\", producers Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson and writer Richard Maibaum started discussing its successor. They decided that the film would retain a realistic style, as well as showing\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11448270\",\n \"text\": \"respectively. The self-titled record remains Crow's most critically acclaimed album to date. Crow won two Grammy Awards for this new effort in 1997 and one additional nomination in 1998. Shortly afterwards, Crow contributed to the \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" soundtrack, writing and performing the theme song for the James Bond movie. The song became Crow's fifth top-20 hit in the UK and received nominations for a Golden Globe and a Grammy. Despite encountering difficulties in recording her third studio album, Crow released \\\"The Globe Sessions\\\" in 1998. Preceded by the top 20 hit single \\\"My Favorite Mistake\\\", the album debuted at\",\n \"title\": \"Sheryl Crow discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15968988\",\n \"text\": \"for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the first time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \\\"Skyfall\\\" also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. The film also features Charles Trenet's 1938 song \\\"Boum !\\\" during scenes in which Silva shows Bond around his abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's song, \\\"Boom Boom\\\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \\\"Skyfall\\\" was on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.\",\n \"title\": \"Skyfall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386979\",\n \"text\": \"after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote \\\"Thunderball\\\", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, \\\"I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning.\\\" Country musician Johnny Cash\",\n \"title\": \"Thunderball (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"577870\",\n \"text\": \"the title song for the James Bond spoof \\\"The Liquidator\\\", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, \\\"Thunderball\\\" (1965). \\\"Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\\\" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, \\\"Thunderball,\\\" hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Bassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10222456\",\n \"text\": \"10 seen below) on an Enhanced CD version. The 2003 release, by EMI, restored the original soundtrack music sans dialogue. The original music video of \\\"All Time High\\\" shows Rita Coolidge in very soft focus in what appears to be an Indian palace, but which is actually one of the film's locations, the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. Original Release/2003 Remastered Version: 1997 release: Octopussy (soundtrack) Octopussy is the soundtrack for the eponymous thirteenth James Bond film. The score was composed by John Barry, the lyrics by Tim Rice. The opening theme, \\\"All Time High\\\" is sung by Rita Coolidge\",\n \"title\": \"Octopussy (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8794870\",\n \"text\": \"You Know My Name \\\"You Know My Name\\\", performed by Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell, is the theme song to the 2006 James Bond film, \\\"Casino Royale.\\\" Cornell wrote it jointly with David Arnold, the soundtrack's composer. The film producers chose Cornell because they wanted a strong male singer. Cornell and Arnold tried to make the song a replacement theme for the character instead of the \\\"James Bond theme\\\" reflecting the agent's inexperience in \\\"Casino Royale\\\", as well as an introduction to Daniel Craig's grittier and more emotional portrayal of Bond. The single sold 148,000 copies in 2006 in the UK,\",\n \"title\": \"You Know My Name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516621\",\n \"text\": \"clothing at MI6 headquarters in Brazil, and the alien-contacting theme from \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\" as the key-code for a security door as mentioned previously. The Italian aria \\\"Vesti la giubba\\\" from Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera \\\"I Pagliacci\\\", was sung in Venice, before one of the henchmen falls to his death from a building, landing and ruining a piano, resulting in Bond to quip the often misquoted line from the film \\\"Casablanca\\\", \\\"Play it again, Sam\\\". \\\"Moonraker\\\" premiered on 26 June 1979, in the Odeon Leicester Square, United Kingdom. Three days after the UK release, it went on general\",\n \"title\": \"Moonraker (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288449\",\n \"text\": \"James Bond Theme The \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since \\\"Dr. No\\\", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in almost every James Bond film. The \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" has accompanied the opening titles twice, as part of the medley that opens \\\"Dr. No\\\" and then again in the opening credits of \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" (1963). It has been used as music over the end credits for \\\"Dr. No\\\", \\\"Thunderball\\\" (1965), \\\"On\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15940296\",\n \"text\": \"Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", Carly Simon's \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\" (for the film \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\"), and Sheena Easton's \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\" with Adele's \\\"Skyfall\\\" and Sam\",\n \"title\": \"Motifs in the James Bond film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15940309\",\n \"text\": \"amongst others. Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in \\\"Goldfinger\\\"; it later featured in \\\"Thunderball\\\", \\\"GoldenEye\\\", \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\", \\\"Casino Royale\\\", \\\"Skyfall\\\" and \\\"Spectre\\\". The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2,090,000 to an unnamed European collector. Bond also shows his taste for aircraft: a gyrocopter—\\\"Little Nellie\\\"—features in \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\", a Cessna 185 Seaplane in \\\"Licence to Kill\\\", an Acrostar Jet in \\\"Octopussy\\\", the Space Shuttle in \\\"Moonraker\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Motifs in the James Bond film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947421\",\n \"text\": \"the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19504483\",\n \"text\": \"musicians including Morrissey and Nick Cave and houses the world's largest vinyl record collection. Work was interrupted by the recording of \\\"Spectre\\\", commissioned for the 2015 James Bond film. The song was rejected for the film, according to Greenwood, for being \\\"too dark\\\". Godrich said: \\\"That fucking James Bond movie threw us a massive curveball. It was a real waste of energy. We stopped doing what we were doing and had to concentrate on that for a while since we were told it was something that was going to come to fruition ... It caused a stop right when we\",\n \"title\": \"A Moon Shaped Pool\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7776668\",\n \"text\": \"Help the Aged (song) \\\"Help the Aged\\\" is a song by British alternative rock band Pulp, and was released on 11 November 1997 as the lead single from their 1998 album \\\"This Is Hardcore\\\". The single charted at no. 8 in the UK Singles Chart (see 1997 in British music), becoming the band's fifth consecutive top ten single. B-side \\\"Tomorrow Never Lies\\\" was intended to be used as the theme to the James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". The song was ultimately rejected in favour of a song by Sheryl Crow, and was renamed after the film's working title. The\",\n \"title\": \"Help the Aged (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374344\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love Is a Good Thing\\\" Crow says that Wal-Mart sells guns to children. The album also features a protest song called \\\"Redemption Day\\\", which was covered by Johnny Cash on his last album . In 1997, Crow contributed the theme song to the James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". Her song \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" was nominated for a Grammy Award and Best Original Song Golden Globe. Crow collaborated on Scott Weiland's 1998 album, \\\"12 Bar Blues\\\". In 1998, Crow released \\\"The Globe Sessions\\\". During this period, she discussed in interviews having gone through a deep depression, and there was speculation\",\n \"title\": \"Sheryl Crow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10229510\",\n \"text\": \"film is easily a memorable as those secondary themes he used in \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" (the \\\"Space March\\\"), \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" (a similar space-themed piece, and the \\\"Bond Meets Bambi and Thumper\\\" theme which echoed both the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" and the title song) among others. A View To A Kill Theme “Set-piece Theme” May Day Motif Pegasus’ Theme A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", was written\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748503\",\n \"text\": \"and The Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner. As Serra did not collaborate with Bono or The Edge, orchestral versions of the song did not appear throughout \\\"GoldenEye\\\", as had been the case in previous James Bond films. Before \\\"GoldenEye\\\" had been released in November 1995, MGM/UA started their preparations for Bond 18, intending for a release in early December 1997, leaving Eon Productions little time for pre-production. The producers were unable to convince Martin Campbell to return; his agent said that \\\"Martin just didn't want to do two Bond films in a row\\\". Instead, Roger Spottiswoode was chosen\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1506052\",\n \"text\": \"singles certifications Carly Simon Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author. She first rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include \\\"Anticipation\\\" (No. 13), \\\"You Belong To Me\\\" (No. 6), \\\"Coming Around Again\\\" (No. 18), and her four Gold certified singles \\\"Jesse\\\" (No. 11), \\\"Mockingbird\\\" (No. 5, a duet with James Taylor), \\\"You're So Vain\\\" (No. 1), and \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\" (No. 2) from the 1977 James Bond film, \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\". After a brief stint with her\",\n \"title\": \"Carly Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516531\",\n \"text\": \"in a casino were seen ... as attributes of a gentleman\\\". After losing a hand of Chemin de Fer to Bond, Trench asks his name. There is the \\\"most important gesture [in] ... the way he lights his cigarette before giving her the satisfaction of an answer. 'Bond, James Bond'.\\\" Once Connery says his line, Monty Norman's Bond theme plays \\\"and creates an indelible link between music and character.\\\" In the short scene introducing Bond, there are portrayed \\\"qualities of strength, action, reaction, violence – and this elegant, slightly brutal gambler with the quizzical sneer we see before us who\",\n \"title\": \"Dr. No (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1729114\",\n \"text\": \"funk and R&B music. The first two singles were \\\"Original Fire\\\" and \\\"Revelations\\\". Two of the songs from the third album, \\\"Shape of Things to Come\\\" and \\\"Wide Awake\\\" were also prominently featured in Michael Mann's 2006 film, \\\"Miami Vice\\\", prior to the release of the album. Despite the exposure to other forms of media and the positive critical buzz for their third album, Audioslave did not tour behind the release. They went into hiatus to allow Cornell to complete \\\"You Know My Name\\\", the theme song for the 2006 James Bond film, \\\"Casino Royale\\\", and Morello to pursue his\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cornell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19012069\",\n \"text\": \"Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song) \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" is a song by English singer Sam Smith, written for the release of the 2015 \\\"James Bond\\\" film \\\"Spectre\\\". The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by the latter alongside Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure and released on 25 September 2015. \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to previous Bond theme songs. The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was\",\n \"title\": \"Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10222455\",\n \"text\": \"Octopussy (soundtrack) Octopussy is the soundtrack for the eponymous thirteenth James Bond film. The score was composed by John Barry, the lyrics by Tim Rice. The opening theme, \\\"All Time High\\\" is sung by Rita Coolidge and is one of six Bond film title songs or songs that are not named after film's title. The original compact disc released in 1985, by A&M Records, was recalled because of a printing error, and became a rarity. In 1997, the soundtrack was released, by Rykodisc, with the original soundtrack music and some film dialogue, (additional tracks, No. 3, No. 7, and No.\",\n \"title\": \"Octopussy (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283809\",\n \"text\": \"Was a Man,\\\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \\\"Licence to Kill\\\" has \\\"If You Asked Me To\\\" sung by Patti Labelle. \\\"GoldenEye\\\" featured Éric Serra's \\\"The Experience of Love\\\". \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" included k.d. lang's \\\"Surrender\\\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \\\"Surrender\\\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \\\"Thunderball\\\" soundtrack, where \\\"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10000476\",\n \"text\": \"screen credits include \\\"The Double Man\\\" (1967), \\\"Only When I Larf\\\" (1968), \\\"Assignment K\\\" (1968), \\\"Isadora\\\" (1968), \\\"Patton\\\" (1970), \\\"Lust for a Vampire\\\" (1971), \\\"Madame Sin\\\" (1972), \\\"Embassy\\\" (1972), \\\"Endless Night\\\" (1972), \\\"Twilight's Last Gleaming\\\" (1977), \\\"Winterspelt\\\" (1979), \\\"Supergirl\\\" (1984), and \\\"Haunted Honeymoon\\\" (1986). He also gave uncredited performances in the James Bond films \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" (1967) and \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" (1971). In 1983, Healy received the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\" during the 1982 theatre season. His performance of \\\"Nicely Nicely Johnson\\\" was praised as \\\"show-stopping\\\" as he\",\n \"title\": \"David Healy (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17812624\",\n \"text\": \"2015, Smith confirmed that his new song \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" would be the theme song to the 24th James Bond film \\\"Spectre\\\". The song was released on 25 September 2015 and became the first Bond theme ever to go to number one in the UK. His second album, \\\"The Thrill of It All\\\", followed in 2017 and topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Its lead single \\\"Too Good at Goodbyes\\\" reached number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand and also reached the top 5\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Smith discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1729135\",\n \"text\": \"Know My Name\\\", which Cornell co-wrote and performed and which accompanies the opening titles for the 2006 James Bond film, \\\"Casino Royale\\\". \\\"You Know My Name\\\" is the first theme song since 1983's \\\"Octopussy\\\" to use a different title than the film, the first ever sung by a male American, and the first ever title theme song that did not appear on the soundtrack album. \\\"You Know My Name\\\" won a 2006 Satellite Award in the category of Best Original Song, and a 2007 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film. The\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cornell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"577869\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'll Get By\\\" (also 1961), and a cover version of the Ben E. King hit \\\"I (Who Have Nothing)\\\" in 1963. Bassey appeared on the cover of \\\"Ebony\\\" magazine in 1963, and sang at a Washington gala celebrating President Kennedy's second year in office. Bassey enjoyed her only US Top 40 \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 hit in 1965 with the title song of the James Bond film, \\\"Goldfinger\\\". The single, released in the United States during January 1965, peaked at No. 8, while the original soundtrack of \\\"Goldfinger\\\" hit No. 1 in the US that year. Also in 1965, she sang\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Bassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3641884\",\n \"text\": \"another United Artists comedy \\\"The Mouse on the Moon\\\" under a pseudonym of \\\"The Countdowns\\\". Bob Hope sang the title song over the end credits. \\\"Call Me Bwana\\\" was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on 27 June 2011 via MGM's Limited Edition Collection as a MOD (manufacture-on-demand) widescreen Region 1 DVD. Call Me Bwana Call Me Bwana is a 1963 British Technicolor farce film starring Bob Hope and Anita Ekberg, and directed by Gordon Douglas. Largely set in Africa, it is one of three films made by Eon Productions not about the fictional MI6 agent James Bond and\",\n \"title\": \"Call Me Bwana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748519\",\n \"text\": \"his fourth soundtrack for the Bond film series. Producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli announced on 26 July 2006 that Chris Cornell would perform the title song, entitled \\\"You Know My Name\\\", which he co-wrote with Arnold. In July 2006, as \\\"Casino Royale\\\" entered post-production, Eon Productions announced that the next film would be based on an original idea by producer Michael G. Wilson. In June 2007 Marc Forster was confirmed as director. He was surprised that he was approached for the job, stating he was not a big Bond film fan through the years, and that he would\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"302610\",\n \"text\": \"the late 90s/early 2000. \\\"Someone from the \\\"New Musical Express\\\" rang us about a feature we're to do with them and said 'We don't want it to be about the multi-cultural angle'. In other words that fad is over. And I'm personally insulted... what other angle is there for us?! I get sick of it all.\\\" In 1999, Atlas collaborated with David Arnold on the song \\\"One Brief Moment\\\". The single featured a cover version of the James Bond theme song from the film \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\". Two years earlier, Atlas had collaborated with Arnold on the album \\\"Shaken\",\n \"title\": \"Natacha Atlas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1526706\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Protocol\\\" (1987) and the comedy \\\"Mrs. Doubtfire\\\" (1993). In 1994, Brosnan became the fifth actor to portray secret agent James Bond in the Eon Productions film series, starring in four films from 1995 to 2002 (\\\"GoldenEye\\\", \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\", \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\" and \\\"Die Another Day\\\"). He lent his likeness for Bond in the video games \\\"GoldenEye 007\\\", \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", providing his voice for the latter. During this period, he also took the lead in other films including the epic disaster adventure film \\\"Dante's Peak\\\" (1997) and the remake of the heist film \\\"The Thomas Crown\",\n \"title\": \"Pierce Brosnan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3650588\",\n \"text\": \"receive a BAFTA nomination for a performance as James Bond. He also received the Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor. \\\"Casino Royale\\\" won the Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild, and singer Chris Cornell's \\\"You Know My Name\\\" won the International Press Academy Satellite Award for Best Original Song. The film was nominated for five Saturn Awards— Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film, Best Actor (Daniel Craig), Best Supporting Actress (Eva Green), Best Writing (Purvis, Wade and Haggis) and Best Music (David Arnold). The 2006 Golden Tomato Awards named \\\"Casino Royale\\\" the Wide Release Film of the\",\n \"title\": \"Casino Royale (2006 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8594138\",\n \"text\": \"Barry had thought he could not write a song about a vague \\\"Thunderball\\\" term or the film's story, so his song was a description of the character James Bond. The song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey. When there were problems with Bassey's singing it was later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick and featured a longer instrumental opening designed so the lyrics would not be heard until after the title \\\"Thunderball\\\" appeared in Maurice Binder's title design. Both versions were not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits after United Artists requested that the theme song\",\n \"title\": \"Thunderball (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4288468\",\n \"text\": \"end credits is David Arnold's \\\"Casino Royale\\\" track \\\"The Name's Bond…James Bond\\\". Despite this, the film's score was composed by Thomas Newman, who also incorporated the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" throughout the entire film. In \\\"Spectre\\\", the theme appears at the beginning of the film as part of the opening gunbarrel sequence, indicating a return to the franchise's classic roots of 1962–2002. Over 70 cover versions of the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" have been recorded by artists such as: American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled \\\"James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)\\\" for the Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond Theme\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: We Have All the Time in the World context: We Have All the Time in the World \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", the title theme being the instrumental \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\\\" also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his\\n\\nWhich James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 178,\n \"origin_tokens\": 178,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Motifs in the James Bond film series context: sequence for \\\"Spectre\\\". A contemporary artist usually sings during the title sequence and an instrumental version of the main track may also be featured as a leitmotif during the film, which repeats in various moods. Writing for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", Andy Greene says that \\\"James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus,\\\" though he notes that this is not always the case. \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" has an entirely instrumental credit sequence, though the film features an alternate theme, \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", sung by Louis Armstrong.\\n\\ntitle On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film) context: the title \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" unless it were written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrument title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. The theme described as \\\"one of the best title cuts, a wordless Moog-driven monster, suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon Barry also composed the love song \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", with lyrics Burt Bachar's regular lyricist Hal David, sung by Louis Armstrong.\\ntitle Skyfall context: and won Academy Award for Original Song It the Bond, and the time had been. \\\"Skyfall won Brit Award Best Single at the 2013 BRIT. film also features Charles Tren's 193Boum scenes in which shows around his and The Anim' 194 cover of John Lee Hook' song \\\"Boom Boom assaults in the's premiere of \\\"kyfall 2 October 201 the Royal Albert\\ntitle We Have All World: it piece of music also the of working with World\\\" a Bond popular by. Its was by by Hal David is the film Service theme Her Majesty's Secret Service,\\\" also composed by Barry. The song title is\\n\\nWhich James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 459,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14800,\n \"ratio\": \"32.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":78,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":78,"string":"78"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which decade of the 20th century was William Hurt born?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Fifties","1950s","1950-1959","50's","1950’s","1950–1959","Nineteen-fifties","1950s (decade)","1950ies","1950's","'50s","195%3F","Fifties"],"string":"[\n \"The Fifties\",\n \"1950s\",\n \"1950-1959\",\n \"50's\",\n \"1950’s\",\n \"1950–1959\",\n \"Nineteen-fifties\",\n \"1950s (decade)\",\n \"1950ies\",\n \"1950's\",\n \"'50s\",\n \"195%3F\",\n \"Fifties\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"1950s"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1455283","text":"William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \"Altered States\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir \"Body Heat\" (1981). He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in \"Gorky Park\" (1983). In 1985, Hurt","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"13880967","text":"W. I. B. Crealock William Ion Belton Crealock (23 August 1920 – 26 September 2009) was a yacht designer and author. He was one of the world's leading yacht designers from the 1960s through the 1990s, and his yachts were owned by the famous and wealthy, including Walter Cronkite and William Hurt. Crealock was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England in 1920. He attended the Glasgow University where he studied naval architecture and worked at the Glasgow shipyard during World War II. In 1948, Crealock and three friends pooled their money, purchased an old cutter, and set out \"to study the","title":"W. I. B. Crealock"},{"id":"1455296","text":"a friend were threatened at gunpoint but were let go several hours later. Hurt is a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza. William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \"Altered States\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"1455285","text":"his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg's crime thriller \"A History of Violence\" (2005). Other notable films in recent years have included \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\" (2001), \"The Village\" (2004), \"Syriana\" (2005), \"The Good Shepherd\" (2006), \"Mr. Brooks\" (2007), \"Into the Wild\" (2007), \"Robin Hood\" (2010) and his role as Thunderbolt Ross in \"The Incredible Hulk\" (2008), \"\" (2016) and \"\" (2018). Hurt was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Claire Isabel (née McGill), who worked at Time Inc., and Alfred McChord Hurt, who worked for the State Department. With his father, he lived in","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"13880976","text":"he did so \"just to show I'm not afraid the boat's going to sink.\" Crealock died at his home in Carlsbad, California, in September 2009. He was survived by his wife, Lynne (Banner) Crealock, a daughter, a stepson and a grandson. W. I. B. Crealock William Ion Belton Crealock (23 August 1920 – 26 September 2009) was a yacht designer and author. He was one of the world's leading yacht designers from the 1960s through the 1990s, and his yachts were owned by the famous and wealthy, including Walter Cronkite and William Hurt. Crealock was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England","title":"W. I. B. Crealock"},{"id":"20224477","text":"impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \"impossible\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \"impossible\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three","title":"Impossible (game show)"},{"id":"1422596","text":"and \"Dogville\" (2003), as well as BBC TV series \"Merlin\" (2008–2012). In 2012, he was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement BAFTA Award, in recognition of his \"outstanding contribution to cinema\". He was knighted in 2015 for his services to drama. Hurt was born on 22 January 1940 in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, the son of Phyllis (née Massey; 1907–1975), an engineer and one-time actress, and Arnold Herbert Hurt (1904–1999), a mathematician who became a Church of England clergyman and served as vicar of Shirebrook, Derbyshire. Hurt's father was also Vicar of St John's parish in Sunderland, County Durham. In 1937, he moved","title":"John Hurt"},{"id":"12271341","text":"on his personal life. He made a musical comeback with the release of \"Devil's Playground\" (2005) and again with \"Kings & Queens of the Underground\" (2014). Idol became an American citizen on November 14, 2018. Billy Idol was born William Michael Albert Broad in Stanmore, Middlesex on 30 November 1955. In 1958, when Idol was two years old, his parents moved to Patchogue, New York. The family returned to England four years later with Idol and his younger sister, Jane (who had been born in the U.S.), settling in Dorking, Surrey. In 1971, the family moved to Bromley, southeast London,","title":"Billy Idol"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"17310705","text":"William F. Hooley William F. Hooley (16 April 1861 – 12 October 1918) was a British-born American bass singer and pioneer recording artist who was popular as a solo singer, as a monologist, and as a member of several of the most successful vocal groups of the early twentieth century, including The Haydn Quartet and The American Quartet. Hooley was born in Whitechapel, London, to a family of Irish origin. Although his son claimed that William was born in Cork, Ireland, a suggestion repeated elsewhere, the claim is disproved by other evidence. He moved to the US as a child,","title":"William F. Hooley"},{"id":"2755897","text":"William Fox (producer) William Fox (born as Wilhelm Fuchs January 1, 1879 – May 8, 1952) was a Hungarian-American motion picture executive, who founded the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 and the Fox West Coast Theatres chain in the 1920s. Although he lost control of his movie empire in 1930, his name lives on in the names of various media ventures, which are currently either owned by Rupert Murdoch, such as the Fox Broadcasting Company and the Fox News Channel, or by The Walt Disney Company, such as 20th Century Fox and 21st Century Fox Fox was born in Tolcsva,","title":"William Fox (producer)"},{"id":"4724912","text":"Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \"Today\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The son of a Foreman at Gorton Locomotive Works (Gorton Tank), Bill Grundy was born in Manchester in 1923 and educated at the University of Manchester, where","title":"Bill Grundy"},{"id":"13071684","text":"William Montague Cobb Dr. William Montague Cobb (1904 - 1990) was a pioneering 20th-century physical anthropologist. As the first African American to earn a Ph.D in anthropology, and the only one until after the Korean War, his main focus in the anthropological discipline was studying the concept of race and the negative impact it has on communities of color. Cobb prolifically wrote both popular and scholarly articles during the course of his career and trained an untold number of students. Cobb was born on October 12, 1904 in Washington DC. His mother, Alexizne Montague Cobb grew up in Massachusetts and","title":"William Montague Cobb"},{"id":"10798304","text":"The Kingdom by the Sea The Kingdom by the Sea (1983) is a written account of a three-month-long journey taken by novelist Paul Theroux round the United Kingdom in the summer of 1982. Starting his journey in London, he takes a train to Margate on the English coast. He then travels roughly clockwise round the British coastline, mainly by train, getting as far north as Cape Wrath. He ends his journey in Southend. 1982 was the summer of the Falklands War and the year when Prince William was born. The title of the book is taken from the opening lines","title":"The Kingdom by the Sea"},{"id":"11910385","text":"William Brice William Brice (April 23, 1921 – March 3, 2008) was an artist known for his large-scale abstract paintings. Born to actress Fanny Brice and professional gambler Julius W. \"Nicky\" Arnstein, on April 23, 1921, he spent his early years living with his mother and his sister, Frances (later the wife of producer Ray Stark), while their father was in prison on a variety of charges stemming from a history of thefts, swindles, and confidence schemes. Artists such as Clifford Odets and the Gershwin brothers were frequent visitors. William's talent was recognized early, and even in childhood, he had","title":"William Brice"},{"id":"1455286","text":"Lahore, Mogadishu and Khartoum. After his parents divorced, his mother married Henry Luce III (a son of publisher Henry Luce) during Hurt's childhood. Hurt graduated from Middlesex School in 1968 where he was vice president of the Dramatics Club and had the lead role in several school plays. His high school yearbook predicted: \"With characteristics such as these, you might even see him on Broadway.\" Hurt attended Tufts University and studied theology, but turned instead to acting and joined the Juilliard School (Drama Division \"Group 5\": 1972–1976). Two of his classmates there were the late actors Christopher Reeve and Robin","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"3420329","text":"movie actress and television personality Faye Emerson in 1950. They were divorced seven years later. He then married Ruth Einsiedel in 1958 and raised two children, Hans and Heidi. Hans was married to Sandra Watson for 18 years, before divorcing in 2000. Heidi was married to actor William Hurt from 1989 to 1992, and they have two sons. Skitch and Ruth Henderson owned and operated \"The Silo,\" a renowned store, art gallery, and cooking school in New Milford, Connecticut from 1972 until his death. In 2003 Ruth and Skitch Henderson co-founded the Hunt Hill Farm Trust, an effort to preserve","title":"Skitch Henderson"},{"id":"1422619","text":"received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Hull. In 2012 he was appointed the first Chancellor of Norwich University of the Arts. On 23 January 2013, he was made an Honorary Doctor of Arts by the University of Lincoln, at Lincoln Cathedral. John Hurt Sir John Vincent Hurt (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English actor whose screen and stage career spanned more than 50 years. Hurt was regarded as one of Britain's finest actors; director David Lynch described him as \"simply the greatest actor in the world\". Hurt came to prominence","title":"John Hurt"},{"id":"7171792","text":"he regarded his life and work. The spare and deceptively simple renderings of Lakeland landscapes reflect the simplicity of his belief, whilst revealing the depth of his knowledge. William Heaton Cooper William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was a notable English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century. Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a","title":"William Heaton Cooper"},{"id":"6807523","text":"in 1993. Since leaving the game Whitehurst has trained greyhounds, ran several public houses in his native South Yorkshire and worked in the building trade and in the stores at BP Saltend and Drax Power Station. In 2008, he was found guilty of benefit fraud and given a suspended prison sentence. Source: Billy Whitehurst William Whitehurst (born 10 June 1959) is an English retired professional footballer active during the 1980s and 1990s. Whitehurst's robust style of play attracted much notoriety and he is considered by many to have been the hardest player to have played the game. Whitehurst was born","title":"Billy Whitehurst"},{"id":"19446190","text":"William L. Schultz William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz (November 25, 1923–June 7, 2009), was a late 20th century American circus performer (acrobat and flying trapeze artist), national paddleball champion, national racquetball champion, U.S. Marine, Big Time wrestler, the youngest executive director of the YMCA, and poet. He also sparred with John Wayne and other Hollywood celebrities. William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz was born in 1923 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA into his father, William ('Billy', 'Lester') Schultz's Circus. Born into a circus family, Schultz developed into an acrobat and all-around athlete. Following high school and one year at the University of Wisconsin (UW),","title":"William L. Schultz"},{"id":"1422592","text":"John Hurt Sir John Vincent Hurt (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English actor whose screen and stage career spanned more than 50 years. Hurt was regarded as one of Britain's finest actors; director David Lynch described him as \"simply the greatest actor in the world\". Hurt came to prominence for his role as Richard Rich in the film \"A Man for All Seasons\" (1966) and gained BAFTA Award nominations for his portrayals of Timothy Evans in \"10 Rillington Place\" (1971) and Quentin Crisp in television film \"The Naked Civil Servant\" (1975) – winning his first BAFTA","title":"John Hurt"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"6794438","text":"Mirza Ghalib Street Mirza Ghalib Street, previously known as Free School Street, is a street that joins S. N. Banerjee Road with Park Street in Central Kolkata. Lindsay Street and Sudder Street are some of the important streets that cross the Free School Street. The Mirza Ghalib Street-Sudder Street area is famous for cheap hotels and eateries. Many foreign visitors reside in these cheap hotels. The used book and record shops sport an eclectic collection due to trade with generations of budget travellers the world over. The street also has the house William Makepeace Thackeray was born in, the West","title":"Mirza Ghalib Street"},{"id":"18358810","text":"the next generation. They are said to be loyal to their organisations, enjoy the notion of lifetime employment and prefer to be valued or needed as opposed to rewarded with recognition or money. An article by Emma Simon in the \"Daily Telegraph\" describes them as the 'post war generation' who have enjoyed an \"unbroken run of good-luck\". Generation X is the generation born after the Western post-World War II Baby Boomers between approximately 1965 and 1980. The term was noted by photographer Robert Capa in the early 1950s. Of the generation, Capa said \"We named this unknown generation, The Generation","title":"Generations in the workforce"},{"id":"3204486","text":"on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \"Great Legitimator\": \"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham","title":"Billy Graham"},{"id":"8206596","text":"with Laylah Ali in 2002, the Foundation has awarded the William H. Johnson Prize annual to an early career African American artist. In 2012, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in Johnson's honor, recognizing him as one of the nation's foremost African-American artists and a major figure in 20th-century American art. The stamp, the 11th in the \"American Treasures\" series, showcases his painting \"Flowers\" (1939–40), which depicts brightly colored blooms on a small red table. William Johnson (artist) William Henry Johnson (March 18, 1901 – April 13, 1970) was a Black American painter. Born in Florence, South Carolina, he","title":"William Johnson (artist)"},{"id":"4931451","text":"William Whiteley William Whiteley (29 September 1831 – 24 January 1907) was an English entrepreneur of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the founder of the William Whiteley Limited retail company whose eponymous department store became the Whiteleys shopping centre. Whiteley was born in Yorkshire in the small village of Purston, situated between Wakefield and Pontefract. His father was a prosperous corn dealer, who had little interest in rearing his son, leaving William to be raised by an uncle. He left school at the age of 14, and started work at his uncle's farm. He would have","title":"William Whiteley"},{"id":"11637185","text":"(Wright) McCain (born 1912). McCain was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. John McCain's grandparents were natives of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas, and much of his ancestry was Southern on both his mother's side and father's side. The McCain family's patrilineal ancestral home is in Mississippi's Carroll County; they owned and ran a plantation in Teoc from 1848 until 1952. The plantation had slaves before the American Civil War – some of whose descendants share the surname and call themselves the \"black McCains\" – and sharecroppers afterward; influential blues guitarist Mississippi John Hurt was born on the plantation to one of","title":"Early life and military career of John McCain"},{"id":"1455292","text":"Hurt's 2009 Sundance film \"The Yellow Handkerchief\" was released in theaters on February 26, 2010 by Samuel Goldwyn Films. He was in the Thailand-based 2011 thriller \"Hellgate\" alongside Cary Elwes and Paula Taylor, directed by John Penney. In September 2010, Hurt played United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson in the HBO film \"Too Big to Fail\", an adaptation of Andrew Ross Sorkin's book. He also starred as Captain Ahab in the 2011 television adaptation of Herman Melville's novel \"Moby-Dick\". Hurt is fluent in French and maintains a home outside Paris. He is the step-grandson of Henry Luce, founder","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"1371209","text":"global Transition town network) which looks after Dursley's Secret Garden, among other projects. Continuing urban sprawl now joins Dursley and the nearby village of Cam. Dursley has a number of licensed premises and the Old Spot pub is regularly voted Gloucestershire 'Pub of the Year'. The pub was also named as 2007 CAMRA National Pub of the year. Around 1496, the famous Christian writer and martyr, William Tyndale was born near here, probably at Slimbridge. Mikael Pedersen invented the Pedersen bicycle in Dursley in the 19th century. The nearest railway station is at on the Bristol and Gloucester Railway, with","title":"Dursley"},{"id":"12662648","text":"the incumbent Democrat, Tom Perriello. On December 23, 2015, Hurt announced that he would not seek reelection at the end of his current term. Hurt was born in New York City, where he lived for about nine years. His father, Henry Hurt, was a journalist and editor for \"Reader's Digest\". In 1986, Henry wrote a book questioning the findings of the Warren Commission called \"Reasonable Doubt: An Investigation into the Assassination of John F. Kennedy\". Hurt was raised in Chatham, Virginia, attended Hargrave Military Academy and graduated from Episcopal High School in Alexandria. He earned a bachelor's degree in English","title":"Robert Hurt (politician)"},{"id":"12271338","text":"Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band Generation X. Subsequently, he embarked on a solo career which led to international recognition and made Idol one of the lead artists during the MTV-driven \"Second British Invasion\" in the United States. The name \"Billy Idol\" was inspired by a schoolteacher's description of him as \"idle\". Idol began his music career in late 1976 as a guitarist in the punk rock band","title":"Billy Idol"},{"id":"469572","text":"research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and","title":"20th century"},{"id":"269637","text":"McCutcheon, Taj Mahal, Bruce Cockburn, David Johansen, Bill Morrissey, Gillian Welch, Josh Ritter, Chris Smither, Guthrie Thomas, Parsonsfield, and Rory Block. Hurt was born in Teoc, Carroll County, Mississippi, and raised in Avalon, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar at the age of nine, stealthily playing the guitar of a friend of his mother's, who often stayed at the Hurt home while courting a woman who lived nearby. As a youth he played old-time music for friends and at dances. He worked as a farmhand and sharecropper into the 1920s. His fast, highly syncopated style of playing was meant","title":"Mississippi John Hurt"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"14061233","text":"Harry Hurt Hugh Harrison (Harry) Hurt, Jr., (December 13, 1927 – November 29, 2009) was an American researcher on motorcycle safety. He was the author of the 1981 Hurt Report, described as \"the most comprehensive motorcycle safety study of the 20th century.\" Hurt was born in Big Spring in West Texas, and grew up in there He was an only child, and his father worked in the banking industry. Hurt graduated from Texas A&M University in 1950, and was an air transport pilot for the United States Navy during the Korean War. He married Joan Beene in 1950, and having","title":"Harry Hurt"},{"id":"15773290","text":"William Lakin Turner William Lakin Turner (25 February 1867 – 21 October 1936) was an English landscape artist. William Lakin Turner was born to George Turner and his wife, Eliza Turner (born Lakin) (1837–1900) in 1867 in Barrow upon Trent. He was educated locally before he boarded at Trent College. He was the eldest of four children and his talent for art followed his father's abilities. His father was a part-time farmer but he also painted landscapes and he had a number of successful students including David Payne and Louis Bosworth Hurt. He is not known to be related to","title":"William Lakin Turner"},{"id":"7171785","text":"William Heaton Cooper William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was a notable English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century. Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a Norwegian mother, Mathilde, and the landscape artist Alfred Heaton Cooper. William Heaton Cooper was strongly influenced by his father's artistic style. Alfred lived entirely by his painting and","title":"William Heaton Cooper"},{"id":"844762","text":"This also failed to weaken North Vietnam's will to fight, and the Government of South Vietnam—a factor largely out of Westmoreland's control—never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong. William Childs Westmoreland was born in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, on March 26, 1914 to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His upper middle class family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an Eagle Scout at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo from the Boy","title":"William Westmoreland"},{"id":"14289644","text":"William Lamb (sculptor) William Lamb (1 June 1893 – 12 January 1951) was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a survivor of the “lost generation” who came of age in 1914, and was scarred, both mentally and physically, by the First World War. Lamb completed his training in 1915 as a right-handed artist. A war wound incapacitated his right hand, so that after the war he had to retrain as a left-hander. His urge to create was in no way diminished and his preferred medium was sculpture. Lamb's most productive period was from 1924 to 1933. As a result","title":"William Lamb (sculptor)"},{"id":"4487763","text":"Nations from 1976 to 1977. He also served on the boards of several high-profile corporations and was associated with the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations. William Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 while the Scranton family was on vacation at a cottage in Madison, Connecticut. He was the son of Worthington Scranton, a wealthy Pennsylvania businessman, and Marion Margery (Warren) Scranton, a member of the Republican National Committee for over two decades. Despite her own involvement in politics, his mother tried to dissuade him from entering politics because of his childhood struggles with asthma. She feared","title":"William Scranton"},{"id":"2937246","text":"the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as \"matchstick men\". Notable English artists of the mid-20th century and after include: Graham Sutherland (1903-1980); Carel Weight (1908-1997); Ruskin Spear (1911-1990); pop art pioneers Richard Hamilton (1922-2011), Peter Blake (b. 1932), and David Hockney (b. 1937); and op art exemplar Bridget Riley (b. 1931). Following the development of Postmodernism, English art became in some respect synonymous toward the end of the 20th century with the Turner Prize; the prize, established in 1984 and named","title":"English art"},{"id":"5030656","text":"Fox Film had begun in the silent era in 1915 under founder William Fox. Twentieth Century Pictures of 1933, merged with Fox Studios in 1935 to form 20th Century-Fox (the hyphen was dropped a half century later in 1985 under Australian Rupert Murdoch). For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has now claimed the 1935 merger as its founding date. Twentieth Century Pictures Twentieth Century Pictures was an independent Hollywood motion picture production company created in 1933 by Joseph Schenck","title":"Twentieth Century Pictures"},{"id":"541723","text":"Billy Joel William Martin Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. Commonly nicknamed the \"Piano Man\", he has been making music since the 1960s, releasing popular albums throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He was born in 1949 in The Bronx, New York, and grew up on Long Island, New York, both places that influenced his music. After dropping out of high school, Joel took part in two short-lived bands, The Hassles and Attila, before signing a record deal with Family Productions and kicking off a solo career in 1971 with his first release, \"Cold","title":"Billy Joel"},{"id":"3415341","text":"first space age that lasted from the 1950s with the launch of Sputnik to the mid-1980s. Electrification spread rapidly in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century electric power was for the most part only available to wealthy people in a few major cities such as New York, London, Paris, and Newcastle upon Tyne, but by the time the World Wide Web was invented in 1990 an estimated 62 percent of homes worldwide had electric power, including about a third of households in the rural developing world. Birth control also became widespread during the 20th century. Electron microscopes","title":"History of technology"},{"id":"1455295","text":"on CNN on April 13, 2009, Hurt's agent declined to respond, but Hurt issued a statement the following day, which said: \"My own recollection is that we both apologized and both did a great deal to heal our lives. Of course, I did and do apologize for any pain I caused. And I know we have both grown. I wish Marlee and her family nothing but good.\" Hurt has four children: one with Sandra Jennings, two with Heidi Henderson, and one with French actress, film director and screenwriter Sandrine Bonnaire. During filming of \"Kiss of the Spider Woman\", Hurt and","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"16077291","text":"this organization worked towards eliminating segregation in housing, schooling, the workplace, voting, and transportation. The NAACP also promoted anti-lynching across America. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a relatively successful man in 19th-century America, considering his race. He was born American, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, after slavery had been abolished. Du Bois frequently questioned the conditions that black Americans faced on a daily basis. Though he and his colleague, Booker T. Washington, a very influential black leader of the time, eventually hoped to achieve the same result, they had different visions of how they were going to obtain it. Du","title":"Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems"},{"id":"12271364","text":"worked with producer Trevor Horn, Horn's former Buggles and Yes bandmate Geoff Downes and Greg Kurstin. Idol's autobiography, entitled \"Dancing With Myself\", was published on 7 October 2014. Idol's current band consists of: Former members The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV. The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band","title":"Billy Idol"},{"id":"4212309","text":"solo exhibitions: The book \"William Dobell: An Artist's Life\" by Elizabeth Donaldson published in 2010 includes many of Dobell's works, as well as archival photographs. A biography of Dobell, \"Bill: The Life of William Dobell\", by Scott Bevan was published in 2014. William Dobell Sir William (Bill) Dobell (24 September 189913 May 1970) was a renowned Australian portrait and landscape artist of the 20th century. Dobell won the Archibald Prize, Australia's premier award for portrait artists on three separate occasions. The Dobell Prize is named in his honour. Dobell was born in Cooks Hill, a working-class neighbourhood of Newcastle, New","title":"William Dobell"},{"id":"1455287","text":"Williams. Hurt began his career in stage productions, only later acting in films. From 1977 to 1989, he was a member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company. He won an Obie Award for his debut appearance there in Corinne Jacker's \"My Life\", and won a 1978 Theatre World Award for his performances in \"Fifth of July\", \"Ulysses in Traction\", and \"Lulu\". In 1979, Hurt played Hamlet under the direction of Marshall W. Mason opposite Lindsay Crouse and Beatrice Straight. His first major film role was in the science-fiction film \"Altered States\" where his performance as an obsessed scientist","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"469545","text":"20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;","title":"20th century"},{"id":"4084857","text":"Larry Grayson Larry Grayson (31 August 1923 – 7 January 1995), born William Sulley White, was an English comedian and television presenter who was best known in the 1970s and early '80s. He is best remembered for hosting the BBC's popular series \"The Generation Game\" and for his high camp and English music hall humour. His camp stand-up act consisted mainly of anecdotes about a cast of imaginary friends; the most frequently mentioned were Everard and Slack Alice. He is often cited as one of the first gay entertainers to have enjoyed mass appeal, although he never made any reference","title":"Larry Grayson"},{"id":"17500184","text":"(part of the Hundred Days Offensive). After the war, Ivon Murdoch was a farmer at Wantabadgery, New South Wales. The children of Andrew Chrystal Murdoch and Annie Murdoch (née Esler) included a prominent concert pianist, William David Murdoch (born 1888, Bendigo, Victoria – died 1942, Holmbury St Mary, England), A daughter of Sir Walter and Violet Murdoch, Dr Catherine King (née Murdoch) (born 1904, Surrey Hills, Victoria – died 2000), was a pioneering radio broadcaster in Western Australia. Rupert Murdoch , , born in Melbourne, is a major international media proprietor – he chairs two United States-based companies that control","title":"Murdoch family"},{"id":"576776","text":"amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany. He was voted the third greatest British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by MORI, and in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language. His father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and","title":"David Lloyd George"},{"id":"8956152","text":"Machine Age The Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes also including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945. Considered to be at a peak in the time between the first and second world wars, it forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution. The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and the transistor. The Digital Revolution ended the intellectual model of the machine age founded in the mechanical and heralding a","title":"Machine Age"},{"id":"14289662","text":"unknown to the wider world. Nonetheless it shows Lamb as a master, possibly the best sculptor that Scotland has produced. Apart from the sculpture, his drawings, water-colours and etchings are all remarkable. They achieve the aim of the Scottish Renaissance by illustrating the life and the countryside of the Scottish Lowlands realistically and in humble terms. WLC: William Lamb's correspondence WLD: William Lamb's diaries William Lamb (sculptor) William Lamb (1 June 1893 – 12 January 1951) was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a survivor of the “lost generation” who came of age in 1914, and was scarred, both","title":"William Lamb (sculptor)"},{"id":"15321811","text":"e.g. presently and previously: Esterhuyse was portrayed by William Hurt in the 2009 film Endgame. His awards includes the Stals Prize for Philosophy by the Academy of Arts and Science 1984. In 2003 the University of Stellenbosch awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was awarded The Order of Luthuli in Silver by the President of South Africa. Other awards are: \"Willie Esterhuyse .\" Stellenbosch Writers. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2011. <http://www.stellenboschwriters.com> Willie Esterhuyse Willem Petrus \"Willie\" Esterhuyse (born 19 August 1936) is an emeritus professor of philosophy and business ethics at the University of Stellenbosch, a columnist and critic","title":"Willie Esterhuyse"},{"id":"1455284","text":"garnered critical acclaim and multiple acting awards, including an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor, for \"Kiss of the Spider Woman\". He received another two Academy Award nominations for his lead performances in \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986) and \"Broadcast News\" (1987). Hurt remained an active stage actor throughout the 1980s, appearing in Off-Broadway productions, including \"Henry V\", \"Fifth of July\", \"Richard II\" and \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". Hurt received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of \"Hurlyburly\". After playing a diversity of character roles in the following decade, Hurt earned","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"3155481","text":"William S. Hart William Surrey Hart (December 6, 1864 – June 23, 1946) was an American silent film actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He is remembered as a foremost western star of the silent era who \"imbued all of his characters with honor and integrity.\" During the late 1910s and early 1920s, he was one of the most consistently popular movie stars, frequently ranking high among male actors in popularity contests held by movie fan magazines. Hart was born in Newburgh, New York, to Nicholas Hart (c. 1834–1895) and Rosanna Hart (c. 1839–1909). William had two brothers, who died very","title":"William S. Hart"},{"id":"3829795","text":"Dunlop Manufacturing Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. is a manufacturer of musical accessories, especially effects units, based in Benicia, California, United States. Founded in 1965 by Jim Dunlop, Sr., the company grew from a small home operation to a large manufacturer of music gear. Dunlop has acquired several well-known effects pedal brands, including Cry Baby, MXR and Way Huge. Scottish immigrant Jim Dunlop founded the Jim Dunlop Company in 1965 as a part-time business while working as a processing and chemical engineer at Barr and Stroud in Glasgow. He was an apprentice of creator of the first hip replacement, William \"Bill\" Wallace.","title":"Dunlop Manufacturing"},{"id":"20247194","text":"against the United States, first in Newport Beach, California in April 1977 and next at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in March 1978. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1981. William Hester was born on May 7, 1912 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He graduated from Millsaps College in 1933. During World War II, Hester participated in the Red Ball Express. He was awarded a Bronze Star Medal for his service. Hester began his career as a salesman and distributor of air conditioners made by White Trucks, Carrier and General Electric. In 1955, he began a new","title":"William Hester"},{"id":"10492531","text":"taking place along Stourbridge Road, as well as council housing in the 1920s and 1930s to rehouse families from slums. These including 220 \"Homes for Heroes\" which were built in the mid-1920s when council housing development in Dudley was in its early stages. Since the mid-1980s, the main roads around Woodside have been plagued with congestion due to its close proximity to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre, and the fact that the centre's road links are very much the same to how they existed at the time of its opening. The footballer William Ball was born at Woodside in 1886.","title":"Woodside, Dudley"},{"id":"34331","text":"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in","title":"Bill Clinton"},{"id":"9132876","text":"of Financial Law and Ethics at Queen Mary, University of London. In 2018, he was appointed to sit part-time as a Deputy Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong William Blair (judge) Sir William James Lynton Blair (born 31 March 1950) is a retired British judge. He was previously a Queen's Counsel, specialising in domestic and international banking and finance law. He is the elder brother of former British prime minister Tony Blair. Blair was born in Scotland to Leo Charles Lynton Blair, a barrister and later a lecturer in law, and Hazel Corscadden. Like his brother Tony, the","title":"William Blair (judge)"},{"id":"4724923","text":"the best front men I ever worked with...At his best he was a superb forensic interviewer...Sadly, as his career drifted, he let drink overwhelm his personality. Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \"Today\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The","title":"Bill Grundy"},{"id":"10389649","text":"William Miller Macmillan William Miller Macmillan (1 October 1885 in Aberdeen, Scotland – 23 October 1974 in Long Wittenham, Berkshire), England is regarded as a founder of the liberal school of South African historiography and as a forerunner of the radical school of historiography that emerged in the 1970s. He was also a critic of colonial rule and an early advocate of self-government for colonial territories in Africa and of what became known as development aid. Macmillan was born in Aberdeen, Scotland on 1 October 1885. He was the son of the Reverend John Macmillan (born Glen Urquhart, Inverness, Scotland","title":"William Miller Macmillan"},{"id":"21010583","text":"Flag of East Lothian The East Lothian flag is the flag of the Scottish county of East Lothian (Haddingtonshire). It was registered with the Flag Institute on 13 December 2018 following its announcement at a reception hosted by the Lord Provost. This saltire design on blue reflects the local birthplace of the national flag, with the cross in gold signifying the wealth of the county’s farmlands and reputation as the granary of Scotland. The lion rampant is a traditional emblem of the county – it appears in many local coats of arms while King William the Lion was born in","title":"Flag of East Lothian"},{"id":"13204522","text":"William Papas William \"Bill\" Papas (15 July 1927 – 19 June 2000) was a political cartoonist and caricaturist, book author and illustrator, and watercolourist. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for \"The Guardian\", \"The Sunday Times\" and \"Punch\". His work has won international acclaim and is included in many private and corporate collections around the world. Papas was born in Ermelo, Union of South Africa, and was educated at Pretoria Boys High School. His father, Kostas Papas, was a successful Greek immigrant, one of the town's leading citizens. At the age of 15, he ran away from home to","title":"William Papas"},{"id":"15857038","text":"nature of his raids on rebels and patriot civilians. The Cunningham family emigrated from Scotland late in the 17th century, settling in Augusta County, Virginia. William was born in Virginia in 1756. When William was 10, the Cunningham family migrated to Ninety-Six, South Carolina along the Saluda River in 1766, an area known for its fierce Whig-Tory rivalry that occasionally spilled into violence. William is represented as a lively, honest man with a quick temper. He was an expert horseman, for which he gained popularity among his peers. When the revolution began, the Cunninghams quickly became one of the most","title":"Bloody Bill Cunningham"},{"id":"1455288","text":"gained him wide recognition. His performance with Richard Crenna, Ted Danson and newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdan's neo-noir classic \"Body Heat\" elevated Hurt to stardom, and he later also co-starred in \"The Big Chill\" (1983). He appeared in the thriller \"Gorky Park\" opposite Lee Marvin. He received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"Kiss of the Spider Woman\" in 1985. He has received three additional Oscar nominations: Best Actor for \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986) and \"Broadcast News\" (1987; he was thus nominated for Best Actor","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"5431148","text":"David James Duncan David James Duncan (born 1952) is an American novelist and essayist, best known for his two bestselling novels, \"The River Why\" (1983) and \"The Brothers K\" (1992). Both novels received the Pacific Northwest Booksellers award; \"The Brothers K\" was a New York Times Notable Book in 1992 and won a Best Books Award from the American Library Association. In 2008, \"The River Why\" was adapted into a \"low-budget film\" of the same name starring William Hurt and Amber Heard. On April 30, 2008, the film rights to \"The River Why\" became the subject of a lawsuit by","title":"David James Duncan"},{"id":"151360","text":"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \"X Saves the World\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \"Bust Generation\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\". On the American television program \"Survivor\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \"\", the","title":"Generation X"},{"id":"8879333","text":"History of Berkshire Historically, Berkshire has been bordered to the north by the ancient boundary of the River Thames. However, much of the border with Oxfordshire for the western part of the county was moved in 1974. Alfred the Great was born in Wantage, previously in Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. MG (part of Morris Motors) was founded in Abingdon in 1929. The Vale of White Horse and parts of Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were previously part of Berkshire, but were lost to the county in 1974. Conversely, the Slough","title":"History of Berkshire"},{"id":"2312669","text":"William Halcrow Sir William Halcrow (4 July 1883 – 31 October 1958) was one of the most notable English civil engineers of the 20th century, particularly renowned for his expertise in the design of tunnels and for projects during the Second World War. Halcrow was born in Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, (at 9 Shakespeare Terrace) at a time when Sunderland was the site of extensive railway and harbour developments. He joined the London-based firm of PW and CS Meik as a pupil (coincidentally, engineering brothers Patrick Meik and Charles Meik were also born in Bishopwearmouth) in the early 1900s and one of","title":"William Halcrow"},{"id":"1037574","text":"that capacity since 1989. The city is governed by a mayor and a four-member city council. Richmond Hill was the location of the discovery in 2004 of Benjaman Kyle, a man who suffers from retrograde amnesia as a result of a severe beating. In 2015, he was identified as William Burgess Powell. Real estate development in Richmond Hill has generally followed trends represented in the United States as a whole. Post-Civil War populations remained relatively stable until the arrival of industrialist Henry Ford in the 1930s. In the early 1970s, subdivisions began to spring up, and the \"white flight\" from","title":"Richmond Hill, Georgia"},{"id":"5992721","text":"heads of many at home, his approach inspired many British pop invaders of the 1980s, including Tears for Fears, Human League and Culture Club ... He was a punk eclectic with a heart of golden oldies and Joe Cocker's pipes. A seedy sophisticate, Mr. DeVille was decades ahead of his time.\" \"With Mink DeVille:\" \"As Willy DeVille:\" Willy DeVille Willy DeVille (born William Paul Borsey Jr., August 25, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American singer and songwriter. During his thirty-five-year career, first with his band Mink DeVille (1974–1986) and later on his own, Deville created original songs rooted","title":"Willy DeVille"},{"id":"7092556","text":"lifetime he always was willing to share access to the material with serious researchers. At his death, August 9, 1992, he left the collection to The Historic New Orleans Collection, where it continues to be a valuable resource for researchers. His obituary in \"The Times\" noted that: \"Russell was the single most influential figure in the revival of New Orleans jazz that began in the 1940s.\" Bill Russell (composer) William \"Bill\" Russell (February 26, 1905, Canton, Missouri – August 9, 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana) was an American music historian and modernist composer. Named Russell William Wagner at birth, when he","title":"Bill Russell (composer)"},{"id":"7928580","text":"the King Kong Kongfrontation ride designed by Alexander and Bob Ward, and several of the exterior set streets on the \"back lot.\" Henry Bumstead Lloyd Henry \"Bummy\" Bumstead (March 17, 1915 – May 24, 2006) was an American cinematic art director and production designer. In a career that spanned over fifty-five years he won two Academy Awards: the first for \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", and the second for \"The Sting\". In addition, he was nominated for Alfred Hitchcock's \"Vertigo\" and Clint Eastwood's \"Unforgiven\". Bumstead was born in Ontario, California and, following his graduation from University of Southern California, joined Paramount","title":"Henry Bumstead"},{"id":"20541059","text":"Harry Hurt III Harry Hurt III (born November 13, 1951) is an American author and journalist. He was formerly senior editor of the \"Texas Monthly\" and a \"Newsweek\" correspondent, and his articles have appeared in publications such has \"The New York Times\", \"Sports Illustrated\", \"Esquire\" and \"Playboy\". His books include \"Texas Rich\", a biography of oil tycoon H. L. Hunt and family; and \"Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump\" (1993), an unauthorized biography of real estate mogul Donald Trump. Hurt was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Margaret (Birting) Hurt and Harry Hurt Jr., who was","title":"Harry Hurt III"},{"id":"16671102","text":"William Staub William Edward Staub (November 3, 1915 – July 19, 2012) was an American mechanical engineer who invented and developed the first consumer treadmill for home use, the PaceMaster 600, during the late 1960s. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, who helped to popularize Staub's invention, has described Staub as \"a pioneer in exercise — not for the athlete, but for the masses.\" Staub was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 1915. He lived in Clifton, New Jersey, for most of his life, residing in the town for more than seventy years. He originally moved to New Jersey to work","title":"William Staub"},{"id":"1508604","text":"as an homage to the themes of racial mixing and boundary-crossing that are features of much of his work. In 2011, Hanson made \"Too Big to Fail\", based on the 2009 Andrew Ross Sorkin book of the same name about the beginnings of the financial crisis of 2007–2010. The film, produced by Hanson's production company Deuce Three Productions for HBO, featured among its all-star cast William Hurt as Treasury Secretary and former Goldman Sachs CEO Henry Paulson, and Cynthia Nixon as his liaison to the press; James Woods as Richard Fuld of Lehman Brothers; and Paul Giamatti as Ben Bernanke.","title":"Curtis Hanson"},{"id":"2658446","text":"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \"generational shift\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\".","title":"History of the United States (1991–2008)"},{"id":"2370685","text":"at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin, Prince William, in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, that would have led to his being born in the peerage. Phillips was therefore the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch to be born without a title or courtesy title for more than 500 years. Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981) and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin, and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the","title":"Peter Phillips"},{"id":"3605453","text":"being difficult, he had a sense of humor, as evidenced by naming his third daughter Shanda Lear (), which is homophonic with \"chandelier\". The 75-year-old Lear died of leukemia in Reno, Nevada on May 14, 1978. His remains were cremated and scattered at sea. In 1944, Harry Bruno included William P. Lear in a list of 87 \"all-time greats in American aviation ... [who] gambled their necks, their brains and their money — that aviation might grow.\" Bill Lear William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978) was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for","title":"Bill Lear"},{"id":"12375233","text":"Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Furthermore, Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published little until \"Briggflatts\" in 1965 and Samuel Beckett, born in Ireland in 1906, continued to produce significant works until the 1980s, though some view him as a post-modernist. Among British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were poet Dylan Thomas and novelist Graham Greene whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s, while Evelyn Waugh, W.H. Auden continued publishing into the 1960s. Postmodern literature is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and","title":"English literature"},{"id":"13712820","text":"William Miller (criminal) William \"Billy the Killer\" Miller (1906 – April 16, 1931) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. In his brief criminal career, he committed numerous bank heists in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Oklahoma, and teamed up with George Birdwell and Pretty Boy Floyd during the early 1930s. Miller was born in Ironton, Ohio in 1906. He first earned his nickname \"Billy the Killer\" when, on September 18, 1925, the 19-year-old Miller killed his brother Joseph in a fight over a woman. Tried in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, he was acquitted of murder on the grounds that he","title":"William Miller (criminal)"},{"id":"7124674","text":"nepotism strictly forbidden to Anglo-Protestants. In these circumstances, an interesting question arises: are contemporary WASPs entitled to recognition as an historic people? If not, why not? Drew Fraser Andrew William Fraser (also known as Drew Fraser) (born 1944) is a Canadian-born academic and was an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Law at Macquarie University in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Fraser holds a BA (Hons) and an LLB from Queen's University, an LLM from Harvard University, and an MA from the University of North Carolina. His most recent book is \"The WASP Question\" (2011). Fraser studied advanced constitutional","title":"Drew Fraser"},{"id":"7015909","text":"the Best\" in 1987 – jointly with 'Sweet Magic' – and the Award of Garden Merit in 1993. Royal William rose The Royal William rose, registered under the cultivar name 'KORzaun', is a red hybrid tea rose. It was developed by Reimer Kordes from the cultivar 'Feuerzauber' (Kordes 1973) and is available under several other marketing names, such as , , and . According to \"The Ultimate Rose Book\", the rose was introduced in 1983, when Britain celebrated the birth of Prince William, second in line to the British throne. The Royal William rose has been planted in Windsor Great","title":"Royal William rose"},{"id":"1482435","text":"functional analysis on Hilbert spaces, the spectral theory in particular. Paul Dirac used algebraic constructions to produce a relativistic model for the electron, predicting its magnetic moment and the existence of its antiparticle, the positron. Prominent contributors to the 20th century's mathematical physics (although the list contains some typically theoretical, not mathematical, physicists and leaves many contributors out; please also note that since the page can be edited by anyone, sometimes less deserved mentions can pop up in the list) include, ordered by birth date, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) [1824–1907], Oliver Heaviside [1850–1925], Jules Henri Poincaré [1854–1912] , David Hilbert","title":"Mathematical physics"},{"id":"16708676","text":"and the post-war Balkans. He died the same day at Elmhurst Hospital, where he was taken after he was found lying near the park's public pool. His acquaintance Alexander Bonich was questioned by the police on the following day, when he admitted to killing Klinger. William Klinger William Klinger (24 September 1972 − 31 January 2015) was a Croatian historian who specialized in modern Croatian and Yugoslav history as well as history of communism and nationalism. Klinger was born on 24 September 1972 in Rijeka, SFR Yugoslavia, but his family roots are reportedly in Pakrac. He graduated summa cum laude","title":"William Klinger"},{"id":"7813901","text":"river blindness. He has held various positions during his career: Also known as \"Bill Foege,\" he is noted for his height of . Foege and his wife Paula had three sons, the eldest of whom died in 2007. He has been described as a \"religious man\"; between 1997 and 2006 he served on the Board of Regents of Pacific Lutheran University. William Foege William Herbert Foege M.D., M.P.H. (; born March 12, 1936) is an American epidemiologist who is credited with \"devising the global strategy that led to the eradication of smallpox in the late 1970s\". Foege also \"played a","title":"William Foege"},{"id":"913970","text":"economic growth and technical development. Although the interstate highway system barely touched the county, it did provide valuable access via Interstate 24 to nearby Chattanooga. Two notable figures who were born in the county early in the twentieth century were singer/entertainer Dinah Shore and entrepreneur/philanthropist John Templeton. He later became a British subject and was awarded a knighthood. During the last decades of the 19th and the first of the 20th, Tennessee, like other southern states, passed laws and constitutional amendments establishing Jim Crow: racial segregation in public facilities, restrictions of voting for blacks, and similar measures. There were few","title":"Franklin County, Tennessee"},{"id":"14441396","text":"in 2007. In April 2008 he returned to China and visited family and friends for the first time in eleven years. Currently, he lives in New York city with his wife, the writer, Zhang Ling. William Rock was born in Lorain, Ohio on July 3. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and lived his early adult life in Los Angeles, California. He applied for and received his Irish citizenship while living in Paris in 1992. He studied drawing at the California Art Institute and taught himself to paint and sculpt by traveling to museums around the world. He has been","title":"Century Mountain"},{"id":"4179616","text":"the United Kingdom national commemoration of the First World War memorial stones are to be laid in the birth places of the recipients. Dobson was born in Ovingham, Northumberland on 19 November 1886. Northumberland County Council organised a church service to unveil the VC Memorial Stone to Frederick Dobson VC on 27 September 2014. Frederick William Dobson Frederick William Dobson, VC (9 November 1886 – 15 November 1935) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Dobson","title":"Frederick William Dobson"},{"id":"5694996","text":"William Mervyn William Mervyn Pickwoad (3 January 1912 – 6 August 1976) was an English actor best known for his portrayal of the bishop in the clerical comedy \"All Gas and Gaiters\", the old gentleman in \"The Railway Children\" and Inspector Charles Rose in \"The Odd Man\" and its sequels. Mervyn was born in Nairobi, British East Africa, but educated in Britain at Forest School, Snaresbrook, before embarking on a stage career, spending five years in provincial theatre. He made his West End debut in \"The Guinea Pig\" at the Criterion Theatre in 1946, before parts in plays such as","title":"William Mervyn"},{"id":"3953735","text":"William Poole William Poole (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as Bill the Butcher, was a founder of the street gang the Bowery Boys and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement in mid-19th century New York City. Poole was born in Sussex County, New Jersey to parents of English descent. In 1832, his family moved to New York City to open a butcher shop in Washington Market, Manhattan. Poole trained in his father's trade and eventually took over the family store. In the 1840s, he worked with the Howard (Red Rover) Volunteer Fire Engine Company","title":"William Poole"},{"id":"10751905","text":"William Turk William Turk was an American ragtime pianist, who played in the early 1900s in Texas. He was reputably so obese that he could not put his left hand in front of his stomach. So he invented techniques playing with his left hand to the side. This is rumoured to be where boogie woogie and stride piano playing came from. The piano sound was originally imitating the sounds of a train and a chainsaw, as it was within the logging camps that he was born. The genre of music initially was known as Dudlow Joe, after one of the","title":"William Turk"},{"id":"3333518","text":"led to reach the final match of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and to win the 1988 UEFA European Championship. He is credited with the invention of a major football playing style and set of tactics known as \"Total Football\" in the 1970s. He was named Coach of the Century by FIFA in 1999 and in 2007 the greatest post-war football coach by \"The Times\". Michels was born in Amsterdam and grew up at the Olympiaweg, a street near the Olympic Stadium. He celebrated his ninth birthday on 9 February 1936, when he received a pair of football boots and","title":"Rinus Michels"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1455283\",\n \"text\": \"William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir \\\"Body Heat\\\" (1981). He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in \\\"Gorky Park\\\" (1983). In 1985, Hurt\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13880967\",\n \"text\": \"W. I. B. Crealock William Ion Belton Crealock (23 August 1920 – 26 September 2009) was a yacht designer and author. He was one of the world's leading yacht designers from the 1960s through the 1990s, and his yachts were owned by the famous and wealthy, including Walter Cronkite and William Hurt. Crealock was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England in 1920. He attended the Glasgow University where he studied naval architecture and worked at the Glasgow shipyard during World War II. In 1948, Crealock and three friends pooled their money, purchased an old cutter, and set out \\\"to study the\",\n \"title\": \"W. I. B. Crealock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455296\",\n \"text\": \"a friend were threatened at gunpoint but were let go several hours later. Hurt is a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza. William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455285\",\n \"text\": \"his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg's crime thriller \\\"A History of Violence\\\" (2005). Other notable films in recent years have included \\\"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\\\" (2001), \\\"The Village\\\" (2004), \\\"Syriana\\\" (2005), \\\"The Good Shepherd\\\" (2006), \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" (2007), \\\"Into the Wild\\\" (2007), \\\"Robin Hood\\\" (2010) and his role as Thunderbolt Ross in \\\"The Incredible Hulk\\\" (2008), \\\"\\\" (2016) and \\\"\\\" (2018). Hurt was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Claire Isabel (née McGill), who worked at Time Inc., and Alfred McChord Hurt, who worked for the State Department. With his father, he lived in\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13880976\",\n \"text\": \"he did so \\\"just to show I'm not afraid the boat's going to sink.\\\" Crealock died at his home in Carlsbad, California, in September 2009. He was survived by his wife, Lynne (Banner) Crealock, a daughter, a stepson and a grandson. W. I. B. Crealock William Ion Belton Crealock (23 August 1920 – 26 September 2009) was a yacht designer and author. He was one of the world's leading yacht designers from the 1960s through the 1990s, and his yachts were owned by the famous and wealthy, including Walter Cronkite and William Hurt. Crealock was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England\",\n \"title\": \"W. I. B. Crealock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20224477\",\n \"text\": \"impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \\\"impossible\\\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \\\"impossible\\\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three\",\n \"title\": \"Impossible (game show)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422596\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Dogville\\\" (2003), as well as BBC TV series \\\"Merlin\\\" (2008–2012). In 2012, he was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement BAFTA Award, in recognition of his \\\"outstanding contribution to cinema\\\". He was knighted in 2015 for his services to drama. Hurt was born on 22 January 1940 in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, the son of Phyllis (née Massey; 1907–1975), an engineer and one-time actress, and Arnold Herbert Hurt (1904–1999), a mathematician who became a Church of England clergyman and served as vicar of Shirebrook, Derbyshire. Hurt's father was also Vicar of St John's parish in Sunderland, County Durham. In 1937, he moved\",\n \"title\": \"John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12271341\",\n \"text\": \"on his personal life. He made a musical comeback with the release of \\\"Devil's Playground\\\" (2005) and again with \\\"Kings & Queens of the Underground\\\" (2014). Idol became an American citizen on November 14, 2018. Billy Idol was born William Michael Albert Broad in Stanmore, Middlesex on 30 November 1955. In 1958, when Idol was two years old, his parents moved to Patchogue, New York. The family returned to England four years later with Idol and his younger sister, Jane (who had been born in the U.S.), settling in Dorking, Surrey. In 1971, the family moved to Bromley, southeast London,\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Idol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17310705\",\n \"text\": \"William F. Hooley William F. Hooley (16 April 1861 – 12 October 1918) was a British-born American bass singer and pioneer recording artist who was popular as a solo singer, as a monologist, and as a member of several of the most successful vocal groups of the early twentieth century, including The Haydn Quartet and The American Quartet. Hooley was born in Whitechapel, London, to a family of Irish origin. Although his son claimed that William was born in Cork, Ireland, a suggestion repeated elsewhere, the claim is disproved by other evidence. He moved to the US as a child,\",\n \"title\": \"William F. Hooley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2755897\",\n \"text\": \"William Fox (producer) William Fox (born as Wilhelm Fuchs January 1, 1879 – May 8, 1952) was a Hungarian-American motion picture executive, who founded the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 and the Fox West Coast Theatres chain in the 1920s. Although he lost control of his movie empire in 1930, his name lives on in the names of various media ventures, which are currently either owned by Rupert Murdoch, such as the Fox Broadcasting Company and the Fox News Channel, or by The Walt Disney Company, such as 20th Century Fox and 21st Century Fox Fox was born in Tolcsva,\",\n \"title\": \"William Fox (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4724912\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \\\"Today\\\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The son of a Foreman at Gorton Locomotive Works (Gorton Tank), Bill Grundy was born in Manchester in 1923 and educated at the University of Manchester, where\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Grundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13071684\",\n \"text\": \"William Montague Cobb Dr. William Montague Cobb (1904 - 1990) was a pioneering 20th-century physical anthropologist. As the first African American to earn a Ph.D in anthropology, and the only one until after the Korean War, his main focus in the anthropological discipline was studying the concept of race and the negative impact it has on communities of color. Cobb prolifically wrote both popular and scholarly articles during the course of his career and trained an untold number of students. Cobb was born on October 12, 1904 in Washington DC. His mother, Alexizne Montague Cobb grew up in Massachusetts and\",\n \"title\": \"William Montague Cobb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10798304\",\n \"text\": \"The Kingdom by the Sea The Kingdom by the Sea (1983) is a written account of a three-month-long journey taken by novelist Paul Theroux round the United Kingdom in the summer of 1982. Starting his journey in London, he takes a train to Margate on the English coast. He then travels roughly clockwise round the British coastline, mainly by train, getting as far north as Cape Wrath. He ends his journey in Southend. 1982 was the summer of the Falklands War and the year when Prince William was born. The title of the book is taken from the opening lines\",\n \"title\": \"The Kingdom by the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11910385\",\n \"text\": \"William Brice William Brice (April 23, 1921 – March 3, 2008) was an artist known for his large-scale abstract paintings. Born to actress Fanny Brice and professional gambler Julius W. \\\"Nicky\\\" Arnstein, on April 23, 1921, he spent his early years living with his mother and his sister, Frances (later the wife of producer Ray Stark), while their father was in prison on a variety of charges stemming from a history of thefts, swindles, and confidence schemes. Artists such as Clifford Odets and the Gershwin brothers were frequent visitors. William's talent was recognized early, and even in childhood, he had\",\n \"title\": \"William Brice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455286\",\n \"text\": \"Lahore, Mogadishu and Khartoum. After his parents divorced, his mother married Henry Luce III (a son of publisher Henry Luce) during Hurt's childhood. Hurt graduated from Middlesex School in 1968 where he was vice president of the Dramatics Club and had the lead role in several school plays. His high school yearbook predicted: \\\"With characteristics such as these, you might even see him on Broadway.\\\" Hurt attended Tufts University and studied theology, but turned instead to acting and joined the Juilliard School (Drama Division \\\"Group 5\\\": 1972–1976). Two of his classmates there were the late actors Christopher Reeve and Robin\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3420329\",\n \"text\": \"movie actress and television personality Faye Emerson in 1950. They were divorced seven years later. He then married Ruth Einsiedel in 1958 and raised two children, Hans and Heidi. Hans was married to Sandra Watson for 18 years, before divorcing in 2000. Heidi was married to actor William Hurt from 1989 to 1992, and they have two sons. Skitch and Ruth Henderson owned and operated \\\"The Silo,\\\" a renowned store, art gallery, and cooking school in New Milford, Connecticut from 1972 until his death. In 2003 Ruth and Skitch Henderson co-founded the Hunt Hill Farm Trust, an effort to preserve\",\n \"title\": \"Skitch Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422619\",\n \"text\": \"received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Hull. In 2012 he was appointed the first Chancellor of Norwich University of the Arts. On 23 January 2013, he was made an Honorary Doctor of Arts by the University of Lincoln, at Lincoln Cathedral. John Hurt Sir John Vincent Hurt (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English actor whose screen and stage career spanned more than 50 years. Hurt was regarded as one of Britain's finest actors; director David Lynch described him as \\\"simply the greatest actor in the world\\\". Hurt came to prominence\",\n \"title\": \"John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7171792\",\n \"text\": \"he regarded his life and work. The spare and deceptively simple renderings of Lakeland landscapes reflect the simplicity of his belief, whilst revealing the depth of his knowledge. William Heaton Cooper William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was a notable English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century. Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a\",\n \"title\": \"William Heaton Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6807523\",\n \"text\": \"in 1993. Since leaving the game Whitehurst has trained greyhounds, ran several public houses in his native South Yorkshire and worked in the building trade and in the stores at BP Saltend and Drax Power Station. In 2008, he was found guilty of benefit fraud and given a suspended prison sentence. Source: Billy Whitehurst William Whitehurst (born 10 June 1959) is an English retired professional footballer active during the 1980s and 1990s. Whitehurst's robust style of play attracted much notoriety and he is considered by many to have been the hardest player to have played the game. Whitehurst was born\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Whitehurst\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19446190\",\n \"text\": \"William L. Schultz William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz (November 25, 1923–June 7, 2009), was a late 20th century American circus performer (acrobat and flying trapeze artist), national paddleball champion, national racquetball champion, U.S. Marine, Big Time wrestler, the youngest executive director of the YMCA, and poet. He also sparred with John Wayne and other Hollywood celebrities. William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz was born in 1923 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA into his father, William ('Billy', 'Lester') Schultz's Circus. Born into a circus family, Schultz developed into an acrobat and all-around athlete. Following high school and one year at the University of Wisconsin (UW),\",\n \"title\": \"William L. Schultz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422592\",\n \"text\": \"John Hurt Sir John Vincent Hurt (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English actor whose screen and stage career spanned more than 50 years. Hurt was regarded as one of Britain's finest actors; director David Lynch described him as \\\"simply the greatest actor in the world\\\". Hurt came to prominence for his role as Richard Rich in the film \\\"A Man for All Seasons\\\" (1966) and gained BAFTA Award nominations for his portrayals of Timothy Evans in \\\"10 Rillington Place\\\" (1971) and Quentin Crisp in television film \\\"The Naked Civil Servant\\\" (1975) – winning his first BAFTA\",\n \"title\": \"John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6794438\",\n \"text\": \"Mirza Ghalib Street Mirza Ghalib Street, previously known as Free School Street, is a street that joins S. N. Banerjee Road with Park Street in Central Kolkata. Lindsay Street and Sudder Street are some of the important streets that cross the Free School Street. The Mirza Ghalib Street-Sudder Street area is famous for cheap hotels and eateries. Many foreign visitors reside in these cheap hotels. The used book and record shops sport an eclectic collection due to trade with generations of budget travellers the world over. The street also has the house William Makepeace Thackeray was born in, the West\",\n \"title\": \"Mirza Ghalib Street\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18358810\",\n \"text\": \"the next generation. They are said to be loyal to their organisations, enjoy the notion of lifetime employment and prefer to be valued or needed as opposed to rewarded with recognition or money. An article by Emma Simon in the \\\"Daily Telegraph\\\" describes them as the 'post war generation' who have enjoyed an \\\"unbroken run of good-luck\\\". Generation X is the generation born after the Western post-World War II Baby Boomers between approximately 1965 and 1980. The term was noted by photographer Robert Capa in the early 1950s. Of the generation, Capa said \\\"We named this unknown generation, The Generation\",\n \"title\": \"Generations in the workforce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3204486\",\n \"text\": \"on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \\\"Great Legitimator\\\": \\\"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\\\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8206596\",\n \"text\": \"with Laylah Ali in 2002, the Foundation has awarded the William H. Johnson Prize annual to an early career African American artist. In 2012, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in Johnson's honor, recognizing him as one of the nation's foremost African-American artists and a major figure in 20th-century American art. The stamp, the 11th in the \\\"American Treasures\\\" series, showcases his painting \\\"Flowers\\\" (1939–40), which depicts brightly colored blooms on a small red table. William Johnson (artist) William Henry Johnson (March 18, 1901 – April 13, 1970) was a Black American painter. Born in Florence, South Carolina, he\",\n \"title\": \"William Johnson (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4931451\",\n \"text\": \"William Whiteley William Whiteley (29 September 1831 – 24 January 1907) was an English entrepreneur of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the founder of the William Whiteley Limited retail company whose eponymous department store became the Whiteleys shopping centre. Whiteley was born in Yorkshire in the small village of Purston, situated between Wakefield and Pontefract. His father was a prosperous corn dealer, who had little interest in rearing his son, leaving William to be raised by an uncle. He left school at the age of 14, and started work at his uncle's farm. He would have\",\n \"title\": \"William Whiteley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11637185\",\n \"text\": \"(Wright) McCain (born 1912). McCain was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. John McCain's grandparents were natives of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas, and much of his ancestry was Southern on both his mother's side and father's side. The McCain family's patrilineal ancestral home is in Mississippi's Carroll County; they owned and ran a plantation in Teoc from 1848 until 1952. The plantation had slaves before the American Civil War – some of whose descendants share the surname and call themselves the \\\"black McCains\\\" – and sharecroppers afterward; influential blues guitarist Mississippi John Hurt was born on the plantation to one of\",\n \"title\": \"Early life and military career of John McCain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455292\",\n \"text\": \"Hurt's 2009 Sundance film \\\"The Yellow Handkerchief\\\" was released in theaters on February 26, 2010 by Samuel Goldwyn Films. He was in the Thailand-based 2011 thriller \\\"Hellgate\\\" alongside Cary Elwes and Paula Taylor, directed by John Penney. In September 2010, Hurt played United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson in the HBO film \\\"Too Big to Fail\\\", an adaptation of Andrew Ross Sorkin's book. He also starred as Captain Ahab in the 2011 television adaptation of Herman Melville's novel \\\"Moby-Dick\\\". Hurt is fluent in French and maintains a home outside Paris. He is the step-grandson of Henry Luce, founder\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1371209\",\n \"text\": \"global Transition town network) which looks after Dursley's Secret Garden, among other projects. Continuing urban sprawl now joins Dursley and the nearby village of Cam. Dursley has a number of licensed premises and the Old Spot pub is regularly voted Gloucestershire 'Pub of the Year'. The pub was also named as 2007 CAMRA National Pub of the year. Around 1496, the famous Christian writer and martyr, William Tyndale was born near here, probably at Slimbridge. Mikael Pedersen invented the Pedersen bicycle in Dursley in the 19th century. The nearest railway station is at on the Bristol and Gloucester Railway, with\",\n \"title\": \"Dursley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12662648\",\n \"text\": \"the incumbent Democrat, Tom Perriello. On December 23, 2015, Hurt announced that he would not seek reelection at the end of his current term. Hurt was born in New York City, where he lived for about nine years. His father, Henry Hurt, was a journalist and editor for \\\"Reader's Digest\\\". In 1986, Henry wrote a book questioning the findings of the Warren Commission called \\\"Reasonable Doubt: An Investigation into the Assassination of John F. Kennedy\\\". Hurt was raised in Chatham, Virginia, attended Hargrave Military Academy and graduated from Episcopal High School in Alexandria. He earned a bachelor's degree in English\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Hurt (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12271338\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band Generation X. Subsequently, he embarked on a solo career which led to international recognition and made Idol one of the lead artists during the MTV-driven \\\"Second British Invasion\\\" in the United States. The name \\\"Billy Idol\\\" was inspired by a schoolteacher's description of him as \\\"idle\\\". Idol began his music career in late 1976 as a guitarist in the punk rock band\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Idol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469572\",\n \"text\": \"research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and\",\n \"title\": \"20th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"269637\",\n \"text\": \"McCutcheon, Taj Mahal, Bruce Cockburn, David Johansen, Bill Morrissey, Gillian Welch, Josh Ritter, Chris Smither, Guthrie Thomas, Parsonsfield, and Rory Block. Hurt was born in Teoc, Carroll County, Mississippi, and raised in Avalon, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar at the age of nine, stealthily playing the guitar of a friend of his mother's, who often stayed at the Hurt home while courting a woman who lived nearby. As a youth he played old-time music for friends and at dances. He worked as a farmhand and sharecropper into the 1920s. His fast, highly syncopated style of playing was meant\",\n \"title\": \"Mississippi John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14061233\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Hurt Hugh Harrison (Harry) Hurt, Jr., (December 13, 1927 – November 29, 2009) was an American researcher on motorcycle safety. He was the author of the 1981 Hurt Report, described as \\\"the most comprehensive motorcycle safety study of the 20th century.\\\" Hurt was born in Big Spring in West Texas, and grew up in there He was an only child, and his father worked in the banking industry. Hurt graduated from Texas A&M University in 1950, and was an air transport pilot for the United States Navy during the Korean War. He married Joan Beene in 1950, and having\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15773290\",\n \"text\": \"William Lakin Turner William Lakin Turner (25 February 1867 – 21 October 1936) was an English landscape artist. William Lakin Turner was born to George Turner and his wife, Eliza Turner (born Lakin) (1837–1900) in 1867 in Barrow upon Trent. He was educated locally before he boarded at Trent College. He was the eldest of four children and his talent for art followed his father's abilities. His father was a part-time farmer but he also painted landscapes and he had a number of successful students including David Payne and Louis Bosworth Hurt. He is not known to be related to\",\n \"title\": \"William Lakin Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7171785\",\n \"text\": \"William Heaton Cooper William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was a notable English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century. Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a Norwegian mother, Mathilde, and the landscape artist Alfred Heaton Cooper. William Heaton Cooper was strongly influenced by his father's artistic style. Alfred lived entirely by his painting and\",\n \"title\": \"William Heaton Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"844762\",\n \"text\": \"This also failed to weaken North Vietnam's will to fight, and the Government of South Vietnam—a factor largely out of Westmoreland's control—never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong. William Childs Westmoreland was born in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, on March 26, 1914 to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His upper middle class family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an Eagle Scout at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo from the Boy\",\n \"title\": \"William Westmoreland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14289644\",\n \"text\": \"William Lamb (sculptor) William Lamb (1 June 1893 – 12 January 1951) was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a survivor of the “lost generation” who came of age in 1914, and was scarred, both mentally and physically, by the First World War. Lamb completed his training in 1915 as a right-handed artist. A war wound incapacitated his right hand, so that after the war he had to retrain as a left-hander. His urge to create was in no way diminished and his preferred medium was sculpture. Lamb's most productive period was from 1924 to 1933. As a result\",\n \"title\": \"William Lamb (sculptor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4487763\",\n \"text\": \"Nations from 1976 to 1977. He also served on the boards of several high-profile corporations and was associated with the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations. William Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 while the Scranton family was on vacation at a cottage in Madison, Connecticut. He was the son of Worthington Scranton, a wealthy Pennsylvania businessman, and Marion Margery (Warren) Scranton, a member of the Republican National Committee for over two decades. Despite her own involvement in politics, his mother tried to dissuade him from entering politics because of his childhood struggles with asthma. She feared\",\n \"title\": \"William Scranton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2937246\",\n \"text\": \"the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as \\\"matchstick men\\\". Notable English artists of the mid-20th century and after include: Graham Sutherland (1903-1980); Carel Weight (1908-1997); Ruskin Spear (1911-1990); pop art pioneers Richard Hamilton (1922-2011), Peter Blake (b. 1932), and David Hockney (b. 1937); and op art exemplar Bridget Riley (b. 1931). Following the development of Postmodernism, English art became in some respect synonymous toward the end of the 20th century with the Turner Prize; the prize, established in 1984 and named\",\n \"title\": \"English art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5030656\",\n \"text\": \"Fox Film had begun in the silent era in 1915 under founder William Fox. Twentieth Century Pictures of 1933, merged with Fox Studios in 1935 to form 20th Century-Fox (the hyphen was dropped a half century later in 1985 under Australian Rupert Murdoch). For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has now claimed the 1935 merger as its founding date. Twentieth Century Pictures Twentieth Century Pictures was an independent Hollywood motion picture production company created in 1933 by Joseph Schenck\",\n \"title\": \"Twentieth Century Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"541723\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Joel William Martin Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. Commonly nicknamed the \\\"Piano Man\\\", he has been making music since the 1960s, releasing popular albums throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He was born in 1949 in The Bronx, New York, and grew up on Long Island, New York, both places that influenced his music. After dropping out of high school, Joel took part in two short-lived bands, The Hassles and Attila, before signing a record deal with Family Productions and kicking off a solo career in 1971 with his first release, \\\"Cold\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Joel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3415341\",\n \"text\": \"first space age that lasted from the 1950s with the launch of Sputnik to the mid-1980s. Electrification spread rapidly in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century electric power was for the most part only available to wealthy people in a few major cities such as New York, London, Paris, and Newcastle upon Tyne, but by the time the World Wide Web was invented in 1990 an estimated 62 percent of homes worldwide had electric power, including about a third of households in the rural developing world. Birth control also became widespread during the 20th century. Electron microscopes\",\n \"title\": \"History of technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455295\",\n \"text\": \"on CNN on April 13, 2009, Hurt's agent declined to respond, but Hurt issued a statement the following day, which said: \\\"My own recollection is that we both apologized and both did a great deal to heal our lives. Of course, I did and do apologize for any pain I caused. And I know we have both grown. I wish Marlee and her family nothing but good.\\\" Hurt has four children: one with Sandra Jennings, two with Heidi Henderson, and one with French actress, film director and screenwriter Sandrine Bonnaire. During filming of \\\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\\\", Hurt and\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16077291\",\n \"text\": \"this organization worked towards eliminating segregation in housing, schooling, the workplace, voting, and transportation. The NAACP also promoted anti-lynching across America. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a relatively successful man in 19th-century America, considering his race. He was born American, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, after slavery had been abolished. Du Bois frequently questioned the conditions that black Americans faced on a daily basis. Though he and his colleague, Booker T. Washington, a very influential black leader of the time, eventually hoped to achieve the same result, they had different visions of how they were going to obtain it. Du\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12271364\",\n \"text\": \"worked with producer Trevor Horn, Horn's former Buggles and Yes bandmate Geoff Downes and Greg Kurstin. Idol's autobiography, entitled \\\"Dancing With Myself\\\", was published on 7 October 2014. Idol's current band consists of: Former members The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV. The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Idol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4212309\",\n \"text\": \"solo exhibitions: The book \\\"William Dobell: An Artist's Life\\\" by Elizabeth Donaldson published in 2010 includes many of Dobell's works, as well as archival photographs. A biography of Dobell, \\\"Bill: The Life of William Dobell\\\", by Scott Bevan was published in 2014. William Dobell Sir William (Bill) Dobell (24 September 189913 May 1970) was a renowned Australian portrait and landscape artist of the 20th century. Dobell won the Archibald Prize, Australia's premier award for portrait artists on three separate occasions. The Dobell Prize is named in his honour. Dobell was born in Cooks Hill, a working-class neighbourhood of Newcastle, New\",\n \"title\": \"William Dobell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455287\",\n \"text\": \"Williams. Hurt began his career in stage productions, only later acting in films. From 1977 to 1989, he was a member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company. He won an Obie Award for his debut appearance there in Corinne Jacker's \\\"My Life\\\", and won a 1978 Theatre World Award for his performances in \\\"Fifth of July\\\", \\\"Ulysses in Traction\\\", and \\\"Lulu\\\". In 1979, Hurt played Hamlet under the direction of Marshall W. Mason opposite Lindsay Crouse and Beatrice Straight. His first major film role was in the science-fiction film \\\"Altered States\\\" where his performance as an obsessed scientist\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469545\",\n \"text\": \"20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;\",\n \"title\": \"20th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084857\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Grayson Larry Grayson (31 August 1923 – 7 January 1995), born William Sulley White, was an English comedian and television presenter who was best known in the 1970s and early '80s. He is best remembered for hosting the BBC's popular series \\\"The Generation Game\\\" and for his high camp and English music hall humour. His camp stand-up act consisted mainly of anecdotes about a cast of imaginary friends; the most frequently mentioned were Everard and Slack Alice. He is often cited as one of the first gay entertainers to have enjoyed mass appeal, although he never made any reference\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Grayson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17500184\",\n \"text\": \"(part of the Hundred Days Offensive). After the war, Ivon Murdoch was a farmer at Wantabadgery, New South Wales. The children of Andrew Chrystal Murdoch and Annie Murdoch (née Esler) included a prominent concert pianist, William David Murdoch (born 1888, Bendigo, Victoria – died 1942, Holmbury St Mary, England), A daughter of Sir Walter and Violet Murdoch, Dr Catherine King (née Murdoch) (born 1904, Surrey Hills, Victoria – died 2000), was a pioneering radio broadcaster in Western Australia. Rupert Murdoch , , born in Melbourne, is a major international media proprietor – he chairs two United States-based companies that control\",\n \"title\": \"Murdoch family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"576776\",\n \"text\": \"amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany. He was voted the third greatest British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by MORI, and in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language. His father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and\",\n \"title\": \"David Lloyd George\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8956152\",\n \"text\": \"Machine Age The Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes also including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945. Considered to be at a peak in the time between the first and second world wars, it forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution. The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and the transistor. The Digital Revolution ended the intellectual model of the machine age founded in the mechanical and heralding a\",\n \"title\": \"Machine Age\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14289662\",\n \"text\": \"unknown to the wider world. Nonetheless it shows Lamb as a master, possibly the best sculptor that Scotland has produced. Apart from the sculpture, his drawings, water-colours and etchings are all remarkable. They achieve the aim of the Scottish Renaissance by illustrating the life and the countryside of the Scottish Lowlands realistically and in humble terms. WLC: William Lamb's correspondence WLD: William Lamb's diaries William Lamb (sculptor) William Lamb (1 June 1893 – 12 January 1951) was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a survivor of the “lost generation” who came of age in 1914, and was scarred, both\",\n \"title\": \"William Lamb (sculptor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15321811\",\n \"text\": \"e.g. presently and previously: Esterhuyse was portrayed by William Hurt in the 2009 film Endgame. His awards includes the Stals Prize for Philosophy by the Academy of Arts and Science 1984. In 2003 the University of Stellenbosch awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was awarded The Order of Luthuli in Silver by the President of South Africa. Other awards are: \\\"Willie Esterhuyse .\\\" Stellenbosch Writers. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2011. <http://www.stellenboschwriters.com> Willie Esterhuyse Willem Petrus \\\"Willie\\\" Esterhuyse (born 19 August 1936) is an emeritus professor of philosophy and business ethics at the University of Stellenbosch, a columnist and critic\",\n \"title\": \"Willie Esterhuyse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455284\",\n \"text\": \"garnered critical acclaim and multiple acting awards, including an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor, for \\\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\\\". He received another two Academy Award nominations for his lead performances in \\\"Children of a Lesser God\\\" (1986) and \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (1987). Hurt remained an active stage actor throughout the 1980s, appearing in Off-Broadway productions, including \\\"Henry V\\\", \\\"Fifth of July\\\", \\\"Richard II\\\" and \\\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\\\". Hurt received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of \\\"Hurlyburly\\\". After playing a diversity of character roles in the following decade, Hurt earned\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3155481\",\n \"text\": \"William S. Hart William Surrey Hart (December 6, 1864 – June 23, 1946) was an American silent film actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He is remembered as a foremost western star of the silent era who \\\"imbued all of his characters with honor and integrity.\\\" During the late 1910s and early 1920s, he was one of the most consistently popular movie stars, frequently ranking high among male actors in popularity contests held by movie fan magazines. Hart was born in Newburgh, New York, to Nicholas Hart (c. 1834–1895) and Rosanna Hart (c. 1839–1909). William had two brothers, who died very\",\n \"title\": \"William S. Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3829795\",\n \"text\": \"Dunlop Manufacturing Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. is a manufacturer of musical accessories, especially effects units, based in Benicia, California, United States. Founded in 1965 by Jim Dunlop, Sr., the company grew from a small home operation to a large manufacturer of music gear. Dunlop has acquired several well-known effects pedal brands, including Cry Baby, MXR and Way Huge. Scottish immigrant Jim Dunlop founded the Jim Dunlop Company in 1965 as a part-time business while working as a processing and chemical engineer at Barr and Stroud in Glasgow. He was an apprentice of creator of the first hip replacement, William \\\"Bill\\\" Wallace.\",\n \"title\": \"Dunlop Manufacturing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20247194\",\n \"text\": \"against the United States, first in Newport Beach, California in April 1977 and next at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in March 1978. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1981. William Hester was born on May 7, 1912 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He graduated from Millsaps College in 1933. During World War II, Hester participated in the Red Ball Express. He was awarded a Bronze Star Medal for his service. Hester began his career as a salesman and distributor of air conditioners made by White Trucks, Carrier and General Electric. In 1955, he began a new\",\n \"title\": \"William Hester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10492531\",\n \"text\": \"taking place along Stourbridge Road, as well as council housing in the 1920s and 1930s to rehouse families from slums. These including 220 \\\"Homes for Heroes\\\" which were built in the mid-1920s when council housing development in Dudley was in its early stages. Since the mid-1980s, the main roads around Woodside have been plagued with congestion due to its close proximity to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre, and the fact that the centre's road links are very much the same to how they existed at the time of its opening. The footballer William Ball was born at Woodside in 1886.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodside, Dudley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34331\",\n \"text\": \"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9132876\",\n \"text\": \"of Financial Law and Ethics at Queen Mary, University of London. In 2018, he was appointed to sit part-time as a Deputy Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong William Blair (judge) Sir William James Lynton Blair (born 31 March 1950) is a retired British judge. He was previously a Queen's Counsel, specialising in domestic and international banking and finance law. He is the elder brother of former British prime minister Tony Blair. Blair was born in Scotland to Leo Charles Lynton Blair, a barrister and later a lecturer in law, and Hazel Corscadden. Like his brother Tony, the\",\n \"title\": \"William Blair (judge)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4724923\",\n \"text\": \"the best front men I ever worked with...At his best he was a superb forensic interviewer...Sadly, as his career drifted, he let drink overwhelm his personality. Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \\\"Today\\\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Grundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10389649\",\n \"text\": \"William Miller Macmillan William Miller Macmillan (1 October 1885 in Aberdeen, Scotland – 23 October 1974 in Long Wittenham, Berkshire), England is regarded as a founder of the liberal school of South African historiography and as a forerunner of the radical school of historiography that emerged in the 1970s. He was also a critic of colonial rule and an early advocate of self-government for colonial territories in Africa and of what became known as development aid. Macmillan was born in Aberdeen, Scotland on 1 October 1885. He was the son of the Reverend John Macmillan (born Glen Urquhart, Inverness, Scotland\",\n \"title\": \"William Miller Macmillan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21010583\",\n \"text\": \"Flag of East Lothian The East Lothian flag is the flag of the Scottish county of East Lothian (Haddingtonshire). It was registered with the Flag Institute on 13 December 2018 following its announcement at a reception hosted by the Lord Provost. This saltire design on blue reflects the local birthplace of the national flag, with the cross in gold signifying the wealth of the county’s farmlands and reputation as the granary of Scotland. The lion rampant is a traditional emblem of the county – it appears in many local coats of arms while King William the Lion was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of East Lothian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13204522\",\n \"text\": \"William Papas William \\\"Bill\\\" Papas (15 July 1927 – 19 June 2000) was a political cartoonist and caricaturist, book author and illustrator, and watercolourist. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for \\\"The Guardian\\\", \\\"The Sunday Times\\\" and \\\"Punch\\\". His work has won international acclaim and is included in many private and corporate collections around the world. Papas was born in Ermelo, Union of South Africa, and was educated at Pretoria Boys High School. His father, Kostas Papas, was a successful Greek immigrant, one of the town's leading citizens. At the age of 15, he ran away from home to\",\n \"title\": \"William Papas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15857038\",\n \"text\": \"nature of his raids on rebels and patriot civilians. The Cunningham family emigrated from Scotland late in the 17th century, settling in Augusta County, Virginia. William was born in Virginia in 1756. When William was 10, the Cunningham family migrated to Ninety-Six, South Carolina along the Saluda River in 1766, an area known for its fierce Whig-Tory rivalry that occasionally spilled into violence. William is represented as a lively, honest man with a quick temper. He was an expert horseman, for which he gained popularity among his peers. When the revolution began, the Cunninghams quickly became one of the most\",\n \"title\": \"Bloody Bill Cunningham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455288\",\n \"text\": \"gained him wide recognition. His performance with Richard Crenna, Ted Danson and newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdan's neo-noir classic \\\"Body Heat\\\" elevated Hurt to stardom, and he later also co-starred in \\\"The Big Chill\\\" (1983). He appeared in the thriller \\\"Gorky Park\\\" opposite Lee Marvin. He received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Actor for \\\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\\\" in 1985. He has received three additional Oscar nominations: Best Actor for \\\"Children of a Lesser God\\\" (1986) and \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (1987; he was thus nominated for Best Actor\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5431148\",\n \"text\": \"David James Duncan David James Duncan (born 1952) is an American novelist and essayist, best known for his two bestselling novels, \\\"The River Why\\\" (1983) and \\\"The Brothers K\\\" (1992). Both novels received the Pacific Northwest Booksellers award; \\\"The Brothers K\\\" was a New York Times Notable Book in 1992 and won a Best Books Award from the American Library Association. In 2008, \\\"The River Why\\\" was adapted into a \\\"low-budget film\\\" of the same name starring William Hurt and Amber Heard. On April 30, 2008, the film rights to \\\"The River Why\\\" became the subject of a lawsuit by\",\n \"title\": \"David James Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151360\",\n \"text\": \"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \\\"X Saves the World\\\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \\\"Bust Generation\\\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \\\"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\\\". On the American television program \\\"Survivor\\\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \\\"\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Generation X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8879333\",\n \"text\": \"History of Berkshire Historically, Berkshire has been bordered to the north by the ancient boundary of the River Thames. However, much of the border with Oxfordshire for the western part of the county was moved in 1974. Alfred the Great was born in Wantage, previously in Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. MG (part of Morris Motors) was founded in Abingdon in 1929. The Vale of White Horse and parts of Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were previously part of Berkshire, but were lost to the county in 1974. Conversely, the Slough\",\n \"title\": \"History of Berkshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2312669\",\n \"text\": \"William Halcrow Sir William Halcrow (4 July 1883 – 31 October 1958) was one of the most notable English civil engineers of the 20th century, particularly renowned for his expertise in the design of tunnels and for projects during the Second World War. Halcrow was born in Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, (at 9 Shakespeare Terrace) at a time when Sunderland was the site of extensive railway and harbour developments. He joined the London-based firm of PW and CS Meik as a pupil (coincidentally, engineering brothers Patrick Meik and Charles Meik were also born in Bishopwearmouth) in the early 1900s and one of\",\n \"title\": \"William Halcrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1037574\",\n \"text\": \"that capacity since 1989. The city is governed by a mayor and a four-member city council. Richmond Hill was the location of the discovery in 2004 of Benjaman Kyle, a man who suffers from retrograde amnesia as a result of a severe beating. In 2015, he was identified as William Burgess Powell. Real estate development in Richmond Hill has generally followed trends represented in the United States as a whole. Post-Civil War populations remained relatively stable until the arrival of industrialist Henry Ford in the 1930s. In the early 1970s, subdivisions began to spring up, and the \\\"white flight\\\" from\",\n \"title\": \"Richmond Hill, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5992721\",\n \"text\": \"heads of many at home, his approach inspired many British pop invaders of the 1980s, including Tears for Fears, Human League and Culture Club ... He was a punk eclectic with a heart of golden oldies and Joe Cocker's pipes. A seedy sophisticate, Mr. DeVille was decades ahead of his time.\\\" \\\"With Mink DeVille:\\\" \\\"As Willy DeVille:\\\" Willy DeVille Willy DeVille (born William Paul Borsey Jr., August 25, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American singer and songwriter. During his thirty-five-year career, first with his band Mink DeVille (1974–1986) and later on his own, Deville created original songs rooted\",\n \"title\": \"Willy DeVille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7092556\",\n \"text\": \"lifetime he always was willing to share access to the material with serious researchers. At his death, August 9, 1992, he left the collection to The Historic New Orleans Collection, where it continues to be a valuable resource for researchers. His obituary in \\\"The Times\\\" noted that: \\\"Russell was the single most influential figure in the revival of New Orleans jazz that began in the 1940s.\\\" Bill Russell (composer) William \\\"Bill\\\" Russell (February 26, 1905, Canton, Missouri – August 9, 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana) was an American music historian and modernist composer. Named Russell William Wagner at birth, when he\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Russell (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7928580\",\n \"text\": \"the King Kong Kongfrontation ride designed by Alexander and Bob Ward, and several of the exterior set streets on the \\\"back lot.\\\" Henry Bumstead Lloyd Henry \\\"Bummy\\\" Bumstead (March 17, 1915 – May 24, 2006) was an American cinematic art director and production designer. In a career that spanned over fifty-five years he won two Academy Awards: the first for \\\"To Kill a Mockingbird\\\", and the second for \\\"The Sting\\\". In addition, he was nominated for Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Vertigo\\\" and Clint Eastwood's \\\"Unforgiven\\\". Bumstead was born in Ontario, California and, following his graduation from University of Southern California, joined Paramount\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Bumstead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20541059\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Hurt III Harry Hurt III (born November 13, 1951) is an American author and journalist. He was formerly senior editor of the \\\"Texas Monthly\\\" and a \\\"Newsweek\\\" correspondent, and his articles have appeared in publications such has \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\", \\\"Esquire\\\" and \\\"Playboy\\\". His books include \\\"Texas Rich\\\", a biography of oil tycoon H. L. Hunt and family; and \\\"Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump\\\" (1993), an unauthorized biography of real estate mogul Donald Trump. Hurt was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Margaret (Birting) Hurt and Harry Hurt Jr., who was\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Hurt III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16671102\",\n \"text\": \"William Staub William Edward Staub (November 3, 1915 – July 19, 2012) was an American mechanical engineer who invented and developed the first consumer treadmill for home use, the PaceMaster 600, during the late 1960s. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, who helped to popularize Staub's invention, has described Staub as \\\"a pioneer in exercise — not for the athlete, but for the masses.\\\" Staub was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 1915. He lived in Clifton, New Jersey, for most of his life, residing in the town for more than seventy years. He originally moved to New Jersey to work\",\n \"title\": \"William Staub\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1508604\",\n \"text\": \"as an homage to the themes of racial mixing and boundary-crossing that are features of much of his work. In 2011, Hanson made \\\"Too Big to Fail\\\", based on the 2009 Andrew Ross Sorkin book of the same name about the beginnings of the financial crisis of 2007–2010. The film, produced by Hanson's production company Deuce Three Productions for HBO, featured among its all-star cast William Hurt as Treasury Secretary and former Goldman Sachs CEO Henry Paulson, and Cynthia Nixon as his liaison to the press; James Woods as Richard Fuld of Lehman Brothers; and Paul Giamatti as Ben Bernanke.\",\n \"title\": \"Curtis Hanson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2658446\",\n \"text\": \"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \\\"generational shift\\\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \\\"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States (1991–2008)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2370685\",\n \"text\": \"at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin, Prince William, in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, that would have led to his being born in the peerage. Phillips was therefore the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch to be born without a title or courtesy title for more than 500 years. Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981) and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin, and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3605453\",\n \"text\": \"being difficult, he had a sense of humor, as evidenced by naming his third daughter Shanda Lear (), which is homophonic with \\\"chandelier\\\". The 75-year-old Lear died of leukemia in Reno, Nevada on May 14, 1978. His remains were cremated and scattered at sea. In 1944, Harry Bruno included William P. Lear in a list of 87 \\\"all-time greats in American aviation ... [who] gambled their necks, their brains and their money — that aviation might grow.\\\" Bill Lear William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978) was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Lear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12375233\",\n \"text\": \"Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Furthermore, Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published little until \\\"Briggflatts\\\" in 1965 and Samuel Beckett, born in Ireland in 1906, continued to produce significant works until the 1980s, though some view him as a post-modernist. Among British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were poet Dylan Thomas and novelist Graham Greene whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s, while Evelyn Waugh, W.H. Auden continued publishing into the 1960s. Postmodern literature is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and\",\n \"title\": \"English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13712820\",\n \"text\": \"William Miller (criminal) William \\\"Billy the Killer\\\" Miller (1906 – April 16, 1931) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. In his brief criminal career, he committed numerous bank heists in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Oklahoma, and teamed up with George Birdwell and Pretty Boy Floyd during the early 1930s. Miller was born in Ironton, Ohio in 1906. He first earned his nickname \\\"Billy the Killer\\\" when, on September 18, 1925, the 19-year-old Miller killed his brother Joseph in a fight over a woman. Tried in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, he was acquitted of murder on the grounds that he\",\n \"title\": \"William Miller (criminal)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7124674\",\n \"text\": \"nepotism strictly forbidden to Anglo-Protestants. In these circumstances, an interesting question arises: are contemporary WASPs entitled to recognition as an historic people? If not, why not? Drew Fraser Andrew William Fraser (also known as Drew Fraser) (born 1944) is a Canadian-born academic and was an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Law at Macquarie University in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Fraser holds a BA (Hons) and an LLB from Queen's University, an LLM from Harvard University, and an MA from the University of North Carolina. His most recent book is \\\"The WASP Question\\\" (2011). Fraser studied advanced constitutional\",\n \"title\": \"Drew Fraser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7015909\",\n \"text\": \"the Best\\\" in 1987 – jointly with 'Sweet Magic' – and the Award of Garden Merit in 1993. Royal William rose The Royal William rose, registered under the cultivar name 'KORzaun', is a red hybrid tea rose. It was developed by Reimer Kordes from the cultivar 'Feuerzauber' (Kordes 1973) and is available under several other marketing names, such as , , and . According to \\\"The Ultimate Rose Book\\\", the rose was introduced in 1983, when Britain celebrated the birth of Prince William, second in line to the British throne. The Royal William rose has been planted in Windsor Great\",\n \"title\": \"Royal William rose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1482435\",\n \"text\": \"functional analysis on Hilbert spaces, the spectral theory in particular. Paul Dirac used algebraic constructions to produce a relativistic model for the electron, predicting its magnetic moment and the existence of its antiparticle, the positron. Prominent contributors to the 20th century's mathematical physics (although the list contains some typically theoretical, not mathematical, physicists and leaves many contributors out; please also note that since the page can be edited by anyone, sometimes less deserved mentions can pop up in the list) include, ordered by birth date, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) [1824–1907], Oliver Heaviside [1850–1925], Jules Henri Poincaré [1854–1912] , David Hilbert\",\n \"title\": \"Mathematical physics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16708676\",\n \"text\": \"and the post-war Balkans. He died the same day at Elmhurst Hospital, where he was taken after he was found lying near the park's public pool. His acquaintance Alexander Bonich was questioned by the police on the following day, when he admitted to killing Klinger. William Klinger William Klinger (24 September 1972 − 31 January 2015) was a Croatian historian who specialized in modern Croatian and Yugoslav history as well as history of communism and nationalism. Klinger was born on 24 September 1972 in Rijeka, SFR Yugoslavia, but his family roots are reportedly in Pakrac. He graduated summa cum laude\",\n \"title\": \"William Klinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7813901\",\n \"text\": \"river blindness. He has held various positions during his career: Also known as \\\"Bill Foege,\\\" he is noted for his height of . Foege and his wife Paula had three sons, the eldest of whom died in 2007. He has been described as a \\\"religious man\\\"; between 1997 and 2006 he served on the Board of Regents of Pacific Lutheran University. William Foege William Herbert Foege M.D., M.P.H. (; born March 12, 1936) is an American epidemiologist who is credited with \\\"devising the global strategy that led to the eradication of smallpox in the late 1970s\\\". Foege also \\\"played a\",\n \"title\": \"William Foege\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"913970\",\n \"text\": \"economic growth and technical development. Although the interstate highway system barely touched the county, it did provide valuable access via Interstate 24 to nearby Chattanooga. Two notable figures who were born in the county early in the twentieth century were singer/entertainer Dinah Shore and entrepreneur/philanthropist John Templeton. He later became a British subject and was awarded a knighthood. During the last decades of the 19th and the first of the 20th, Tennessee, like other southern states, passed laws and constitutional amendments establishing Jim Crow: racial segregation in public facilities, restrictions of voting for blacks, and similar measures. There were few\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin County, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14441396\",\n \"text\": \"in 2007. In April 2008 he returned to China and visited family and friends for the first time in eleven years. Currently, he lives in New York city with his wife, the writer, Zhang Ling. William Rock was born in Lorain, Ohio on July 3. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and lived his early adult life in Los Angeles, California. He applied for and received his Irish citizenship while living in Paris in 1992. He studied drawing at the California Art Institute and taught himself to paint and sculpt by traveling to museums around the world. He has been\",\n \"title\": \"Century Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4179616\",\n \"text\": \"the United Kingdom national commemoration of the First World War memorial stones are to be laid in the birth places of the recipients. Dobson was born in Ovingham, Northumberland on 19 November 1886. Northumberland County Council organised a church service to unveil the VC Memorial Stone to Frederick Dobson VC on 27 September 2014. Frederick William Dobson Frederick William Dobson, VC (9 November 1886 – 15 November 1935) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Dobson\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick William Dobson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5694996\",\n \"text\": \"William Mervyn William Mervyn Pickwoad (3 January 1912 – 6 August 1976) was an English actor best known for his portrayal of the bishop in the clerical comedy \\\"All Gas and Gaiters\\\", the old gentleman in \\\"The Railway Children\\\" and Inspector Charles Rose in \\\"The Odd Man\\\" and its sequels. Mervyn was born in Nairobi, British East Africa, but educated in Britain at Forest School, Snaresbrook, before embarking on a stage career, spending five years in provincial theatre. He made his West End debut in \\\"The Guinea Pig\\\" at the Criterion Theatre in 1946, before parts in plays such as\",\n \"title\": \"William Mervyn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3953735\",\n \"text\": \"William Poole William Poole (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as Bill the Butcher, was a founder of the street gang the Bowery Boys and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement in mid-19th century New York City. Poole was born in Sussex County, New Jersey to parents of English descent. In 1832, his family moved to New York City to open a butcher shop in Washington Market, Manhattan. Poole trained in his father's trade and eventually took over the family store. In the 1840s, he worked with the Howard (Red Rover) Volunteer Fire Engine Company\",\n \"title\": \"William Poole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751905\",\n \"text\": \"William Turk William Turk was an American ragtime pianist, who played in the early 1900s in Texas. He was reputably so obese that he could not put his left hand in front of his stomach. So he invented techniques playing with his left hand to the side. This is rumoured to be where boogie woogie and stride piano playing came from. The piano sound was originally imitating the sounds of a train and a chainsaw, as it was within the logging camps that he was born. The genre of music initially was known as Dudlow Joe, after one of the\",\n \"title\": \"William Turk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3333518\",\n \"text\": \"led to reach the final match of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and to win the 1988 UEFA European Championship. He is credited with the invention of a major football playing style and set of tactics known as \\\"Total Football\\\" in the 1970s. He was named Coach of the Century by FIFA in 1999 and in 2007 the greatest post-war football coach by \\\"The Times\\\". Michels was born in Amsterdam and grew up at the Olympiaweg, a street near the Olympic Stadium. He celebrated his ninth birthday on 9 February 1936, when he received a pair of football boots and\",\n \"title\": \"Rinus Michels\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: William Hurt context: William H William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir \\\"Body Heat\\\" (1981). He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in \\\"Gorky Park\\\" (1983). In 1985, Hurt\\n\\nIn which decade of the 20th century was William Hurt born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 206,\n \"origin_tokens\": 206,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: William Hurt context: his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg's crime thriller \\\"A History of Violence\\\" (2005). Other notable films in recent years have included \\\"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\\\" (2001), \\\"The Village\\\" (2004), \\\"Syriana\\\" (2005), \\\"The Good Shepherd\\\" (2006), \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" (2007), \\\"Into the Wild\\\" (2007), \\\"Robin Hood\\\" (2010) and his role as Thunderbolt Ross in \\\"The Incredible Hulk\\\" (2008), \\\"\\\" (2016) and \\\"\\\" (2018). Hurt was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Claire Isabel (née McGill), who worked at Time Inc., and Alfred McChord Hurt, who worked for the State Department. With his father, he lived in\\n\\ntitle: William H context gained him wide recognition His Richard Crenna Ted Dans newcom Kathleen Lawrence Kasdan's neo-no \\\"Body Heat\\\" elevated Hurt to stardom, and he co-starred \\\"The Big Ch (198). He appeared in the thrGorky Park\\\" Lee Mar. He received Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy for Best A forKiss of the Spider\\\" in 19. has received Oscar nomin: Best Actor for \\\"Children of a Lesser God (198) and \\\"roadcast News\\\" (1987; was nominated for Best Actor\\nis: as an to themes of mixing that of of his work.01 Hanson Big to Fail\\\",9 book of the same name about theinnings of the financial crisis0. The film produceds company De allstar cast Hurt asury SecretarymansOson andixon as hisison as andattike.\\n:: a friend were threatened at gunpoint but were let go several hours later. Hurt is a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza. William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations\\n\\nIn which decade of the 20th century was William Hurt born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 545,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15290,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":79,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79,"string":"79"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-five","1965"],"string":"[\n \"one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-five\",\n \"1965\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"1965"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"20414346","text":"1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been","title":"RMK-BRJ"},{"id":"10909861","text":"threat and secrecy in the nuclear age and should not have been used to justify the imperial presidency. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson sent 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic without congressional approval. The same year, he sent combat troops for the first time into Vietnam. The war lasted the longest in US history and resulted in the fourth largest number of US casualties after the Civil War and the two world wars. The Tonkin Gulf resolution authorized the president to use the military, as he required. That was transfer of war powers from Congress to the president. Lincoln","title":"The Imperial Presidency"},{"id":"447300","text":"remained in the field for four days. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were unilaterally dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. General William","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"7796924","text":"of Phuoc Vinh. Kennedy increased the number of military advisors and special forces in the area, from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but he was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"9332426","text":"the presidency unopposed. With the installation of the Thieu and Ky government (the Second Republic), the U.S. had a pliable, stable, and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal. With the advent of \"Rolling Thunder\", American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. The US Government deployment of ground forces to Da Nang had not been consulted with the","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"11884334","text":"planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat","title":"CIA activities in Vietnam"},{"id":"7154165","text":"their utility. Although the initial American commitment to the war in Vietnam had been limited to advice and materiel support, by 1964 there were 21,000 US advisors in South Vietnam. However, with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the worsening situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied","title":"Operation Crimp"},{"id":"14427199","text":"more than six months, perhaps a year or two to...break the will of the DRV/VC [North Vietnam and the Viet Cong] by denying them victory.\" On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there. Ambassador Taylor reported to Washington that Prime Minister Quat was reluctant to accept the assignment of more U.S. soldiers to South Vietnam. The CIA warned in a memorandum that the introduction of U.S. ground forces into Vietnam might result in \"constant danger that the war weary people of South Vietnam will let the U.S. assume an","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"15374839","text":"presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. By the end of 1961 the American advisers in Vietnam numbered 3,205 and that number increased from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but Kennedy was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. Before his assassination, Kennedy used military advisors and special forces in Vietnam almost exclusively. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"14428008","text":"and Vietnam's central highlands. Former President John F. Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, said in an oral interview for the Kennedy Library that President Kennedy had \"a strong, overwhelming reason for being in Vietnam and that we should win the war in Vietnam.\" Kennedy denied that any consideration had been given by the President to withdrawing from Vietnam. He equivocated on the introduction of U.S. ground troops into Vietnam, saying that \"we'd face that when we came to it.\" Viet Cong commandos eluded detection and placed an explosive on the USS Card, an escort aircraft carrier of World War II vintage.","title":"1964 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"9826148","text":"of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied to the strictly limited role of base defence by US Marine units. This was abandoned in April 1965, and replaced by a new \"enclave strategy\" of defending key coastal population centres and installations. This strategy required the introduction","title":"Battle of Gang Toi"},{"id":"447243","text":"in which a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft. In response the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to increase U.S. military presence, deploying ground combat units for the first time and increasing troop levels to 184,000. Every year onward there was significant build-up despite little progress, with Robert McNamara, one of the principal architects of the war, beginning to express doubts of victory by the end of 1966. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces,","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"20527991","text":"ROK and the division of United States troops, the US allowed General Charles H. \"Tick\" Bonesteel III to assume multiple posts as the Commander-in-chief, UN command; and Commander of US. Forces, Korea; Commanding General, US. Eighth Army (EUSA). On March 1965, the US deployed ground forces into Vietnam which marked the start of a series of escalating casualties. Kim Il-sung recognized an opportunity to achieve Korean unification in which the possibility of US retaliation and assistance towards South Korea would be minimal. He believed that the US would be preoccupied with fighting in Vietnam and become reluctant to bear the","title":"Uljin–Samcheok Landings"},{"id":"8445484","text":"committing large units to battle. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam as early as 1950, when military advisors were sent to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The U.S. continued its advisory assistance to South Vietnam during the 1950s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again a year later. U.S. combat units were deployed to Vietnam beginning in 1965 after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the President to deploy U.S. conventional forces","title":"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion"},{"id":"8445488","text":"Okinawa. As the Marine presence grew in Vietnam, 2nd LAAM Battalion also joined the fight. 2nd LAAM Battalion was tasked with providing air defense for the Chu Lai Air Base. On 8 March 1965, the United States Marine Corps became the first of the Armed Services to deploy large ground combat units to South Vietnam. 1st LAAM Battalion had already been deployed for four weeks by the time Marine ground combat troops arrived. More than 38,000 Marines made up the III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) by the end of 1965 under the command of Major General Lewis W. Walt.","title":"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion"},{"id":"14299686","text":"the election of Richard Nixon, and the change of U.S. policy to Vietnamization, or giving the main combat role back to the South Vietnamese military. The North Vietnamese term for the large-scale introduction of U.S. ground forces, in 1965, is the \"Local War\", according to Gen. Trần Văn Trà, the [North Vietnamese] \" Party concluded, the \"United States was forced to introduce its own troops because it was losing the war. It had lost the political game in Vietnam...the situation allows us to shift our revolution to a new stage, that of decisive victory.\" The Party issued a resolution to","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"14427997","text":"Vietnam and the introduction of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam. By year's end, the 23,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam were still technically \"advisers\" (although they participated in many air and ground operations with the ARVN), but Johnson was contemplating U.S. ground troops. At the time, most of the reports and conversations mentioned below were secret; they were not made public for many years. U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. reported to Washington that the new President of South Vietnam Dương Văn Minh told him that he opposed American soldiers going into villages and districts","title":"1964 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"4461083","text":"1972, the Politburo member and Army General Võ Nguyên Giáp planned simultaneous attacks to capture as much territory as possible and to defeat the US-supported South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). By then, the number of United States ground forces in South Vietnam had fallen to 65,000 from an all-time high of 543,000 in 1969; and the North Vietnamese correctly anticipated that the US was unwilling to commit ground troops again. An aerial armada consisting of United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 Stratofortresses, F-4 Phantom IIs, A-37 Dragonflies and US Navy planes from four aircraft carrier wings","title":"An Lộc"},{"id":"15345896","text":"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (\"Sky Soldiers\") is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe. Activated in 1915, as the 173d Infantry Brigade, the unit saw service in World War II but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam, serving there from 1965 to 1971 and losing almost 1,800 soldiers. Noted for its roles in","title":"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team"},{"id":"14791913","text":"in Michael Barnhart (Ed.), Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1987). Paper on \"The 1965 Decision to Send U.S. Ground Forces to Vietnam,\" for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 16, 1987 in Washington D.C. William Conrad Gibbons William Conrad Gibbons (September 26, 1926 – July 4, 2015) was an American historian and foreign policy expert. Gibbons died at age 88. Gibbons was born in 1926 in Harrisonburg, Virginia, to Howard and Jessie Gibbons. He entered the University of Virginia in 1945. His studies were interrupted in order to serve in","title":"William Conrad Gibbons"},{"id":"447279","text":"lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a \"brush fire\" war in Vietnam. Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again. In April 1962, John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the \"danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did.\" By November 1963, there were 16,000 American","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427197","text":"of a full division of American troops. Ambassador Taylor had not been present at the meeting and he protested that \"Recent actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground forces have tended to create an eagerness in some quarters to deploy forces into SVN (South Vietnam) which I find difficult to understand.\" Taylor opposed the introduction of American ground troops for offensive operations, believing they should be restricted to coastal \"enclaves.\" General Westmoreland disagreed, believing that enclaves were \"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces...that would leave the decision of when and where to strike to the enemy.\" In Washington,","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"11495110","text":"in the Vietnam War, from 1965 to 1969. In 1965, she helped land the first US ground troops at Chu Lai. On 1 January 1969, \"Bexar\" along with the other surviving attack transports from World War II were redesignated amphibious transports, \"Bexar\" receiving the designation LPA-237. \"Bexar\" was decommissioned on 7 August 1970 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1976. She was returned to the Maritime Administration on 1 July 1972, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. On 16 June 1982, she was sold for scrapping to C. W.","title":"USS Bexar (APA-237)"},{"id":"14299729","text":"but submitted that request. The President approved sending two Marine battalions on February 26. Other than possibly Westmoreland, they were seen purely as defensive troops. Westmoreland denies assuming they would be available for missions outside the base. The \"Pentagon Papers\" suggest he did see a wider mission, but there is no strong evidence that he did; these troops were the first U.S. land combat forces committed to the Asian mainland since the Korean War. Ambassador Taylor, a retired general with extensive combat experience, objected. His calculation was that one battalion would protect the base from any plausible direct VC ground","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"9332427","text":"South Vietnamese government. Instead the initial deployment and gradual build-up was a unilateral decision by the US government. On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18, Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province. The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964. Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South, and a plan was developed to use PAVN units","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"12924110","text":"to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel","title":"Robert F. Kennedy"},{"id":"14427205","text":"were destroyed. Presidential adviser and future Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford in a letter to President Johnson said, \"I believe our ground forces in South Vietnam should be kept to a minimum, consistent with the protection of our installations and property in that country ... This could be a quagmire. It could turn into an open end commitment on our part that would take more and more ground troops, without a realistic hope of ultimate victory.\" \"Quagmire\" would later become a common word use to describe U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Eight hundred soldiers of the Australian Defence Force","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427189","text":"-- that the Pentagon and the military have been going at this thing the wrong way round from the very beginning: they have been concentrating on military results against guerrillas in the field, when they should have been concentrating on intense police control from the individual villager on up.\" Two battalions of U.S. Marines began to land on beaches near Da Nang. The arrival of the Marines heralded the direct involvement of American combat units in the Vietnam War. The Marines had the responsibility of guarding the Da Nang airbase but were ordered to \"not, repeat not, engage in day-to-day","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"439249","text":"and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953. The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"8190051","text":"of US forces in Thailand in response to the worsening situation of the Royal Lao Government in the Laotian Civil War. The Marines were then moved north to the town of Nong Khai where they conducted field training exercises with the Royal Thai Army and civic action with Thai civilians. On 1 July with the situation in Laos stabilizing the Marines were flown from Udorn to the Philippines and then on to Okinawa. 3/9 became the first battalion-sized ground combat unit to be deployed to Vietnam when they landed on 8 March 1965 in Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam. Over","title":"3rd Battalion, 9th Marines"},{"id":"7796935","text":"what he was going to do.\" Sorensen added that, in his opinion, Vietnam \"was the only foreign policy problem handed off by JFK to his successor in no better, and possibly worse, shape than it was when he inherited it.\" U.S. involvement in the region escalated until his successor Lyndon Johnson directly deployed regular U.S. military forces for fighting the Vietnam War. After Kennedy's assassination, President Johnson signed NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963. It reversed Kennedy's decision to withdraw 1,000 troops, and reaffirmed the policy of assistance to the South Vietnamese. On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"652153","text":"of two more divisions. More significantly, he also authorized a change in mission from defensive to offensive operations; he nevertheless continued to insist that this was not to be publicly represented as a change in existing policy. By the middle of June, the total U.S. ground forces in Vietnam were increased to 82,000 or by 150 percent. That same month, Ambassador Taylor reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective, and that the South Vietnamese army was outclassed and in danger of collapse. General Westmoreland shortly thereafter recommended the president further increase ground troops from 82,000 to","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"13924508","text":"1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic years of the 20th century in the United States. The year began with the Tet Offensive in the midst of the Vietnam War, which reached its climax after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed legislation allowing for an increased maximum number of troops on the ground at one time (549,500). Likewise, it was the most expensive year of the war, costing $77.4 billion. Antiwar sentiment continued to grow after the occurrence","title":"1968 in the United States"},{"id":"5923935","text":"more equal relationship between the two nations. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from the north seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966. The start of the hostilities can be traced to a speech given by North Korean leader Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966, at the Workers'","title":"Korean DMZ Conflict"},{"id":"7346807","text":"task force ordered to impose a naval quarantine against arms shipments to Cuba. A new era opened on 8 March 1965 when the Marines were committed to ground action in South Vietnam. Beginning on 16 August 1965, the regiment was gradually deployed to South Vietnam. The transfer was completed by the arrival of the 2d Battalion on 27 May 1966. The nature of the war required the artillerymen to defend their own positions against numerous enemy probes and brought about a vastly increased employment of artillery by helicopters, both for displacement and resupply. The regimental history in Vietnam was characterized","title":"11th Marine Regiment (United States)"},{"id":"14299725","text":"Dart (or, more specifically, Flaming Dart I), of the broader Operation Rolling Thunder plan, which had not yet officially started. Alternatively, the North Vietnamese may have accepted the risk of being bombed, correctly predicting that even if ground troops were introduced, the U.S. would not risk the North's greatest fear: large-scale ground operations, beyond the South Vietnamese border, against the Ho Chi Minh trail. The Pleiku attack seems to have been a vital decision point for the U.S. While the introduction of U.S. ground troops had been discussed for years, there were no specific plans. Bundy's memorandum to Johnson about","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"9332474","text":"Tet, but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival. Meanwhile, the withdrawal of American troops, who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year, was continued as scheduled. By June only six infantry battalions remained. On August 12, the last American ground combat division left the country. However, the U.S. continued to operate the base At Long Binh. Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese. After this, only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427221","text":"troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month, but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard. Johnson's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam. A brigade of the 101st Airborne Division arrived at Cam Rahn Bay and set up its base camp there. Sixty-one percent of Americans responded \"no\" to the following question by the Gallup Poll, \"Do you think the U.S. made","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"15345908","text":"first major ground combat unit of the United States Army to serve in the country. Brigadier General Williamson boldly predicted on arrival that his men would defeat the Viet Cong quickly and that they \"would be back in Okinawa by Christmas\". The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division; and the 1st Cavalry Division quickly followed the 173rd into Vietnam, the first of what would eventually be 25 U.S. Army brigades to serve in the country. As larger US Army commands were established in Vietnam, the brigade was assigned to the III Corps and II Corps","title":"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team"},{"id":"1637698","text":"at Huế. Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973. In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phước Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. South Vietnam was briefly ruled by a provisional government for almost eight years","title":"Vietnam"},{"id":"6143666","text":"intervention in Vietnam, particularly the large force increase from 1965-1968. The term is used to convey the belief that military success can only be achieved through the direct physical presence of troops in a conflict area. As terminology, it was coined to concisely express a counter-view against the position that other means, such as aerial bombardment (as used both by Germany and the Allies in World War II, and massively by the United States in Vietnam), economic incentives, or satellite intelligence could achieve victory. The term is particularly applied currently (2010) to counter-insurgency operations. \"Boots on the Ground...\" is an","title":"Boots on the Ground"},{"id":"18427589","text":"Red Beach Base Area Red Beach Base Area (also known as Camp JJ Books, Camp Haskins, Camp Viking, Paddock Compound or Red Beach Camp) is a complex of former U.S. Marines, Navy and Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) logistics and support bases northwest of Danang. The base was located along Highway 1, 8 km northwest of Danang at Red Beach, the site of the landing of the 9th Marine Regiment, the first US combat troops deployed to South Vietnam on 8 March 1965. The area comprised a number of separate adjacent bases as follows: The base","title":"Red Beach Base Area"},{"id":"4718071","text":"Battle of Khe Sahn, 21 to 9 January 9 July 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh on 20 January – 1 April 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced). In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On 12 February 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on 17 to 19 February. The 27th Marines became the first","title":"5th Marine Division (United States)"},{"id":"447298","text":"5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were much lower: 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. During this phase, the use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintained regular units. Group 559 was tasked with expanding the Ho Chi Minh Trail, in light of the near constant bombardment","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"9332424","text":"Minh Trail. President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964. Under Westmoreland, the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place. American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969. With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement it had created the Many Flags program to legitimise intervention and ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and matériel to the conflict. They were joined by the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. The U.S. paid for (through","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427550","text":"The NSAM also called for South Vietnam to improve its military establishment and mobilize its resources to prosecute the war. Thus, Kennedy stopped short of what many of his advisers, including General Taylor, had advised: the introduction of U.S. combat soldiers into South Vietnam. Kennedy's decision not to introduce combat troops surprised the Defense Department which had been assembling forces to be assigned to Vietnam, including Farm Gate aircraft. However, Kennedy's decision was a visible and undeniable violation of the Geneva Accords of 1954, still technically in force. President Kennedy approved the use of herbicides in Viet Nam to kill","title":"1961 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"11229054","text":"America. Johnson described himself at the time as boxed in by unpalatable choices—between sending Americans to die in Vietnam and giving in to the communists. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist and if he did not he thought he risked being impeached. By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam. Most of these soldiers were drafted after graduating from high school, and disproportionately came from economically-disadvantaged backgrounds. In early 1966, Robert Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed \"on a road from which there is","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"6658945","text":"Clark AB to the United States, and, in 1966, began making patient pickups in Vietnam. On 30 March 1972, North Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of South Vietnam, which came to be known as the Easter Offensive. The \"Vietnamization\" policy of the United States had resulted in the vast majority of US ground combat forces been withdrawn from South Vietnam with PACAF's tactical air units also being reduced. Military Airlift Command's C-141 force, accustomed to operating in and out of Vietnam from offshore were utilized for movement of large numbers of men and amounts of materiel to oppose the invasion.","title":"Military Airlift Command"},{"id":"14914665","text":"29 March 1975 when it fell to the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). It was located in Quảng Nam Province southeast of Da Nang Air Base on a strip of beach between China Beach and the Marble Mountains. On 28 July 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the U.S. would increase the number of its forces in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000. The arrival of additional USMC and United States Air Force squadrons at Da Nang AB led to severe overcrowding at the base and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (I MAW) began looking for an alternative site","title":"Marble Mountain Air Facility"},{"id":"15374841","text":"strengthen the tie between them and the central government. By November 1963 the program waned and officially ended in 1964. In early 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum – \"Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)\". \"Operation Ranch Hand\", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam. By the end of 1962, 109 American military personnel had been killed compared to 14 the previous year. During 1962, Viet Cong troops increased from 15,000 to 24,000. Depending on which assessment Kennedy accepted (Department of Defense or State) there had been zero","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"19178126","text":"says that the U.S. \"should develop as strong and persuasive a case as possible to demonstrate to the world the degree to which the Viet Cong is controlled, sustained and supplied\" from North Vietnam. The withdrawal of almost 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam took place, albeit described by the Pentagon Papers as an \"accounting exercise.\" The number of soldiers in South Vietnam was 16,752 in October and on December 31, 1963, was 15,894. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had made decisions on the Vietnam War based on optimistic reports from the American Embassy and MACV in Saigon and from","title":"National Security Action Memorandum 273"},{"id":"14427513","text":"of the U.S. Army to respond to Kennedy's emphasis on developing a greater capability in counterinsurgency, although the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group began providing counterinsurgency training to the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) and other security forces. The Kennedy Administration debated internally about introducing U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, but Kennedy decided against ground soldiers. The CIA began assisting Montagnard irregular forces, American pilots began flying combat missions to support South Vietnamese ground forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of herbicides (Agent Orange) to kill vegetation near roads threatened by the Viet Cong. By the end of the year,","title":"1961 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427215","text":"strikes, the U.S. 173rd Airborne began another sweep through Zone D with 2,500 men and ARVN and Australian participation. The allies claimed to have inflicted 100 Viet Cong casualties. Maxwell Taylor resigned as U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam. Taylor had earlier been opposed to the introduction of U.S. ground troops into South Vietnam, proposing instead an intensified air campaign against North Vietnam. Taylor would be replaced by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., who returned to Saigon for his second stint as ambassador. The New York Times reported that the 173rd Airborne suffered 10 killed and 42 wounded on its sweep through","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14286666","text":"was redeployed with US 173rd Airborne Brigade and 1 RAR on Operation Silver City, sweeping the south-west sector of War Zone D. At the strategic level the ARVN and the South Vietnamese government had both rallied after appearing on the verge of collapse and the threat against Saigon subsided. General William Westmoreland, commander of US forces in Vietnam, planned to adopt a more offensive strategy, and between January and December 1966 US troop levels rose from 210,000 to 327,000. The Australian government also increased its own commitment to the ground war in March 1966, announcing the deployment of a two","title":"Battle of Suoi Bong Trang"},{"id":"14427187","text":"of the cost of the deployment of the Koreans and provided economic incentives to South Korea for its support of South Vietnam. Ambassador Taylor met with generals Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Văn Minh in Saigon to request permission for the assignment of the Marines to Da Nang airbase. The generals raised no objections, but asked that the Marines arrive \"in the most inconspicuous way feasible.\" Operation Rolling Thunder was launched. 104 U.S. fighter-bombers and 19 South Vietnamese aircraft hit targets in the largest U.S. bombing raid to date against North Vietnam. Five U.S. planes and one South Vietnamese plane","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"767449","text":"a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south. There are no sources from Vietnam, the United States, or the Soviet Union that confirm the number of Chinese troops stationed in North Vietnam. However, the Chinese government later admitted to sending 320,000 Chinese soldiers to Vietnam during the 1960s and spent over $20 billion to support Hanoi's regular North Vietnamese Army and Việt Cộng guerrilla units. By early 1965, American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around Chu Lai and Da Nang, later to take on most of the fight as \"[m]ore and more","title":"Ho Chi Minh"},{"id":"18392300","text":"itself facing a volatile future there. In October 1961, President John F. Kennedy was presented with two potential courses of action in Vietnam. His staff members, Walter Rostow and retired General Maxwell Taylor recommended an increase in military advisers and a commitment of 8,000 U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam. A conflicting recommendation by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff called for committing six American combat divisions, comprising 200,000 soldiers. Kennedy held a decision on combat troops in abeyance, though he forwarded 1,000 added advisers to South Vietnam, including Farm Gate instructors from the Special","title":"Sigma I-62 war game"},{"id":"1300610","text":"completed the course of study at the Naval War College, while earning a master's degree in International Relations from George Washington University in Washington, DC. Moore was transferred to Fort Benning and commanded 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry later to become a part of 11th Air Assault Division, undergoing air assault and air mobility training and tests. On July 28, 1965 President Lyndon Johnson announced that he was sending \"the Airmobile Division to Vietnam\". That same month the 11th Air Assault Division was re-designated the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and alerted for deployment to Vietnam. Moore's battalion was re-designated as 1st","title":"Hal Moore"},{"id":"849914","text":"he became secretary, the authorized force in Vietnam was 525,000. Soon after moving into his Pentagon office, Clifford persuaded Johnson to deny General William Westmoreland's request for an additional 206,000 American troops in Vietnam. At the end of March 1968, however, the president agreed to send 24,500 more troops on an emergency basis, raising authorized strength to 549,500, a figure never reached. Even as he oversaw a continued buildup, Clifford preferred to emphasize the points Johnson had made in his March 31, 1968 address: that the South Vietnamese army could take over a greater share of the fighting, that the","title":"Clark Clifford"},{"id":"6289971","text":"only eight weeks. The 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) exceeded that demanding goal by reaching REDCON-1 status on 28 July 1965 and deploying to Vietnam in mid-August, only six weeks after the division's organization. The men of 2nd Brigade boarded the USNS \"General Simon B. Buckner\" on 16 August 1965, en route to Vietnam. On 14 September 1965, the 2nd Brigade disembarked the USNS \"Buckner\" and marched onto Vietnamese shores at Qui Nhơn. 2nd Brigade continued its tradition of firsts by becoming the first brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) to reach Vietnam. The brigade, consisting of 1/5 Cavalry, 2nd","title":"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)"},{"id":"13439507","text":"more successful than the 19th TASS because the Army allowed surveillance from a lower altitude than the USAF. After the Gulf of Tonkin incident served as the American \"casus belli\" in August 1964, the United States began to add large numbers of ground troops needing air support in South Vietnam. As of January, 1965, there were only 144 USAF airborne FACs to support them; 76 of these were assigned as advisers. There were also 68 VNAF FACs, but only 38 aircraft, in the four Vietnamese liaison squadrons. Yet the Rules of Engagement mandated a forward air controller direct all air","title":"Forward air control during the Vietnam War"},{"id":"17719771","text":"that Kennedy, because of his character and personality, might have considered, at a later date, a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam. NSAM 273, approved November 26, 1963, one day after Kennedy's funeral, by new U.S. President Lyndon Johnson affirmed the withdrawal called for in NSAM 263. saying \"The objectives of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U. S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963.\" National Security Action Memorandum 263 National Security Action Memorandum Number 263 (NSAM-263) was a national security directive approved on 11 October 1963 by","title":"National Security Action Memorandum 263"},{"id":"4660808","text":"very proud of those pilots and others who were conducting the evacuation\". Nixon's pledge of Peace with Honor in Vietnam had become a humiliating defeat, which together with Watergate contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. For an operation of the size and complexity of Frequent Wind, casualties were relatively light. Marine corporals McMahon and Judge killed at the DAO compound were the only members of US forces killed in action during the operation and they were the last US ground casualties in Vietnam. A Marine AH-1J SeaCobra ran out of fuel while searching for","title":"Operation Frequent Wind"},{"id":"10701924","text":"situation in Southeast Asia worsened, the United States began to take a more active part in the Vietnam War. Operation Jungle Drum, towards the end of 1965, landed Marines in southern Thailand. With increasing American commitments in South Vietnam, \"Tom Green County\" participated in Operations Piranha and Double Eagle in January and February 1966. The latter was the first large-scale amphibious landing under combat conditions since Inchon. In June 1966 the ship came under the operational and administrative command of Landing Ship Squadron 9; and, in November, the ship commenced support commitments for the Vietnam Coastal Surveillance Force, engaged in","title":"USS Tom Green County (LST-1159)"},{"id":"3064312","text":"Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and conscription, and \"Vietnam paralysis\" are all the perceived results of the syndrome. There is a general consensus by global historians and even most military analysts that from a purely strategic point of view, the U.S. military was losing the war on the battlefield \"despite\" its","title":"Vietnam Syndrome"},{"id":"14427235","text":"\"There can be no substitute for victory when the objective is the defeat of communist aggression\", he said. Operation Game Warden (Task force 116) began. It was a U.S. and South Vietnamese Navy operation in the Mekong Delta and near Saigon to patrol the rivers and coastal waters of South Vietnam, prevent the infiltration of soldiers and supplies from North Vietnam, and deny the Viet Cong access to the waterways. After a visit to South Vietnam, Marine Corps General Victor Krulak wrote a report expressing disagreement with General Westmoreland's strategy of attrition. It was \"wasteful of American lives, promising a","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"20414360","text":"forces are bent on destruction, RMK- BRJ's ten years of accomplishment have been in my opinion one of the finest episodes in our nation's history\" (, p. 437). RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest","title":"RMK-BRJ"},{"id":"14299730","text":"attack, but that six, not three, battalions would be necessary to establish a sufficiently large area to prevent the VC firing on Da Nang with standard and easily portable 81mm mortars. The Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed, and forwarded Westmoreland's request, with their agreement, on 26 February. Shortly before Johnson approved the sustained Operation Rolling Thunder plan on March 13, the Da Nang security force arrived on March 8. in response to Westmoreland's request of February 22 reflecting a concern with VC forces massing near the Marine air base at Da Nang, 3500 Marine ground troops arrived, the first U.S.","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"16541016","text":"Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived in Vietnam and had participated in combat operations. Officially, however the Dirty Thirty (an unofficial adopted nickname) pilots were classed as \"advisors\", not combatants. The original group of pilots deployed in 1962 rotated","title":"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)"},{"id":"3798455","text":"Huu An orders his soldiers to \"kill all they send, and they will stop coming\". Eleven years later, the United States is fighting the Vietnam War. U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gibson) is chosen to train and lead a battalion. After arriving in Vietnam, he learns that an American base has been attacked, and is ordered to take his 400 men after the enemy and eliminate the North Vietnamese attackers, despite the fact that intelligence has no idea of the number of enemy troops. Moore leads a newly created air cavalry unit into the Ia Drang Valley. After","title":"We Were Soldiers"},{"id":"20900608","text":"projects cannot fulfill themselves.\" In March 1972 the last U.S. ground combat division was withdrawn from Vietnam just as the North Vietnamese Army launched the Nguyễn Huệ or Easter Offensive. The U.S. responded by massively increasing its air war. “One main component was to be a flotilla of Seventh Fleet aircraft carriers (twice as many as in 1971) massed in the Gulf of Tonkin”. As the air and naval activity in the Pacific intensified, drastic changes occurred within the Navy. “During the remainder of the year, as many as four carriers…were on combat station in the Tonkin Gulf at one","title":"Stop Our Ship (SOS)"},{"id":"9109584","text":"to deploy to Da Nang. Arriving by C-130 on 8 April, by 9 April the HAWKs were operational at the base. On 8 March 1965, in coordination with the amphibious landing of the 9th Marine Regiment at Red Beach north of Da Nang, the 1st Battalion 3rd Marines landed at Da Nang AB from Naha Air Base, this marked the first deployment of US combat troops to South Vietnam. On 9 March HMM-365 was replaced by HMM-162. The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (9th MEB) were tasked with defending Da Nang AB, while overall responsibility for defending the Da Nang area","title":"Da Nang Air Base"},{"id":"5077504","text":"on. As public support decreased, opposition grew. The Gallup News Service began asking the American public whether it was a \"mistake to send troops to Vietnam\" in August 1965. At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled, 24%, believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60% of Americans polled believed the opposite. Three years later, in September 1968, 54% of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37% believed it was not a mistake. A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question, \"Have you ever felt the urge to","title":"Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"16541021","text":"Thirty pilots eventually rotated home during early 1963 and were replaced by a second contingent of American pilots. This detachment remained with the VNAF until December 1963 when they were withdrawn from Vietnam. Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived","title":"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)"},{"id":"1065469","text":"the 3d Battalion, 320th Artillery, was activated under Division Artillery to support the 4th Brigade. The units assigned and attached to the 3d Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division were as follows: The deployment of the 3rd Brigade took place with significant problems and controversy. In \"The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973,\" author Shelby L. Stanton describes how, other than the 82d, only two under-strength Marine and four skeletonized Army divisions were left stateside by the beginning of 1968. MACV, desperate for additional manpower, wanted the division to deploy to Vietnam, and","title":"82nd Airborne Division"},{"id":"5171126","text":"Group (MAAG), Vietnam was separated out from MAAG, Indochina in a reorganization into the different countries that the deployments were stationed. With this new date Fitzgibbon became the first person to die in the Vietnam War, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam Memorial Wall in 1999. The former first two official casualties were U.S. Army major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Charles Ovnand who were killed on July 8, 1959. While McMahon and Judge were the last American ground casualties in Vietnam, they are not the last casualties of the Vietnam War (a term which also covers","title":"Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge"},{"id":"4712595","text":"the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations against mainland China. 1954–1955: China: Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands. 1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming \"All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense","title":"Timeline of United States military operations"},{"id":"14427219","text":"Vietnam. President Johnson met with his top military advisers. In the course of the discussion, General Wallace M. Greene, Jr. estimated that winning the Vietnam War would take 5 years and 500,000 American soldiers. He said that he believed the American people would back such a commitment. Johnson was skeptical that Americans would support such a large commitment and opted instead for a gradual buildup of American forces and escalation of the war as recommended by General Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. The first surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by North Vietnam brought down a U.S. F-4C Phantom","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"3064322","text":"brought about because of the Vietnam War and with feelings of doubt over the morality of America's intentions and actions during the war. Reagan, however, argued that America had fought for \"a noble cause\" and blamed the war in Vietnam exclusively on North Vietnam's aggression: Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and","title":"Vietnam Syndrome"},{"id":"490933","text":"be air transportable and provide antitank support for airborne forces. In 1966, the US Army began pressing General Westmoreland to field the tank in South Vietnam, but he declined, stating that with no main gun ammunition, the \"Sheridan\" was basically nothing more than a $300,000 machine gun platform. In 1968, 152mm main gun ammo became available, and the M551 General Sheridan was deployed to South Vietnam for combat operations in January 1969. Shillelagh missiles did not prove to be a problem in the Vietnam War: they were not used. The Sheridans' 152mm main guns were used in combat operations in","title":"MGM-51 Shillelagh"},{"id":"11228878","text":"1969, sapping the strength of the domestic anti-war movement. Despite the failure of Operation Lam Son 719, which was designed to be the first major test of the South Vietnamese Army since the implementation of Vietnamization, the drawdown of American soldiers in Vietnam continued throughout Nixon's tenure. In early 1970, Nixon sent U.S. and South Vietnamese soldiers into Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese bases, expanding the ground war out of Vietnam for the first time. He had previously approved a secret B-52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named \"Operation Menu\"), without the consent","title":"Presidency of Richard Nixon"},{"id":"1713070","text":"the director of the CIA. He believed that \"it was a political problem ... [Helms] didn't want the agency ... contravening the policy interest of the administration.\" During the second half of 1967 the administration had become alarmed by criticism, both inside and outside the government, and by reports of declining public support for its Vietnam policies. According to public opinion polls, the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from 25 percent in 1965 to 45 percent by December 1967. This trend was fueled not by a","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"1317750","text":"was refused. 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines (BLT 2/9) (commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Randall W. Austin) was then in a training exercise on Okinawa and it received orders on the night of 13 May to return to camp and prepare for departure by air at dawn on 14 May. On the morning of 14 May BLT 2/9 boarded Air Force C-141s at Kadena Air Base to fly to Thailand. The 9th Marine Regiment had been the first U.S. ground combat force committed to the Vietnam War in 1965, but in May 1975 only a few of the officers and NCOs from","title":"Mayaguez incident"},{"id":"1713172","text":"assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: \"In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them.\" Wheeler's promptings were influenced by the severe strain imposed upon the U.S. military by the Vietnam commitment, one which had been undertaken without the mobilization of its reserve forces. The Joint Chiefs had repeatedly requested national mobilization, not only to prepare for a possible intensification of the war, but also to ensure that the nation's strategic reserve did not become depleted. By obliquely ordering Westmoreland to demand more forces, Wheeler was attempting to solve","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"2242369","text":"sent to the region at once. After making his report to the Cabinet and the Chiefs of Staff, Taylor reflected on the decision to send troops to South Vietnam: \"I don't recall anyone who was strongly against, except one man, and that was the President. The President just didn't want to be convinced that this was the right thing to do... It was really the President's personal conviction that U.S. ground troops shouldn't go in.\" Taylor opposed the 1963 South Vietnamese coup that overthrew and killed President Ngo Dinh Diem. A series of short-lived juntas followed, and after Taylor was","title":"Maxwell D. Taylor"},{"id":"14133380","text":"officers; while many RVN officers had their post through political connections, others would have been outstanding commanders in any army. At the same time, the U.S. was beginning to explore withdrawing forces. The USMC 1st Composite Radio Company deployed, on January 2, 1962, to Pleiku, South Vietnam as Detachment One. After Davis' death in December, it became obvious to the Army Security Agency that thick jungle made tactical ground collection exceptionally dangerous, and direction-finding moved principally to aircraft platforms. In addition to the U.S. advisers, in August 1962, 30 Australian Army advisers was sent to Vietnam to operate within the","title":"War in Vietnam (1959–1963)"},{"id":"13439503","text":"U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff granted the newly re-established 1st Air Commando Group authority to strike communist insurgents. On 8 February 1962, the Air Operations Center for Vietnam was set up at Tan Son Nhut on the outskirts of Saigon; it would be the command and control network for forward air control. In April 1962, a USAF study concluded only 32 American FACs were required for Vietnam service; by the time the last of the 32 had been assigned a year later, they were obviously insufficient. On 14 April 1962, the VNAF began training Forward Air Guides (FAGs) as ground","title":"Forward air control during the Vietnam War"},{"id":"8637496","text":"effort to win Vietnamese hearts and minds and drove many into the ranks of the VC instead. Therefore, some authors cite Operation Cedar Falls as a major example for the misconceptions of the US strategy in Vietnam and for its morally-troublesome consequences. The planning for Operation Cedar Falls evolved out of the broader strategic aims which MACV, the United States' unified command structure for its military forces in South Vietnam, had formulated for 1967. Following the war's earlier stages, in which the insertion of major US ground troops had averted the collapse of the South Vietnamese regime and during which","title":"Operation Cedar Falls"},{"id":"849886","text":"with the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff over Vietnam strategy became the subject of public speculation, frequent rumors surfaced that he would leave office. In an early November 1967 memorandum to Johnson, McNamara's recommendation to freeze troop levels, stop bombing North Vietnam and for the U.S. to hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam was rejected outright by the President. McNamara's recommendations amounted to his saying that the strategy of the United States in Vietnam which had been pursued to date had failed. McNamara later stated he \"never heard back\" from Johnson regarding the memo. Largely as a","title":"Robert McNamara"},{"id":"14427198","text":"D.C. about 20,000 people gathered to protest the Vietnam War. This was the first large protest against the war in the United States. China rescinded the order to its air force to not attack American war planes violating Chinese air space. Over the next three years, 12 American war planes and several reconnaissance planes were shot down over China. In a meeting in Hawaii, Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam. In a memo to the President the next day, Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that \"it would take","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14429408","text":"Operation Ranch Hand mission began. Defoliants (Agent Orange) were sprayed from U.S. aircraft along several miles of Highway 15 leading from the port of Vũng Tàu to the airforce base at Biên Hòa near Saigon. Although the United States wished to keep the use of defoliants secret, the South Vietnamese government announced publicly that defoliants supplied by the U.S. were being used to kill vegetation near highway routes. Operation Chopper was the first combat operation for American soldiers in Vietnam. U.S. pilots transported about 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers by helicopter to land and attack Viet Cong guerrillas about 10 miles","title":"1962 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"9797100","text":"Vietnam from 25 June 1965, to 19 March 1970. On 23 June 1965, Private First Class Gerold Worster arrived by plane in Saigon, in the Republic of Vietnam. Not only was Gerold the first soldier from the 1st Infantry Division, known as the \"Big Red One\", he was also the first member of the 7th Artillery to set foot on Vietnamese soil. Even as he climbed from the plane, his comrades were loading aboard the USNS \"General W. H. Gordon\" for the trip to Vietnam. On 12 July, Charlie Battery of the 1st Battalion, 7th Artillery made landfall at Cam","title":"7th Field Artillery Regiment"},{"id":"3913698","text":"troops. The paratroopers also captured an underground radio transmitter. This operation heralded a new era of air mobility for the U.S. Army, which had been slowly growing as a concept since the Army formed twelve helicopter battalions in 1952 as a result of the Korean War. These new battalions eventually formed a sort of modern-day cavalry for the Army. Operation Chopper (Vietnam) Operation Chopper occurred on January 12, 1962 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War. In December 1961, the USS Core (T-AKV-41) docked in Saigon with 82 U.S. Army Piasecki H-21","title":"Operation Chopper (Vietnam)"},{"id":"3376239","text":"with US forces if the situation warranted it. As Johnson saw it, the communist units would always keep their casualties below what they considered a prohibitive level, and could not be swept away by US firepower. He did, however, acknowledge that the U.S. Commander in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland, had little choice but to engage the enemy's main formations, which had to be prevented from securing base areas where they could concentrate. Johnson was instrumental in altering the focus to a counterinsurgency approach, but was frustrated at the US Congress' refusal to provide the manpower necessary for successful pacification. In","title":"Harold Keith Johnson"},{"id":"9332411","text":"interests being disturbed due to the rise of this communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it. Their actions came to be questioned by other segments of government and society, however, including the US congress.. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000. The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead. Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan, anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower. During 1961, his","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427554","text":"the threat of the insurgency, relying on social and economic programs as well as military measures to create an anti-communist movement among the Montagnard people who traditionally mistrusted Vietnamese of all political persuasions. Air Force General Curtis LeMay urged the Joint Chiefs of Staff to try to persuade President Kennedy to approve the introduction of substantial combat forces into South Vietnam. \"The first fruits\" of the Taylor mission arrived in Saigon: 32 CH-21 Shawnee 20-passenger helicopters, four single-engine training planes, and about 400 American soldiers. Secretary of Defense McNamara met with senior U.S. military leaders in Hawaii to discuss the","title":"1961 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"447242","text":"National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963. By 1964 there were 23,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, but this escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"491867","text":"Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves. The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong","title":"United States Navy SEALs"},{"id":"2475945","text":"Vietnamization Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to \"expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops.\" Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens'","title":"Vietnamization"},{"id":"20414338","text":"RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest in history up to that time (, p.v), (, p. 58), and . Over the ten-year life of the contract, RMK-BRJ trained 200,000 Vietnamese workers in construction and","title":"RMK-BRJ"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"20414346\",\n \"text\": \"1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been\",\n \"title\": \"RMK-BRJ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10909861\",\n \"text\": \"threat and secrecy in the nuclear age and should not have been used to justify the imperial presidency. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson sent 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic without congressional approval. The same year, he sent combat troops for the first time into Vietnam. The war lasted the longest in US history and resulted in the fourth largest number of US casualties after the Civil War and the two world wars. The Tonkin Gulf resolution authorized the president to use the military, as he required. That was transfer of war powers from Congress to the president. Lincoln\",\n \"title\": \"The Imperial Presidency\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447300\",\n \"text\": \"remained in the field for four days. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were unilaterally dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. General William\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796924\",\n \"text\": \"of Phuoc Vinh. Kennedy increased the number of military advisors and special forces in the area, from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but he was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332426\",\n \"text\": \"the presidency unopposed. With the installation of the Thieu and Ky government (the Second Republic), the U.S. had a pliable, stable, and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal. With the advent of \\\"Rolling Thunder\\\", American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. The US Government deployment of ground forces to Da Nang had not been consulted with the\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11884334\",\n \"text\": \"planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat\",\n \"title\": \"CIA activities in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7154165\",\n \"text\": \"their utility. Although the initial American commitment to the war in Vietnam had been limited to advice and materiel support, by 1964 there were 21,000 US advisors in South Vietnam. However, with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the worsening situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Crimp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427199\",\n \"text\": \"more than six months, perhaps a year or two to...break the will of the DRV/VC [North Vietnam and the Viet Cong] by denying them victory.\\\" On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there. Ambassador Taylor reported to Washington that Prime Minister Quat was reluctant to accept the assignment of more U.S. soldiers to South Vietnam. The CIA warned in a memorandum that the introduction of U.S. ground forces into Vietnam might result in \\\"constant danger that the war weary people of South Vietnam will let the U.S. assume an\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374839\",\n \"text\": \"presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. By the end of 1961 the American advisers in Vietnam numbered 3,205 and that number increased from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but Kennedy was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. Before his assassination, Kennedy used military advisors and special forces in Vietnam almost exclusively. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14428008\",\n \"text\": \"and Vietnam's central highlands. Former President John F. Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, said in an oral interview for the Kennedy Library that President Kennedy had \\\"a strong, overwhelming reason for being in Vietnam and that we should win the war in Vietnam.\\\" Kennedy denied that any consideration had been given by the President to withdrawing from Vietnam. He equivocated on the introduction of U.S. ground troops into Vietnam, saying that \\\"we'd face that when we came to it.\\\" Viet Cong commandos eluded detection and placed an explosive on the USS Card, an escort aircraft carrier of World War II vintage.\",\n \"title\": \"1964 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9826148\",\n \"text\": \"of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied to the strictly limited role of base defence by US Marine units. This was abandoned in April 1965, and replaced by a new \\\"enclave strategy\\\" of defending key coastal population centres and installations. This strategy required the introduction\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Gang Toi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447243\",\n \"text\": \"in which a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft. In response the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to increase U.S. military presence, deploying ground combat units for the first time and increasing troop levels to 184,000. Every year onward there was significant build-up despite little progress, with Robert McNamara, one of the principal architects of the war, beginning to express doubts of victory by the end of 1966. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces,\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20527991\",\n \"text\": \"ROK and the division of United States troops, the US allowed General Charles H. \\\"Tick\\\" Bonesteel III to assume multiple posts as the Commander-in-chief, UN command; and Commander of US. Forces, Korea; Commanding General, US. Eighth Army (EUSA). On March 1965, the US deployed ground forces into Vietnam which marked the start of a series of escalating casualties. Kim Il-sung recognized an opportunity to achieve Korean unification in which the possibility of US retaliation and assistance towards South Korea would be minimal. He believed that the US would be preoccupied with fighting in Vietnam and become reluctant to bear the\",\n \"title\": \"Uljin–Samcheok Landings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8445484\",\n \"text\": \"committing large units to battle. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam as early as 1950, when military advisors were sent to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The U.S. continued its advisory assistance to South Vietnam during the 1950s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again a year later. U.S. combat units were deployed to Vietnam beginning in 1965 after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the President to deploy U.S. conventional forces\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8445488\",\n \"text\": \"Okinawa. As the Marine presence grew in Vietnam, 2nd LAAM Battalion also joined the fight. 2nd LAAM Battalion was tasked with providing air defense for the Chu Lai Air Base. On 8 March 1965, the United States Marine Corps became the first of the Armed Services to deploy large ground combat units to South Vietnam. 1st LAAM Battalion had already been deployed for four weeks by the time Marine ground combat troops arrived. More than 38,000 Marines made up the III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) by the end of 1965 under the command of Major General Lewis W. Walt.\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299686\",\n \"text\": \"the election of Richard Nixon, and the change of U.S. policy to Vietnamization, or giving the main combat role back to the South Vietnamese military. The North Vietnamese term for the large-scale introduction of U.S. ground forces, in 1965, is the \\\"Local War\\\", according to Gen. Trần Văn Trà, the [North Vietnamese] \\\" Party concluded, the \\\"United States was forced to introduce its own troops because it was losing the war. It had lost the political game in Vietnam...the situation allows us to shift our revolution to a new stage, that of decisive victory.\\\" The Party issued a resolution to\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427997\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam and the introduction of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam. By year's end, the 23,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam were still technically \\\"advisers\\\" (although they participated in many air and ground operations with the ARVN), but Johnson was contemplating U.S. ground troops. At the time, most of the reports and conversations mentioned below were secret; they were not made public for many years. U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. reported to Washington that the new President of South Vietnam Dương Văn Minh told him that he opposed American soldiers going into villages and districts\",\n \"title\": \"1964 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4461083\",\n \"text\": \"1972, the Politburo member and Army General Võ Nguyên Giáp planned simultaneous attacks to capture as much territory as possible and to defeat the US-supported South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). By then, the number of United States ground forces in South Vietnam had fallen to 65,000 from an all-time high of 543,000 in 1969; and the North Vietnamese correctly anticipated that the US was unwilling to commit ground troops again. An aerial armada consisting of United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 Stratofortresses, F-4 Phantom IIs, A-37 Dragonflies and US Navy planes from four aircraft carrier wings\",\n \"title\": \"An Lộc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15345896\",\n \"text\": \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (\\\"Sky Soldiers\\\") is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe. Activated in 1915, as the 173d Infantry Brigade, the unit saw service in World War II but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam, serving there from 1965 to 1971 and losing almost 1,800 soldiers. Noted for its roles in\",\n \"title\": \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14791913\",\n \"text\": \"in Michael Barnhart (Ed.), Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1987). Paper on \\\"The 1965 Decision to Send U.S. Ground Forces to Vietnam,\\\" for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 16, 1987 in Washington D.C. William Conrad Gibbons William Conrad Gibbons (September 26, 1926 – July 4, 2015) was an American historian and foreign policy expert. Gibbons died at age 88. Gibbons was born in 1926 in Harrisonburg, Virginia, to Howard and Jessie Gibbons. He entered the University of Virginia in 1945. His studies were interrupted in order to serve in\",\n \"title\": \"William Conrad Gibbons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447279\",\n \"text\": \"lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a \\\"brush fire\\\" war in Vietnam. Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again. In April 1962, John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the \\\"danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did.\\\" By November 1963, there were 16,000 American\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427197\",\n \"text\": \"of a full division of American troops. Ambassador Taylor had not been present at the meeting and he protested that \\\"Recent actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground forces have tended to create an eagerness in some quarters to deploy forces into SVN (South Vietnam) which I find difficult to understand.\\\" Taylor opposed the introduction of American ground troops for offensive operations, believing they should be restricted to coastal \\\"enclaves.\\\" General Westmoreland disagreed, believing that enclaves were \\\"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces...that would leave the decision of when and where to strike to the enemy.\\\" In Washington,\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11495110\",\n \"text\": \"in the Vietnam War, from 1965 to 1969. In 1965, she helped land the first US ground troops at Chu Lai. On 1 January 1969, \\\"Bexar\\\" along with the other surviving attack transports from World War II were redesignated amphibious transports, \\\"Bexar\\\" receiving the designation LPA-237. \\\"Bexar\\\" was decommissioned on 7 August 1970 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1976. She was returned to the Maritime Administration on 1 July 1972, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. On 16 June 1982, she was sold for scrapping to C. W.\",\n \"title\": \"USS Bexar (APA-237)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299729\",\n \"text\": \"but submitted that request. The President approved sending two Marine battalions on February 26. Other than possibly Westmoreland, they were seen purely as defensive troops. Westmoreland denies assuming they would be available for missions outside the base. The \\\"Pentagon Papers\\\" suggest he did see a wider mission, but there is no strong evidence that he did; these troops were the first U.S. land combat forces committed to the Asian mainland since the Korean War. Ambassador Taylor, a retired general with extensive combat experience, objected. His calculation was that one battalion would protect the base from any plausible direct VC ground\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332427\",\n \"text\": \"South Vietnamese government. Instead the initial deployment and gradual build-up was a unilateral decision by the US government. On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18, Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province. The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964. Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South, and a plan was developed to use PAVN units\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12924110\",\n \"text\": \"to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427205\",\n \"text\": \"were destroyed. Presidential adviser and future Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford in a letter to President Johnson said, \\\"I believe our ground forces in South Vietnam should be kept to a minimum, consistent with the protection of our installations and property in that country ... This could be a quagmire. It could turn into an open end commitment on our part that would take more and more ground troops, without a realistic hope of ultimate victory.\\\" \\\"Quagmire\\\" would later become a common word use to describe U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Eight hundred soldiers of the Australian Defence Force\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427189\",\n \"text\": \"-- that the Pentagon and the military have been going at this thing the wrong way round from the very beginning: they have been concentrating on military results against guerrillas in the field, when they should have been concentrating on intense police control from the individual villager on up.\\\" Two battalions of U.S. Marines began to land on beaches near Da Nang. The arrival of the Marines heralded the direct involvement of American combat units in the Vietnam War. The Marines had the responsibility of guarding the Da Nang airbase but were ordered to \\\"not, repeat not, engage in day-to-day\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439249\",\n \"text\": \"and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953. The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8190051\",\n \"text\": \"of US forces in Thailand in response to the worsening situation of the Royal Lao Government in the Laotian Civil War. The Marines were then moved north to the town of Nong Khai where they conducted field training exercises with the Royal Thai Army and civic action with Thai civilians. On 1 July with the situation in Laos stabilizing the Marines were flown from Udorn to the Philippines and then on to Okinawa. 3/9 became the first battalion-sized ground combat unit to be deployed to Vietnam when they landed on 8 March 1965 in Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam. Over\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Battalion, 9th Marines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796935\",\n \"text\": \"what he was going to do.\\\" Sorensen added that, in his opinion, Vietnam \\\"was the only foreign policy problem handed off by JFK to his successor in no better, and possibly worse, shape than it was when he inherited it.\\\" U.S. involvement in the region escalated until his successor Lyndon Johnson directly deployed regular U.S. military forces for fighting the Vietnam War. After Kennedy's assassination, President Johnson signed NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963. It reversed Kennedy's decision to withdraw 1,000 troops, and reaffirmed the policy of assistance to the South Vietnamese. On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652153\",\n \"text\": \"of two more divisions. More significantly, he also authorized a change in mission from defensive to offensive operations; he nevertheless continued to insist that this was not to be publicly represented as a change in existing policy. By the middle of June, the total U.S. ground forces in Vietnam were increased to 82,000 or by 150 percent. That same month, Ambassador Taylor reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective, and that the South Vietnamese army was outclassed and in danger of collapse. General Westmoreland shortly thereafter recommended the president further increase ground troops from 82,000 to\",\n \"title\": \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13924508\",\n \"text\": \"1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic years of the 20th century in the United States. The year began with the Tet Offensive in the midst of the Vietnam War, which reached its climax after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed legislation allowing for an increased maximum number of troops on the ground at one time (549,500). Likewise, it was the most expensive year of the war, costing $77.4 billion. Antiwar sentiment continued to grow after the occurrence\",\n \"title\": \"1968 in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5923935\",\n \"text\": \"more equal relationship between the two nations. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from the north seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966. The start of the hostilities can be traced to a speech given by North Korean leader Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966, at the Workers'\",\n \"title\": \"Korean DMZ Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346807\",\n \"text\": \"task force ordered to impose a naval quarantine against arms shipments to Cuba. A new era opened on 8 March 1965 when the Marines were committed to ground action in South Vietnam. Beginning on 16 August 1965, the regiment was gradually deployed to South Vietnam. The transfer was completed by the arrival of the 2d Battalion on 27 May 1966. The nature of the war required the artillerymen to defend their own positions against numerous enemy probes and brought about a vastly increased employment of artillery by helicopters, both for displacement and resupply. The regimental history in Vietnam was characterized\",\n \"title\": \"11th Marine Regiment (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299725\",\n \"text\": \"Dart (or, more specifically, Flaming Dart I), of the broader Operation Rolling Thunder plan, which had not yet officially started. Alternatively, the North Vietnamese may have accepted the risk of being bombed, correctly predicting that even if ground troops were introduced, the U.S. would not risk the North's greatest fear: large-scale ground operations, beyond the South Vietnamese border, against the Ho Chi Minh trail. The Pleiku attack seems to have been a vital decision point for the U.S. While the introduction of U.S. ground troops had been discussed for years, there were no specific plans. Bundy's memorandum to Johnson about\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332474\",\n \"text\": \"Tet, but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival. Meanwhile, the withdrawal of American troops, who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year, was continued as scheduled. By June only six infantry battalions remained. On August 12, the last American ground combat division left the country. However, the U.S. continued to operate the base At Long Binh. Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese. After this, only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427221\",\n \"text\": \"troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month, but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard. Johnson's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam. A brigade of the 101st Airborne Division arrived at Cam Rahn Bay and set up its base camp there. Sixty-one percent of Americans responded \\\"no\\\" to the following question by the Gallup Poll, \\\"Do you think the U.S. made\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15345908\",\n \"text\": \"first major ground combat unit of the United States Army to serve in the country. Brigadier General Williamson boldly predicted on arrival that his men would defeat the Viet Cong quickly and that they \\\"would be back in Okinawa by Christmas\\\". The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division; and the 1st Cavalry Division quickly followed the 173rd into Vietnam, the first of what would eventually be 25 U.S. Army brigades to serve in the country. As larger US Army commands were established in Vietnam, the brigade was assigned to the III Corps and II Corps\",\n \"title\": \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1637698\",\n \"text\": \"at Huế. Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973. In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phước Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. South Vietnam was briefly ruled by a provisional government for almost eight years\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6143666\",\n \"text\": \"intervention in Vietnam, particularly the large force increase from 1965-1968. The term is used to convey the belief that military success can only be achieved through the direct physical presence of troops in a conflict area. As terminology, it was coined to concisely express a counter-view against the position that other means, such as aerial bombardment (as used both by Germany and the Allies in World War II, and massively by the United States in Vietnam), economic incentives, or satellite intelligence could achieve victory. The term is particularly applied currently (2010) to counter-insurgency operations. \\\"Boots on the Ground...\\\" is an\",\n \"title\": \"Boots on the Ground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18427589\",\n \"text\": \"Red Beach Base Area Red Beach Base Area (also known as Camp JJ Books, Camp Haskins, Camp Viking, Paddock Compound or Red Beach Camp) is a complex of former U.S. Marines, Navy and Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) logistics and support bases northwest of Danang. The base was located along Highway 1, 8 km northwest of Danang at Red Beach, the site of the landing of the 9th Marine Regiment, the first US combat troops deployed to South Vietnam on 8 March 1965. The area comprised a number of separate adjacent bases as follows: The base\",\n \"title\": \"Red Beach Base Area\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4718071\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Khe Sahn, 21 to 9 January 9 July 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh on 20 January – 1 April 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced). In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On 12 February 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on 17 to 19 February. The 27th Marines became the first\",\n \"title\": \"5th Marine Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447298\",\n \"text\": \"5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\\\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were much lower: 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. During this phase, the use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintained regular units. Group 559 was tasked with expanding the Ho Chi Minh Trail, in light of the near constant bombardment\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332424\",\n \"text\": \"Minh Trail. President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964. Under Westmoreland, the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place. American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969. With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement it had created the Many Flags program to legitimise intervention and ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and matériel to the conflict. They were joined by the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. The U.S. paid for (through\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427550\",\n \"text\": \"The NSAM also called for South Vietnam to improve its military establishment and mobilize its resources to prosecute the war. Thus, Kennedy stopped short of what many of his advisers, including General Taylor, had advised: the introduction of U.S. combat soldiers into South Vietnam. Kennedy's decision not to introduce combat troops surprised the Defense Department which had been assembling forces to be assigned to Vietnam, including Farm Gate aircraft. However, Kennedy's decision was a visible and undeniable violation of the Geneva Accords of 1954, still technically in force. President Kennedy approved the use of herbicides in Viet Nam to kill\",\n \"title\": \"1961 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229054\",\n \"text\": \"America. Johnson described himself at the time as boxed in by unpalatable choices—between sending Americans to die in Vietnam and giving in to the communists. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist and if he did not he thought he risked being impeached. By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam. Most of these soldiers were drafted after graduating from high school, and disproportionately came from economically-disadvantaged backgrounds. In early 1966, Robert Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed \\\"on a road from which there is\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6658945\",\n \"text\": \"Clark AB to the United States, and, in 1966, began making patient pickups in Vietnam. On 30 March 1972, North Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of South Vietnam, which came to be known as the Easter Offensive. The \\\"Vietnamization\\\" policy of the United States had resulted in the vast majority of US ground combat forces been withdrawn from South Vietnam with PACAF's tactical air units also being reduced. Military Airlift Command's C-141 force, accustomed to operating in and out of Vietnam from offshore were utilized for movement of large numbers of men and amounts of materiel to oppose the invasion.\",\n \"title\": \"Military Airlift Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14914665\",\n \"text\": \"29 March 1975 when it fell to the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). It was located in Quảng Nam Province southeast of Da Nang Air Base on a strip of beach between China Beach and the Marble Mountains. On 28 July 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the U.S. would increase the number of its forces in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000. The arrival of additional USMC and United States Air Force squadrons at Da Nang AB led to severe overcrowding at the base and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (I MAW) began looking for an alternative site\",\n \"title\": \"Marble Mountain Air Facility\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374841\",\n \"text\": \"strengthen the tie between them and the central government. By November 1963 the program waned and officially ended in 1964. In early 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum – \\\"Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)\\\". \\\"Operation Ranch Hand\\\", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam. By the end of 1962, 109 American military personnel had been killed compared to 14 the previous year. During 1962, Viet Cong troops increased from 15,000 to 24,000. Depending on which assessment Kennedy accepted (Department of Defense or State) there had been zero\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19178126\",\n \"text\": \"says that the U.S. \\\"should develop as strong and persuasive a case as possible to demonstrate to the world the degree to which the Viet Cong is controlled, sustained and supplied\\\" from North Vietnam. The withdrawal of almost 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam took place, albeit described by the Pentagon Papers as an \\\"accounting exercise.\\\" The number of soldiers in South Vietnam was 16,752 in October and on December 31, 1963, was 15,894. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had made decisions on the Vietnam War based on optimistic reports from the American Embassy and MACV in Saigon and from\",\n \"title\": \"National Security Action Memorandum 273\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427513\",\n \"text\": \"of the U.S. Army to respond to Kennedy's emphasis on developing a greater capability in counterinsurgency, although the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group began providing counterinsurgency training to the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) and other security forces. The Kennedy Administration debated internally about introducing U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, but Kennedy decided against ground soldiers. The CIA began assisting Montagnard irregular forces, American pilots began flying combat missions to support South Vietnamese ground forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of herbicides (Agent Orange) to kill vegetation near roads threatened by the Viet Cong. By the end of the year,\",\n \"title\": \"1961 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427215\",\n \"text\": \"strikes, the U.S. 173rd Airborne began another sweep through Zone D with 2,500 men and ARVN and Australian participation. The allies claimed to have inflicted 100 Viet Cong casualties. Maxwell Taylor resigned as U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam. Taylor had earlier been opposed to the introduction of U.S. ground troops into South Vietnam, proposing instead an intensified air campaign against North Vietnam. Taylor would be replaced by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., who returned to Saigon for his second stint as ambassador. The New York Times reported that the 173rd Airborne suffered 10 killed and 42 wounded on its sweep through\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14286666\",\n \"text\": \"was redeployed with US 173rd Airborne Brigade and 1 RAR on Operation Silver City, sweeping the south-west sector of War Zone D. At the strategic level the ARVN and the South Vietnamese government had both rallied after appearing on the verge of collapse and the threat against Saigon subsided. General William Westmoreland, commander of US forces in Vietnam, planned to adopt a more offensive strategy, and between January and December 1966 US troop levels rose from 210,000 to 327,000. The Australian government also increased its own commitment to the ground war in March 1966, announcing the deployment of a two\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Suoi Bong Trang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427187\",\n \"text\": \"of the cost of the deployment of the Koreans and provided economic incentives to South Korea for its support of South Vietnam. Ambassador Taylor met with generals Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Văn Minh in Saigon to request permission for the assignment of the Marines to Da Nang airbase. The generals raised no objections, but asked that the Marines arrive \\\"in the most inconspicuous way feasible.\\\" Operation Rolling Thunder was launched. 104 U.S. fighter-bombers and 19 South Vietnamese aircraft hit targets in the largest U.S. bombing raid to date against North Vietnam. Five U.S. planes and one South Vietnamese plane\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767449\",\n \"text\": \"a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south. There are no sources from Vietnam, the United States, or the Soviet Union that confirm the number of Chinese troops stationed in North Vietnam. However, the Chinese government later admitted to sending 320,000 Chinese soldiers to Vietnam during the 1960s and spent over $20 billion to support Hanoi's regular North Vietnamese Army and Việt Cộng guerrilla units. By early 1965, American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around Chu Lai and Da Nang, later to take on most of the fight as \\\"[m]ore and more\",\n \"title\": \"Ho Chi Minh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18392300\",\n \"text\": \"itself facing a volatile future there. In October 1961, President John F. Kennedy was presented with two potential courses of action in Vietnam. His staff members, Walter Rostow and retired General Maxwell Taylor recommended an increase in military advisers and a commitment of 8,000 U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam. A conflicting recommendation by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff called for committing six American combat divisions, comprising 200,000 soldiers. Kennedy held a decision on combat troops in abeyance, though he forwarded 1,000 added advisers to South Vietnam, including Farm Gate instructors from the Special\",\n \"title\": \"Sigma I-62 war game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1300610\",\n \"text\": \"completed the course of study at the Naval War College, while earning a master's degree in International Relations from George Washington University in Washington, DC. Moore was transferred to Fort Benning and commanded 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry later to become a part of 11th Air Assault Division, undergoing air assault and air mobility training and tests. On July 28, 1965 President Lyndon Johnson announced that he was sending \\\"the Airmobile Division to Vietnam\\\". That same month the 11th Air Assault Division was re-designated the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and alerted for deployment to Vietnam. Moore's battalion was re-designated as 1st\",\n \"title\": \"Hal Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"849914\",\n \"text\": \"he became secretary, the authorized force in Vietnam was 525,000. Soon after moving into his Pentagon office, Clifford persuaded Johnson to deny General William Westmoreland's request for an additional 206,000 American troops in Vietnam. At the end of March 1968, however, the president agreed to send 24,500 more troops on an emergency basis, raising authorized strength to 549,500, a figure never reached. Even as he oversaw a continued buildup, Clifford preferred to emphasize the points Johnson had made in his March 31, 1968 address: that the South Vietnamese army could take over a greater share of the fighting, that the\",\n \"title\": \"Clark Clifford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6289971\",\n \"text\": \"only eight weeks. The 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) exceeded that demanding goal by reaching REDCON-1 status on 28 July 1965 and deploying to Vietnam in mid-August, only six weeks after the division's organization. The men of 2nd Brigade boarded the USNS \\\"General Simon B. Buckner\\\" on 16 August 1965, en route to Vietnam. On 14 September 1965, the 2nd Brigade disembarked the USNS \\\"Buckner\\\" and marched onto Vietnamese shores at Qui Nhơn. 2nd Brigade continued its tradition of firsts by becoming the first brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) to reach Vietnam. The brigade, consisting of 1/5 Cavalry, 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13439507\",\n \"text\": \"more successful than the 19th TASS because the Army allowed surveillance from a lower altitude than the USAF. After the Gulf of Tonkin incident served as the American \\\"casus belli\\\" in August 1964, the United States began to add large numbers of ground troops needing air support in South Vietnam. As of January, 1965, there were only 144 USAF airborne FACs to support them; 76 of these were assigned as advisers. There were also 68 VNAF FACs, but only 38 aircraft, in the four Vietnamese liaison squadrons. Yet the Rules of Engagement mandated a forward air controller direct all air\",\n \"title\": \"Forward air control during the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17719771\",\n \"text\": \"that Kennedy, because of his character and personality, might have considered, at a later date, a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam. NSAM 273, approved November 26, 1963, one day after Kennedy's funeral, by new U.S. President Lyndon Johnson affirmed the withdrawal called for in NSAM 263. saying \\\"The objectives of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U. S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963.\\\" National Security Action Memorandum 263 National Security Action Memorandum Number 263 (NSAM-263) was a national security directive approved on 11 October 1963 by\",\n \"title\": \"National Security Action Memorandum 263\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4660808\",\n \"text\": \"very proud of those pilots and others who were conducting the evacuation\\\". Nixon's pledge of Peace with Honor in Vietnam had become a humiliating defeat, which together with Watergate contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. For an operation of the size and complexity of Frequent Wind, casualties were relatively light. Marine corporals McMahon and Judge killed at the DAO compound were the only members of US forces killed in action during the operation and they were the last US ground casualties in Vietnam. A Marine AH-1J SeaCobra ran out of fuel while searching for\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Frequent Wind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10701924\",\n \"text\": \"situation in Southeast Asia worsened, the United States began to take a more active part in the Vietnam War. Operation Jungle Drum, towards the end of 1965, landed Marines in southern Thailand. With increasing American commitments in South Vietnam, \\\"Tom Green County\\\" participated in Operations Piranha and Double Eagle in January and February 1966. The latter was the first large-scale amphibious landing under combat conditions since Inchon. In June 1966 the ship came under the operational and administrative command of Landing Ship Squadron 9; and, in November, the ship commenced support commitments for the Vietnam Coastal Surveillance Force, engaged in\",\n \"title\": \"USS Tom Green County (LST-1159)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3064312\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and conscription, and \\\"Vietnam paralysis\\\" are all the perceived results of the syndrome. There is a general consensus by global historians and even most military analysts that from a purely strategic point of view, the U.S. military was losing the war on the battlefield \\\"despite\\\" its\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427235\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"There can be no substitute for victory when the objective is the defeat of communist aggression\\\", he said. Operation Game Warden (Task force 116) began. It was a U.S. and South Vietnamese Navy operation in the Mekong Delta and near Saigon to patrol the rivers and coastal waters of South Vietnam, prevent the infiltration of soldiers and supplies from North Vietnam, and deny the Viet Cong access to the waterways. After a visit to South Vietnam, Marine Corps General Victor Krulak wrote a report expressing disagreement with General Westmoreland's strategy of attrition. It was \\\"wasteful of American lives, promising a\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20414360\",\n \"text\": \"forces are bent on destruction, RMK- BRJ's ten years of accomplishment have been in my opinion one of the finest episodes in our nation's history\\\" (, p. 437). RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest\",\n \"title\": \"RMK-BRJ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299730\",\n \"text\": \"attack, but that six, not three, battalions would be necessary to establish a sufficiently large area to prevent the VC firing on Da Nang with standard and easily portable 81mm mortars. The Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed, and forwarded Westmoreland's request, with their agreement, on 26 February. Shortly before Johnson approved the sustained Operation Rolling Thunder plan on March 13, the Da Nang security force arrived on March 8. in response to Westmoreland's request of February 22 reflecting a concern with VC forces massing near the Marine air base at Da Nang, 3500 Marine ground troops arrived, the first U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16541016\",\n \"text\": \"Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived in Vietnam and had participated in combat operations. Officially, however the Dirty Thirty (an unofficial adopted nickname) pilots were classed as \\\"advisors\\\", not combatants. The original group of pilots deployed in 1962 rotated\",\n \"title\": \"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3798455\",\n \"text\": \"Huu An orders his soldiers to \\\"kill all they send, and they will stop coming\\\". Eleven years later, the United States is fighting the Vietnam War. U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gibson) is chosen to train and lead a battalion. After arriving in Vietnam, he learns that an American base has been attacked, and is ordered to take his 400 men after the enemy and eliminate the North Vietnamese attackers, despite the fact that intelligence has no idea of the number of enemy troops. Moore leads a newly created air cavalry unit into the Ia Drang Valley. After\",\n \"title\": \"We Were Soldiers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20900608\",\n \"text\": \"projects cannot fulfill themselves.\\\" In March 1972 the last U.S. ground combat division was withdrawn from Vietnam just as the North Vietnamese Army launched the Nguyễn Huệ or Easter Offensive. The U.S. responded by massively increasing its air war. “One main component was to be a flotilla of Seventh Fleet aircraft carriers (twice as many as in 1971) massed in the Gulf of Tonkin”. As the air and naval activity in the Pacific intensified, drastic changes occurred within the Navy. “During the remainder of the year, as many as four carriers…were on combat station in the Tonkin Gulf at one\",\n \"title\": \"Stop Our Ship (SOS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9109584\",\n \"text\": \"to deploy to Da Nang. Arriving by C-130 on 8 April, by 9 April the HAWKs were operational at the base. On 8 March 1965, in coordination with the amphibious landing of the 9th Marine Regiment at Red Beach north of Da Nang, the 1st Battalion 3rd Marines landed at Da Nang AB from Naha Air Base, this marked the first deployment of US combat troops to South Vietnam. On 9 March HMM-365 was replaced by HMM-162. The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (9th MEB) were tasked with defending Da Nang AB, while overall responsibility for defending the Da Nang area\",\n \"title\": \"Da Nang Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5077504\",\n \"text\": \"on. As public support decreased, opposition grew. The Gallup News Service began asking the American public whether it was a \\\"mistake to send troops to Vietnam\\\" in August 1965. At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled, 24%, believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60% of Americans polled believed the opposite. Three years later, in September 1968, 54% of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37% believed it was not a mistake. A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question, \\\"Have you ever felt the urge to\",\n \"title\": \"Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16541021\",\n \"text\": \"Thirty pilots eventually rotated home during early 1963 and were replaced by a second contingent of American pilots. This detachment remained with the VNAF until December 1963 when they were withdrawn from Vietnam. Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived\",\n \"title\": \"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1065469\",\n \"text\": \"the 3d Battalion, 320th Artillery, was activated under Division Artillery to support the 4th Brigade. The units assigned and attached to the 3d Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division were as follows: The deployment of the 3rd Brigade took place with significant problems and controversy. In \\\"The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973,\\\" author Shelby L. Stanton describes how, other than the 82d, only two under-strength Marine and four skeletonized Army divisions were left stateside by the beginning of 1968. MACV, desperate for additional manpower, wanted the division to deploy to Vietnam, and\",\n \"title\": \"82nd Airborne Division\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5171126\",\n \"text\": \"Group (MAAG), Vietnam was separated out from MAAG, Indochina in a reorganization into the different countries that the deployments were stationed. With this new date Fitzgibbon became the first person to die in the Vietnam War, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam Memorial Wall in 1999. The former first two official casualties were U.S. Army major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Charles Ovnand who were killed on July 8, 1959. While McMahon and Judge were the last American ground casualties in Vietnam, they are not the last casualties of the Vietnam War (a term which also covers\",\n \"title\": \"Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4712595\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations against mainland China. 1954–1955: China: Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands. 1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming \\\"All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States military operations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427219\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam. President Johnson met with his top military advisers. In the course of the discussion, General Wallace M. Greene, Jr. estimated that winning the Vietnam War would take 5 years and 500,000 American soldiers. He said that he believed the American people would back such a commitment. Johnson was skeptical that Americans would support such a large commitment and opted instead for a gradual buildup of American forces and escalation of the war as recommended by General Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. The first surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by North Vietnam brought down a U.S. F-4C Phantom\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3064322\",\n \"text\": \"brought about because of the Vietnam War and with feelings of doubt over the morality of America's intentions and actions during the war. Reagan, however, argued that America had fought for \\\"a noble cause\\\" and blamed the war in Vietnam exclusively on North Vietnam's aggression: Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"490933\",\n \"text\": \"be air transportable and provide antitank support for airborne forces. In 1966, the US Army began pressing General Westmoreland to field the tank in South Vietnam, but he declined, stating that with no main gun ammunition, the \\\"Sheridan\\\" was basically nothing more than a $300,000 machine gun platform. In 1968, 152mm main gun ammo became available, and the M551 General Sheridan was deployed to South Vietnam for combat operations in January 1969. Shillelagh missiles did not prove to be a problem in the Vietnam War: they were not used. The Sheridans' 152mm main guns were used in combat operations in\",\n \"title\": \"MGM-51 Shillelagh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11228878\",\n \"text\": \"1969, sapping the strength of the domestic anti-war movement. Despite the failure of Operation Lam Son 719, which was designed to be the first major test of the South Vietnamese Army since the implementation of Vietnamization, the drawdown of American soldiers in Vietnam continued throughout Nixon's tenure. In early 1970, Nixon sent U.S. and South Vietnamese soldiers into Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese bases, expanding the ground war out of Vietnam for the first time. He had previously approved a secret B-52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named \\\"Operation Menu\\\"), without the consent\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Richard Nixon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713070\",\n \"text\": \"the director of the CIA. He believed that \\\"it was a political problem ... [Helms] didn't want the agency ... contravening the policy interest of the administration.\\\" During the second half of 1967 the administration had become alarmed by criticism, both inside and outside the government, and by reports of declining public support for its Vietnam policies. According to public opinion polls, the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from 25 percent in 1965 to 45 percent by December 1967. This trend was fueled not by a\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1317750\",\n \"text\": \"was refused. 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines (BLT 2/9) (commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Randall W. Austin) was then in a training exercise on Okinawa and it received orders on the night of 13 May to return to camp and prepare for departure by air at dawn on 14 May. On the morning of 14 May BLT 2/9 boarded Air Force C-141s at Kadena Air Base to fly to Thailand. The 9th Marine Regiment had been the first U.S. ground combat force committed to the Vietnam War in 1965, but in May 1975 only a few of the officers and NCOs from\",\n \"title\": \"Mayaguez incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713172\",\n \"text\": \"assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: \\\"In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them.\\\" Wheeler's promptings were influenced by the severe strain imposed upon the U.S. military by the Vietnam commitment, one which had been undertaken without the mobilization of its reserve forces. The Joint Chiefs had repeatedly requested national mobilization, not only to prepare for a possible intensification of the war, but also to ensure that the nation's strategic reserve did not become depleted. By obliquely ordering Westmoreland to demand more forces, Wheeler was attempting to solve\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2242369\",\n \"text\": \"sent to the region at once. After making his report to the Cabinet and the Chiefs of Staff, Taylor reflected on the decision to send troops to South Vietnam: \\\"I don't recall anyone who was strongly against, except one man, and that was the President. The President just didn't want to be convinced that this was the right thing to do... It was really the President's personal conviction that U.S. ground troops shouldn't go in.\\\" Taylor opposed the 1963 South Vietnamese coup that overthrew and killed President Ngo Dinh Diem. A series of short-lived juntas followed, and after Taylor was\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell D. Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14133380\",\n \"text\": \"officers; while many RVN officers had their post through political connections, others would have been outstanding commanders in any army. At the same time, the U.S. was beginning to explore withdrawing forces. The USMC 1st Composite Radio Company deployed, on January 2, 1962, to Pleiku, South Vietnam as Detachment One. After Davis' death in December, it became obvious to the Army Security Agency that thick jungle made tactical ground collection exceptionally dangerous, and direction-finding moved principally to aircraft platforms. In addition to the U.S. advisers, in August 1962, 30 Australian Army advisers was sent to Vietnam to operate within the\",\n \"title\": \"War in Vietnam (1959–1963)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13439503\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff granted the newly re-established 1st Air Commando Group authority to strike communist insurgents. On 8 February 1962, the Air Operations Center for Vietnam was set up at Tan Son Nhut on the outskirts of Saigon; it would be the command and control network for forward air control. In April 1962, a USAF study concluded only 32 American FACs were required for Vietnam service; by the time the last of the 32 had been assigned a year later, they were obviously insufficient. On 14 April 1962, the VNAF began training Forward Air Guides (FAGs) as ground\",\n \"title\": \"Forward air control during the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8637496\",\n \"text\": \"effort to win Vietnamese hearts and minds and drove many into the ranks of the VC instead. Therefore, some authors cite Operation Cedar Falls as a major example for the misconceptions of the US strategy in Vietnam and for its morally-troublesome consequences. The planning for Operation Cedar Falls evolved out of the broader strategic aims which MACV, the United States' unified command structure for its military forces in South Vietnam, had formulated for 1967. Following the war's earlier stages, in which the insertion of major US ground troops had averted the collapse of the South Vietnamese regime and during which\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Cedar Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"849886\",\n \"text\": \"with the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff over Vietnam strategy became the subject of public speculation, frequent rumors surfaced that he would leave office. In an early November 1967 memorandum to Johnson, McNamara's recommendation to freeze troop levels, stop bombing North Vietnam and for the U.S. to hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam was rejected outright by the President. McNamara's recommendations amounted to his saying that the strategy of the United States in Vietnam which had been pursued to date had failed. McNamara later stated he \\\"never heard back\\\" from Johnson regarding the memo. Largely as a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert McNamara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427198\",\n \"text\": \"D.C. about 20,000 people gathered to protest the Vietnam War. This was the first large protest against the war in the United States. China rescinded the order to its air force to not attack American war planes violating Chinese air space. Over the next three years, 12 American war planes and several reconnaissance planes were shot down over China. In a meeting in Hawaii, Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam. In a memo to the President the next day, Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that \\\"it would take\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14429408\",\n \"text\": \"Operation Ranch Hand mission began. Defoliants (Agent Orange) were sprayed from U.S. aircraft along several miles of Highway 15 leading from the port of Vũng Tàu to the airforce base at Biên Hòa near Saigon. Although the United States wished to keep the use of defoliants secret, the South Vietnamese government announced publicly that defoliants supplied by the U.S. were being used to kill vegetation near highway routes. Operation Chopper was the first combat operation for American soldiers in Vietnam. U.S. pilots transported about 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers by helicopter to land and attack Viet Cong guerrillas about 10 miles\",\n \"title\": \"1962 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9797100\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam from 25 June 1965, to 19 March 1970. On 23 June 1965, Private First Class Gerold Worster arrived by plane in Saigon, in the Republic of Vietnam. Not only was Gerold the first soldier from the 1st Infantry Division, known as the \\\"Big Red One\\\", he was also the first member of the 7th Artillery to set foot on Vietnamese soil. Even as he climbed from the plane, his comrades were loading aboard the USNS \\\"General W. H. Gordon\\\" for the trip to Vietnam. On 12 July, Charlie Battery of the 1st Battalion, 7th Artillery made landfall at Cam\",\n \"title\": \"7th Field Artillery Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3913698\",\n \"text\": \"troops. The paratroopers also captured an underground radio transmitter. This operation heralded a new era of air mobility for the U.S. Army, which had been slowly growing as a concept since the Army formed twelve helicopter battalions in 1952 as a result of the Korean War. These new battalions eventually formed a sort of modern-day cavalry for the Army. Operation Chopper (Vietnam) Operation Chopper occurred on January 12, 1962 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War. In December 1961, the USS Core (T-AKV-41) docked in Saigon with 82 U.S. Army Piasecki H-21\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Chopper (Vietnam)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3376239\",\n \"text\": \"with US forces if the situation warranted it. As Johnson saw it, the communist units would always keep their casualties below what they considered a prohibitive level, and could not be swept away by US firepower. He did, however, acknowledge that the U.S. Commander in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland, had little choice but to engage the enemy's main formations, which had to be prevented from securing base areas where they could concentrate. Johnson was instrumental in altering the focus to a counterinsurgency approach, but was frustrated at the US Congress' refusal to provide the manpower necessary for successful pacification. In\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Keith Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332411\",\n \"text\": \"interests being disturbed due to the rise of this communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it. Their actions came to be questioned by other segments of government and society, however, including the US congress.. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000. The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead. Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan, anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower. During 1961, his\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427554\",\n \"text\": \"the threat of the insurgency, relying on social and economic programs as well as military measures to create an anti-communist movement among the Montagnard people who traditionally mistrusted Vietnamese of all political persuasions. Air Force General Curtis LeMay urged the Joint Chiefs of Staff to try to persuade President Kennedy to approve the introduction of substantial combat forces into South Vietnam. \\\"The first fruits\\\" of the Taylor mission arrived in Saigon: 32 CH-21 Shawnee 20-passenger helicopters, four single-engine training planes, and about 400 American soldiers. Secretary of Defense McNamara met with senior U.S. military leaders in Hawaii to discuss the\",\n \"title\": \"1961 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447242\",\n \"text\": \"National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963. By 1964 there were 23,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, but this escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"491867\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves. The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong\",\n \"title\": \"United States Navy SEALs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475945\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnamization Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to \\\"expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops.\\\" Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens'\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20414338\",\n \"text\": \"RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest in history up to that time (, p.v), (, p. 58), and . Over the ten-year life of the contract, RMK-BRJ trained 200,000 Vietnamese workers in construction and\",\n \"title\": \"RMK-BRJ\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle RMK-BRJ context: 1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been\\n\\nIn what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: CIA activities in Vietnam context planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat\\n\\ntitle: 1964 the Vietnam War context and the introduction U.S. combat troops South. By year's end, the 2,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam were still technically \\\"advisers\\\" (although participated in many air and ground operations with the ARVN), but Johnson was contemplating U.S. ground troops. At the time, most of reports and conversations mentioned below were secret; they were not made public for many years U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. reported to Washington that the new President of South Vietnamương Văn Minh told him that he opposed American soldiers going into villages and\\n\\ntitle15 in the Vietnam War: of a of troops Ambassador Taylor had not been present at and he protested actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground tended to createagern in some quarters to deploy into SV (South Vietnam) which difficult understand.\\\" Taylor opposed introduction American ground for offensive, bel they be restricted coast \\\"enclaves General Westmoreland disagreed, believing enclaves were \\\"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces... would the and where strike to the enemy.\\\" Washingtontitle64 the:s President John Kennedy, said inal President Kennedy strong,ming being in that Vietnam.\\\" Kennedy denied that any from equated on the. ground troops into, that \\\"we face that V commandos eluded detection and placed an explosive on the USS Card, an escort aircraft carrier of World War II vintage.\\n\\nIn what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 479,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14376,\n \"ratio\": \"30.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":80,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":80,"string":"80"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bras","Bras (disambiguation)"],"string":"[\n \"Bras\",\n \"Bras (disambiguation)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bras"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10150","text":"subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \"only the ball","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"2997926","text":"Bure derived no immigration benefit from the marriage, which was dissolved the following year. Bohn became a costume designer in the film and television industry. After being linked to girlfriend Dahn Bryan, a model and actress, early in his NHL career, Bure shared a relationship with tennis star and fellow Russian Anna Kournikova. The two met in 1999 when she was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after reporter Andrew Greven took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova","title":"Pavel Bure"},{"id":"10151","text":"should bounce\" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film \"Me, Myself & Irene\" starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\", where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in \"FHM\" and \"Maxim\". Kournikova was named one of \"People's\" 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted \"hottest female athlete\" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in \"FHM's 100 Sexiest Women","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"10121","text":"Australia in 1999 and 2002, and the WTA Championships in 1999 and 2000. They referred to themselves as the \"Spice Girls of Tennis\". Kournikova retired at the age of 21 due to serious back and spinal problems, including a herniated disk. She lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and plays in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis. She was a new trainer for season 12 of the television show \"The Biggest Loser\", replacing Jillian Michaels, but did not return for season 13. In addition to her tennis and television work, Kournikova serves as","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"387112","text":"Association (WTA) doubles team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova, two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Finals Doubles champions, dubbed themselves the \"Spice Girls of tennis\" in 1999. Hingis and Kournikova, along with fellow WTA players Venus and Serena Williams, were also labelled the \"Spice Girls of tennis\", then later the “Spite Girls”, by the media in the late 1990s due to their youthfulness, popularity, and brashness. Wax sculptures of the Spice Girls are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussauds New York wax museum. The sculptures of the Spice Girls (sans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December 1999,","title":"Spice Girls"},{"id":"12481831","text":"Spike Lee's \"Girl 6\", as well as a recurring role on the second season of \"New York Undercover\". In 1998, \"Time\" declared the end of the supermodel era. Campbell continued modelling, both on the runway and, more frequently, on print. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances. In November of that year, she posed with 12 other top models for the \"Modern Muses\" cover of the Millennium Issue of American \"Vogue\", shot by Annie Leibovitz. The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini","title":"Naomi Campbell"},{"id":"1999044","text":"Banks modeled as a teenager, including a cover of \"Teen\" magazine. She entered the industry under the name \"Mirage\", but began calling herself \"Briana Banks\" in 1999, after having the first of two breast enlargement operations. Having had aspirations of being a supermodel, she chose the professional surname \"Banks\" after model Tyra Banks. Her first appearance using the new name was in the film \"Decadent Whores 9\". In June 2001, Banks was \"Penthouse\" magazine's Pet of the Month. On October 13, 2006, Banks reportedly filed a federal lawsuit seeking more than US$ 75,000 in damages against Doc Johnson Enterprises, charging","title":"Briana Banks"},{"id":"12481839","text":"CFDA’s ceremony on June 4. Despite her status as the most famous black model of her time, Campbell never earned the same volume of advertising assignments as her white colleagues, and she was not signed by a cosmetics company until as late as 1999. In 1991, she revealed, \"I may be considered one of the top models in the world, but in no way do I make the same money as any of them.\" Throughout her career, Campbell has been outspoken against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. In 1997, she stated, \"There is prejudice. It is","title":"Naomi Campbell"},{"id":"4591034","text":"Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would not use models younger than 18. Soon after the Victoria's Secret shoot, she was signed","title":"Isabeli Fontana"},{"id":"10120","text":"Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search. Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"20445958","text":"During her reign, she was also crowned Miss Model International. After her reign as Miss Russia ended, she crowned Yelena Rogozhina as her successor. Petrova was later offered a contract with Ford Models, but declined due to the fact that they would have required her to lose weight, learn English, and cut her hair short. Petrova went on to represent Russia in the Miss Universe 1999 competition, where she was unplaced. On 16 September 2000, Petrova was killed by a single gunshot to the head while outside of her apartment in Cheboksary, two days before her 20th birthday. Her boyfriend,","title":"Alexandra Petrova"},{"id":"1472408","text":"worked in campaigns for Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, and Paul Smith and appeared on the covers of several fashion magazines. In 1999, she became the face of the Hugo Boss fragrance campaign, succeeding model Karen Ferrari and continuing the campaign for three years. After modelling for a few years, Guillory returned her focus to acting in 2000. She is signed to Independent Models in London. Guillory explained that she \"became an actor because I wanted to know what it was like to be other people. Because possibly I don't like myself\", and later said \"I hate acting, really hate","title":"Sienna Guillory"},{"id":"1957268","text":"Children's Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts. In May 2014, Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award by the American Red Cross for her charity work, most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy. Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge","title":"Heidi Klum"},{"id":"10142","text":"was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles. Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"18960142","text":"not on achievement but on her exotic beauty and on a sad and cynical marketing campaign.\" Janice Forsyth, director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario, compared her to tennis' Anna Kournikova, who had never won a WTA Tour singles tournament but became well-known after appearing in numerous photo shoots and product advertisements. Jones rejected these criticisms, saying that her critics should be supporting the U.S. Olympic athletes, whereas instead they just \"ripped me to shreds.\" Jones also stated that \"The New York Times\" did not do its research properly, since, unlike Kournikova, she","title":"Lolo Jones"},{"id":"10839998","text":"Sanja Papić Sanja Papić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сања Папић, born 25 June 1984 in Novi Sad, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Serbia and Montenegro at Miss Universe 2003 where she placed 3rd Runner-Up and Miss Europe 2003 where she placed 2nd Runner-Up. In September 2003, Papić finished as a runner-up at the Miss Europe contest in Paris. In November, she left for New York in the company of Roberto Cavalli as his muse. She had been Omega Watches Ambassador (alongside Michael Schumacher, Anna Kournikova and Cindy Crawford), following a contract between Omega and","title":"Sanja Papić"},{"id":"10148","text":"doubles specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Fleming. Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian Pavel Bure, an NHL ice hockey player. The two met in 1999 when Kournikova was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova to marry him. As the story made headlines in Russia, where they were both heavily followed in the media as celebrities, Bure and Kournikova both denied any engagement. Kournikova, 10 years","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"10153","text":"back up to third place among athletes in terms of search popularity in 2010. In October 2010, Kournikova headed to NBC's \"The Biggest Loser\" where she led the contestants in a tennis-workout challenge. In May 2011, it was announced that Kournikova would join \"The Biggest Loser\" as a regular celebrity trainer in season 12. She did not return for season 13. In November 2010, she became an American citizen. In 2011, \"Men's Health\" named her one of the \"100 Hottest Women of All-Time\", ranking her at No. 29. Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"13398977","text":"Colette Pechekhonova Colette Pechekhonova is a Russian model. Pechekhonova was born on March 12, 1980 in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg. She was a student of ballet from a young age. While in college studying medicine, she sent pictures of herself to various agencies. The owner of one of them, Cros Coitton of Parisian agency Nathalie Models, noticed her photo and signed her almost immediately. Pechekhonova's debut into the fashion world was at the Spring/Summer 1999 Fendi show. She walked a total of 40 shows that season, making her an international success. After signing with New York Model Management in 1999,","title":"Colette Pechekhonova"},{"id":"2056098","text":"\"Two and a Half Men\" as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the CBS hit TV show \"How I Met Your Mother\". Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi advertising in 2004. He's also starred in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos and for Viceroy watches. In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. They reportedly split in October 2013 but have since reconciled. The couple had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16","title":"Enrique Iglesias"},{"id":"2501979","text":"and French \"Numéro\". Kass's first \"Vogue\" cover was French \"Vogue\" in November 1997. Her career was launched by Anna Wintour, and by 1999, Kass was walking the runway for numerous and diverse top designers, such as Marc Jacobs, Michael Kors, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, and Dolce & Gabbana; and posing in advertisements for designers and brands, like Calvin Klein, Chanel, Gucci, Donna Karan, Dsquared2, Versace, Givenchy, Fendi, Max Mara, Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Narciso Rodriguez, and even General Motors. She also appeared in a Gap denim advertising campaign, and was a spokesperson for Revlon cosmetics, Sephora, and the Christian","title":"Carmen Kass"},{"id":"3527866","text":"and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American \"Vogue\" as one of the \"Modern Muses\". Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on \"America's Next Top Model\" (\"ANTM\"), starting on Cycle 10 replacing the fashion icon, Twiggy. Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of \"ANTM\" participants on the show until she announced during a","title":"Paulina Porizkova"},{"id":"1957242","text":"Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\" and the reality show \"Project Runway\" which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn); Klum has","title":"Heidi Klum"},{"id":"13117461","text":"Tyra Banks also wore the 1995 Million Dollar Miracle Bra during the 1999 fashion show. As of 2018, the fantasy bra has been worn by 8 times by a Brazilian model, 5 times by an American model, 4 times by a German model, and 3 times by a Czech model. The $15 million price tag for the 2000 bra worn by Gisele Bündchen earned a place in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the most expensive item of lingerie ever created. The $3 million 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra and the $2 million 2010 Bombshell Fantasy Bra were designed by Damiani. Listed","title":"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show"},{"id":"12611369","text":"Nike's account in 1999 with Wieden+Kennedy marked the return of celebrity endorsements to Nike campaigns, including athletes such as Olympic runner Suzy Favor-Hamilton. \"Pretty\" continued this trend, and showcased the debut of Maria Sharapova as a spokesperson for the brand. Maria Sharapova had been playing tennis professionally since 2001, and became the youngest girl to reach the final at the junior Australian Open the following year, at the age of 14. In 2004, Sharapova became the third-youngest winner of the women's Wimbledon Championships. By 2005, she was ranked Number 1 in the world. \"Pretty\" was filmed and released in the","title":"Pretty (advertisement)"},{"id":"571158","text":"Girls football photo session (by chance, she wore the kit of his club Manchester United for the feature as the group's manager was a supporter). Of their initial meeting, she said, \"I didn't really know who he was. I was never into football.\" The couple announced their engagement in 1998 and were dubbed \"Posh and Becks\" by the media. She collects handbags, and owns over 100 Birkin bags, made by Hermès, which are widely considered the most valuable and sought-after, including a £100,000 shocking pink one, and worth a total of more than £1.5 million. On 4 July 1999 they","title":"Victoria Beckham"},{"id":"9738554","text":"smiling behind a large pair of red knickers on a washing line, saying \"is it a genuine Emin (£10,000)\" and thinking, \"or a worthless fake?\". This is a reference to Tracey Emin's \"My Bed\", literally a display of her (dishevelled) bed with detritus which included a pair of her knickers, shown in the 1999 Turner Prize at Tate Britain. The image was painted over a few days and in a final 24-hour non stop stint. \"My painting of Serota has become an icon of the Stuckist movement because it states our position in art,\" said Thomson. \"We are for new","title":"Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision"},{"id":"14256781","text":"Sassoon and Bumble and Bumble. While serving as a judge in a Northern Ontario Model Search, he met Elmer Olsen, a model scout and a former hairdresser. Olsen was impressed by Verrilli’s training history and invited him to get in touch if he was ever in Toronto. When Verrilli moved to the Toronto area in 1999, he did get in touch. After one haircut, Olsen was so pleased, he started sending all his models to Verrilli. One of those models was Daria Werbowy Daria Werbowy, who became a regular client. Once her career began to take off, Verrilli styled her","title":"Mario Verrilli"},{"id":"5523086","text":"and began a marketing blitz around the K-Swiss brand. Award-winning Creative Director, Mindy Gale led her NY based agency team in developing and producing K-Swiss advertising and publicity campaigns from 1997 through 2008. The \"I Wear My K-Swiss\" multi-media campaign ran for five consecutive years, targeting young urban consumers in print and on TV. A re-branding campaign appealing to a wider modern female target, featuring Anna Kournikova rolled out in 2007. Advertising campaigns encouraged users to personalize the trademark stripes under the slogan \"Put Your Spin on It.\" The brand includes their color changing K-Swiss Tongue Twister in 2003, the","title":"K-Swiss"},{"id":"10982949","text":"more). He was one of four active doubles players at the time of the Masters Cup to have completed a career Grand Slam (with Bob and Mike Bryan, and Daniel Nestor), and two year-end championships titles, in 1994 and 2006. Björkman, who mainly partnered during his career with Jan Apell, Nicklas Kulti, Todd Woodbridge, Max Mirnyi and Kevin Ullyett, also finished runner-up at two mixed doubles Grand Slam finals at Wimbledon, with Anna Kournikova in 1999, and Alicia Molik in 2007, and was part of the Sweden Davis Cup team for their last three championships in 1994, 1997 and 1998.","title":"2008 Tennis Masters Cup"},{"id":"9690479","text":"Among the schools she attended was one in Częstochowa, Poland. Her family still lives in Poland where Anja also owns a home. Rubik was interested in modeling from a young age after watching George Michael's music video for \"Too Funky\" featuring famous 90s supermodels. She participated in a local modeling contest, where she was scouted by a Parisian agency. In 1999, she moved to Paris to begin her modeling career. While she finished her education, she modeled during school vacations only. Rubik made her runway debut during the Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 1999 ready-to-wear collections. In 2000, Rubik signed with","title":"Anja Rubik"},{"id":"11557750","text":"as a career. When she was a teenager, she attended an all-girls school, which was very strict about her grades and attendance. She was given time off school to pursue her modelling, with the proviso that she keep her grades up. Much of her initial modelling work was during her school holidays. Throughout Gold's modelling career, her social life has been chronicled by the tabloids despite her keeping a relatively low profile. In her early career, she allegedly dated Westlife singer Mark Feehily in 1999. The pair kept a low profile due to his boy band status, with the exception","title":"Lauren Gold"},{"id":"18894034","text":"Panhellenic Women's Track & Field Championship. From 1984 to 1997 she had an international career as a model, and in 1990 she was chosen by CNN as one of the ten most beautiful models in the world. She collaborated for many years with Serge Lutens, a well-known French photographer, designer and producer in the world of fashion, while also having the good fortune to collaborate with the Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, and is the model most recognized as spokesperson for that brand, and whose face was published in international campaigns. In 1997 she returned to Greece, and from 2004 she","title":"Elena Kountoura"},{"id":"1790468","text":"Tyra Banks Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American television personality, producer, businesswoman, actress, author, former model and occasional singer. Born in Inglewood, California, she began her career as a model at the age of 15, and was the first woman of African American descent to be featured on the covers of \"GQ\" and the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\", on which she appeared twice. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2005. By the early 2000s, Banks was one of the world's top-earning models. Banks began acting on television in 1993 on \"The Fresh Prince","title":"Tyra Banks"},{"id":"14596989","text":"sewing apparel for major clothing manufacturers; seat belts, airbags and motor coils in vehicles; construction; surgical threads; ornament strings; and artificial hair. Gosen specialises in tennis, soft tennis and badminton sporting goods. The brand has been in the industry for more than 60 years, and its products have been previously approved by the International Tennis Federation, the Indonesia Badminton Association and the Badminton World Federation. Top players such as Rod Laver, Jim Courier, Jimmy Connors, Chris Evert Lloyd, Conchita Martínez and Anna Kournikova have also previously used and promoted this brand. Gosen was one of the world's first companies that","title":"Gosen (company)"},{"id":"14994342","text":"her appearances on the court. In particular, her fur-lined clothing worn at the 1964 Wimbledon Championships caught the attention of observers. In 2001, the \"Sunday Mirror\" quoted Pericoli as saying \"I became famous because of my clothes, not my playing.\" and \"I didn't make any money from tennis, but if I'd been born 30 years later I would have become terribly rich like Anna Kournikova\". On 7 May 2015, in the presence of the President of Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Giovanni Malagò, was inaugurated in the Olympic Park of the Foro Italico in Rome, along \"Viale delle Olimpiadi\", the","title":"Lea Pericoli"},{"id":"4591038","text":"in 2007. She was engaged to Rohan Marley but the engagement ended in early 2013. Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would","title":"Isabeli Fontana"},{"id":"4918649","text":"in Děčín, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Kurka, a Czech basketball player, and a Slovak mother. While Kurková was young, she was made fun of for her height. But after a friend sent photos of Kurková to an agency in Prague, at age 15, she landed a runway appearance, as well as gigs for commercial and print advertising. She later traveled to Milan to gain more experience and signed a modeling contract with Miuccia Prada. In September 1999, Kurková appeared in the American edition of fashion and lifestyle magazine \"Vogue\", and, after moving to New York City at the age of 17,","title":"Karolína Kurková"},{"id":"4304089","text":"Bill Chen. Phil Hellmuth's \"Play Poker Like the Pros\" book published in 2003. Statistics based on real play with their associated actual value in real bets. In poker communities, it is common for hole cards to be given nicknames. While most combinations have a nickname, stronger handed nicknames are generally more recognized, the most notable probably being the \"Big Slick\" - Ace and King of the same suit, although an Ace-King of any suit combination is less occasionally referred to as an Anna Kournikova, derived from the initials AK and because it \"looks really good but rarely wins.\" Hands can","title":"Texas hold 'em starting hands"},{"id":"214845","text":"the \"popular actor even more popular\". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by \"this woman who seemed to have so many different talents\". By the end of 1999, Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star. She joined a select few in achieving this feat, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams (1992) and Martika (1989). On February 23, 2000, Lopez, accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs, wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The dress \"had a low-cut neck that extended","title":"Jennifer Lopez"},{"id":"12481853","text":"1999, Campbell has released 16 fragrances for women via her eponymous perfume house, under the Procter & Gamble brand. Naomi Campbell Naomi Elaine Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a Jamaican English model, actress and singer. Recruited at the age of 15, she established herself amongst the most recognizable and in-demand models of the late 1980s and the 1990s and was one of six models of her generation declared :supermodels by the fashion industry and the international press. In addition to her modelling career, Campbell has embarked on other ventures, which include an R&B-pop studio album and several acting appearances","title":"Naomi Campbell"},{"id":"7445841","text":"waiting for the down elevator, she took the stairs instead, where she met modeling agency owner Eileen Ford. As Graham remembered in a 1999 interview, she had started chatting with Mrs Ford on the stairs, and by the time they were outside, Mrs Ford handed Graham her card and suggested that she think about becoming a model. Because Graham had not found a teaching job yet and was working as a bookkeeper, she decided to try modeling for a few years to make extra money to furnish her small apartment. Graham's early work as a model included a photo shoot","title":"Karen Graham"},{"id":"1419057","text":"Hufkens in Brussels. In 2017, Emin and Lehmann Maupin ended their working relationship. Charles Saatchi, who was best known as the most high-profile, high-spending collector of contemporary British art, bought \"My Bed\" (1998) for £150,000 ($248,000) from Lehmann Maupin's \"Every Part of Me's Bleeding,\" the exhibition that won the artist a nomination for the 1999 Turner Prize. In 2013, on the occasion of a Christie's London sale that raised a total of 3.1 million pounds ($5 million) in aid of the Saatchi Gallery's policy of free entry, \"To Meet My Past\" (2002) sold for $778,900, establishing a new record for","title":"Tracey Emin"},{"id":"17292188","text":"Paulina Tomborowska Paulina Tomborowska (born 1975) is a Polish model and Polish TV journalist (\"Polsat Café\"). She began working as a model at age 16 in 1991. Initially, she took part in television commercials and fashion shows, including for Polish fashion designer Anna Brodzinska. In 1995, she signed international contracts in Tokyo and Milan. Her height of was an ideal fit to the Japanese fashion market. For nearly four years, she moved between Warsaw, Tokyo and Milan. At the beginning of 1999, she returned to the Poland and became one of the most successful models in the country, in addition","title":"Paulina Tomborowska"},{"id":"10136","text":"also reached the final in Stanford. On 22 November 1999 she reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles, and ended the season at this ranking. Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year. Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open doubles tournament partnering with Julie Halard. She then reached the singles semifinals at the Medibank International Sydney, losing to Lindsay Davenport. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round in singles and the semi-finals in doubles. That season, Kournikova reached eight semifinals (Sydney, Scottsdale, Stanford, San","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"2501977","text":"Carmen Kass Carmen Kass (born 14 September 1978) is an Estonian model and former political candidate. Considered a supermodel by the fashion industry, she has worked as the face of Versace, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Valentino, Chanel, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Dior, Céline, Givenchy, and, for ten consecutive years, Michael Kors. In the year 2002, she was estimated to have been the second-highest-paid model in the world. Outside of modeling, Kass ran for the European Parliament in 2004 and was the president of the Estonian Chess Federation from 2004 to 2011. Kass was born in Tallinn and grew up in","title":"Carmen Kass"},{"id":"3649049","text":"Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \"Supermodel of Brazil\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford \"Supermodel of the World\" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Lima is currently ranked by Models.com","title":"Adriana Lima"},{"id":"3649083","text":"popular that it eventually became one of the top five most searched diets on the web in 2012 according to Google. Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \"Supermodel of Brazil\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford","title":"Adriana Lima"},{"id":"9973300","text":"she was an occasional actress on the USA Network's \"Up All Night with Rhonda Shear\". Whilst trying to get her recording career off the ground, to make a living she began a small modelling agency in 1988, which quickly evolved into an illicit escort business servicing a financially exclusive clientele. On June 8, 1999, Gibson was arrested in a sting operation in West Los Angeles and charged with pimping and pandering. At the time of her arrest the prosecuting authorities stated that Gibson ran one of the largest prostitution procurement operations since Heidi Fleiss, employing around 300 women. Her subsequent","title":"Jody Gibson"},{"id":"16217923","text":"Arbor and during the Fall of 2018, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan. Barry Klarberg Barry J. Klarberg (born March 4, 1961), CPA, is an American businessman. He is a professional business and wealth manager for athletes, entertainers and high-net-worth individuals. He is the founder and CEO of Monarch Business and Wealth Management, a full-service firm and family office that specializes in providing business and wealth management services. Klarberg has managed several prominent individuals including musician/actor Justin Timberlake, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, NASCAR champion Kyle Busch, professional tennis player/model Anna Kournikova, NBA All-Star","title":"Barry Klarberg"},{"id":"2088449","text":"character's image; \"Playboy\" was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference to \"Tomb Raider\". Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction. Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong, who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance in \"Angel of Darkness\" from 2002 to 2004. Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft in \"Legend\". She was the first model","title":"Lara Croft"},{"id":"1595130","text":"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \"white collection\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris","title":"Philip Treacy"},{"id":"5847572","text":"a business manager is a representative of musicians or recording artists or both, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs and financial matters. The role largely originated from Allen Klein, who represented numerous performers, helping them to both invest their incomes wisely and to recover unpaid (or underpaid) royalties and fees. Business managers commonly have an overlapping presence in both the entertainment and sports industries, as illustrated by business manager Barry Klarberg, who represents entertainer Justin Timberlake as well professional athletes C. J. Wilson, Mark Messier and Anna Kournikova. In government and the military, the equivalent position is","title":"Business manager"},{"id":"12625463","text":"delegation is considered to be the greatest honor bestowed on an American by the United States Olympic Committee. In 2012, she was appointed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the State Department's Council to Empower Women and Girls Through Sports, according to a State Department fact sheet. In 1999, she launched her career as a model by starting on the runway. She modelled for British fashion designer Alexander McQueen by opening his London show, on a pair of hand-carved wooden prosthetic legs made from solid ash, with integral boots. She is able to change her height between 5 ft","title":"Aimee Mullins"},{"id":"3165645","text":"Zvonareva started to compete on the ITF Women's Circuit in 1999, debuting at an ITF tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. She won three qualifying matches there to reach the main draw before losing in the first round. The next year, she won an ITF event in Moscow, Russia without dropping a set, despite being unranked. The event was just the second event she had played in her professional career. Five weeks later, she made her WTA-level debut at the Tier I tournament in Moscow, beating world No. 148 Elena Bovina, before losing to world No. 11 Anna Kournikova in the second","title":"Vera Zvonareva"},{"id":"6060847","text":"Playmate of the Year (album) Playmate of the Year is the third studio album released by American punk rock band Zebrahead, it is also their final album released via Columbia Records. The woman modelling on the album cover is American model and actress Jodi Ann Paterson who was a \"Playboy\" Playmate in 1999 and named \"Playmate of the Year\" in 2000, of which the album refers to. The album cover and its CD case content also closely resembles the album cover and CD case content of the band's follow-up release \"Stupid Fat Americans\". In the beginning of the video the","title":"Playmate of the Year (album)"},{"id":"9472782","text":"because she had already received a more lucrative offer by that time. Since the time of her victory, Kahnovich has become a very successful model, having walked in fashion shows for big names such as Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Dolce and Gabbana in New York, Paris and Milan. Cycle two was held exactly one year after the first one and saw victory for Svetlana Sergienko, who was asked by Russian president Vladimir Putin to join the parliament as a representative for the growing modeling industry in Russia. The show was discontinued after four cycles and returned under the","title":"Ty - supermodel"},{"id":"7249643","text":"caused further financial difficulties as the designer amounted 250,000 pounds in debt and was forced to go into voluntary liquidation. Subsequently, he restructured his company and staged comeback collection in 2001 without a catwalk presentation, and designed for high-street label Marks and Spencer to make ends meet. Italian clothing manufacturer Gibo also helped the designer as did British jeweller Asprey, who appointed him as their fashion director the same year. He was crowned 'British Designer of the Year' in 1999 and 2000, and was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 17 June 2006. International","title":"Hussein Chalayan"},{"id":"10976280","text":"has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 1996 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \"Um, the money.\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.","title":"Kirsty Hume"},{"id":"3651784","text":"Alessandra Ambrosio Alessandra Corine Maria Ambrósio (; born April 11, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress. Ambrosio is known for her work with Victoria's Secret and was chosen as the first spokesmodel for the company's PINK line. Ambrosio was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2000 to 2017 and has modeled for brands such as Next, Armani Exchange, Christian Dior, and Ralph Lauren. In 2012, she was ranked number six on \"Forbes\" list of the highest-paid models, estimated to have earned $6.6 million in one year. She is often cited by the popular media as one of the world's sexiest","title":"Alessandra Ambrosio"},{"id":"1320546","text":"will be co-starring with Saoirse Ronan, Meryl Streep, Timothée Chalamet, Laura Dern, and Chris Cooper. In 2005, Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for \"Teen Vogue\" and was the youngest person ever to appear on its cover. Three years later, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign, for which she received an estimated","title":"Emma Watson"},{"id":"9563017","text":"consider getting plastic surgery. Despite that, she managed to get signed by an agency that sent her to work in Paris, France. A few years later, she was signed by Elite Model Management, and subsequently by Ford Models. McMenamy's modeling career mainly spanned the years 1985 to 1998, when she worked for many of the world's top designers and international fashion houses, such as Versace, Giorgio Armani, Valentino, Todd Oldham, Christian Dior, Sonia Rykiel, Dolce & Gabbana, Jean Paul Gaultier, Gianfranco Ferré, Lanvin, Isaac Mizrahi, Yohji Yamamoto, Thierry Mugler, Comme des Garçons, Chloé, and Moschino. During the early stage of","title":"Kristen McMenamy"},{"id":"274024","text":"Skip-Bo. Mattel purchased Fisher-Price, Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. (owners of the Matchbox and Dinky Toys brands) in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year. Mattel earned the first grant for Disney Princess doll licenses in 2000. In December 2000, Mattel sued the band Aqua, saying their song \"Barbie Girl\" violated the Barbie trademark and turned Barbie into a sex object, referring to her as a","title":"Mattel"},{"id":"5568840","text":"Baby Phat Baby Phat is an American apparel brand developed by model and entrepreneur Kimora Lee Simmons in 1999. The brand is the high-end line of Russell Simmons' Phat Fashions LLC label, and is carried in mid-market department stores, including Macy's and Dillard's. The label caters to female urban wear. In 2004, the label's parent company was acquired by Kellwood Company for $140 million. Baby Phat was established under Phat Fashions LLC in 1999 as an extension of the urban menswear brand Phat Farm. Initially, the Baby Phat symbol was placed on simple T-shirts and gifted as party favors to","title":"Baby Phat"},{"id":"13224695","text":"cover of the Italian Glamour magazine, and editorials for Harper's Bazaar and the Italian Vogue. Mallmann went to New York and returned to her country as a supermodel. She appeared in the Pirelli Calendar in June 1999 and was chosen by US TV channel E! as \"Celebrity of the Year\" in 1999. Her career includes runway and advertisements for designers such as Valentino, Alexander McQueen, Oscar de la Renta, Alberta Ferretti, Bottega Veneta, Carolina Herrera, Christian Lacroix, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Chanel 'Allure' perfume, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Emporio Armani, Gianni Versace, Jean Paul Gaultier, Lacoste, Yves Saint","title":"Shirley Mallmann"},{"id":"7207229","text":"were very controversial). Meisel also shoots Prada campaigns each season — having done so since 2004. In April 2008 he shot friend Madonna for \"Vanity Fair\", and later in the year he shot her for the 2009 spring campaign by Louis Vuitton. He is a close friend of designer Anna Sui for whom he also shot several campaigns, even though Sui rarely uses advertising to promote her clothing. As one of the most powerful photographers in the fashion industry, Meisel is credited with \"discovering\" or promoting the careers of many successful models, including Linda Evangelista, Guinevere Van Seenus, Karen Elson,","title":"Steven Meisel"},{"id":"2005504","text":"producer Michael Winner. Hervey became a part-time catwalk model in a career move she hoped would take her into television presenting, but with her statuesque 6-foot height she took to the career full-time, ultimately modelling for Christian Dior. In April 2000, she and friend Jayne Blight opened Knightsbridge fashion boutique \"Akademi\". Frequented by Victoria Beckham, Meg Mathews and Martine McCutcheon, it closed in 2001 with debts estimated at £350,000. Hervey was reportedly only £20 out of pocket by the business failure but in the year following the closure, Hervey owed a series of personal debts. In 2012, it was reported","title":"Lady Victoria Hervey"},{"id":"2263455","text":"Rodman married model Carmen Electra in November 1998 at the Little Chapel of the Flowers in Las Vegas, Nevada. Electra filed for divorce in April 1999. In 1999 Rodman met Michelle Moyer, with whom he had a son, Dennis Junior (D.J., born 2000) and a daughter, Trinity (born 2001). Moyer and Rodman married in 2003 on his 42nd birthday. Michelle Rodman filed for divorce in 2004, although the couple spent several years attempting to reconcile. The marriage was officially dissolved in 2012 when Michelle Rodman again petitioned the court to grant a divorce. It was reported that Rodman owed $860,376","title":"Dennis Rodman"},{"id":"13239176","text":"Ashfield to a 'state of the art' factory on \"Bridge Foot\" (A517) in Belper. In May 2006, Sara Lee sold all of its lingerie brands to PD Enterprise, as part of a company known as Courtaulds Legwear. Pretty Polly was the first hosiery company to advertise on TV in 1980. In 1994 Laura Bailey modelled for the company, then in 1998, Eva Herzigová became the face (and legs) of Pretty Polly advertising. Sara Cox also modelled their hosiery. In 1999 the company launched their first bras, known as bbras. In 2003, English singer Rachel Stevens became the face of PP","title":"Pretty Polly (hosiery)"},{"id":"12898403","text":"Giovanni was attending a junior college to major in Biology and waitressing five nights a week when she began modeling, having attained 17.5 credits by the semester when she was discovered. She began modeling at the end of 1999, initially to pay for college. About six months into modeling, she was made \"Penthouse\" magazine's Pet for the month of September 2000. Her pictorial was shot by Suze Randall. Around this time she was accepted to University of California, San Diego as a junior transfer student with a major in biochemistry and a minor in English writing. However, she decided not","title":"Aria Giovanni"},{"id":"4955319","text":"pair of Vans shoes she designed to benefit the Vans Custom Culture competition, an annual campaign by Vans raising funds and awareness for high school art programs. In 1997, Sui entered into a partnership with Isetan to create a fashion accessories line. The line is distributed by Mammina in Japan and present in the United States, Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. The Anna Sui Cosmetics line launched in 1999 via a distribution sales agreement with Albion Cosmetics. An Anna Sui Skincare line, similarly with Albion followed this up in 2000. The cosmetics line releases two seasonal collections per year","title":"Anna Sui"},{"id":"12260844","text":"Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \"You are a Supermodel\", the Russian adaptation of \"America's Next Top Model\" created by Tyra Banks. \"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show was taped and the final was aired. When","title":"Ksenia Kahnovich"},{"id":"5372830","text":"Wheeler to go to Milan and appear in his fashion show. Later that year, she was stopped in England on her way to a salon by noted fashion photographer Mario Testino. By the age of 17, Wheeler was on the cover of French \"Vogue\" and part of a Gucci advertisement campaign. Although she continued to go to school at The King's School, Canterbury—in Luxmoore House—Wheeler would often take off days to shoot for fashion companies, such as Calvin Klein, Prada, and The Gap. In 1999, \"The Face\" magazine declared her the 'Model of the Millennium'. Designers have continued to embrace","title":"Jacquetta Wheeler"},{"id":"7090776","text":"the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Anna Kournikova, who became the #17 seed. 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Jana Novotná was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Lindsay Davenport. Davenport defeated Steffi Graf in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. This was to be the final Grand Slam tournament in which Graf would appear. This tournament saw a number of surprises, including a first round defeat of World No. 1 and first seed Martina Hingis at the hands of Australian qualifier and World No. 129","title":"1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles"},{"id":"7506328","text":"Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \"T Models\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management was sued by model Alexia Palmer. Palmer alleged that 80% of her wages were taken away from her as \"expenses\" and that she had been paid less than $4000 over a two-year period. The lawsuit was dismissed in March 2016. In July 2015, it was reported that Trump Model Management and Trump Management Group LLC combined had requested US visas for","title":"Trump Model Management"},{"id":"10123","text":"has said, \"We were young and we liked the clean, physical life, so Anna was in a good environment for sport from the beginning\". Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at age five. Describing her early regimen, she said, \"I played two times a week from age six. It was a children's program. And it was just for fun; my parents didn't know I was going to play professionally, they just wanted me to do something because I had lots of energy. It was only when I started playing well at seven that","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"17741259","text":"in 1997. Actor and model Yukta Mookhey was later crowned Miss World 1999. Six years after Sushmita Sen’s win, three Indians made a total sweep in 2000: Lara Dutta, Priyanka Chopra and Dia Mirza went on to win Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Asia Pacific International (predecessor of Miss Earth pageant) titles respectively. In 2010, Nicole Faria from Bangalore became the first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth pageant and in 2017, Manushi Chhillar won the Miss World 2017 title. <br> × Did not compete<br> ↑ No pageant held Femina Miss India<br> I AM She – Miss Universe","title":"India at Big Four international beauty pageants"},{"id":"13224693","text":"Shirley Mallmann Shirley Mallmann (born February 15, 1977) is a Brazilian model. She is considered the first Brazilian top model and is best known for her work with Jean Paul Gaultier, who immortalized her silhouette in his first perfume, \"Classique\" in a 1999 ad. Known for her amazing runway walk, she's also doned multiple covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan among others worldwide. She was also elected celebrity of the year by E Entertainment in 1999. Mallmann was born in Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. She is of German-Brazilian descent. Before becoming a model, she worked","title":"Shirley Mallmann"},{"id":"14872414","text":"the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it. Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny","title":"Loyandford"},{"id":"14872413","text":"Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted","title":"Loyandford"},{"id":"7506329","text":"almost 250 international fashion models. In August 2016, former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf. In September 2016, Senator Barbara Boxer called on United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to investigate the allegations. In April 2017, it was announced that the agency would be closed down. Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \"T Models\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management","title":"Trump Model Management"},{"id":"1967772","text":"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \"Viva La Radio\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \"Smash Hits\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working","title":"Lolly (singer)"},{"id":"12260846","text":"most successful contestants of the \"Top Model\" franchise. Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \"You are a Supermodel\", the Russian adaptation of \"America's Next Top Model\" created by Tyra Banks. \"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show","title":"Ksenia Kahnovich"},{"id":"7480664","text":"Anna Rawson Anna Rawson (born 5 August 1981) is an American professional golfer and model. She played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. Rawson was born in Adelaide, Australia. She got her break into a modeling career at age 16, when she was a finalist in the Australian \"Dolly\" Magazine cover contest. This opened up modeling opportunities on the catwalk, in print ads, magazines, and on television. In 1999 as an amateur golfer in Australia, Rawson was the South Australian and Victoria Junior Champion plus the winner of the Jack Newton International Junior Classic. She was the","title":"Anna Rawson"},{"id":"4290130","text":"Wolf, a man closer to her age. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a green card through her marriage to Cherry. In 1997 she met Rupert Murdoch, who is 37 years her senior, while working as an executive at the Murdoch-owned Star TV in Hong Kong. They married in 1999 on board his yacht \"Morning Glory\", less than three weeks after the finalisation of his divorce from his second wife, Anna Murdoch. Following the marriage, she was branded a \"gold digger\" by sources close to Murdoch, including family members. The couple had two children, Grace (born 2001) and Chloe","title":"Wendi Deng Murdoch"},{"id":"4585096","text":"Amber Valletta Amber Evangeline Valletta (born February 9, 1974) is an American model and actress. She began her career as a fashion model, landing her first of sixteen American \"Vogue\" covers at the age of eighteen. During the 1990s, Valletta reached the status of supermodel, working as the face of Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Valentino, Gucci and Versace, and signing multimillion-dollar cosmetics contracts with Calvin Klein and Elizabeth Arden. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, \"House of Style\". In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her","title":"Amber Valletta"},{"id":"11582125","text":"The cover image of Sarah O'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue. The book includes images produced in Gair's earlier efforts for the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" from 1999–2007. It also includes several behind-the-scenes images not include in the magazine. Although to many she is best known for \"Demi's Birthday Suit\", art aficionados consider her most famous work \"Disappearing Model\". The work appeared on \"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\". In the trompe l'oeil body painting, the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow","title":"Joanne Gair"},{"id":"7237025","text":"clarified in a 2004 interview, \"I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the other side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do? The doctors didn't even bother running X-rays. They just reset it. But it wasn't a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job!\" In 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich","title":"Chad Michael Murray"},{"id":"1446766","text":"her first title on clay at the Betty Barclay Cup in Hamburg, defeating Mary Pierce in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the French Open, she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125 Barbara Schwartz. Williams teamed with Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, Williams defeated No. 17 Anna Kournikova in the","title":"Venus Williams"},{"id":"592747","text":"saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen pop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following Gisele Bundchen's breakthrough, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied","title":"Model (person)"},{"id":"5822944","text":"the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. \"Vogue Paris\" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In the September 2008 issue of Fashion Magazine she was quoted as saying: \"I've had a lot of mixed feelings about what I do ... A lot of the time, I feel like I'm part of the problem when it comes","title":"Daria Werbowy"},{"id":"4994652","text":"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the \"Forbes\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder","title":"Natalia Vodianova"},{"id":"11030224","text":"making the transition from fine art to fashion. Parsons alumni include Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford and Donna Karan for whom Anand Jon interned. Upon graduating from Parsons under the mentorship of his Associate Dean, Tim Gunn of Project Runway TV fame, Anand Jon launched his debut collection \"Amazone\" in 1999. He was the first Indian to debut at 7th of sixth New York Fashion Week. As the Anand Jon brand rapidly gained popularity with his Kama Sutra Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by Giorgio Armani. Anand Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world. Anand","title":"Anand Jon"},{"id":"12247243","text":"worldwide. Amid her growing public profile, she was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album \"Shots in the Dark\", which was released in 1996, and became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. In 1997, she appeared in the short film \"Seed,\" directed by San Francisco-born filmmaker Karin Thayer, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1998 film adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel \"Phantoms\". McGowan spent the majority of the late 1990s headlining a variety of independent films, including roles in \"Nowhere\" (1997), where she reunited with Araki, as well as \"Southie\" (1996),","title":"Rose McGowan"},{"id":"20910525","text":"wearing a \"knock off\" Fendi jacket from Dapper Dan — which was referred to as \"an all-night clothing store that caters to performers\" in \"The New York Times\" — interest in the store eventually brought his usage of European luxury fashion logos to the attention of those retailers across the Atlantic. In 1992, after legal action by Fendi and then-U.S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan's was shut down for good. He was shunned by the mainstream fashion world for decades, though he continued to work \"underground\" as a designer. He began outfitting Floyd Mayweather in 1999. Day's career has been","title":"Dapper Dan (designer)"},{"id":"4320468","text":"and the \"Miss Dior\" perfume was relaunched. Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name. The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named \"Christian Dior Couture\" in 1995. Also, the \"La Parisienne\" watch model was released – embodied in the watch \"Parisian Chic\". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million. Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano","title":"Christian Dior SE"},{"id":"4918650","text":"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her \"Vogue\" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her","title":"Karolína Kurková"},{"id":"7740717","text":"Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant. In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s","title":"Jean Dessès"},{"id":"2088448","text":"from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction. Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume. French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo. McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing in \"Playboy\", which used the character and \"Tomb Raider\" franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the","title":"Lara Croft"},{"id":"4643307","text":"Art Director: Kayla Kern, Producer: Ricky Michiels Features Director: Lisa Mischianti, Senior Editors: Ben Barna, Gabrielle Korn Senior Beauty Editor: Jade Taylor Associate Editor: Keryce Henry Editorial Assistant: Austen Tosone Fashion Fashion Director: Joseph Errico, Style Director: Dani Stahl, Market Editor: Marissa Smith, Assistant Editor: Nicole Draga The first \"Nylon\" cover subject was Liv Tyler in April 1999, photographed and interviewed by Helena Christensen. Cover models have included: Demi Lovato, Christina Aguilera, The Horrors, Avril Lavigne, Selena Gomez, Lily Allen, Paris Hilton, The Kills, Camilla Belle, Karen O, Evan Rachel Wood, Mary-Kate Olsen, Lea Michele, Lil' Kim, Zooey Deschanel, Kristen","title":"Nylon (magazine)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10150\",\n \"text\": \"subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \\\"only the ball\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2997926\",\n \"text\": \"Bure derived no immigration benefit from the marriage, which was dissolved the following year. Bohn became a costume designer in the film and television industry. After being linked to girlfriend Dahn Bryan, a model and actress, early in his NHL career, Bure shared a relationship with tennis star and fellow Russian Anna Kournikova. The two met in 1999 when she was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after reporter Andrew Greven took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova\",\n \"title\": \"Pavel Bure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10151\",\n \"text\": \"should bounce\\\" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film \\\"Me, Myself & Irene\\\" starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\", where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in \\\"FHM\\\" and \\\"Maxim\\\". Kournikova was named one of \\\"People's\\\" 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted \\\"hottest female athlete\\\" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in \\\"FHM's 100 Sexiest Women\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10121\",\n \"text\": \"Australia in 1999 and 2002, and the WTA Championships in 1999 and 2000. They referred to themselves as the \\\"Spice Girls of Tennis\\\". Kournikova retired at the age of 21 due to serious back and spinal problems, including a herniated disk. She lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and plays in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis. She was a new trainer for season 12 of the television show \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\", replacing Jillian Michaels, but did not return for season 13. In addition to her tennis and television work, Kournikova serves as\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"387112\",\n \"text\": \"Association (WTA) doubles team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova, two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Finals Doubles champions, dubbed themselves the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis\\\" in 1999. Hingis and Kournikova, along with fellow WTA players Venus and Serena Williams, were also labelled the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis\\\", then later the “Spite Girls”, by the media in the late 1990s due to their youthfulness, popularity, and brashness. Wax sculptures of the Spice Girls are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussauds New York wax museum. The sculptures of the Spice Girls (sans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Spice Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481831\",\n \"text\": \"Spike Lee's \\\"Girl 6\\\", as well as a recurring role on the second season of \\\"New York Undercover\\\". In 1998, \\\"Time\\\" declared the end of the supermodel era. Campbell continued modelling, both on the runway and, more frequently, on print. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances. In November of that year, she posed with 12 other top models for the \\\"Modern Muses\\\" cover of the Millennium Issue of American \\\"Vogue\\\", shot by Annie Leibovitz. The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1999044\",\n \"text\": \"Banks modeled as a teenager, including a cover of \\\"Teen\\\" magazine. She entered the industry under the name \\\"Mirage\\\", but began calling herself \\\"Briana Banks\\\" in 1999, after having the first of two breast enlargement operations. Having had aspirations of being a supermodel, she chose the professional surname \\\"Banks\\\" after model Tyra Banks. Her first appearance using the new name was in the film \\\"Decadent Whores 9\\\". In June 2001, Banks was \\\"Penthouse\\\" magazine's Pet of the Month. On October 13, 2006, Banks reportedly filed a federal lawsuit seeking more than US$ 75,000 in damages against Doc Johnson Enterprises, charging\",\n \"title\": \"Briana Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481839\",\n \"text\": \"CFDA’s ceremony on June 4. Despite her status as the most famous black model of her time, Campbell never earned the same volume of advertising assignments as her white colleagues, and she was not signed by a cosmetics company until as late as 1999. In 1991, she revealed, \\\"I may be considered one of the top models in the world, but in no way do I make the same money as any of them.\\\" Throughout her career, Campbell has been outspoken against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. In 1997, she stated, \\\"There is prejudice. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591034\",\n \"text\": \"Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would not use models younger than 18. Soon after the Victoria's Secret shoot, she was signed\",\n \"title\": \"Isabeli Fontana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10120\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search. Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20445958\",\n \"text\": \"During her reign, she was also crowned Miss Model International. After her reign as Miss Russia ended, she crowned Yelena Rogozhina as her successor. Petrova was later offered a contract with Ford Models, but declined due to the fact that they would have required her to lose weight, learn English, and cut her hair short. Petrova went on to represent Russia in the Miss Universe 1999 competition, where she was unplaced. On 16 September 2000, Petrova was killed by a single gunshot to the head while outside of her apartment in Cheboksary, two days before her 20th birthday. Her boyfriend,\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandra Petrova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1472408\",\n \"text\": \"worked in campaigns for Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, and Paul Smith and appeared on the covers of several fashion magazines. In 1999, she became the face of the Hugo Boss fragrance campaign, succeeding model Karen Ferrari and continuing the campaign for three years. After modelling for a few years, Guillory returned her focus to acting in 2000. She is signed to Independent Models in London. Guillory explained that she \\\"became an actor because I wanted to know what it was like to be other people. Because possibly I don't like myself\\\", and later said \\\"I hate acting, really hate\",\n \"title\": \"Sienna Guillory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957268\",\n \"text\": \"Children's Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts. In May 2014, Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award by the American Red Cross for her charity work, most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy. Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge\",\n \"title\": \"Heidi Klum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10142\",\n \"text\": \"was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles. Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18960142\",\n \"text\": \"not on achievement but on her exotic beauty and on a sad and cynical marketing campaign.\\\" Janice Forsyth, director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario, compared her to tennis' Anna Kournikova, who had never won a WTA Tour singles tournament but became well-known after appearing in numerous photo shoots and product advertisements. Jones rejected these criticisms, saying that her critics should be supporting the U.S. Olympic athletes, whereas instead they just \\\"ripped me to shreds.\\\" Jones also stated that \\\"The New York Times\\\" did not do its research properly, since, unlike Kournikova, she\",\n \"title\": \"Lolo Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10839998\",\n \"text\": \"Sanja Papić Sanja Papić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сања Папић, born 25 June 1984 in Novi Sad, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Serbia and Montenegro at Miss Universe 2003 where she placed 3rd Runner-Up and Miss Europe 2003 where she placed 2nd Runner-Up. In September 2003, Papić finished as a runner-up at the Miss Europe contest in Paris. In November, she left for New York in the company of Roberto Cavalli as his muse. She had been Omega Watches Ambassador (alongside Michael Schumacher, Anna Kournikova and Cindy Crawford), following a contract between Omega and\",\n \"title\": \"Sanja Papić\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10148\",\n \"text\": \"doubles specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Fleming. Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian Pavel Bure, an NHL ice hockey player. The two met in 1999 when Kournikova was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova to marry him. As the story made headlines in Russia, where they were both heavily followed in the media as celebrities, Bure and Kournikova both denied any engagement. Kournikova, 10 years\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10153\",\n \"text\": \"back up to third place among athletes in terms of search popularity in 2010. In October 2010, Kournikova headed to NBC's \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\" where she led the contestants in a tennis-workout challenge. In May 2011, it was announced that Kournikova would join \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\" as a regular celebrity trainer in season 12. She did not return for season 13. In November 2010, she became an American citizen. In 2011, \\\"Men's Health\\\" named her one of the \\\"100 Hottest Women of All-Time\\\", ranking her at No. 29. Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13398977\",\n \"text\": \"Colette Pechekhonova Colette Pechekhonova is a Russian model. Pechekhonova was born on March 12, 1980 in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg. She was a student of ballet from a young age. While in college studying medicine, she sent pictures of herself to various agencies. The owner of one of them, Cros Coitton of Parisian agency Nathalie Models, noticed her photo and signed her almost immediately. Pechekhonova's debut into the fashion world was at the Spring/Summer 1999 Fendi show. She walked a total of 40 shows that season, making her an international success. After signing with New York Model Management in 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Colette Pechekhonova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2056098\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Two and a Half Men\\\" as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the CBS hit TV show \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\". Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi advertising in 2004. He's also starred in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos and for Viceroy watches. In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. They reportedly split in October 2013 but have since reconciled. The couple had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16\",\n \"title\": \"Enrique Iglesias\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2501979\",\n \"text\": \"and French \\\"Numéro\\\". Kass's first \\\"Vogue\\\" cover was French \\\"Vogue\\\" in November 1997. Her career was launched by Anna Wintour, and by 1999, Kass was walking the runway for numerous and diverse top designers, such as Marc Jacobs, Michael Kors, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, and Dolce & Gabbana; and posing in advertisements for designers and brands, like Calvin Klein, Chanel, Gucci, Donna Karan, Dsquared2, Versace, Givenchy, Fendi, Max Mara, Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Narciso Rodriguez, and even General Motors. She also appeared in a Gap denim advertising campaign, and was a spokesperson for Revlon cosmetics, Sephora, and the Christian\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Kass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3527866\",\n \"text\": \"and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American \\\"Vogue\\\" as one of the \\\"Modern Muses\\\". Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" (\\\"ANTM\\\"), starting on Cycle 10 replacing the fashion icon, Twiggy. Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of \\\"ANTM\\\" participants on the show until she announced during a\",\n \"title\": \"Paulina Porizkova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957242\",\n \"text\": \"Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \\\"Germany's Next Topmodel\\\" and the reality show \\\"Project Runway\\\" which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn); Klum has\",\n \"title\": \"Heidi Klum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13117461\",\n \"text\": \"Tyra Banks also wore the 1995 Million Dollar Miracle Bra during the 1999 fashion show. As of 2018, the fantasy bra has been worn by 8 times by a Brazilian model, 5 times by an American model, 4 times by a German model, and 3 times by a Czech model. The $15 million price tag for the 2000 bra worn by Gisele Bündchen earned a place in the \\\"Guinness World Records\\\" as the most expensive item of lingerie ever created. The $3 million 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra and the $2 million 2010 Bombshell Fantasy Bra were designed by Damiani. Listed\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12611369\",\n \"text\": \"Nike's account in 1999 with Wieden+Kennedy marked the return of celebrity endorsements to Nike campaigns, including athletes such as Olympic runner Suzy Favor-Hamilton. \\\"Pretty\\\" continued this trend, and showcased the debut of Maria Sharapova as a spokesperson for the brand. Maria Sharapova had been playing tennis professionally since 2001, and became the youngest girl to reach the final at the junior Australian Open the following year, at the age of 14. In 2004, Sharapova became the third-youngest winner of the women's Wimbledon Championships. By 2005, she was ranked Number 1 in the world. \\\"Pretty\\\" was filmed and released in the\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty (advertisement)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"571158\",\n \"text\": \"Girls football photo session (by chance, she wore the kit of his club Manchester United for the feature as the group's manager was a supporter). Of their initial meeting, she said, \\\"I didn't really know who he was. I was never into football.\\\" The couple announced their engagement in 1998 and were dubbed \\\"Posh and Becks\\\" by the media. She collects handbags, and owns over 100 Birkin bags, made by Hermès, which are widely considered the most valuable and sought-after, including a £100,000 shocking pink one, and worth a total of more than £1.5 million. On 4 July 1999 they\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Beckham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9738554\",\n \"text\": \"smiling behind a large pair of red knickers on a washing line, saying \\\"is it a genuine Emin (£10,000)\\\" and thinking, \\\"or a worthless fake?\\\". This is a reference to Tracey Emin's \\\"My Bed\\\", literally a display of her (dishevelled) bed with detritus which included a pair of her knickers, shown in the 1999 Turner Prize at Tate Britain. The image was painted over a few days and in a final 24-hour non stop stint. \\\"My painting of Serota has become an icon of the Stuckist movement because it states our position in art,\\\" said Thomson. \\\"We are for new\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14256781\",\n \"text\": \"Sassoon and Bumble and Bumble. While serving as a judge in a Northern Ontario Model Search, he met Elmer Olsen, a model scout and a former hairdresser. Olsen was impressed by Verrilli’s training history and invited him to get in touch if he was ever in Toronto. When Verrilli moved to the Toronto area in 1999, he did get in touch. After one haircut, Olsen was so pleased, he started sending all his models to Verrilli. One of those models was Daria Werbowy Daria Werbowy, who became a regular client. Once her career began to take off, Verrilli styled her\",\n \"title\": \"Mario Verrilli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5523086\",\n \"text\": \"and began a marketing blitz around the K-Swiss brand. Award-winning Creative Director, Mindy Gale led her NY based agency team in developing and producing K-Swiss advertising and publicity campaigns from 1997 through 2008. The \\\"I Wear My K-Swiss\\\" multi-media campaign ran for five consecutive years, targeting young urban consumers in print and on TV. A re-branding campaign appealing to a wider modern female target, featuring Anna Kournikova rolled out in 2007. Advertising campaigns encouraged users to personalize the trademark stripes under the slogan \\\"Put Your Spin on It.\\\" The brand includes their color changing K-Swiss Tongue Twister in 2003, the\",\n \"title\": \"K-Swiss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10982949\",\n \"text\": \"more). He was one of four active doubles players at the time of the Masters Cup to have completed a career Grand Slam (with Bob and Mike Bryan, and Daniel Nestor), and two year-end championships titles, in 1994 and 2006. Björkman, who mainly partnered during his career with Jan Apell, Nicklas Kulti, Todd Woodbridge, Max Mirnyi and Kevin Ullyett, also finished runner-up at two mixed doubles Grand Slam finals at Wimbledon, with Anna Kournikova in 1999, and Alicia Molik in 2007, and was part of the Sweden Davis Cup team for their last three championships in 1994, 1997 and 1998.\",\n \"title\": \"2008 Tennis Masters Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9690479\",\n \"text\": \"Among the schools she attended was one in Częstochowa, Poland. Her family still lives in Poland where Anja also owns a home. Rubik was interested in modeling from a young age after watching George Michael's music video for \\\"Too Funky\\\" featuring famous 90s supermodels. She participated in a local modeling contest, where she was scouted by a Parisian agency. In 1999, she moved to Paris to begin her modeling career. While she finished her education, she modeled during school vacations only. Rubik made her runway debut during the Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 1999 ready-to-wear collections. In 2000, Rubik signed with\",\n \"title\": \"Anja Rubik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11557750\",\n \"text\": \"as a career. When she was a teenager, she attended an all-girls school, which was very strict about her grades and attendance. She was given time off school to pursue her modelling, with the proviso that she keep her grades up. Much of her initial modelling work was during her school holidays. Throughout Gold's modelling career, her social life has been chronicled by the tabloids despite her keeping a relatively low profile. In her early career, she allegedly dated Westlife singer Mark Feehily in 1999. The pair kept a low profile due to his boy band status, with the exception\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Gold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18894034\",\n \"text\": \"Panhellenic Women's Track & Field Championship. From 1984 to 1997 she had an international career as a model, and in 1990 she was chosen by CNN as one of the ten most beautiful models in the world. She collaborated for many years with Serge Lutens, a well-known French photographer, designer and producer in the world of fashion, while also having the good fortune to collaborate with the Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, and is the model most recognized as spokesperson for that brand, and whose face was published in international campaigns. In 1997 she returned to Greece, and from 2004 she\",\n \"title\": \"Elena Kountoura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1790468\",\n \"text\": \"Tyra Banks Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American television personality, producer, businesswoman, actress, author, former model and occasional singer. Born in Inglewood, California, she began her career as a model at the age of 15, and was the first woman of African American descent to be featured on the covers of \\\"GQ\\\" and the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\", on which she appeared twice. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2005. By the early 2000s, Banks was one of the world's top-earning models. Banks began acting on television in 1993 on \\\"The Fresh Prince\",\n \"title\": \"Tyra Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14596989\",\n \"text\": \"sewing apparel for major clothing manufacturers; seat belts, airbags and motor coils in vehicles; construction; surgical threads; ornament strings; and artificial hair. Gosen specialises in tennis, soft tennis and badminton sporting goods. The brand has been in the industry for more than 60 years, and its products have been previously approved by the International Tennis Federation, the Indonesia Badminton Association and the Badminton World Federation. Top players such as Rod Laver, Jim Courier, Jimmy Connors, Chris Evert Lloyd, Conchita Martínez and Anna Kournikova have also previously used and promoted this brand. Gosen was one of the world's first companies that\",\n \"title\": \"Gosen (company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14994342\",\n \"text\": \"her appearances on the court. In particular, her fur-lined clothing worn at the 1964 Wimbledon Championships caught the attention of observers. In 2001, the \\\"Sunday Mirror\\\" quoted Pericoli as saying \\\"I became famous because of my clothes, not my playing.\\\" and \\\"I didn't make any money from tennis, but if I'd been born 30 years later I would have become terribly rich like Anna Kournikova\\\". On 7 May 2015, in the presence of the President of Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Giovanni Malagò, was inaugurated in the Olympic Park of the Foro Italico in Rome, along \\\"Viale delle Olimpiadi\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Lea Pericoli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591038\",\n \"text\": \"in 2007. She was engaged to Rohan Marley but the engagement ended in early 2013. Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would\",\n \"title\": \"Isabeli Fontana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4918649\",\n \"text\": \"in Děčín, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Kurka, a Czech basketball player, and a Slovak mother. While Kurková was young, she was made fun of for her height. But after a friend sent photos of Kurková to an agency in Prague, at age 15, she landed a runway appearance, as well as gigs for commercial and print advertising. She later traveled to Milan to gain more experience and signed a modeling contract with Miuccia Prada. In September 1999, Kurková appeared in the American edition of fashion and lifestyle magazine \\\"Vogue\\\", and, after moving to New York City at the age of 17,\",\n \"title\": \"Karolína Kurková\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4304089\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Chen. Phil Hellmuth's \\\"Play Poker Like the Pros\\\" book published in 2003. Statistics based on real play with their associated actual value in real bets. In poker communities, it is common for hole cards to be given nicknames. While most combinations have a nickname, stronger handed nicknames are generally more recognized, the most notable probably being the \\\"Big Slick\\\" - Ace and King of the same suit, although an Ace-King of any suit combination is less occasionally referred to as an Anna Kournikova, derived from the initials AK and because it \\\"looks really good but rarely wins.\\\" Hands can\",\n \"title\": \"Texas hold 'em starting hands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"214845\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"popular actor even more popular\\\". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by \\\"this woman who seemed to have so many different talents\\\". By the end of 1999, Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star. She joined a select few in achieving this feat, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams (1992) and Martika (1989). On February 23, 2000, Lopez, accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs, wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The dress \\\"had a low-cut neck that extended\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Lopez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481853\",\n \"text\": \"1999, Campbell has released 16 fragrances for women via her eponymous perfume house, under the Procter & Gamble brand. Naomi Campbell Naomi Elaine Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a Jamaican English model, actress and singer. Recruited at the age of 15, she established herself amongst the most recognizable and in-demand models of the late 1980s and the 1990s and was one of six models of her generation declared :supermodels by the fashion industry and the international press. In addition to her modelling career, Campbell has embarked on other ventures, which include an R&B-pop studio album and several acting appearances\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445841\",\n \"text\": \"waiting for the down elevator, she took the stairs instead, where she met modeling agency owner Eileen Ford. As Graham remembered in a 1999 interview, she had started chatting with Mrs Ford on the stairs, and by the time they were outside, Mrs Ford handed Graham her card and suggested that she think about becoming a model. Because Graham had not found a teaching job yet and was working as a bookkeeper, she decided to try modeling for a few years to make extra money to furnish her small apartment. Graham's early work as a model included a photo shoot\",\n \"title\": \"Karen Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1419057\",\n \"text\": \"Hufkens in Brussels. In 2017, Emin and Lehmann Maupin ended their working relationship. Charles Saatchi, who was best known as the most high-profile, high-spending collector of contemporary British art, bought \\\"My Bed\\\" (1998) for £150,000 ($248,000) from Lehmann Maupin's \\\"Every Part of Me's Bleeding,\\\" the exhibition that won the artist a nomination for the 1999 Turner Prize. In 2013, on the occasion of a Christie's London sale that raised a total of 3.1 million pounds ($5 million) in aid of the Saatchi Gallery's policy of free entry, \\\"To Meet My Past\\\" (2002) sold for $778,900, establishing a new record for\",\n \"title\": \"Tracey Emin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17292188\",\n \"text\": \"Paulina Tomborowska Paulina Tomborowska (born 1975) is a Polish model and Polish TV journalist (\\\"Polsat Café\\\"). She began working as a model at age 16 in 1991. Initially, she took part in television commercials and fashion shows, including for Polish fashion designer Anna Brodzinska. In 1995, she signed international contracts in Tokyo and Milan. Her height of was an ideal fit to the Japanese fashion market. For nearly four years, she moved between Warsaw, Tokyo and Milan. At the beginning of 1999, she returned to the Poland and became one of the most successful models in the country, in addition\",\n \"title\": \"Paulina Tomborowska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10136\",\n \"text\": \"also reached the final in Stanford. On 22 November 1999 she reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles, and ended the season at this ranking. Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year. Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open doubles tournament partnering with Julie Halard. She then reached the singles semifinals at the Medibank International Sydney, losing to Lindsay Davenport. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round in singles and the semi-finals in doubles. That season, Kournikova reached eight semifinals (Sydney, Scottsdale, Stanford, San\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2501977\",\n \"text\": \"Carmen Kass Carmen Kass (born 14 September 1978) is an Estonian model and former political candidate. Considered a supermodel by the fashion industry, she has worked as the face of Versace, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Valentino, Chanel, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Dior, Céline, Givenchy, and, for ten consecutive years, Michael Kors. In the year 2002, she was estimated to have been the second-highest-paid model in the world. Outside of modeling, Kass ran for the European Parliament in 2004 and was the president of the Estonian Chess Federation from 2004 to 2011. Kass was born in Tallinn and grew up in\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Kass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3649049\",\n \"text\": \"Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \\\"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\\\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \\\"Supermodel of Brazil\\\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford \\\"Supermodel of the World\\\" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Lima is currently ranked by Models.com\",\n \"title\": \"Adriana Lima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3649083\",\n \"text\": \"popular that it eventually became one of the top five most searched diets on the web in 2012 according to Google. Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \\\"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\\\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \\\"Supermodel of Brazil\\\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford\",\n \"title\": \"Adriana Lima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9973300\",\n \"text\": \"she was an occasional actress on the USA Network's \\\"Up All Night with Rhonda Shear\\\". Whilst trying to get her recording career off the ground, to make a living she began a small modelling agency in 1988, which quickly evolved into an illicit escort business servicing a financially exclusive clientele. On June 8, 1999, Gibson was arrested in a sting operation in West Los Angeles and charged with pimping and pandering. At the time of her arrest the prosecuting authorities stated that Gibson ran one of the largest prostitution procurement operations since Heidi Fleiss, employing around 300 women. Her subsequent\",\n \"title\": \"Jody Gibson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16217923\",\n \"text\": \"Arbor and during the Fall of 2018, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan. Barry Klarberg Barry J. Klarberg (born March 4, 1961), CPA, is an American businessman. He is a professional business and wealth manager for athletes, entertainers and high-net-worth individuals. He is the founder and CEO of Monarch Business and Wealth Management, a full-service firm and family office that specializes in providing business and wealth management services. Klarberg has managed several prominent individuals including musician/actor Justin Timberlake, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, NASCAR champion Kyle Busch, professional tennis player/model Anna Kournikova, NBA All-Star\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Klarberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088449\",\n \"text\": \"character's image; \\\"Playboy\\\" was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference to \\\"Tomb Raider\\\". Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction. Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong, who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance in \\\"Angel of Darkness\\\" from 2002 to 2004. Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft in \\\"Legend\\\". She was the first model\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1595130\",\n \"text\": \"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \\\"white collection\\\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Treacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5847572\",\n \"text\": \"a business manager is a representative of musicians or recording artists or both, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs and financial matters. The role largely originated from Allen Klein, who represented numerous performers, helping them to both invest their incomes wisely and to recover unpaid (or underpaid) royalties and fees. Business managers commonly have an overlapping presence in both the entertainment and sports industries, as illustrated by business manager Barry Klarberg, who represents entertainer Justin Timberlake as well professional athletes C. J. Wilson, Mark Messier and Anna Kournikova. In government and the military, the equivalent position is\",\n \"title\": \"Business manager\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12625463\",\n \"text\": \"delegation is considered to be the greatest honor bestowed on an American by the United States Olympic Committee. In 2012, she was appointed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the State Department's Council to Empower Women and Girls Through Sports, according to a State Department fact sheet. In 1999, she launched her career as a model by starting on the runway. She modelled for British fashion designer Alexander McQueen by opening his London show, on a pair of hand-carved wooden prosthetic legs made from solid ash, with integral boots. She is able to change her height between 5 ft\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee Mullins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3165645\",\n \"text\": \"Zvonareva started to compete on the ITF Women's Circuit in 1999, debuting at an ITF tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. She won three qualifying matches there to reach the main draw before losing in the first round. The next year, she won an ITF event in Moscow, Russia without dropping a set, despite being unranked. The event was just the second event she had played in her professional career. Five weeks later, she made her WTA-level debut at the Tier I tournament in Moscow, beating world No. 148 Elena Bovina, before losing to world No. 11 Anna Kournikova in the second\",\n \"title\": \"Vera Zvonareva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6060847\",\n \"text\": \"Playmate of the Year (album) Playmate of the Year is the third studio album released by American punk rock band Zebrahead, it is also their final album released via Columbia Records. The woman modelling on the album cover is American model and actress Jodi Ann Paterson who was a \\\"Playboy\\\" Playmate in 1999 and named \\\"Playmate of the Year\\\" in 2000, of which the album refers to. The album cover and its CD case content also closely resembles the album cover and CD case content of the band's follow-up release \\\"Stupid Fat Americans\\\". In the beginning of the video the\",\n \"title\": \"Playmate of the Year (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9472782\",\n \"text\": \"because she had already received a more lucrative offer by that time. Since the time of her victory, Kahnovich has become a very successful model, having walked in fashion shows for big names such as Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Dolce and Gabbana in New York, Paris and Milan. Cycle two was held exactly one year after the first one and saw victory for Svetlana Sergienko, who was asked by Russian president Vladimir Putin to join the parliament as a representative for the growing modeling industry in Russia. The show was discontinued after four cycles and returned under the\",\n \"title\": \"Ty - supermodel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7249643\",\n \"text\": \"caused further financial difficulties as the designer amounted 250,000 pounds in debt and was forced to go into voluntary liquidation. Subsequently, he restructured his company and staged comeback collection in 2001 without a catwalk presentation, and designed for high-street label Marks and Spencer to make ends meet. Italian clothing manufacturer Gibo also helped the designer as did British jeweller Asprey, who appointed him as their fashion director the same year. He was crowned 'British Designer of the Year' in 1999 and 2000, and was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 17 June 2006. International\",\n \"title\": \"Hussein Chalayan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10976280\",\n \"text\": \"has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 1996 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \\\"Um, the money.\\\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.\",\n \"title\": \"Kirsty Hume\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3651784\",\n \"text\": \"Alessandra Ambrosio Alessandra Corine Maria Ambrósio (; born April 11, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress. Ambrosio is known for her work with Victoria's Secret and was chosen as the first spokesmodel for the company's PINK line. Ambrosio was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2000 to 2017 and has modeled for brands such as Next, Armani Exchange, Christian Dior, and Ralph Lauren. In 2012, she was ranked number six on \\\"Forbes\\\" list of the highest-paid models, estimated to have earned $6.6 million in one year. She is often cited by the popular media as one of the world's sexiest\",\n \"title\": \"Alessandra Ambrosio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320546\",\n \"text\": \"will be co-starring with Saoirse Ronan, Meryl Streep, Timothée Chalamet, Laura Dern, and Chris Cooper. In 2005, Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for \\\"Teen Vogue\\\" and was the youngest person ever to appear on its cover. Three years later, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign, for which she received an estimated\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563017\",\n \"text\": \"consider getting plastic surgery. Despite that, she managed to get signed by an agency that sent her to work in Paris, France. A few years later, she was signed by Elite Model Management, and subsequently by Ford Models. McMenamy's modeling career mainly spanned the years 1985 to 1998, when she worked for many of the world's top designers and international fashion houses, such as Versace, Giorgio Armani, Valentino, Todd Oldham, Christian Dior, Sonia Rykiel, Dolce & Gabbana, Jean Paul Gaultier, Gianfranco Ferré, Lanvin, Isaac Mizrahi, Yohji Yamamoto, Thierry Mugler, Comme des Garçons, Chloé, and Moschino. During the early stage of\",\n \"title\": \"Kristen McMenamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"274024\",\n \"text\": \"Skip-Bo. Mattel purchased Fisher-Price, Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. (owners of the Matchbox and Dinky Toys brands) in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year. Mattel earned the first grant for Disney Princess doll licenses in 2000. In December 2000, Mattel sued the band Aqua, saying their song \\\"Barbie Girl\\\" violated the Barbie trademark and turned Barbie into a sex object, referring to her as a\",\n \"title\": \"Mattel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5568840\",\n \"text\": \"Baby Phat Baby Phat is an American apparel brand developed by model and entrepreneur Kimora Lee Simmons in 1999. The brand is the high-end line of Russell Simmons' Phat Fashions LLC label, and is carried in mid-market department stores, including Macy's and Dillard's. The label caters to female urban wear. In 2004, the label's parent company was acquired by Kellwood Company for $140 million. Baby Phat was established under Phat Fashions LLC in 1999 as an extension of the urban menswear brand Phat Farm. Initially, the Baby Phat symbol was placed on simple T-shirts and gifted as party favors to\",\n \"title\": \"Baby Phat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13224695\",\n \"text\": \"cover of the Italian Glamour magazine, and editorials for Harper's Bazaar and the Italian Vogue. Mallmann went to New York and returned to her country as a supermodel. She appeared in the Pirelli Calendar in June 1999 and was chosen by US TV channel E! as \\\"Celebrity of the Year\\\" in 1999. Her career includes runway and advertisements for designers such as Valentino, Alexander McQueen, Oscar de la Renta, Alberta Ferretti, Bottega Veneta, Carolina Herrera, Christian Lacroix, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Chanel 'Allure' perfume, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Emporio Armani, Gianni Versace, Jean Paul Gaultier, Lacoste, Yves Saint\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Mallmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7207229\",\n \"text\": \"were very controversial). Meisel also shoots Prada campaigns each season — having done so since 2004. In April 2008 he shot friend Madonna for \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", and later in the year he shot her for the 2009 spring campaign by Louis Vuitton. He is a close friend of designer Anna Sui for whom he also shot several campaigns, even though Sui rarely uses advertising to promote her clothing. As one of the most powerful photographers in the fashion industry, Meisel is credited with \\\"discovering\\\" or promoting the careers of many successful models, including Linda Evangelista, Guinevere Van Seenus, Karen Elson,\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Meisel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2005504\",\n \"text\": \"producer Michael Winner. Hervey became a part-time catwalk model in a career move she hoped would take her into television presenting, but with her statuesque 6-foot height she took to the career full-time, ultimately modelling for Christian Dior. In April 2000, she and friend Jayne Blight opened Knightsbridge fashion boutique \\\"Akademi\\\". Frequented by Victoria Beckham, Meg Mathews and Martine McCutcheon, it closed in 2001 with debts estimated at £350,000. Hervey was reportedly only £20 out of pocket by the business failure but in the year following the closure, Hervey owed a series of personal debts. In 2012, it was reported\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Victoria Hervey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2263455\",\n \"text\": \"Rodman married model Carmen Electra in November 1998 at the Little Chapel of the Flowers in Las Vegas, Nevada. Electra filed for divorce in April 1999. In 1999 Rodman met Michelle Moyer, with whom he had a son, Dennis Junior (D.J., born 2000) and a daughter, Trinity (born 2001). Moyer and Rodman married in 2003 on his 42nd birthday. Michelle Rodman filed for divorce in 2004, although the couple spent several years attempting to reconcile. The marriage was officially dissolved in 2012 when Michelle Rodman again petitioned the court to grant a divorce. It was reported that Rodman owed $860,376\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Rodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13239176\",\n \"text\": \"Ashfield to a 'state of the art' factory on \\\"Bridge Foot\\\" (A517) in Belper. In May 2006, Sara Lee sold all of its lingerie brands to PD Enterprise, as part of a company known as Courtaulds Legwear. Pretty Polly was the first hosiery company to advertise on TV in 1980. In 1994 Laura Bailey modelled for the company, then in 1998, Eva Herzigová became the face (and legs) of Pretty Polly advertising. Sara Cox also modelled their hosiery. In 1999 the company launched their first bras, known as bbras. In 2003, English singer Rachel Stevens became the face of PP\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty Polly (hosiery)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898403\",\n \"text\": \"Giovanni was attending a junior college to major in Biology and waitressing five nights a week when she began modeling, having attained 17.5 credits by the semester when she was discovered. She began modeling at the end of 1999, initially to pay for college. About six months into modeling, she was made \\\"Penthouse\\\" magazine's Pet for the month of September 2000. Her pictorial was shot by Suze Randall. Around this time she was accepted to University of California, San Diego as a junior transfer student with a major in biochemistry and a minor in English writing. However, she decided not\",\n \"title\": \"Aria Giovanni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955319\",\n \"text\": \"pair of Vans shoes she designed to benefit the Vans Custom Culture competition, an annual campaign by Vans raising funds and awareness for high school art programs. In 1997, Sui entered into a partnership with Isetan to create a fashion accessories line. The line is distributed by Mammina in Japan and present in the United States, Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. The Anna Sui Cosmetics line launched in 1999 via a distribution sales agreement with Albion Cosmetics. An Anna Sui Skincare line, similarly with Albion followed this up in 2000. The cosmetics line releases two seasonal collections per year\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Sui\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260844\",\n \"text\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \\\"You are a Supermodel\\\", the Russian adaptation of \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" created by Tyra Banks. \\\"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\\\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show was taped and the final was aired. When\",\n \"title\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5372830\",\n \"text\": \"Wheeler to go to Milan and appear in his fashion show. Later that year, she was stopped in England on her way to a salon by noted fashion photographer Mario Testino. By the age of 17, Wheeler was on the cover of French \\\"Vogue\\\" and part of a Gucci advertisement campaign. Although she continued to go to school at The King's School, Canterbury—in Luxmoore House—Wheeler would often take off days to shoot for fashion companies, such as Calvin Klein, Prada, and The Gap. In 1999, \\\"The Face\\\" magazine declared her the 'Model of the Millennium'. Designers have continued to embrace\",\n \"title\": \"Jacquetta Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7090776\",\n \"text\": \"the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Anna Kournikova, who became the #17 seed. 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Jana Novotná was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Lindsay Davenport. Davenport defeated Steffi Graf in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. This was to be the final Grand Slam tournament in which Graf would appear. This tournament saw a number of surprises, including a first round defeat of World No. 1 and first seed Martina Hingis at the hands of Australian qualifier and World No. 129\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506328\",\n \"text\": \"Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \\\"T Models\\\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management was sued by model Alexia Palmer. Palmer alleged that 80% of her wages were taken away from her as \\\"expenses\\\" and that she had been paid less than $4000 over a two-year period. The lawsuit was dismissed in March 2016. In July 2015, it was reported that Trump Model Management and Trump Management Group LLC combined had requested US visas for\",\n \"title\": \"Trump Model Management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10123\",\n \"text\": \"has said, \\\"We were young and we liked the clean, physical life, so Anna was in a good environment for sport from the beginning\\\". Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at age five. Describing her early regimen, she said, \\\"I played two times a week from age six. It was a children's program. And it was just for fun; my parents didn't know I was going to play professionally, they just wanted me to do something because I had lots of energy. It was only when I started playing well at seven that\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17741259\",\n \"text\": \"in 1997. Actor and model Yukta Mookhey was later crowned Miss World 1999. Six years after Sushmita Sen’s win, three Indians made a total sweep in 2000: Lara Dutta, Priyanka Chopra and Dia Mirza went on to win Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Asia Pacific International (predecessor of Miss Earth pageant) titles respectively. In 2010, Nicole Faria from Bangalore became the first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth pageant and in 2017, Manushi Chhillar won the Miss World 2017 title. <br> × Did not compete<br> ↑ No pageant held Femina Miss India<br> I AM She – Miss Universe\",\n \"title\": \"India at Big Four international beauty pageants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13224693\",\n \"text\": \"Shirley Mallmann Shirley Mallmann (born February 15, 1977) is a Brazilian model. She is considered the first Brazilian top model and is best known for her work with Jean Paul Gaultier, who immortalized her silhouette in his first perfume, \\\"Classique\\\" in a 1999 ad. Known for her amazing runway walk, she's also doned multiple covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan among others worldwide. She was also elected celebrity of the year by E Entertainment in 1999. Mallmann was born in Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. She is of German-Brazilian descent. Before becoming a model, she worked\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Mallmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872414\",\n \"text\": \"the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it. Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny\",\n \"title\": \"Loyandford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872413\",\n \"text\": \"Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted\",\n \"title\": \"Loyandford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506329\",\n \"text\": \"almost 250 international fashion models. In August 2016, former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf. In September 2016, Senator Barbara Boxer called on United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to investigate the allegations. In April 2017, it was announced that the agency would be closed down. Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \\\"T Models\\\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management\",\n \"title\": \"Trump Model Management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1967772\",\n \"text\": \"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \\\"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\\\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \\\"Viva La Radio\\\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \\\"Smash Hits\\\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working\",\n \"title\": \"Lolly (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260846\",\n \"text\": \"most successful contestants of the \\\"Top Model\\\" franchise. Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \\\"You are a Supermodel\\\", the Russian adaptation of \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" created by Tyra Banks. \\\"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\\\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show\",\n \"title\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7480664\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Rawson Anna Rawson (born 5 August 1981) is an American professional golfer and model. She played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. Rawson was born in Adelaide, Australia. She got her break into a modeling career at age 16, when she was a finalist in the Australian \\\"Dolly\\\" Magazine cover contest. This opened up modeling opportunities on the catwalk, in print ads, magazines, and on television. In 1999 as an amateur golfer in Australia, Rawson was the South Australian and Victoria Junior Champion plus the winner of the Jack Newton International Junior Classic. She was the\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Rawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4290130\",\n \"text\": \"Wolf, a man closer to her age. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a green card through her marriage to Cherry. In 1997 she met Rupert Murdoch, who is 37 years her senior, while working as an executive at the Murdoch-owned Star TV in Hong Kong. They married in 1999 on board his yacht \\\"Morning Glory\\\", less than three weeks after the finalisation of his divorce from his second wife, Anna Murdoch. Following the marriage, she was branded a \\\"gold digger\\\" by sources close to Murdoch, including family members. The couple had two children, Grace (born 2001) and Chloe\",\n \"title\": \"Wendi Deng Murdoch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4585096\",\n \"text\": \"Amber Valletta Amber Evangeline Valletta (born February 9, 1974) is an American model and actress. She began her career as a fashion model, landing her first of sixteen American \\\"Vogue\\\" covers at the age of eighteen. During the 1990s, Valletta reached the status of supermodel, working as the face of Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Valentino, Gucci and Versace, and signing multimillion-dollar cosmetics contracts with Calvin Klein and Elizabeth Arden. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, \\\"House of Style\\\". In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her\",\n \"title\": \"Amber Valletta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11582125\",\n \"text\": \"The cover image of Sarah O'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue. The book includes images produced in Gair's earlier efforts for the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" from 1999–2007. It also includes several behind-the-scenes images not include in the magazine. Although to many she is best known for \\\"Demi's Birthday Suit\\\", art aficionados consider her most famous work \\\"Disappearing Model\\\". The work appeared on \\\"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\\\". In the trompe l'oeil body painting, the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow\",\n \"title\": \"Joanne Gair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7237025\",\n \"text\": \"clarified in a 2004 interview, \\\"I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the other side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do? The doctors didn't even bother running X-rays. They just reset it. But it wasn't a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job!\\\" In 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich\",\n \"title\": \"Chad Michael Murray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446766\",\n \"text\": \"her first title on clay at the Betty Barclay Cup in Hamburg, defeating Mary Pierce in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the French Open, she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125 Barbara Schwartz. Williams teamed with Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, Williams defeated No. 17 Anna Kournikova in the\",\n \"title\": \"Venus Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"592747\",\n \"text\": \"saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen pop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following Gisele Bundchen's breakthrough, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied\",\n \"title\": \"Model (person)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5822944\",\n \"text\": \"the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. \\\"Vogue Paris\\\" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In the September 2008 issue of Fashion Magazine she was quoted as saying: \\\"I've had a lot of mixed feelings about what I do ... A lot of the time, I feel like I'm part of the problem when it comes\",\n \"title\": \"Daria Werbowy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4994652\",\n \"text\": \"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the \\\"Forbes\\\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder\",\n \"title\": \"Natalia Vodianova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11030224\",\n \"text\": \"making the transition from fine art to fashion. Parsons alumni include Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford and Donna Karan for whom Anand Jon interned. Upon graduating from Parsons under the mentorship of his Associate Dean, Tim Gunn of Project Runway TV fame, Anand Jon launched his debut collection \\\"Amazone\\\" in 1999. He was the first Indian to debut at 7th of sixth New York Fashion Week. As the Anand Jon brand rapidly gained popularity with his Kama Sutra Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by Giorgio Armani. Anand Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world. Anand\",\n \"title\": \"Anand Jon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247243\",\n \"text\": \"worldwide. Amid her growing public profile, she was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album \\\"Shots in the Dark\\\", which was released in 1996, and became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. In 1997, she appeared in the short film \\\"Seed,\\\" directed by San Francisco-born filmmaker Karin Thayer, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1998 film adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel \\\"Phantoms\\\". McGowan spent the majority of the late 1990s headlining a variety of independent films, including roles in \\\"Nowhere\\\" (1997), where she reunited with Araki, as well as \\\"Southie\\\" (1996),\",\n \"title\": \"Rose McGowan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20910525\",\n \"text\": \"wearing a \\\"knock off\\\" Fendi jacket from Dapper Dan — which was referred to as \\\"an all-night clothing store that caters to performers\\\" in \\\"The New York Times\\\" — interest in the store eventually brought his usage of European luxury fashion logos to the attention of those retailers across the Atlantic. In 1992, after legal action by Fendi and then-U.S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan's was shut down for good. He was shunned by the mainstream fashion world for decades, though he continued to work \\\"underground\\\" as a designer. He began outfitting Floyd Mayweather in 1999. Day's career has been\",\n \"title\": \"Dapper Dan (designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4320468\",\n \"text\": \"and the \\\"Miss Dior\\\" perfume was relaunched. Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name. The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named \\\"Christian Dior Couture\\\" in 1995. Also, the \\\"La Parisienne\\\" watch model was released – embodied in the watch \\\"Parisian Chic\\\". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million. Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano\",\n \"title\": \"Christian Dior SE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4918650\",\n \"text\": \"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her \\\"Vogue\\\" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her\",\n \"title\": \"Karolína Kurková\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7740717\",\n \"text\": \"Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant. In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Jean Dessès\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088448\",\n \"text\": \"from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction. Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume. French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo. McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing in \\\"Playboy\\\", which used the character and \\\"Tomb Raider\\\" franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4643307\",\n \"text\": \"Art Director: Kayla Kern, Producer: Ricky Michiels Features Director: Lisa Mischianti, Senior Editors: Ben Barna, Gabrielle Korn Senior Beauty Editor: Jade Taylor Associate Editor: Keryce Henry Editorial Assistant: Austen Tosone Fashion Fashion Director: Joseph Errico, Style Director: Dani Stahl, Market Editor: Marissa Smith, Assistant Editor: Nicole Draga The first \\\"Nylon\\\" cover subject was Liv Tyler in April 1999, photographed and interviewed by Helena Christensen. Cover models have included: Demi Lovato, Christina Aguilera, The Horrors, Avril Lavigne, Selena Gomez, Lily Allen, Paris Hilton, The Kills, Camilla Belle, Karen O, Evan Rachel Wood, Mary-Kate Olsen, Lea Michele, Lil' Kim, Zooey Deschanel, Kristen\",\n \"title\": \"Nylon (magazine)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Anna Kournikova context: subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \\\"only the ball\\n\\nIn 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Kirsty Hume context: has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 196 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \\\"Um, the money.\\\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.\\n\\ntitle: Spice Girls context (WTA) team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournik two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Final Doubles dub themselves the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis 1999 Hingis and Kournikova along with W players Ven and Serena Williams, label theSpice Girls of tennis then later “Sp by the in the late 1990s due to their youthness, popularity, brness W sculptures of Spice are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussaud New York wax museum. The sculptures of Spice (ans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December1999,\\n\\ntitle: Anna specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Flemingourn was with fellow P B, anHL hockey player. The two met in 999 when linked to Bs former teammate Sergei Fed. B K were have engaged in 0 aorter a photo them together in a where Bure supposedlyikova him the made head in Russia, were both heavily followed the asbrities, B any engagement.ournova,10 years\\n\\n: Anna was 7 doubles, both Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,\\n\\nIn 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 524,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15059,\n \"ratio\": \"28.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":81,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":81,"string":"81"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Peter Thorkelson","Peter Tork"],"string":"[\n \"Peter Thorkelson\",\n \"Peter Tork\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Peter Tork"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"507207","text":"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"507180","text":"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"11800201","text":"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's \"America's Best Dance Crew\". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style","title":"Massive Monkees"},{"id":"507182","text":"of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills. Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \"open, Nordic look,\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid-1960s, created for a television sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"265453","text":"Van Buren, the eighth President. Also, in an episode of \"The Monkees\", about the pre-formed pop band of the same name (the episode was titled \"Dance, Monkee, Dance\"), a dance instruction studio offers free lessons to anyone who can answer the question, \"Who was the eighth President of the United States?\" Martin Van Buren shows up at the studio to begin his free dance lessons. Van Buren was the subject of a popular Google Search ad aired during the 2013 Super Bowl. These were published posthumously: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (; born Maarten Van Buren, December 5, 1782","title":"Martin Van Buren"},{"id":"424279","text":"The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series \"The Monkees\" which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork; and English actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner, backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The four actor-musicians","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"11800209","text":"Ricky Bobby\" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was \"Tearin' Up My Heart\" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's","title":"Massive Monkees"},{"id":"424373","text":"He toured Great Britain with us. Then all of a sudden, he's not here. Later, I hear rumors he's writing a script for our next movie. Oh, really? That's bloody news to me. He's always been this aloof, inaccessible person... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in.\" Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones appeared in the 1995 movie \"The Brady Bunch Movie\". Tork, Jones, and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997, after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States. However, this tour","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"12140599","text":"episodes from Season 2 had no canned laughter. NBC later cited that as one of the reasons for canceling the series. The theme song to \"The Monkees\", \"(Theme from) The Monkees\" (released as the single in some countries in 1967), is one of the group's most well known songs. The line \"We're the young generation, and we've got somethin' to say\" reflected the new youth counterculture and their desire to give their own opinions on world events and choosing how to live their own lives instead of abiding by the traditions and beliefs of their elders. The Monkees resided in","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"9283613","text":"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with \"I'm a Believer\", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a","title":"Samantha Juste"},{"id":"15656242","text":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second","title":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour"},{"id":"1971392","text":"and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, \"The Adventures of Jim Bowie\", which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel \"Tempered Blade\". Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He","title":"James Bowie"},{"id":"487513","text":"was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman. He is one of three surviving members of The Monkees (after Jones' death in 2012). He is the only surviving member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception, and the only member with contemporary recordings of his vocals on all studio albums. The Moog synthesizer that Dolenz had bought proved vital when he composed a song entitled \"Easy On You\" in 1971 and began recording it in his home studio, with him playing","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"487535","text":"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, \"God is a verb, not a noun.\" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"9054800","text":"Monkees through various stages of evolution until they are ready to brainwash the world via commercial exploitation. Trapped in giant test tubes, the four are stripped of all personal identity and names: Micky Dolenz becomes Monkee #1, Peter Tork becomes Monkee #2, Michael Nesmith Monkee #3, and Davy Jones Monkee #4. Each Monkee (under Driscoll's watch) attempts to regain their stripped personal identities by thinking a way out of captivity into their own world of fantasies. Monkee #1 (Dolenz) performs an R&B up-tempo duet remake of \"I'm a Believer\" with Driscoll; Monkee #2 (Tork) reclines on a giant cushion in","title":"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee"},{"id":"6043007","text":"a waitress named Rita, played by Bess Motta. A butler named Manford (Gordon Oas-Heim) was also present, as was a talking computer called Helen (voiced by Lynnie Godfrey); Helen was a decommissioned Defense Department supercomputer that spoke in a pronounced black accent and developed a taste for rock music instead of world destruction. Helen was almost always portrayed solely by a pair of talking lips set on a black, static background. Notable guest performers were few; however, they included boxer Ray \"Boom Boom\" Mancini, Archie Hahn, Russell Johnson (reprising his role as \"The Professor\" from \"Gilligan's Island\"), and Billy Beck,","title":"New Monkees"},{"id":"2970394","text":"Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. In 2018 \"The New York Times\" published a belated obituary for her. Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren","title":"Bette Nesmith Graham"},{"id":"282016","text":"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \"The Monkees\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \"Joanne\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"15656250","text":"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did\". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the","title":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour"},{"id":"424339","text":"Nicholson. The film, conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style, featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature, Annette Funicello, a young Teri Garr, boxer Sonny Liston, famous stripper Carol Doda, Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke, and musician Frank Zappa. It was filmed at Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems studios and on location in California, Utah, and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17, 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year (the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20). The film was not a commercial success, in part because","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"282054","text":"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \"The Monkees\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \"Joanne\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"12140586","text":"The Monkees (TV series) The Monkees is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC from September 12, 1966 to March 25, 1968. The series follows the adventures of four young men (the Monkees) trying to make a name for themselves as a rock 'n roll band. The show introduced a number of innovative new-wave film techniques to series television and won two Emmy Awards in 1967, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The program ended on Labor Day 1968 at the finish of its second season and has received a long afterlife through Saturday morning repeats (CBS and ABC) and syndication,","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"2970388","text":"Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30,","title":"Bette Nesmith Graham"},{"id":"17922839","text":"just a rock and roll band that really had a lot of fun, and was able to be lucky enough—or unlucky enough, depending on your point of view—to work on the album.\" He died of pancreatic cancer on March 14, 2014, at the age of 71. Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four","title":"Gary Burger"},{"id":"487507","text":"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called \"Circus Boy\" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"16752858","text":"b-boying and posing on the banks of Puget Sound, with the Seattle Great Wheel in the background, in the crew's hometown of Seattle over the soundtrack of \"Stop Me\" by Mark Ronson. Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has","title":"Art of Movement"},{"id":"424381","text":"of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point,","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"13352163","text":"Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses had distinct Manchester accents. West Sussex-raised British actress, Jane Leeves, portrayed the character of Daphne Moon, a Manchester immigrant with a pronounced Mancunian accent in the American sitcom \"Frasier\". Davy Jones of the 1960s band The Monkees and TV sitcom \"The Monkees\" was also from Manchester. The speech of the city of Manchester has never been the subject of an in-depth study. The early dialectologist Alexander John Ellis included the city in his survey of English speech, and placed most of Greater Manchester (excluding the Bolton and Wigan areas) in his 21st dialect district,","title":"Manchester dialect"},{"id":"2061617","text":"ragtime musician Claude Hopkins, Lithuanian immigrant and vaudeville performer Al Jolson and Lillian Evanti, who became the first African-American opera singer to perform in a foreign country. The most widely renowned musician from 20th century D.C. is undoubtedly Duke Ellington, a jazz pioneer. Later D.C. jazz musicians included Charlie Rouse (saxophonist, with Thelonious Monk), Billy Hart (drummer), Ira Sullivan (tenor saxophonist) and Leo Parker (bop baritone saxophonist). Ahmet Ertegun, a Turkish-born jazz fan, came to D.C. at age twelve and later went on to found Atlantic Records. Todd Duncan was a D.C.-born singer who made history by being the first","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"424281","text":"show came in 1986, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records. The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups and varying degrees of success. After Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniversary, with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally. Dolenz described \"The Monkees\" as initially being \"a TV show about an imaginary band…","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"6045818","text":"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including \"Daydream Believer\" and \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, \"The Wilcox Three\", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at","title":"Chip Douglas"},{"id":"424426","text":"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \"Manchester Gets it First\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"19483729","text":"I'm Told I Had a Good Time)\" \"Me & Magdalena\" (Version 2) \"Terrifying\" \"Love's What I Want\" \"A Better World\" Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \"Justus\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution","title":"Good Times!"},{"id":"424345","text":"Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band. Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, \"33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee\", which rehashed many of the ideas from \"Head\", only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"424377","text":"2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006. In October 2010, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in \"The Hollywood Reporter\" that he \"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees).\" \"\"","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"424374","text":"was also accompanied by public sniping. Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had \"fired\" Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit. Tork was quoted as saying that, as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band, \"Shoe Suede Blues.\" Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew: Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"110743","text":"the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine, Nesmith commented, \"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"13959167","text":"the whole weekend, the movie drew 13.1 million viewers. The series was conceived and created by Scott Fellows, formerly the creator, executive producer and showrunner of \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\". Fellows says his inspiration for the show was the musical comedy show, \"The Monkees\"—a popular and culturally significant American television series from the 1960s about a group of four young male adults who form a rock band, and perform songs while having comedic adventures. Although the show had a concept as early as 2007, the series had no actual title as late as August 2009. \"Big Time Rush\" is","title":"Big Time Rush"},{"id":"424358","text":"Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \"Do It in the Name of Love\" and \"Lady Jane\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\"Do It in the Name Of Love\" b/w \"Lady Jane\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name. Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"12739895","text":"and the Anglins and the other two being Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as \"missing and presumed drowned\". Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was abandoned by his mother and father during his childhood, and orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery. He spent most of his early years in jail serving lunch","title":"June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt"},{"id":"10228841","text":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael Nesmith wrote and directed the program. This is not to be confused with the similarly titled documentary from 1997, \"Hey, Hey, We're the Monkees\". The special shows the now middle-aged Monkees trying to come up with a new plot (apparently they've all","title":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees"},{"id":"12140591","text":"also recorded for Colpix under the name \"Michael Blessing.\" He was the only one of The Monkees who had come for the audition based on seeing the trade magazine ad. He showed up to the audition with his laundry and impressed Rafelson and Schneider with his laid-back style and droll sense of humor. He also wore a woollen hat to keep his hair out of his eyes when he rode his motorcycle, leading to early promotional materials which nicknamed him \"Wool Hat.\" The hat remained part of Nesmith's wardrobe, but the name was dropped after the pilot. Peter Tork was","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"424414","text":"Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance \"Easy Rider\" and \"Five Easy Pieces\", which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\" The \"Chicago Tribune\" interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \"We touched a","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"2061619","text":"to launch the bossa nova craze. By the middle of the 1960s, D.C. had begun to produce some major stars, like soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had 3 #1 Hot 100 hits including \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" in 1968. Other musicians included John Fahey, one of the first \"folk\" musicians to gain national appeal, Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"5904777","text":"boyfriend played by Antony Booth. Michael is from Liverpool and a Catholic of Irish descent; precisely the type of person Alf most hated. He often called him the \"Randy Scouse Git\". This terminology was later picked up by the American pop group The Monkees for their song, \"Randy Scouse Git\", included on their 1967 album \"Headquarters\". Alf and Michael (a liberal) had different political views and much of the programme turned on their heated political debates. Writer Johnny Speight often commented that the character was supposed to be a figure of ridicule, but admitted that not all viewers saw the","title":"Alf Garnett"},{"id":"7132703","text":"Doors With Simon & Garfunkel With [The Mamas and the Papas] With Chet Baker With Dave Mason With Howard Roberts With Lalo Schifrin With Art Garfunkel With Barry McGuire With Chet Atkins Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \"Larry\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia,","title":"Larry Knechtel"},{"id":"424404","text":"1967, he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles' \"Fixing a Hole\" at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2. During the 1970s, during Lennon's infamous \"lost weekend\", Lennon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together, and were collectively known in the press as \"The Hollywood Vampires\". Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film \"Back in the U.S.\" singing \"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\", the theme from \"The Monkees\" television show, while backstage. The Monkees \"Cuddly Toy\" and \"Daddy's Song\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \"Cuddly Toy\" would be recorded","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"7132698","text":"Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \"Larry\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los","title":"Larry Knechtel"},{"id":"424406","text":"Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated: [Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"19483719","text":"Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \"Justus\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The project was initiated by Rhino executives John Hughes and Mark Pinkus, who were excited about a 50th","title":"Good Times!"},{"id":"16752855","text":"Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has appeared on numerous nationally-broadcast TV shows in South Korea, performed worldwide, and appeared in many music videos, exposing the b-boy culture to a wide variety of people. Art of Movement (AOM) started","title":"Art of Movement"},{"id":"12140587","text":"as well as overseas broadcasts; it later enjoyed a 1980s revival, after MTV aired reruns of the program in 1986. The series centered on the adventures of the Monkees, a struggling rock band from Los Angeles, California consisting of Micky, Davy, Michael, and Peter. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the strange and often surreal encounters that the band would have while searching for their big break. In the early 1960s, aspiring filmmakers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider had formed Raybert Productions and were trying to get a foot in the door in Hollywood. They were inspired","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"10943867","text":"Eliot left his family home in St. Louis, Missouri, to go to Harvard, in New England. From there he moved to Europe and stayed in Germany and France. When World War I began, he moved to Oxford, United Kingdom. He gained British citizenship and joined the Church of England. Terry Gilliam is an American-born British director and member of the comedy troupe Monty Python. Katrina Leskanich is an American musician, author and former lead singer of British pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Boris Johnson was the New York-born British foreign secretary, as well as a journalist and former","title":"Americans in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"654167","text":"candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of Duke Ellington (Secretary of State), Miles Davis (Director of the CIA), Max Roach (Secretary of Defense), Charles Mingus (Secretary of Peace), Ray Charles (Librarian of Congress), Louis Armstrong (Secretary of Agriculture), Mary Lou Williams (Ambassador to the Vatican), Thelonious Monk (Travelling Ambassador) and Malcolm X (Attorney General). He said his running mate would be Phyllis Diller. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke but proceeds went to Congress","title":"Dizzy Gillespie"},{"id":"110713","text":"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of \"Oliver!\" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of \"The Brady Bunch\" television show and later reprised parody film; \"Love, American Style\"; and \"My Two Dads\". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols.","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"17922835","text":"Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four other American soldiers he met in Germany. According to him, he joined the band partially because it got him out of his regular job as a fuel truck driver. The Torquays mainly played in hospitals and nursing homes in the beginning and produced a single in","title":"Gary Burger"},{"id":"19091083","text":"Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees. Touring members include or have included Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum of Guns N' Roses fame, as well as Robert DeLeo from Stone Temple Pilots. The band has","title":"Hollywood Vampires (band)"},{"id":"424284","text":"1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. On July 14, 1965, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England \"to prepare for [a] TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson\". Jones had previously starred as","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"114378","text":"invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, \"The Laughing Gnome\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, \"David Bowie\", an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years. Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre. He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image","title":"David Bowie"},{"id":"12140611","text":"by noting, \"Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I'm an unemployed drummer.\" Also in a screen test, a Monkee asks what the Beatles have that they don't have. They sing \"Thirteen million dollars!\" When commenting on the death of Davy Jones on February 29, 2012, \"Time\" magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the show: \"Even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell \"The Monkees\" short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"282032","text":"Monkees\". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (\"Daydream Believer\" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \"I never really left. It is","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"8790292","text":"The Maniaks The Maniaks are a fictional rock band published by DC Comics. They first appeared in issue \"Showcase\" #68 (May 1967), and were created by E. Nelson Bridwell and Mike Sekowsky. The Maniaks were created in the mold of TV's the Monkees—a band that would also get involved in wild adventures, often on the way to their gigs. The band would meet fictionalized versions of famous celebrities, such as \"Jeannette Punchinello\" (Annette Funicello), \"Rock Hutsut\" (Rock Hudson), and \"Twiggly\" (Twiggy). An exception was comedian Woody Allen, who appeared in an unfictionalized form in \"Showcase\" #71. The Maniaks as a","title":"The Maniaks"},{"id":"2929905","text":"Lebanese immigrants, Mary (née Mouakad), a devout Catholic and the niece of a bishop, and Peter Blatty, a cloth cutter. His parents separated when he was a toddler. He was raised in what he described as \"comfortable destitution\" by his deeply religious mother, whose sole support came from peddling homemade quince jelly in the streets of Manhattan; she once offered a jar of it to Franklin D. Roosevelt when the President was cutting the ribbon for the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, telling him, \"For when you have company.\" He lived at 28 different addresses during his childhood because of nonpayment of rent.","title":"William Peter Blatty"},{"id":"424384","text":"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled \"Good Times!\", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. \"Good Times!\", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"4320645","text":"Don Kirshner Donald Clark Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011), known as The Man With the Golden Ear, was an American music publisher, rock music producer, talent manager, and songwriter. He was best known for managing songwriting talent as well as successful pop groups, such as The Monkees, Kansas, and the Archies. Don Kirshner was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, the son of Gilbert Kirshner, a tailor, and Belle Jaffe. He graduated from George Washington High School in Manhattan, and went on to study at Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey. After","title":"Don Kirshner"},{"id":"8645786","text":"David Frye David Shapiro (November 21, 1933January 24, 2011), better known by the stage name David Frye, was an American comedian, specializing in comic imitations of famous political figures, most of whom were based on notable Americans, including former U.S. Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Vice Presidents Spiro Agnew and Nelson Rockefeller, Senators Hubert Humphrey and Bobby Kennedy, as well as film celebrities, e.g., George C. Scott, Henry Fonda, Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Jack Nicholson, Jack Palance and Rod Steiger, and media figures, e.g., William F. Buckley Jr. and Larry King. However, as eerily accurate and subtle as","title":"David Frye"},{"id":"2621215","text":"comes from \"Cheers\", Niles' background is established over the course of \"Frasier\". Pierce described Niles as \"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester Crane, a psychiatrist, and Martin Crane, a police officer. Like his older brother Frasier, Niles was named for one of his mother's lab rats. Also like Frasier, Niles was an unusually sensitive child and a frequent target for bullies. As a result, he was quite close to his older brother, and at the same","title":"Niles Crane"},{"id":"6045825","text":"Nesmith. Douglas produced next Monkees' album, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones, Ltd.\", on which he also played bass. Unlike \"Headquarters\", it was done in several different studios around the U.S. between Monkees tour dates, and was played by the band and augmented by session musicians. Douglas also introduced members of the Monkees to new songwriters, including John Stewart, who wrote \"Daydream Believer\", which would become their second-biggest all-time single and was included on the 1968 album \"The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees\". Douglas thought the song would be perfect for Davy Jones, and Tork provided a memorable piano intro.","title":"Chip Douglas"},{"id":"10228852","text":"is also quoted in the May 1997 issue of the fanzine \"P.O. Box 9847\" as describing the TV special as being about \"... us Monkees today. We made 'Justus'. It's about that. Obviously 'Justus', a real CD, wasn't made by fictional characters.\" Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael","title":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees"},{"id":"4374211","text":"biopic \"Straight Outta Compton\", the D.O.C. revealed that his natural voice had returned if he had concentrated, and that he recorded new music, although he was not ready to release anything yet. Although he is not mentioned in the songwriting credits, the D.O.C. claimed that he helped write Dr. Dre's third album \"Compton\". The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry (born June 10, 1968), better known by his stage name The D.O.C., is an American rapper from Dallas. In addition to a solo career, he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap","title":"The D.O.C."},{"id":"14053687","text":"13, 2013, Hathaway began serving her sentence at the Federal Correctional Facility at Alderson, WV, otherwise known as \"Camp Cupcake\" due to the comparatively favorable conditions at the minimum security prison, which houses females found guilty of federal crimes. The ranks of former inmates of the camp range from jazz legend Billie Holiday and would-be presidential assassins Sara Jane Moore and Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, to homemaking mogul Martha Stewart. On April 29, 2014, the \"Detroit News\" reported that Judge O'Meara had denied Hathaway's request for early release. Hathaway was scheduled for release on June 26, 2014. On May 22, 2014,","title":"Diane Hathaway"},{"id":"424370","text":"album \"Justus\" was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. \"Justus\" was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (\"Justus\" = Just Us). The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from \"Justus\".","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"2061630","text":"Marxer have been nominated for several Grammy Awards, for both folk and children's music. Washington has been home to many jazz pioneers, including the legendary Duke Ellington, as well as singer and pianist Shirley Horn, pianist Billy Taylor, and saxophonist Frank Wess. Ellington, Taylor, and Wess each attended Dunbar High School with its prominent music program. Ellington's first group, The Washingtonians, featured drummer Sonny Greer. They left for Harlem in 1923. Jazz great Jelly Roll Morton came from New Orleans, but took up residency in Washington as a regular performer at a club called the Jungle Inn in 1935. During","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"18394792","text":"Buzz Busby Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as Buzz Busby, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his unique mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the \"Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass\". Busby was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday","title":"Buzz Busby"},{"id":"110721","text":"well as an album, \"Pool It!\". Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled \"Justus\", the first album since 1967's \"Headquarters\" that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together. In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \"You're","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"7344567","text":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, and the first of two singles that he recorded with The Lower Third after leaving his previous band, The Manish Boys. With The Lower Third, Bowie moved away from Americanised R&B of his two earlier singles into Who-style mod music. However,","title":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"},{"id":"11481366","text":"D. W. Washburn \"D.W. Washburn\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Two famous recordings of the song are by the Coasters and the Monkees. It was also included in the musical \"Smokey Joe's Cafe\". The Monkees' version was a non-album single, and was also a double-sided hit, backed with \"It's Nice to Be with You,\" also a non-album single. The music was arranged and conducted by Shorty Rogers. The lyrics tell a story of a derelict (Washburn), chosen by a well-meaning charity for a wash-up and a meal. Washburn declines the offer, though, preferring his jobless,","title":"D. W. Washburn"},{"id":"9138425","text":"Chicago Crime Commission \"Public Enemy Number Three\" when his brother Al was \"Public Enemy Number One\". Born Raffaele James Capone in a small town named Angri in the Campania region of Italy, near Mount Vesuvius, he was the second son of Gabriele and Teresa (nee Raiola) Capone. He arrived in America on a ship named \"Werra\" on June 18, 1895 with his older brother Vincenzo and mother Teresa, entering via Ellis Island. His father Gabriele had come to the United States by the way of Canada, six months previously. They settled in Brooklyn, living near the Navy yards. On September","title":"Ralph Capone"},{"id":"1404262","text":"Robert Stroud Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the \"Birdman of Alcatraz\", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist, although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz, where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. Born in Seattle, Washington,","title":"Robert Stroud"},{"id":"14121324","text":"club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and","title":"Philadelphia Club"},{"id":"1727058","text":"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of","title":"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"},{"id":"8058516","text":"with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (Andrew Jackson). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean","title":"Natural-born-citizen clause"},{"id":"8442765","text":"heading for Canada, set up the Free University with Steve Mueller, and helped establish the Food Conspiracy, before moving east to work with the Black Panther Party. Because of Douskey's political activities and his nickname, \"Duke\", several Edward Abbey scholars concluded that Douskey was Abbey's model for George Washington Hayduke in \"The Monkey Wrench Gang\". Franz Douskey appears in Wally Lamb's 2009 novel and 2014 movie \"Wishin' and Hopin'\" as Franz Duzio. In the 1970s and 1980s, Douskey lived in Cornish, New Hampshire, near the equally reclusive J. D. Salinger. When Douskey would run into tourists anxious to ferret out","title":"Franz Douskey"},{"id":"6732753","text":"the debut episode only. Several sources erroneously list these three, as well as Billy Barty from Episodes 1 and 2, as series regulars. Micky Dolenz sings the theme to the series in \"The Monkees at the Circus\", an episode of The Monkees. When asked by Mike Nesmith \"What 'is' that?\", Dolenz responds \"It's the theme song for an old TV series\". Their track Porpoise Song contains references to the series, most notably with the line \"riding the back of giraffes for laughs is alright for a while\" Circus Boy Circus Boy is an American action/adventure/drama series that aired in prime","title":"Circus Boy"},{"id":"11458427","text":"What It's Worth,\" featuring one of the most iconic drum introduction lines ever recorded in American pop. When the original band broke up Martin formed a new version in September 1968. Dubbed \"New Buffalo Springfield\", the lineup comprised guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones' stand-in in The Monkees) and Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles); bass player Bob Apperson; drummer Don Poncher; and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for The Rolling Stones and Joe Cocker among others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicised \"Holiday Rock Festival\" in San","title":"Dewey Martin (musician)"},{"id":"110741","text":"he was pronounced dead of a severe heart attack resulting from arteriosclerosis. On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order to avoid drawing attention from the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones' family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. On","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"19091087","text":"on July 10. The band continued to perform without Perry prior to his return to the tour on July 22. Current members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees.","title":"Hollywood Vampires (band)"},{"id":"20980861","text":"hit single \"Daydream Believer\". Though they did not obtain permission to record as \"The Monkees\", a promotional flyer identified the group as \"We Three Monkees ... Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork\". This single was a vanity pressing on the Christmas Records label. It was offered to members of the Monkees Fan Club by mail order, but it may also have had some retail release. The B-side is a Davy Jones-sung version of \"White Christmas\" also produced by Douglas. Both sides of the record were remixed in 1986 and reissued during Monkees conventions. The remixed version of \"Christmas Is","title":"Christmas Is My Time of Year"},{"id":"5014649","text":"1889 and are not listed above, presidents Grover Cleveland, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama all had patriot ancestors but did not join the SAR. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump did not have patriot ancestors. Of the presidents who served prior to the founding of the SAR, six qualify as patriot ancestors - George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. In addition to the above, the following vice presidents were SAR compatriots and later became President of the United States: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman,","title":"Sons of the American Revolution"},{"id":"358236","text":"\"Star Trek: The Original Series\" that he doubted the rumor about \"Pravda\", since \"Star Trek\" had never been shown on Soviet television. It has also been claimed that the former member of The Monkees, Davy Jones, was the model for Mr. Chekov. In addition, the series frequently included characters (usually security personnel wearing red uniforms) who are killed or injured soon after their introduction. So prevalent was this plot device that it inspired the term \"redshirt\" to denote a stock character whose sole purpose is to die violently to show the danger facing the main characters. \"Star Trek\" made celebrities","title":"Star Trek: The Original Series"},{"id":"9054809","text":"suffering from exhaustion. Tork's departure reduced The Monkees to a trio, and the group would not be seen on network TV as a foursome again until 1997. After production wrapped, Tork was given a gold watch as a going-away present, with the inscription \"To Peter, from the guys down at work.\" Negotiations were originally made in early 1968 for The Monkees to star in three NBC-TV specials to air in 1969; \" Revolutions per Monkee\" was the first. Unhappy with the final edit, NBC decided to air it on the West Coast opposite The 41st Academy Awards on ABC. Further","title":"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee"},{"id":"5883758","text":"James Fisk (financier) James Fisk, Jr. (April 1, 1835 – January 7, 1872) – known variously as \"Big Jim\", \"Diamond Jim\", and \"Jubilee Jim\" – was an American stockbroker and corporate executive who has been referred to as one of the \"robber barons\" of the Gilded Age. Though Fisk was admired by the working class of New York and the Erie Railroad, he achieved much ill-fame for his role in Black Friday in 1869, where he and his partner Jay Gould befriended the unsuspecting President Ulysses S. Grant in an attempt to use the President's good name in a scheme","title":"James Fisk (financier)"},{"id":"4409558","text":"by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa from their joint album Mac & Devin Go to High School. Don \"Magic\" Juan Don \"Magic\" Juan, born Donald Campbell (also known as The Chairman of the Board, Archbishop Don 'Da Magic' Juan, Bishop Magic Juan, or just Bishop) is an American former pimp, preacher, hip hop personality, actor, and fashion designer from Chicago. He is also the founder of the Players Ball, an annual celebration of his former \"pimp\" lifestyle. Regarding his career as a pimp, Campbell noted, \"I'd see a pimp, so I'd pattern myself after that. I'd read Iceberg Slim. I'd","title":"Don \"Magic\" Juan"},{"id":"424357","text":"single \"Oh My My\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \"Midnight Train\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \"Oh My My\" b/w \"I Love You Better\" single from the \"Changes\" album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, \"Changes\" would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks. September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"110744","text":"bad dreams all night long.\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\" \"Monkees\" co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"21010377","text":"at the Saudi Embassy in the United States to \"Jamal Khashoggi Way\", following the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. He has also been an advocate for protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure, arguing that the District of Columbia should swiftly move to adopt safe and sustainable transportation. Harnett considers himself a progressive. Harnett was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned the program’s highest rank, Eagle Scout. James Harnett James Allen Harnett (born March 23, 1998) is an American politician and student in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. A member of the Democratic Party, he is currently a","title":"James Harnett"},{"id":"5670145","text":"Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 87. The follow-up single, a remixed version of \"Every Step of the Way,\" failed to chart. The book \"The Monkees Tale\" by Eric Lefcowitz claims \"Pool It!\" and its two singles were recorded by \"Dolenz, Tork & Jones,\" as opposed to \"The Monkees.\" However, the billing on the LP itself is attributed to \"Peter, Micky, Davy — The Monkees.\" A deluxe CD/DVD version of this album was released on April 24, 2012, by Friday Music. Along with the original tracks, this version included Peter Tork's \"MGBGT\" (the live B-side to the \"Heart and Soul\"","title":"Pool It!"},{"id":"16533259","text":"Big Trouble (band) Big Trouble was an American female pop group, who recorded one album and released a total of two minor hit singles. Like the formation of 60s group The Monkees, Big Trouble was an all female pop group put together by TV executive Fred Silverman. The group consisted of vocalist Bobbie Eakes, bassist Julia Farey, keyboardist Rebecca Ryan and drummer Suzy Zarow. Eakes was originally Miss Georgia in 1983. After deciding on all band members except the vocalist, Silverman auditioned approximately five hundred vocalists, where Eakes was the one to win the part. The band made their start","title":"Big Trouble (band)"},{"id":"15809571","text":"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song) \"Good Clean Fun\" is a song by The Monkees from their 1969 album \"The Monkees Present\". Recorded on June 1, 1968, it was released on Colgems single #5005 on September 6, 1969. At the time of the release, The Monkees were a trio consisting of (Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Davy Jones, Peter Tork having left the group in December 1968. Written and sung by Nesmith, the song's title is never heard in the lyrics. \"Good Clean Fun\" reached No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 29 on the Easy Listening chart.","title":"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song)"},{"id":"11619022","text":"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label \"My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings\". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, \"More of the Monkees\", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,","title":"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"507207\",\n \"text\": \"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"507180\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11800201\",\n \"text\": \"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's \\\"America's Best Dance Crew\\\". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style\",\n \"title\": \"Massive Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"507182\",\n \"text\": \"of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills. Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \\\"open, Nordic look,\\\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid-1960s, created for a television sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265453\",\n \"text\": \"Van Buren, the eighth President. Also, in an episode of \\\"The Monkees\\\", about the pre-formed pop band of the same name (the episode was titled \\\"Dance, Monkee, Dance\\\"), a dance instruction studio offers free lessons to anyone who can answer the question, \\\"Who was the eighth President of the United States?\\\" Martin Van Buren shows up at the studio to begin his free dance lessons. Van Buren was the subject of a popular Google Search ad aired during the 2013 Super Bowl. These were published posthumously: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (; born Maarten Van Buren, December 5, 1782\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Van Buren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424279\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series \\\"The Monkees\\\" which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork; and English actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner, backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The four actor-musicians\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11800209\",\n \"text\": \"Ricky Bobby\\\" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was \\\"Tearin' Up My Heart\\\" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's\",\n \"title\": \"Massive Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424373\",\n \"text\": \"He toured Great Britain with us. Then all of a sudden, he's not here. Later, I hear rumors he's writing a script for our next movie. Oh, really? That's bloody news to me. He's always been this aloof, inaccessible person... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in.\\\" Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones appeared in the 1995 movie \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\". Tork, Jones, and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997, after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States. However, this tour\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140599\",\n \"text\": \"episodes from Season 2 had no canned laughter. NBC later cited that as one of the reasons for canceling the series. The theme song to \\\"The Monkees\\\", \\\"(Theme from) The Monkees\\\" (released as the single in some countries in 1967), is one of the group's most well known songs. The line \\\"We're the young generation, and we've got somethin' to say\\\" reflected the new youth counterculture and their desire to give their own opinions on world events and choosing how to live their own lives instead of abiding by the traditions and beliefs of their elders. The Monkees resided in\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9283613\",\n \"text\": \"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with \\\"I'm a Believer\\\", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a\",\n \"title\": \"Samantha Juste\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656242\",\n \"text\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second\",\n \"title\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1971392\",\n \"text\": \"and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, \\\"The Adventures of Jim Bowie\\\", which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel \\\"Tempered Blade\\\". Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He\",\n \"title\": \"James Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487513\",\n \"text\": \"was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman. He is one of three surviving members of The Monkees (after Jones' death in 2012). He is the only surviving member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception, and the only member with contemporary recordings of his vocals on all studio albums. The Moog synthesizer that Dolenz had bought proved vital when he composed a song entitled \\\"Easy On You\\\" in 1971 and began recording it in his home studio, with him playing\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487535\",\n \"text\": \"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, \\\"God is a verb, not a noun.\\\" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054800\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees through various stages of evolution until they are ready to brainwash the world via commercial exploitation. Trapped in giant test tubes, the four are stripped of all personal identity and names: Micky Dolenz becomes Monkee #1, Peter Tork becomes Monkee #2, Michael Nesmith Monkee #3, and Davy Jones Monkee #4. Each Monkee (under Driscoll's watch) attempts to regain their stripped personal identities by thinking a way out of captivity into their own world of fantasies. Monkee #1 (Dolenz) performs an R&B up-tempo duet remake of \\\"I'm a Believer\\\" with Driscoll; Monkee #2 (Tork) reclines on a giant cushion in\",\n \"title\": \"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6043007\",\n \"text\": \"a waitress named Rita, played by Bess Motta. A butler named Manford (Gordon Oas-Heim) was also present, as was a talking computer called Helen (voiced by Lynnie Godfrey); Helen was a decommissioned Defense Department supercomputer that spoke in a pronounced black accent and developed a taste for rock music instead of world destruction. Helen was almost always portrayed solely by a pair of talking lips set on a black, static background. Notable guest performers were few; however, they included boxer Ray \\\"Boom Boom\\\" Mancini, Archie Hahn, Russell Johnson (reprising his role as \\\"The Professor\\\" from \\\"Gilligan's Island\\\"), and Billy Beck,\",\n \"title\": \"New Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970394\",\n \"text\": \"Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. In 2018 \\\"The New York Times\\\" published a belated obituary for her. Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren\",\n \"title\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282016\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \\\"The Monkees\\\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \\\"Different Drum\\\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \\\"Joanne\\\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656250\",\n \"text\": \"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did\\\". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the\",\n \"title\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424339\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholson. The film, conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style, featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature, Annette Funicello, a young Teri Garr, boxer Sonny Liston, famous stripper Carol Doda, Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke, and musician Frank Zappa. It was filmed at Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems studios and on location in California, Utah, and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17, 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year (the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20). The film was not a commercial success, in part because\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282054\",\n \"text\": \"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \\\"The Monkees\\\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \\\"Different Drum\\\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \\\"Joanne\\\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140586\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkees (TV series) The Monkees is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC from September 12, 1966 to March 25, 1968. The series follows the adventures of four young men (the Monkees) trying to make a name for themselves as a rock 'n roll band. The show introduced a number of innovative new-wave film techniques to series television and won two Emmy Awards in 1967, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The program ended on Labor Day 1968 at the finish of its second season and has received a long afterlife through Saturday morning repeats (CBS and ABC) and syndication,\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970388\",\n \"text\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30,\",\n \"title\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17922839\",\n \"text\": \"just a rock and roll band that really had a lot of fun, and was able to be lucky enough—or unlucky enough, depending on your point of view—to work on the album.\\\" He died of pancreatic cancer on March 14, 2014, at the age of 71. Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Burger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487507\",\n \"text\": \"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called \\\"Circus Boy\\\" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16752858\",\n \"text\": \"b-boying and posing on the banks of Puget Sound, with the Seattle Great Wheel in the background, in the crew's hometown of Seattle over the soundtrack of \\\"Stop Me\\\" by Mark Ronson. Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424381\",\n \"text\": \"of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point,\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13352163\",\n \"text\": \"Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses had distinct Manchester accents. West Sussex-raised British actress, Jane Leeves, portrayed the character of Daphne Moon, a Manchester immigrant with a pronounced Mancunian accent in the American sitcom \\\"Frasier\\\". Davy Jones of the 1960s band The Monkees and TV sitcom \\\"The Monkees\\\" was also from Manchester. The speech of the city of Manchester has never been the subject of an in-depth study. The early dialectologist Alexander John Ellis included the city in his survey of English speech, and placed most of Greater Manchester (excluding the Bolton and Wigan areas) in his 21st dialect district,\",\n \"title\": \"Manchester dialect\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061617\",\n \"text\": \"ragtime musician Claude Hopkins, Lithuanian immigrant and vaudeville performer Al Jolson and Lillian Evanti, who became the first African-American opera singer to perform in a foreign country. The most widely renowned musician from 20th century D.C. is undoubtedly Duke Ellington, a jazz pioneer. Later D.C. jazz musicians included Charlie Rouse (saxophonist, with Thelonious Monk), Billy Hart (drummer), Ira Sullivan (tenor saxophonist) and Leo Parker (bop baritone saxophonist). Ahmet Ertegun, a Turkish-born jazz fan, came to D.C. at age twelve and later went on to found Atlantic Records. Todd Duncan was a D.C.-born singer who made history by being the first\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424281\",\n \"text\": \"show came in 1986, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records. The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups and varying degrees of success. After Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniversary, with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally. Dolenz described \\\"The Monkees\\\" as initially being \\\"a TV show about an imaginary band…\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6045818\",\n \"text\": \"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including \\\"Daydream Believer\\\" and \\\"Pleasant Valley Sunday\\\". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, \\\"The Wilcox Three\\\", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424426\",\n \"text\": \"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \\\"Manchester Gets it First\\\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19483729\",\n \"text\": \"I'm Told I Had a Good Time)\\\" \\\"Me & Magdalena\\\" (Version 2) \\\"Terrifying\\\" \\\"Love's What I Want\\\" \\\"A Better World\\\" Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \\\"Justus\\\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution\",\n \"title\": \"Good Times!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424345\",\n \"text\": \"Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band. Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, \\\"33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee\\\", which rehashed many of the ideas from \\\"Head\\\", only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424377\",\n \"text\": \"2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006. In October 2010, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" that he \\\"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees).\\\" \\\"\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424374\",\n \"text\": \"was also accompanied by public sniping. Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had \\\"fired\\\" Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit. Tork was quoted as saying that, as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band, \\\"Shoe Suede Blues.\\\" Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew: Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110743\",\n \"text\": \"the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\\\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine, Nesmith commented, \\\"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\\\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \\\"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\\\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \\\"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\\\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \\\"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13959167\",\n \"text\": \"the whole weekend, the movie drew 13.1 million viewers. The series was conceived and created by Scott Fellows, formerly the creator, executive producer and showrunner of \\\"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\\\". Fellows says his inspiration for the show was the musical comedy show, \\\"The Monkees\\\"—a popular and culturally significant American television series from the 1960s about a group of four young male adults who form a rock band, and perform songs while having comedic adventures. Although the show had a concept as early as 2007, the series had no actual title as late as August 2009. \\\"Big Time Rush\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Big Time Rush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424358\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \\\"Do It in the Name of Love\\\" and \\\"Lady Jane\\\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\\\"Do It in the Name Of Love\\\" b/w \\\"Lady Jane\\\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \\\"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\\\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name. Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12739895\",\n \"text\": \"and the Anglins and the other two being Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as \\\"missing and presumed drowned\\\". Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was abandoned by his mother and father during his childhood, and orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery. He spent most of his early years in jail serving lunch\",\n \"title\": \"June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10228841\",\n \"text\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael Nesmith wrote and directed the program. This is not to be confused with the similarly titled documentary from 1997, \\\"Hey, Hey, We're the Monkees\\\". The special shows the now middle-aged Monkees trying to come up with a new plot (apparently they've all\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140591\",\n \"text\": \"also recorded for Colpix under the name \\\"Michael Blessing.\\\" He was the only one of The Monkees who had come for the audition based on seeing the trade magazine ad. He showed up to the audition with his laundry and impressed Rafelson and Schneider with his laid-back style and droll sense of humor. He also wore a woollen hat to keep his hair out of his eyes when he rode his motorcycle, leading to early promotional materials which nicknamed him \\\"Wool Hat.\\\" The hat remained part of Nesmith's wardrobe, but the name was dropped after the pilot. Peter Tork was\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424414\",\n \"text\": \"Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance \\\"Easy Rider\\\" and \\\"Five Easy Pieces\\\", which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\\\" The \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \\\"We touched a\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061619\",\n \"text\": \"to launch the bossa nova craze. By the middle of the 1960s, D.C. had begun to produce some major stars, like soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had 3 #1 Hot 100 hits including \\\"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\\\" in 1968. Other musicians included John Fahey, one of the first \\\"folk\\\" musicians to gain national appeal, Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5904777\",\n \"text\": \"boyfriend played by Antony Booth. Michael is from Liverpool and a Catholic of Irish descent; precisely the type of person Alf most hated. He often called him the \\\"Randy Scouse Git\\\". This terminology was later picked up by the American pop group The Monkees for their song, \\\"Randy Scouse Git\\\", included on their 1967 album \\\"Headquarters\\\". Alf and Michael (a liberal) had different political views and much of the programme turned on their heated political debates. Writer Johnny Speight often commented that the character was supposed to be a figure of ridicule, but admitted that not all viewers saw the\",\n \"title\": \"Alf Garnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7132703\",\n \"text\": \"Doors With Simon & Garfunkel With [The Mamas and the Papas] With Chet Baker With Dave Mason With Howard Roberts With Lalo Schifrin With Art Garfunkel With Barry McGuire With Chet Atkins Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \\\"Larry\\\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia,\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Knechtel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424404\",\n \"text\": \"1967, he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles' \\\"Fixing a Hole\\\" at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2. During the 1970s, during Lennon's infamous \\\"lost weekend\\\", Lennon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together, and were collectively known in the press as \\\"The Hollywood Vampires\\\". Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film \\\"Back in the U.S.\\\" singing \\\"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\\\", the theme from \\\"The Monkees\\\" television show, while backstage. The Monkees \\\"Cuddly Toy\\\" and \\\"Daddy's Song\\\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \\\"Cuddly Toy\\\" would be recorded\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7132698\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \\\"Larry\\\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Knechtel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424406\",\n \"text\": \"Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated: [Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19483719\",\n \"text\": \"Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \\\"Justus\\\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The project was initiated by Rhino executives John Hughes and Mark Pinkus, who were excited about a 50th\",\n \"title\": \"Good Times!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16752855\",\n \"text\": \"Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has appeared on numerous nationally-broadcast TV shows in South Korea, performed worldwide, and appeared in many music videos, exposing the b-boy culture to a wide variety of people. Art of Movement (AOM) started\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140587\",\n \"text\": \"as well as overseas broadcasts; it later enjoyed a 1980s revival, after MTV aired reruns of the program in 1986. The series centered on the adventures of the Monkees, a struggling rock band from Los Angeles, California consisting of Micky, Davy, Michael, and Peter. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the strange and often surreal encounters that the band would have while searching for their big break. In the early 1960s, aspiring filmmakers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider had formed Raybert Productions and were trying to get a foot in the door in Hollywood. They were inspired\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10943867\",\n \"text\": \"Eliot left his family home in St. Louis, Missouri, to go to Harvard, in New England. From there he moved to Europe and stayed in Germany and France. When World War I began, he moved to Oxford, United Kingdom. He gained British citizenship and joined the Church of England. Terry Gilliam is an American-born British director and member of the comedy troupe Monty Python. Katrina Leskanich is an American musician, author and former lead singer of British pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Boris Johnson was the New York-born British foreign secretary, as well as a journalist and former\",\n \"title\": \"Americans in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"654167\",\n \"text\": \"candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of Duke Ellington (Secretary of State), Miles Davis (Director of the CIA), Max Roach (Secretary of Defense), Charles Mingus (Secretary of Peace), Ray Charles (Librarian of Congress), Louis Armstrong (Secretary of Agriculture), Mary Lou Williams (Ambassador to the Vatican), Thelonious Monk (Travelling Ambassador) and Malcolm X (Attorney General). He said his running mate would be Phyllis Diller. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke but proceeds went to Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Dizzy Gillespie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110713\",\n \"text\": \"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of \\\"Oliver!\\\" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\" television show and later reprised parody film; \\\"Love, American Style\\\"; and \\\"My Two Dads\\\". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols.\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17922835\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four other American soldiers he met in Germany. According to him, he joined the band partially because it got him out of his regular job as a fuel truck driver. The Torquays mainly played in hospitals and nursing homes in the beginning and produced a single in\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Burger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091083\",\n \"text\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees. Touring members include or have included Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum of Guns N' Roses fame, as well as Robert DeLeo from Stone Temple Pilots. The band has\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424284\",\n \"text\": \"1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. On July 14, 1965, \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England \\\"to prepare for [a] TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson\\\". Jones had previously starred as\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"114378\",\n \"text\": \"invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, \\\"The Laughing Gnome\\\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, \\\"David Bowie\\\", an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years. Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre. He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image\",\n \"title\": \"David Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140611\",\n \"text\": \"by noting, \\\"Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I'm an unemployed drummer.\\\" Also in a screen test, a Monkee asks what the Beatles have that they don't have. They sing \\\"Thirteen million dollars!\\\" When commenting on the death of Davy Jones on February 29, 2012, \\\"Time\\\" magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the show: \\\"Even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell \\\"The Monkees\\\" short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282032\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees\\\". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (\\\"Daydream Believer\\\" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \\\"I never really left. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8790292\",\n \"text\": \"The Maniaks The Maniaks are a fictional rock band published by DC Comics. They first appeared in issue \\\"Showcase\\\" #68 (May 1967), and were created by E. Nelson Bridwell and Mike Sekowsky. The Maniaks were created in the mold of TV's the Monkees—a band that would also get involved in wild adventures, often on the way to their gigs. The band would meet fictionalized versions of famous celebrities, such as \\\"Jeannette Punchinello\\\" (Annette Funicello), \\\"Rock Hutsut\\\" (Rock Hudson), and \\\"Twiggly\\\" (Twiggy). An exception was comedian Woody Allen, who appeared in an unfictionalized form in \\\"Showcase\\\" #71. The Maniaks as a\",\n \"title\": \"The Maniaks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2929905\",\n \"text\": \"Lebanese immigrants, Mary (née Mouakad), a devout Catholic and the niece of a bishop, and Peter Blatty, a cloth cutter. His parents separated when he was a toddler. He was raised in what he described as \\\"comfortable destitution\\\" by his deeply religious mother, whose sole support came from peddling homemade quince jelly in the streets of Manhattan; she once offered a jar of it to Franklin D. Roosevelt when the President was cutting the ribbon for the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, telling him, \\\"For when you have company.\\\" He lived at 28 different addresses during his childhood because of nonpayment of rent.\",\n \"title\": \"William Peter Blatty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424384\",\n \"text\": \"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled \\\"Good Times!\\\", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. \\\"Good Times!\\\", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4320645\",\n \"text\": \"Don Kirshner Donald Clark Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011), known as The Man With the Golden Ear, was an American music publisher, rock music producer, talent manager, and songwriter. He was best known for managing songwriting talent as well as successful pop groups, such as The Monkees, Kansas, and the Archies. Don Kirshner was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, the son of Gilbert Kirshner, a tailor, and Belle Jaffe. He graduated from George Washington High School in Manhattan, and went on to study at Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey. After\",\n \"title\": \"Don Kirshner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8645786\",\n \"text\": \"David Frye David Shapiro (November 21, 1933January 24, 2011), better known by the stage name David Frye, was an American comedian, specializing in comic imitations of famous political figures, most of whom were based on notable Americans, including former U.S. Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Vice Presidents Spiro Agnew and Nelson Rockefeller, Senators Hubert Humphrey and Bobby Kennedy, as well as film celebrities, e.g., George C. Scott, Henry Fonda, Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Jack Nicholson, Jack Palance and Rod Steiger, and media figures, e.g., William F. Buckley Jr. and Larry King. However, as eerily accurate and subtle as\",\n \"title\": \"David Frye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2621215\",\n \"text\": \"comes from \\\"Cheers\\\", Niles' background is established over the course of \\\"Frasier\\\". Pierce described Niles as \\\"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\\\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester Crane, a psychiatrist, and Martin Crane, a police officer. Like his older brother Frasier, Niles was named for one of his mother's lab rats. Also like Frasier, Niles was an unusually sensitive child and a frequent target for bullies. As a result, he was quite close to his older brother, and at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Niles Crane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6045825\",\n \"text\": \"Nesmith. Douglas produced next Monkees' album, \\\"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones, Ltd.\\\", on which he also played bass. Unlike \\\"Headquarters\\\", it was done in several different studios around the U.S. between Monkees tour dates, and was played by the band and augmented by session musicians. Douglas also introduced members of the Monkees to new songwriters, including John Stewart, who wrote \\\"Daydream Believer\\\", which would become their second-biggest all-time single and was included on the 1968 album \\\"The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees\\\". Douglas thought the song would be perfect for Davy Jones, and Tork provided a memorable piano intro.\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10228852\",\n \"text\": \"is also quoted in the May 1997 issue of the fanzine \\\"P.O. Box 9847\\\" as describing the TV special as being about \\\"... us Monkees today. We made 'Justus'. It's about that. Obviously 'Justus', a real CD, wasn't made by fictional characters.\\\" Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4374211\",\n \"text\": \"biopic \\\"Straight Outta Compton\\\", the D.O.C. revealed that his natural voice had returned if he had concentrated, and that he recorded new music, although he was not ready to release anything yet. Although he is not mentioned in the songwriting credits, the D.O.C. claimed that he helped write Dr. Dre's third album \\\"Compton\\\". The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry (born June 10, 1968), better known by his stage name The D.O.C., is an American rapper from Dallas. In addition to a solo career, he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap\",\n \"title\": \"The D.O.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14053687\",\n \"text\": \"13, 2013, Hathaway began serving her sentence at the Federal Correctional Facility at Alderson, WV, otherwise known as \\\"Camp Cupcake\\\" due to the comparatively favorable conditions at the minimum security prison, which houses females found guilty of federal crimes. The ranks of former inmates of the camp range from jazz legend Billie Holiday and would-be presidential assassins Sara Jane Moore and Lynette \\\"Squeaky\\\" Fromme, to homemaking mogul Martha Stewart. On April 29, 2014, the \\\"Detroit News\\\" reported that Judge O'Meara had denied Hathaway's request for early release. Hathaway was scheduled for release on June 26, 2014. On May 22, 2014,\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Hathaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424370\",\n \"text\": \"album \\\"Justus\\\" was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. \\\"Justus\\\" was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (\\\"Justus\\\" = Just Us). The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from \\\"Justus\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061630\",\n \"text\": \"Marxer have been nominated for several Grammy Awards, for both folk and children's music. Washington has been home to many jazz pioneers, including the legendary Duke Ellington, as well as singer and pianist Shirley Horn, pianist Billy Taylor, and saxophonist Frank Wess. Ellington, Taylor, and Wess each attended Dunbar High School with its prominent music program. Ellington's first group, The Washingtonians, featured drummer Sonny Greer. They left for Harlem in 1923. Jazz great Jelly Roll Morton came from New Orleans, but took up residency in Washington as a regular performer at a club called the Jungle Inn in 1935. During\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18394792\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Busby Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as Buzz Busby, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his unique mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the \\\"Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass\\\". Busby was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Busby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110721\",\n \"text\": \"well as an album, \\\"Pool It!\\\". Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled \\\"Justus\\\", the first album since 1967's \\\"Headquarters\\\" that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together. In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \\\"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\\\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \\\"You're\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7344567\",\n \"text\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving \\\"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\\\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, and the first of two singles that he recorded with The Lower Third after leaving his previous band, The Manish Boys. With The Lower Third, Bowie moved away from Americanised R&B of his two earlier singles into Who-style mod music. However,\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11481366\",\n \"text\": \"D. W. Washburn \\\"D.W. Washburn\\\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Two famous recordings of the song are by the Coasters and the Monkees. It was also included in the musical \\\"Smokey Joe's Cafe\\\". The Monkees' version was a non-album single, and was also a double-sided hit, backed with \\\"It's Nice to Be with You,\\\" also a non-album single. The music was arranged and conducted by Shorty Rogers. The lyrics tell a story of a derelict (Washburn), chosen by a well-meaning charity for a wash-up and a meal. Washburn declines the offer, though, preferring his jobless,\",\n \"title\": \"D. W. Washburn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9138425\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago Crime Commission \\\"Public Enemy Number Three\\\" when his brother Al was \\\"Public Enemy Number One\\\". Born Raffaele James Capone in a small town named Angri in the Campania region of Italy, near Mount Vesuvius, he was the second son of Gabriele and Teresa (nee Raiola) Capone. He arrived in America on a ship named \\\"Werra\\\" on June 18, 1895 with his older brother Vincenzo and mother Teresa, entering via Ellis Island. His father Gabriele had come to the United States by the way of Canada, six months previously. They settled in Brooklyn, living near the Navy yards. On September\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Capone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1404262\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Stroud Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the \\\"Birdman of Alcatraz\\\", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist, although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz, where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. Born in Seattle, Washington,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Stroud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14121324\",\n \"text\": \"club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \\\"Buffalo Bill\\\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and\",\n \"title\": \"Philadelphia Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1727058\",\n \"text\": \"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of\",\n \"title\": \"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8058516\",\n \"text\": \"with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (Andrew Jackson). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean\",\n \"title\": \"Natural-born-citizen clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8442765\",\n \"text\": \"heading for Canada, set up the Free University with Steve Mueller, and helped establish the Food Conspiracy, before moving east to work with the Black Panther Party. Because of Douskey's political activities and his nickname, \\\"Duke\\\", several Edward Abbey scholars concluded that Douskey was Abbey's model for George Washington Hayduke in \\\"The Monkey Wrench Gang\\\". Franz Douskey appears in Wally Lamb's 2009 novel and 2014 movie \\\"Wishin' and Hopin'\\\" as Franz Duzio. In the 1970s and 1980s, Douskey lived in Cornish, New Hampshire, near the equally reclusive J. D. Salinger. When Douskey would run into tourists anxious to ferret out\",\n \"title\": \"Franz Douskey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6732753\",\n \"text\": \"the debut episode only. Several sources erroneously list these three, as well as Billy Barty from Episodes 1 and 2, as series regulars. Micky Dolenz sings the theme to the series in \\\"The Monkees at the Circus\\\", an episode of The Monkees. When asked by Mike Nesmith \\\"What 'is' that?\\\", Dolenz responds \\\"It's the theme song for an old TV series\\\". Their track Porpoise Song contains references to the series, most notably with the line \\\"riding the back of giraffes for laughs is alright for a while\\\" Circus Boy Circus Boy is an American action/adventure/drama series that aired in prime\",\n \"title\": \"Circus Boy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11458427\",\n \"text\": \"What It's Worth,\\\" featuring one of the most iconic drum introduction lines ever recorded in American pop. When the original band broke up Martin formed a new version in September 1968. Dubbed \\\"New Buffalo Springfield\\\", the lineup comprised guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones' stand-in in The Monkees) and Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles); bass player Bob Apperson; drummer Don Poncher; and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for The Rolling Stones and Joe Cocker among others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicised \\\"Holiday Rock Festival\\\" in San\",\n \"title\": \"Dewey Martin (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110741\",\n \"text\": \"he was pronounced dead of a severe heart attack resulting from arteriosclerosis. On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order to avoid drawing attention from the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones' family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. On\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091087\",\n \"text\": \"on July 10. The band continued to perform without Perry prior to his return to the tour on July 22. Current members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees.\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20980861\",\n \"text\": \"hit single \\\"Daydream Believer\\\". Though they did not obtain permission to record as \\\"The Monkees\\\", a promotional flyer identified the group as \\\"We Three Monkees ... Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork\\\". This single was a vanity pressing on the Christmas Records label. It was offered to members of the Monkees Fan Club by mail order, but it may also have had some retail release. The B-side is a Davy Jones-sung version of \\\"White Christmas\\\" also produced by Douglas. Both sides of the record were remixed in 1986 and reissued during Monkees conventions. The remixed version of \\\"Christmas Is\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Is My Time of Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5014649\",\n \"text\": \"1889 and are not listed above, presidents Grover Cleveland, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama all had patriot ancestors but did not join the SAR. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump did not have patriot ancestors. Of the presidents who served prior to the founding of the SAR, six qualify as patriot ancestors - George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. In addition to the above, the following vice presidents were SAR compatriots and later became President of the United States: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman,\",\n \"title\": \"Sons of the American Revolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"358236\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Star Trek: The Original Series\\\" that he doubted the rumor about \\\"Pravda\\\", since \\\"Star Trek\\\" had never been shown on Soviet television. It has also been claimed that the former member of The Monkees, Davy Jones, was the model for Mr. Chekov. In addition, the series frequently included characters (usually security personnel wearing red uniforms) who are killed or injured soon after their introduction. So prevalent was this plot device that it inspired the term \\\"redshirt\\\" to denote a stock character whose sole purpose is to die violently to show the danger facing the main characters. \\\"Star Trek\\\" made celebrities\",\n \"title\": \"Star Trek: The Original Series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054809\",\n \"text\": \"suffering from exhaustion. Tork's departure reduced The Monkees to a trio, and the group would not be seen on network TV as a foursome again until 1997. After production wrapped, Tork was given a gold watch as a going-away present, with the inscription \\\"To Peter, from the guys down at work.\\\" Negotiations were originally made in early 1968 for The Monkees to star in three NBC-TV specials to air in 1969; \\\" Revolutions per Monkee\\\" was the first. Unhappy with the final edit, NBC decided to air it on the West Coast opposite The 41st Academy Awards on ABC. Further\",\n \"title\": \"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5883758\",\n \"text\": \"James Fisk (financier) James Fisk, Jr. (April 1, 1835 – January 7, 1872) – known variously as \\\"Big Jim\\\", \\\"Diamond Jim\\\", and \\\"Jubilee Jim\\\" – was an American stockbroker and corporate executive who has been referred to as one of the \\\"robber barons\\\" of the Gilded Age. Though Fisk was admired by the working class of New York and the Erie Railroad, he achieved much ill-fame for his role in Black Friday in 1869, where he and his partner Jay Gould befriended the unsuspecting President Ulysses S. Grant in an attempt to use the President's good name in a scheme\",\n \"title\": \"James Fisk (financier)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4409558\",\n \"text\": \"by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa from their joint album Mac & Devin Go to High School. Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan, born Donald Campbell (also known as The Chairman of the Board, Archbishop Don 'Da Magic' Juan, Bishop Magic Juan, or just Bishop) is an American former pimp, preacher, hip hop personality, actor, and fashion designer from Chicago. He is also the founder of the Players Ball, an annual celebration of his former \\\"pimp\\\" lifestyle. Regarding his career as a pimp, Campbell noted, \\\"I'd see a pimp, so I'd pattern myself after that. I'd read Iceberg Slim. I'd\",\n \"title\": \"Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424357\",\n \"text\": \"single \\\"Oh My My\\\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \\\"Midnight Train\\\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \\\"Oh My My\\\" b/w \\\"I Love You Better\\\" single from the \\\"Changes\\\" album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, \\\"Changes\\\" would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks. September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110744\",\n \"text\": \"bad dreams all night long.\\\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \\\"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\\\" \\\"Monkees\\\" co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \\\"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21010377\",\n \"text\": \"at the Saudi Embassy in the United States to \\\"Jamal Khashoggi Way\\\", following the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. He has also been an advocate for protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure, arguing that the District of Columbia should swiftly move to adopt safe and sustainable transportation. Harnett considers himself a progressive. Harnett was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned the program’s highest rank, Eagle Scout. James Harnett James Allen Harnett (born March 23, 1998) is an American politician and student in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. A member of the Democratic Party, he is currently a\",\n \"title\": \"James Harnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5670145\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 87. The follow-up single, a remixed version of \\\"Every Step of the Way,\\\" failed to chart. The book \\\"The Monkees Tale\\\" by Eric Lefcowitz claims \\\"Pool It!\\\" and its two singles were recorded by \\\"Dolenz, Tork & Jones,\\\" as opposed to \\\"The Monkees.\\\" However, the billing on the LP itself is attributed to \\\"Peter, Micky, Davy — The Monkees.\\\" A deluxe CD/DVD version of this album was released on April 24, 2012, by Friday Music. Along with the original tracks, this version included Peter Tork's \\\"MGBGT\\\" (the live B-side to the \\\"Heart and Soul\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Pool It!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16533259\",\n \"text\": \"Big Trouble (band) Big Trouble was an American female pop group, who recorded one album and released a total of two minor hit singles. Like the formation of 60s group The Monkees, Big Trouble was an all female pop group put together by TV executive Fred Silverman. The group consisted of vocalist Bobbie Eakes, bassist Julia Farey, keyboardist Rebecca Ryan and drummer Suzy Zarow. Eakes was originally Miss Georgia in 1983. After deciding on all band members except the vocalist, Silverman auditioned approximately five hundred vocalists, where Eakes was the one to win the part. The band made their start\",\n \"title\": \"Big Trouble (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15809571\",\n \"text\": \"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song) \\\"Good Clean Fun\\\" is a song by The Monkees from their 1969 album \\\"The Monkees Present\\\". Recorded on June 1, 1968, it was released on Colgems single #5005 on September 6, 1969. At the time of the release, The Monkees were a trio consisting of (Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Davy Jones, Peter Tork having left the group in December 1968. Written and sung by Nesmith, the song's title is never heard in the lyrics. \\\"Good Clean Fun\\\" reached No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 29 on the Easy Listening chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619022\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label \\\"My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings\\\". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, \\\"More of the Monkees\\\", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,\",\n \"title\": \"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\\n\\nWhich member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\\n\\ntitle Peter T context Peter T Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor University Connecticut.\\ntitle:es: albumus\\\" was released in19 first on which original members and \\\"Just\\\" produced by the Monkees, songs by one and it using only foures instruments and, which was inspiration spJust The trio of Dol, Jones, Tork reun again successful30th anniversary of amphithe19, while Nesm joined them onstage in Los promote songsJust\\ntitle: Music ofC. context to launchossa the thes,. had to, like soul, who had 3 hits8 Othericians included John the first \\\"\\\" Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John\\n\\nWhich member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 504,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14952,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":82,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":82,"string":"82"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In what decade were video recorders first developed?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Fifties","1950s","1950-1959","50's","1950’s","50s","1950–1959","Nineteen-fifties","1950s (decade)","1950ies","1950's","'50s","195%3F","Fifties"],"string":"[\n \"The Fifties\",\n \"1950s\",\n \"1950-1959\",\n \"50's\",\n \"1950’s\",\n \"50s\",\n \"1950–1959\",\n \"Nineteen-fifties\",\n \"1950s (decade)\",\n \"1950ies\",\n \"1950's\",\n \"'50s\",\n \"195%3F\",\n \"Fifties\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"50s"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"626737","text":"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and","title":"VHS"},{"id":"5684891","text":"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"14194321","text":"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed","title":"Erhard Kietz"},{"id":"5684865","text":"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"444226","text":"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling","title":"Video"},{"id":"2321834","text":"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"2321837","text":"this technique was done by BCE on 11 November 1951. The result was a very poor picture. Another of the early efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high-speed multi-track machine developed by the BBC in 1952. This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch (53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches (510 cm) per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never widely used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. By 1952 BCE also had moved on to multi-track machine, but found limitations in","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"2063907","text":"use Ampex eight track \"Sel Sync\" machines for multitracking. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows. Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984. Following the example set by Bing Crosby, high-speed reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the","title":"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording"},{"id":"2321844","text":"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"1851334","text":"recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that make home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products. Ampex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"20968438","text":"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80","title":"Video manipulation"},{"id":"15559312","text":"RCA and manufactured by Matsushita, VHS soon became known as the video-cassette recorders (VCRs). VCRs, which gave the consumer the option of recording programs from television, were a new form of competition in the demanding consumer market. VCRs revenue contributed to the development of the ancillary market of video and DVD. By the 1980s, five million households owned VCRs. Major studios had not yet adapted to the new video technologies that were being developed for consumers. There were no anticipations of new markets or other opportunities to expand until an entrepreneur, Andre Blay, opened Hollywood film companies’ eyes. Blay wanted","title":"Ancillary market"},{"id":"3408718","text":"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was","title":"Videotape format war"},{"id":"11750220","text":"CV-2000 CV-2000 was one of the world's first home video tape recorders (VTR), introduced by Sony in August, 1965. The 'CV' in the model name stood for 'Consumer Video'. This was Sony's domestic format throughout the 1960s. The CV-2000 was developed by Sony engineer Nobutoshi Kihara. On its release, each machine cost US$695. It used video tape in a reel-to-reel format, meaning the tape had to be manually threaded around the helical scan video head drum. The CV-2000 was one-tenth the weight and price of other analog video recording products of its era. It recorded television programs in black and","title":"CV-2000"},{"id":"13530522","text":"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a \"new\" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"2905831","text":"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"2321842","text":"and demonstrated on June 24, 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"5684873","text":"to accommodate sufficient bandwidth to reproduce an adequate video image (at least 2–3 MHz for a watchable image), in turn requiring large amounts of tape on large reels. At the same time, the BBC developed a similar stationary-head video tape recorder (VTR) system that saw some on-air use, called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus). Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"16831734","text":"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, \"video tape recorder\" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading","title":"JVC HR-3300"},{"id":"3408742","text":"format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home","title":"Videotape format war"},{"id":"1851355","text":"pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the Videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as Videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before Dolby moved back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex. In 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape. Ampex 2 inch","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"5684872","text":"kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour. They were desperate to obtain a quicker, less expensive, and more practical solution. In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format. RCA and BCE did release working prototypes of their recorders, but their downfall was that they all used a longitudinal (stationary-head) method of recording, much like audio tape recorders. This meant that the tape had to be recorded at an extremely high speed (around ) in order","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"13530531","text":"more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration. The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes. The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. Earlier machines used mechanically-operated control switches; these were replaced by microswitches, solenoids and motor-driven mechanisms. The two","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"13530527","text":"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \"Video Cassette Recording\" (although it is also referred to as \"N1500\", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1430231","text":"telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as VHS could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program. Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare. In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped being produced after the introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, the first videotape recorders (Machtronics MVR-15) were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by the Ampex 2\" Quadruplex in","title":"Kinescope"},{"id":"1722126","text":"1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but didn't convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Throughout the 19th century, most photography was monochrome photography: images were either black-and-white or shades","title":"Black and white"},{"id":"11441180","text":"as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the","title":"1970s in science and technology"},{"id":"1356315","text":"JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under the \"Victor\" name with the His Master's Voice logo, but used the name JVC or","title":"JVC"},{"id":"2753314","text":"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and","title":"Film recorder"},{"id":"1356330","text":"\"Victor\" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment. JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under","title":"JVC"},{"id":"2996354","text":"first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding \"consultant\", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, where","title":"Ray Dolby"},{"id":"2753312","text":"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms \"slide\" and \"slide deck\" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection","title":"Film recorder"},{"id":"2490735","text":"with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen. Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to","title":"Fluoroscopy"},{"id":"2059428","text":"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the \"Charly\" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and","title":"Video 2000"},{"id":"1851354","text":"is commonly used today. While the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats known as VHS and the briefly successful Sony Betamax format. (Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format, but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.) One of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"4388306","text":"people. From the very beginning, these inventors allowed picture space for two-shots. Soon, images increased to 60 lines or more. The camera could easily photograph several people at once. Then even Baird switched his picture mask to a horizontal image. Baird's \"zone television\" is an early example of rethinking his extremely narrow screen format. For entertainment and most other purposes, even today, landscape remains the more practical shape. In the days of commercial mechanical television transmissions, a system of recording images (but not sound) was developed, using a modified gramophone recorder. Marketed as \"Phonovision\", this system, which was never fully","title":"Mechanical television"},{"id":"1311684","text":"For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \"videotape format war\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"1430222","text":"white \"glow\" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures. In 1951, singer Bing Crosby’s company Bing Crosby Enterprises made the first experimental magnetic video recordings; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, Ampex introduced the first commercial Quadruplex videotape recorder, followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as","title":"Kinescope"},{"id":"2905832","text":"some other early formats such as Cartrivision, the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field. Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1. The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 (). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini) could be","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"2905846","text":"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"6652196","text":"the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped created the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey. Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback. He died on April 9, 1992 in Eugene, Oregon of pneumonia. Charles Ginsburg Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which","title":"Charles Ginsburg"},{"id":"15823631","text":"or 0.0254 mm) thick. The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment. The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long record time of up to five hours on large reels. The units were 100% solid state. The Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less than the 2-inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast television industry at the time. On March 14, 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on","title":"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR"},{"id":"13530523","text":"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2\" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"16859359","text":"dissector: Bell went on to later predict that: \"...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking.\" The discoveries in physics, chemistry and materials science underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in electromechanical television. More practical 'all-electronic' video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. The compound name 'videophone' slowly entered into general usage after 1950,","title":"History of videotelephony"},{"id":"1851352","text":"mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. In 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats. The Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"13530530","text":"and how-to topics were available for purchase. An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos. Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972, mainly through Sears, Macy's, and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States. The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales. VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975. Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR: RCA, JVC, AMPEX, Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba. Of these, the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, JVC, and Sony, which developed","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1851346","text":"1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \"golden age\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s.MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2 inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"1995350","text":"the head writing speed and linear tape speed is vast: for example, versus . With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953. Independently in Germany, was also developing a helical scan method of recording. When Ampex developed the quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system in 1956, it had certain limitations, perhaps the most important of which was the lack of pause or still frame capability, because the picture signal was segmented, or broken down into discrete","title":"Helical scan"},{"id":"275207","text":"Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. A wide variety of recorders and formats have been developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette. The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording the video signals used by television. Video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on","title":"Magnetic tape"},{"id":"1782270","text":"the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series \"Speed Racer\": as Speed leaps from the Mach Five, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the camera does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras\" which he developed in the early","title":"Bullet time"},{"id":"2063922","text":"in applications where sound quality is not critical. Speed units of inches per second or in/s are also abbreviated IPS. in/s and in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape. in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges. in/s is also the speed used in Compact cassettes. In some early prototype linear video tape recording systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises, RCA, and the BBC's VERA, the tape speed was extremely high, over , to adequately capture the large","title":"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording"},{"id":"9922844","text":"bring about the first high-volume integrated manufacture of video cassettes for the motion picture industry. Tapes had previously been made in real time, with hundreds of high school students changing out tapes, but when Bob Pfannkuch heard that DuPont started making tapes out of chromium dioxide instead of iron dioxide, Bell & Howell developed technology that could make a copy of a film in about a minute, cutting production time by over 99 percent. Frey retired from active executive industry management in 1988. Just as he was to retire Bell & Howell was bought out by the Robert M. Bass","title":"Donald N. Frey"},{"id":"14887365","text":"on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953. CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). From then it became clear that 'rotating-head' helical scan recorders were the way forward with superior sound and picture quality. However the expense of rotating-head machines ($2000 for a machine in 1956) meant that work continued on developing a consumer stationary-head machine for some time with efforts from Akai, GEC and the BBC. The BBC abandoned their VERA system in 1958 in favor of the Ampex quadruplex system,","title":"Longitudinal Video Recording"},{"id":"359402","text":"infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8","title":"Sony"},{"id":"7713273","text":"Video feedback Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop. First discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera people were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own","title":"Video feedback"},{"id":"6567388","text":"in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and","title":"History of telecommunication"},{"id":"20169846","text":"DVD format was developed by Sony, Panasonic and Toshiba in 1994. The same year, Sony and Tatung Company released the first DVD player. Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba around 1980. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology. In Japan, the computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972. In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded holographically. Each frame was recorded as","title":"History of science and technology in Japan"},{"id":"4287861","text":"as time passes it has been replaced at the bottom of the tree of tape-based production formats by Betacam and Betacam SP as these in turn are replaced by Digital Betacam and HDCAM. U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in","title":"U-matic"},{"id":"276150","text":"new CEO. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film \"The Cotton Club\" was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games,","title":"TiVo Corporation"},{"id":"11883060","text":"roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. The 1977 softcore sex comedy film \"Come Play with Me\", which had been highly successful commercially at the cinema, became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. In 1979 Paul Raymond launched the \"Electric Blue\" series of softcore videos, a range which was produced until the mid 1990s. They were an extension of his","title":"Pornography in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13906649","text":"often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video. Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve, driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked","title":"Microfilmmaking"},{"id":"2321851","text":"and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"1311670","text":"Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"4287841","text":"U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the tape hubs during transportation to","title":"U-matic"},{"id":"14887363","text":"moving tape (240 ips with 300 tracks to a ½” tape) had been reached. Work had begun on longitudinal video recording as early as 1950 by the electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), who had pioneered the use of magnetic tape recording for his radio show in the 1940s. BCE gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as \"blurred and indistinct\" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape","title":"Longitudinal Video Recording"},{"id":"12524208","text":"the world. The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves. Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws. Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs. These home","title":"Amateur pornography"},{"id":"4223721","text":"as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all television news as news content recorded using videocassette recorders was easier to edit, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from broadcast engineers to producers and writers, making the process quicker. However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their","title":"Electronic news-gathering"},{"id":"17190974","text":"cross-communication between technology and industry. Gábor Kornél Tolnai began to construct his own tape recorders In the early 1950s when tape technology penetrated. A tape recorder, or tape machine, is an audio-storage device that records and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in","title":"Gábor Kornél Tolnai"},{"id":"7471111","text":"can now achieve reliable and perfect synchronization. The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi. They used a digital technology known as PCM recording. Within a few years, however, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video. A similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT) which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a","title":"History of sound recording"},{"id":"13530532","text":"major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"4936256","text":"Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of \"Jurassic Park\", which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (\"Batman Returns\"). In addition, \"Jurassic Park\" also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby","title":"DTS (sound system)"},{"id":"14231777","text":"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the \"Ampex Mark IV\") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association","title":"57th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards"},{"id":"1356320","text":"for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This","title":"JVC"},{"id":"15198945","text":"video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) to record the signal. The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow","title":"Electronovision"},{"id":"626740","text":"in 2016's inflation), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016's inflation) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market, and at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita","title":"VHS"},{"id":"2321839","text":"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"7746223","text":"imitation leather purses. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. Orradio produced the first commercially available audio tape, video tape, and computer tape in the world. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959 when Ampex decided it was cheaper to own the plant than to keep buying all their tape. Orr then founded OrrTronics, which developed the lubricated tape used","title":"John Herbert Orr"},{"id":"5627352","text":"the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. Simple analog videophone","title":"Videotelephony"},{"id":"13530541","text":"or EP/SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine. Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design. The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc (LD) and Video CD (VCD). While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the discs are heavy (weighing about one pound each), cumbersome, much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled, and furthermore only home LD","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1772321","text":"scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system. It has been suggested that the BBC only continued to develop VERA as a bargaining tool, so it would be offered some of the first Ampex machines produced in unstated exchange for abandoning further work on a potential rival. Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon. In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals","title":"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus"},{"id":"5034158","text":"belle commpak system and dukane filmstrip projector the general electric show 'n' tell system contains any story on 1 16mm film format. The 1980s brought the advent of the video cassette recorder (VCR), and advancing technology meant increasingly affordable VCRs. When VCRs became within reach for most schools' budgets, this marked beginning of a decline in filmstrip use. Video instruction combined the ease of the filmstrip with automatically synchronized audio and full motion video. By the early 1990s, the vast majority of filmstrip producers that were not equipped to compete with video either closed or sold their businesses. In the","title":"Filmstrip"},{"id":"13530524","text":"and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 was an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel; the take-up reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"2454427","text":"would not happen in a courtship as both people vow to chastity and often like to keep a chaperone around. As technology progressed the dating world followed. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic match-making business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965 and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating. Video Dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whomever may be watching something about themselves. The process of elimination was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their","title":"Courtship"},{"id":"9114025","text":"transistor radio. In 1964, a team led by Kihara developed the CV-2000, the world's first VTR intended for home usage. He also was instrumental in creating cassette versions of the VTR (Video Tape Recorder),established the basis for the U-matic system. In 1981, was involved in the development of the Mavica digital still camera, which used floppy disks to record images and developed the Mavigraph color video printer in 1982. In 1988, Mr. Kihara jointly established the Sony-Kihara Research Center with Sony, becoming the center's president. His tutoring methods were dubbed the \"Kihara School\", and turned out many of Sony's future","title":"Nobutoshi Kihara"},{"id":"11462849","text":"for co-development of the Hi-8 and S-VHS standards in 1987-1988. In the 1980s, the company developed technologies for the deinterlacing of NTSC signals, including motion adaptive processing algorithms. In 1989 Faroudja invented and patented film mode detection, also known as inverse 3:2 pulldown detection. Faroudja was the only company in the world that had the ability to detect the original frames of film within the video stream and reconstruct an accurate image, free of motion artifacts containing full vertical resolution. In 1991 the company created the first professional grade line doubler (480p) (deinterlacer) which incorporated this technology, for use with","title":"Faroudja"},{"id":"2059427","text":"also in the early stages of development as the format was canceled. Internal documents suggested the cassette abbreviations VSC and VDC to be used, respectively, for the two developments. Although Video 2000 was technologically superior to the competition in several ways, it could not compete with VHS and Betamax's key advantages: Additionally, Video 2000 never achieved the picture quality (optimally adjusted devices) of the predecessor systems VCR, VCR-LP or SVR because of the video writing speed. In 1985 Grundig started development and production of VHS recorders alongside V2000, and in 1986 Philips announced that it would discontinue the manufacturing of","title":"Video 2000"},{"id":"626741","text":"Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard. U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats","title":"VHS"},{"id":"626738","text":"changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began","title":"VHS"},{"id":"9028210","text":"instrumentation use and for studio sound recording. An example of the latter is the model M79 recorder, which still has a following today. 3M Mincom was also involved in designing and manufacturing video production equipment for the television and video post-production industries in the 1970s and 1980s, with such items as character generators and several different models of video switchers, from models of audio and video routers to video mixers for studio production work. 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought","title":"3M"},{"id":"5176054","text":"Paul Montgomery Joseph Paul Montgomery (June 5, 1960 – June 19, 1999 ) was an American entrepreneur and inventor. In the mid 1980s, he was among the first to see the potential of personal computer technology in the field of video production and 3D animation. As Vice President of NewTek and Co-Founder and President of Play, Inc., Montgomery drove the creation of the first widely-successful digital video products, including the Emmy-award winning Video Toaster and the Snappy Video Snapshot. In the 1996 book, \"The Age of Videography,\" Montgomery was cited as one of the 25 most influential people in the","title":"Paul Montgomery"},{"id":"1311677","text":"hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"2264116","text":"configuration of an integrated professional video camera/recorder led to its rapid adoption by electronic news gathering (ENG) organizations. DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast digital recording video tape format in history. Even though Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products such as the Multi Access Video Disk Recorder are leading to a phasing out of Betacam products in a television studio environment, as of 2006. The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an analog component video format, storing","title":"Betacam"},{"id":"4398375","text":"videocassette format in the late 1980s. In 1983, RCA turned to Ampex for supply of Helical VTRs. Type C videotape 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).","title":"Type C videotape"},{"id":"2657585","text":"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on","title":"Video camera"},{"id":"444244","text":"building blocks of the blanking interval. See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television. In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA). Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in","title":"Video"},{"id":"1798965","text":"not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords, Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes and directors such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. However, those who did change soon were collecting most of","title":"Pornographic film"},{"id":"1311675","text":"a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and stationary heads for the sound track. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of \"Douglas Edwards and the News\" from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone. On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show \"Truth or Consequences\", produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"5581276","text":"at the appropriate moment. Beyond not being very precise, recorders of this era cost much more than a house, making this process an expensive use of the machines. This technique of re-recording from source to edit master came to be known as linear video editing. This was the way things were for television shows shot on tape for the first 15 years. Even such fast-paced shows as \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\" continued to use the razor blade technique. Three developments of the late sixties and early seventies revolutionized video editing, and made it possible for television to have its own","title":"Offline editing"},{"id":"3895631","text":"then reusing the tape from a previous one, with the result that relatively few programmes produced on videotape in the 1950s and 1960s still exist in their original format. The expense of videotape and the various mutually incompatible television standards around the world made it impractical at the time for programme makers to sell their productions to foreign broadcasters in their original video form. Film, however, was considered a universal medium, and most broadcasters had the facility to broadcast from it. Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes—either","title":"VidFIRE"},{"id":"1571179","text":"home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses. This precedent was later invoked in \"MGM v. Grokster\" (2005), where the high court agreed that the same \"substantial noninfringing uses\" standard applies to authors and vendors of peer-to-peer file sharing software (notably excepting those who \"actively induce\" copyright infringement through \"purposeful, culpable expression and conduct\"). For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG (electronic news gathering), replacing the wide U-matic tape format. Betacam and Betamax are similar in","title":"Betamax"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"626737\",\n \"text\": \"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684891\",\n \"text\": \"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14194321\",\n \"text\": \"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed\",\n \"title\": \"Erhard Kietz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684865\",\n \"text\": \"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"444226\",\n \"text\": \"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling\",\n \"title\": \"Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321834\",\n \"text\": \"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321837\",\n \"text\": \"this technique was done by BCE on 11 November 1951. The result was a very poor picture. Another of the early efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high-speed multi-track machine developed by the BBC in 1952. This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch (53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches (510 cm) per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never widely used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. By 1952 BCE also had moved on to multi-track machine, but found limitations in\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2063907\",\n \"text\": \"use Ampex eight track \\\"Sel Sync\\\" machines for multitracking. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows. Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984. Following the example set by Bing Crosby, high-speed reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the\",\n \"title\": \"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321844\",\n \"text\": \"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851334\",\n \"text\": \"recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that make home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products. Ampex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20968438\",\n \"text\": \"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80\",\n \"title\": \"Video manipulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15559312\",\n \"text\": \"RCA and manufactured by Matsushita, VHS soon became known as the video-cassette recorders (VCRs). VCRs, which gave the consumer the option of recording programs from television, were a new form of competition in the demanding consumer market. VCRs revenue contributed to the development of the ancillary market of video and DVD. By the 1980s, five million households owned VCRs. Major studios had not yet adapted to the new video technologies that were being developed for consumers. There were no anticipations of new markets or other opportunities to expand until an entrepreneur, Andre Blay, opened Hollywood film companies’ eyes. Blay wanted\",\n \"title\": \"Ancillary market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3408718\",\n \"text\": \"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \\\"format war\\\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape format war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11750220\",\n \"text\": \"CV-2000 CV-2000 was one of the world's first home video tape recorders (VTR), introduced by Sony in August, 1965. The 'CV' in the model name stood for 'Consumer Video'. This was Sony's domestic format throughout the 1960s. The CV-2000 was developed by Sony engineer Nobutoshi Kihara. On its release, each machine cost US$695. It used video tape in a reel-to-reel format, meaning the tape had to be manually threaded around the helical scan video head drum. The CV-2000 was one-tenth the weight and price of other analog video recording products of its era. It recorded television programs in black and\",\n \"title\": \"CV-2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530522\",\n \"text\": \"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a \\\"new\\\" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905831\",\n \"text\": \"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321842\",\n \"text\": \"and demonstrated on June 24, 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684873\",\n \"text\": \"to accommodate sufficient bandwidth to reproduce an adequate video image (at least 2–3 MHz for a watchable image), in turn requiring large amounts of tape on large reels. At the same time, the BBC developed a similar stationary-head video tape recorder (VTR) system that saw some on-air use, called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus). Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16831734\",\n \"text\": \"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, \\\"video tape recorder\\\" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading\",\n \"title\": \"JVC HR-3300\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3408742\",\n \"text\": \"format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \\\"format war\\\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape format war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851355\",\n \"text\": \"pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the Videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as Videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before Dolby moved back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex. In 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape. Ampex 2 inch\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684872\",\n \"text\": \"kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour. They were desperate to obtain a quicker, less expensive, and more practical solution. In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format. RCA and BCE did release working prototypes of their recorders, but their downfall was that they all used a longitudinal (stationary-head) method of recording, much like audio tape recorders. This meant that the tape had to be recorded at an extremely high speed (around ) in order\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530531\",\n \"text\": \"more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration. The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes. The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. Earlier machines used mechanically-operated control switches; these were replaced by microswitches, solenoids and motor-driven mechanisms. The two\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530527\",\n \"text\": \"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \\\"Video Cassette Recording\\\" (although it is also referred to as \\\"N1500\\\", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1430231\",\n \"text\": \"telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as VHS could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program. Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare. In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped being produced after the introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, the first videotape recorders (Machtronics MVR-15) were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by the Ampex 2\\\" Quadruplex in\",\n \"title\": \"Kinescope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722126\",\n \"text\": \"1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but didn't convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Throughout the 19th century, most photography was monochrome photography: images were either black-and-white or shades\",\n \"title\": \"Black and white\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11441180\",\n \"text\": \"as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in science and technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356315\",\n \"text\": \"JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under the \\\"Victor\\\" name with the His Master's Voice logo, but used the name JVC or\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753314\",\n \"text\": \"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and\",\n \"title\": \"Film recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356330\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Victor\\\" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment. JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2996354\",\n \"text\": \"first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding \\\"consultant\\\", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, where\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Dolby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753312\",\n \"text\": \"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms \\\"slide\\\" and \\\"slide deck\\\" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection\",\n \"title\": \"Film recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490735\",\n \"text\": \"with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen. Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to\",\n \"title\": \"Fluoroscopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2059428\",\n \"text\": \"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the \\\"Charly\\\" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and\",\n \"title\": \"Video 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851354\",\n \"text\": \"is commonly used today. While the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats known as VHS and the briefly successful Sony Betamax format. (Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format, but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.) One of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4388306\",\n \"text\": \"people. From the very beginning, these inventors allowed picture space for two-shots. Soon, images increased to 60 lines or more. The camera could easily photograph several people at once. Then even Baird switched his picture mask to a horizontal image. Baird's \\\"zone television\\\" is an early example of rethinking his extremely narrow screen format. For entertainment and most other purposes, even today, landscape remains the more practical shape. In the days of commercial mechanical television transmissions, a system of recording images (but not sound) was developed, using a modified gramophone recorder. Marketed as \\\"Phonovision\\\", this system, which was never fully\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanical television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311684\",\n \"text\": \"For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \\\"videotape format war\\\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1430222\",\n \"text\": \"white \\\"glow\\\" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures. In 1951, singer Bing Crosby’s company Bing Crosby Enterprises made the first experimental magnetic video recordings; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, Ampex introduced the first commercial Quadruplex videotape recorder, followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as\",\n \"title\": \"Kinescope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905832\",\n \"text\": \"some other early formats such as Cartrivision, the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field. Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1. The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 (). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini) could be\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905846\",\n \"text\": \"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652196\",\n \"text\": \"the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped created the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey. Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback. He died on April 9, 1992 in Eugene, Oregon of pneumonia. Charles Ginsburg Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Ginsburg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15823631\",\n \"text\": \"or 0.0254 mm) thick. The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment. The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long record time of up to five hours on large reels. The units were 100% solid state. The Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less than the 2-inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast television industry at the time. On March 14, 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530523\",\n \"text\": \"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2\\\" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16859359\",\n \"text\": \"dissector: Bell went on to later predict that: \\\"...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking.\\\" The discoveries in physics, chemistry and materials science underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in electromechanical television. More practical 'all-electronic' video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. The compound name 'videophone' slowly entered into general usage after 1950,\",\n \"title\": \"History of videotelephony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851352\",\n \"text\": \"mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. In 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats. The Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530530\",\n \"text\": \"and how-to topics were available for purchase. An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos. Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972, mainly through Sears, Macy's, and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States. The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales. VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975. Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR: RCA, JVC, AMPEX, Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba. Of these, the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, JVC, and Sony, which developed\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851346\",\n \"text\": \"1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \\\"golden age\\\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s.MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2 inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1995350\",\n \"text\": \"the head writing speed and linear tape speed is vast: for example, versus . With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953. Independently in Germany, was also developing a helical scan method of recording. When Ampex developed the quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system in 1956, it had certain limitations, perhaps the most important of which was the lack of pause or still frame capability, because the picture signal was segmented, or broken down into discrete\",\n \"title\": \"Helical scan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"275207\",\n \"text\": \"Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. A wide variety of recorders and formats have been developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette. The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording the video signals used by television. Video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on\",\n \"title\": \"Magnetic tape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1782270\",\n \"text\": \"the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series \\\"Speed Racer\\\": as Speed leaps from the Mach Five, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the camera does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras\\\" which he developed in the early\",\n \"title\": \"Bullet time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2063922\",\n \"text\": \"in applications where sound quality is not critical. Speed units of inches per second or in/s are also abbreviated IPS. in/s and in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape. in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges. in/s is also the speed used in Compact cassettes. In some early prototype linear video tape recording systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises, RCA, and the BBC's VERA, the tape speed was extremely high, over , to adequately capture the large\",\n \"title\": \"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9922844\",\n \"text\": \"bring about the first high-volume integrated manufacture of video cassettes for the motion picture industry. Tapes had previously been made in real time, with hundreds of high school students changing out tapes, but when Bob Pfannkuch heard that DuPont started making tapes out of chromium dioxide instead of iron dioxide, Bell & Howell developed technology that could make a copy of a film in about a minute, cutting production time by over 99 percent. Frey retired from active executive industry management in 1988. Just as he was to retire Bell & Howell was bought out by the Robert M. Bass\",\n \"title\": \"Donald N. Frey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14887365\",\n \"text\": \"on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953. CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). From then it became clear that 'rotating-head' helical scan recorders were the way forward with superior sound and picture quality. However the expense of rotating-head machines ($2000 for a machine in 1956) meant that work continued on developing a consumer stationary-head machine for some time with efforts from Akai, GEC and the BBC. The BBC abandoned their VERA system in 1958 in favor of the Ampex quadruplex system,\",\n \"title\": \"Longitudinal Video Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"359402\",\n \"text\": \"infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8\",\n \"title\": \"Sony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7713273\",\n \"text\": \"Video feedback Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop. First discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera people were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own\",\n \"title\": \"Video feedback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6567388\",\n \"text\": \"in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and\",\n \"title\": \"History of telecommunication\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20169846\",\n \"text\": \"DVD format was developed by Sony, Panasonic and Toshiba in 1994. The same year, Sony and Tatung Company released the first DVD player. Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba around 1980. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology. In Japan, the computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972. In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded holographically. Each frame was recorded as\",\n \"title\": \"History of science and technology in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4287861\",\n \"text\": \"as time passes it has been replaced at the bottom of the tree of tape-based production formats by Betacam and Betacam SP as these in turn are replaced by Digital Betacam and HDCAM. U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in\",\n \"title\": \"U-matic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"276150\",\n \"text\": \"new CEO. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film \\\"The Cotton Club\\\" was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games,\",\n \"title\": \"TiVo Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11883060\",\n \"text\": \"roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. The 1977 softcore sex comedy film \\\"Come Play with Me\\\", which had been highly successful commercially at the cinema, became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. In 1979 Paul Raymond launched the \\\"Electric Blue\\\" series of softcore videos, a range which was produced until the mid 1990s. They were an extension of his\",\n \"title\": \"Pornography in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13906649\",\n \"text\": \"often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video. Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve, driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked\",\n \"title\": \"Microfilmmaking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321851\",\n \"text\": \"and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311670\",\n \"text\": \"Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4287841\",\n \"text\": \"U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the tape hubs during transportation to\",\n \"title\": \"U-matic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14887363\",\n \"text\": \"moving tape (240 ips with 300 tracks to a ½” tape) had been reached. Work had begun on longitudinal video recording as early as 1950 by the electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), who had pioneered the use of magnetic tape recording for his radio show in the 1940s. BCE gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as \\\"blurred and indistinct\\\" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape\",\n \"title\": \"Longitudinal Video Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12524208\",\n \"text\": \"the world. The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves. Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws. Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs. These home\",\n \"title\": \"Amateur pornography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4223721\",\n \"text\": \"as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all television news as news content recorded using videocassette recorders was easier to edit, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from broadcast engineers to producers and writers, making the process quicker. However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their\",\n \"title\": \"Electronic news-gathering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17190974\",\n \"text\": \"cross-communication between technology and industry. Gábor Kornél Tolnai began to construct his own tape recorders In the early 1950s when tape technology penetrated. A tape recorder, or tape machine, is an audio-storage device that records and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in\",\n \"title\": \"Gábor Kornél Tolnai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7471111\",\n \"text\": \"can now achieve reliable and perfect synchronization. The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi. They used a digital technology known as PCM recording. Within a few years, however, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video. A similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT) which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a\",\n \"title\": \"History of sound recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530532\",\n \"text\": \"major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4936256\",\n \"text\": \"Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (\\\"Batman Returns\\\"). In addition, \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby\",\n \"title\": \"DTS (sound system)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14231777\",\n \"text\": \"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the \\\"Ampex Mark IV\\\") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association\",\n \"title\": \"57th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356320\",\n \"text\": \"for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15198945\",\n \"text\": \"video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) to record the signal. The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow\",\n \"title\": \"Electronovision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626740\",\n \"text\": \"in 2016's inflation), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016's inflation) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market, and at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321839\",\n \"text\": \"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7746223\",\n \"text\": \"imitation leather purses. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. Orradio produced the first commercially available audio tape, video tape, and computer tape in the world. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959 when Ampex decided it was cheaper to own the plant than to keep buying all their tape. Orr then founded OrrTronics, which developed the lubricated tape used\",\n \"title\": \"John Herbert Orr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5627352\",\n \"text\": \"the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. Simple analog videophone\",\n \"title\": \"Videotelephony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530541\",\n \"text\": \"or EP/SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine. Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design. The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc (LD) and Video CD (VCD). While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the discs are heavy (weighing about one pound each), cumbersome, much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled, and furthermore only home LD\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772321\",\n \"text\": \"scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system. It has been suggested that the BBC only continued to develop VERA as a bargaining tool, so it would be offered some of the first Ampex machines produced in unstated exchange for abandoning further work on a potential rival. Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon. In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals\",\n \"title\": \"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5034158\",\n \"text\": \"belle commpak system and dukane filmstrip projector the general electric show 'n' tell system contains any story on 1 16mm film format. The 1980s brought the advent of the video cassette recorder (VCR), and advancing technology meant increasingly affordable VCRs. When VCRs became within reach for most schools' budgets, this marked beginning of a decline in filmstrip use. Video instruction combined the ease of the filmstrip with automatically synchronized audio and full motion video. By the early 1990s, the vast majority of filmstrip producers that were not equipped to compete with video either closed or sold their businesses. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Filmstrip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530524\",\n \"text\": \"and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 was an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel; the take-up reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2454427\",\n \"text\": \"would not happen in a courtship as both people vow to chastity and often like to keep a chaperone around. As technology progressed the dating world followed. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic match-making business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965 and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating. Video Dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whomever may be watching something about themselves. The process of elimination was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their\",\n \"title\": \"Courtship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114025\",\n \"text\": \"transistor radio. In 1964, a team led by Kihara developed the CV-2000, the world's first VTR intended for home usage. He also was instrumental in creating cassette versions of the VTR (Video Tape Recorder),established the basis for the U-matic system. In 1981, was involved in the development of the Mavica digital still camera, which used floppy disks to record images and developed the Mavigraph color video printer in 1982. In 1988, Mr. Kihara jointly established the Sony-Kihara Research Center with Sony, becoming the center's president. His tutoring methods were dubbed the \\\"Kihara School\\\", and turned out many of Sony's future\",\n \"title\": \"Nobutoshi Kihara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11462849\",\n \"text\": \"for co-development of the Hi-8 and S-VHS standards in 1987-1988. In the 1980s, the company developed technologies for the deinterlacing of NTSC signals, including motion adaptive processing algorithms. In 1989 Faroudja invented and patented film mode detection, also known as inverse 3:2 pulldown detection. Faroudja was the only company in the world that had the ability to detect the original frames of film within the video stream and reconstruct an accurate image, free of motion artifacts containing full vertical resolution. In 1991 the company created the first professional grade line doubler (480p) (deinterlacer) which incorporated this technology, for use with\",\n \"title\": \"Faroudja\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2059427\",\n \"text\": \"also in the early stages of development as the format was canceled. Internal documents suggested the cassette abbreviations VSC and VDC to be used, respectively, for the two developments. Although Video 2000 was technologically superior to the competition in several ways, it could not compete with VHS and Betamax's key advantages: Additionally, Video 2000 never achieved the picture quality (optimally adjusted devices) of the predecessor systems VCR, VCR-LP or SVR because of the video writing speed. In 1985 Grundig started development and production of VHS recorders alongside V2000, and in 1986 Philips announced that it would discontinue the manufacturing of\",\n \"title\": \"Video 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626741\",\n \"text\": \"Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard. U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626738\",\n \"text\": \"changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9028210\",\n \"text\": \"instrumentation use and for studio sound recording. An example of the latter is the model M79 recorder, which still has a following today. 3M Mincom was also involved in designing and manufacturing video production equipment for the television and video post-production industries in the 1970s and 1980s, with such items as character generators and several different models of video switchers, from models of audio and video routers to video mixers for studio production work. 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought\",\n \"title\": \"3M\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176054\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Montgomery Joseph Paul Montgomery (June 5, 1960 – June 19, 1999 ) was an American entrepreneur and inventor. In the mid 1980s, he was among the first to see the potential of personal computer technology in the field of video production and 3D animation. As Vice President of NewTek and Co-Founder and President of Play, Inc., Montgomery drove the creation of the first widely-successful digital video products, including the Emmy-award winning Video Toaster and the Snappy Video Snapshot. In the 1996 book, \\\"The Age of Videography,\\\" Montgomery was cited as one of the 25 most influential people in the\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Montgomery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311677\",\n \"text\": \"hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2264116\",\n \"text\": \"configuration of an integrated professional video camera/recorder led to its rapid adoption by electronic news gathering (ENG) organizations. DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast digital recording video tape format in history. Even though Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products such as the Multi Access Video Disk Recorder are leading to a phasing out of Betacam products in a television studio environment, as of 2006. The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an analog component video format, storing\",\n \"title\": \"Betacam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4398375\",\n \"text\": \"videocassette format in the late 1980s. In 1983, RCA turned to Ampex for supply of Helical VTRs. Type C videotape 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).\",\n \"title\": \"Type C videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2657585\",\n \"text\": \"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on\",\n \"title\": \"Video camera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"444244\",\n \"text\": \"building blocks of the blanking interval. See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television. In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA). Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in\",\n \"title\": \"Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798965\",\n \"text\": \"not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords, Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes and directors such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. However, those who did change soon were collecting most of\",\n \"title\": \"Pornographic film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311675\",\n \"text\": \"a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and stationary heads for the sound track. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of \\\"Douglas Edwards and the News\\\" from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone. On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show \\\"Truth or Consequences\\\", produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5581276\",\n \"text\": \"at the appropriate moment. Beyond not being very precise, recorders of this era cost much more than a house, making this process an expensive use of the machines. This technique of re-recording from source to edit master came to be known as linear video editing. This was the way things were for television shows shot on tape for the first 15 years. Even such fast-paced shows as \\\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\\\" continued to use the razor blade technique. Three developments of the late sixties and early seventies revolutionized video editing, and made it possible for television to have its own\",\n \"title\": \"Offline editing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3895631\",\n \"text\": \"then reusing the tape from a previous one, with the result that relatively few programmes produced on videotape in the 1950s and 1960s still exist in their original format. The expense of videotape and the various mutually incompatible television standards around the world made it impractical at the time for programme makers to sell their productions to foreign broadcasters in their original video form. Film, however, was considered a universal medium, and most broadcasters had the facility to broadcast from it. Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes—either\",\n \"title\": \"VidFIRE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1571179\",\n \"text\": \"home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses. This precedent was later invoked in \\\"MGM v. Grokster\\\" (2005), where the high court agreed that the same \\\"substantial noninfringing uses\\\" standard applies to authors and vendors of peer-to-peer file sharing software (notably excepting those who \\\"actively induce\\\" copyright infringement through \\\"purposeful, culpable expression and conduct\\\"). For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG (electronic news gathering), replacing the wide U-matic tape format. Betacam and Betamax are similar in\",\n \"title\": \"Betamax\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: VHS context: VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and\\n\\nIn what decade were video recorders first developed?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Videot context: hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.\\n\\ntitle: tape recorder context: and demonstrated on June2, 16 was first video recorder unit in kit form for60. However, there were several drawback it was expensive, not easy put together, and can for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, marketed in 165, is their first VTR intended for home and based on half-inch tape Ampe RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-re monochrome VTRs priced US $,000 for the home consumer market.erecord for re became available\\n\\ntitle:apeorder context: this technique done by B on1951. The was Another of early efforts was the Vision Electronicording Appar-- machine the BBC in2 used thin steel t23) reel traveling at inches5 cm second Despite0 it was widely used due to the immense length of t for each of video By952 B had moved on machine found in\\n\\n: Gabor Korliation and.bori toape Ins technologyated. Aorder, or is audio and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in\\n\\nIn what decade were video recorders first developed?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 498,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14401,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":83,"string":"83"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Leonard Cyril Deighton","Len Deighton","Len Deighton's London Dossier"],"string":"[\n \"Leonard Cyril Deighton\",\n \"Len Deighton\",\n \"Len Deighton's London Dossier\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Len Deighton"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8414802","text":"Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Line\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being preceded by \"Spy Hook\" and followed \"Spy Sinker\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945","title":"Spy Line"},{"id":"8414771","text":"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Hook\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being succeeded by \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory","title":"Spy Hook"},{"id":"8414810","text":"Spy Sinker Spy Sinker is a 1990 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the final novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Sinker\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being preceded by \"Spy Hook\" and \"Spy Line\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory","title":"Spy Sinker"},{"id":"8895743","text":"Michael A. Banks Michael A. Banks (born 21 March 1951 in Princeton, Indiana) is a writer and editor of science fiction and non-fiction. A former columnist for \"Windows Magazine\" and \"Computer Shopper\", Banks documented the growth of online services and the Internet and Web from the early 1980s onward. His book \"The Modem Reference\" was a guide to the online world during the 1980s and into the 1990s, selling more than 200,000 copies. Banks explored Internet crime and computer privacy with his books \"Web Psychos\", \"Stalkers and Pranksters\", and \"PC Confidential\". He also served as a freelance acquisitions editor for","title":"Michael A. Banks"},{"id":"5901385","text":"public setting in the near future. Wright, a retired MI5 Soviet counterespionage officer, was Pincher's main source for \"Their Trade is Treachery\", along with British MP Jonathan Aitken and Wright's former colleague Arthur S. Martin. Aitken, using information from retired CIA counterespionage chief James Jesus Angleton, wrote a highly confidential letter in early 1980 to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, outlining Angleton's suspicions of Hollis acting as a double agent. Pincher became ensnared in 1986 in the \"Spycatcher\" affair, when Wright tried to publish his own book in Australia, in apparent violation of his oath-taking of the Official Secrets Act","title":"Chapman Pincher"},{"id":"5936141","text":"Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \"Deadline\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out of his being \"active in the British alternative comics scene from 1987,\" and he writes on his website that, in 1988: \"Atomtan\", Bond's first work, was a self-published fanzine created with Tank Girl","title":"Philip Bond"},{"id":"2924948","text":"Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for \"Beavis and Butt-Head\" as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine \"Spy\", which employed \"Lampoon\" writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of \"Lampoon\" alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell and Mark O'Donnell. The \"Lampoon\" has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis. Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the \"Lampoon\". Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the \"Lampoon\". Celebrities often visit","title":"The Harvard Lampoon"},{"id":"2732485","text":"in 1970 her strip was taken over by Bob McGrath and later John Dallas. Her costume changed at some point in the mid-1980s from her red top underneath a black dress to a blue and white striped jumper underneath a red dress. In 1986 she became \"The Topper\"'s front page star, replacing Tricky Dicky. Her dog Pearl was also introduced shortly before that time, although before that she had a pet turkey called Gobbler. The same year, Robert Nixon took over, a cartoonist who followed in the steps of noted cartoonist Ken Reid, and her overall look became smoother and","title":"Beryl the Peril"},{"id":"10081460","text":"Fredric Dannen Fredric Dannen is an American journalist and author. He is best known for his landmark book \"Hit Men: Powerbrokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business\" (1990), which investigated the behind-the-scenes dealings of the major American record labels in the 1970s and 1980s, focussing on the careers of leading CBS Records executives Walter Yetnikoff and Dick Asher. \"Hit Men\" came in second on Billboard_(magazine) list of \"100 Greatest Music Books of All Time\" More recently, Dannen was the co-author (with Barry Long) of \"Hong Kong Babylon: An Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East\", in which Dannen","title":"Fredric Dannen"},{"id":"6653433","text":"Pictures from the Granada TV production of Game Set & Match Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \"the Department\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \"Berlin Game\", \"Mexico Set\" and \"London Match\", the second comprises \"Spy Hook\", \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\", and the third and","title":"Bernard Samson"},{"id":"1372288","text":"time included Mat Snow, Chris Bohn (known in his later years at the paper as 'Biba Kopf'), Barney Hoskyns, Paolo Hewitt, Don Watson, Danny Kelly, Steven Wells and David Quantick. However, sales were dropping, and by the mid-1980s, \"NME\" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing. During this period (now under the editorship of Ian Pye, who replaced Neil Spencer in 1985), they were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower","title":"NME"},{"id":"3335567","text":"1980s, reaching #1 in the United States with the single \"Walk Like an Egyptian\" in 1986. The movement's influence on 1980s contemporaries, such as English bands The Teardrop Explodes and Echo & the Bunnymen, and Seattle's The Green Pajamas, has been noted. In the mid-1980s, Prince was notably influenced by the Paisley Underground sound: not only did his 1985 album \"Around the World in a Day\" have a more psychedelic sound than any of his previous or future work, but he also named his record label (Paisley Park Records) after the movement, wrote \"Manic Monday\" for the Bangles, and signed","title":"Paisley Underground"},{"id":"5272442","text":"Allan Bridge Allan Bridge (February 14, 1945 - August 5, 1995) was an American conceptual artist best known for his creation in 1980 of the confessional phone system known as the Apology Line. He went by the pseudonym Mr. Apology (a label which has since been adopted by an advice columnist) and used new technology of the time, an answering machine, to record confessions from anonymous callers. Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Bridge attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts. Returning to the Washington, D. C. area, he became one of the second","title":"Allan Bridge"},{"id":"2618546","text":"most notably Bananaman from Nutty and Cuddles from Hoot, who teamed up with a \"Dandy\" character to form a new strip entitled Cuddles and Dimples. Both have been quite long-running, having been in the \"Dandy\" since the 1980s and each having appeared on the front cover of both \"The Dandy\" and the comics from which they originated. After the closure of \"The Beezer\" and \"The Topper\", \"The Dandy\" inherited some of its strips as well, including Beryl the Peril, Puss 'n' Boots (who had been in \"Sparky\" before being moved to \"The Topper\") and Owen Goal (who appeared in \"Nutty\"","title":"The Dandy"},{"id":"9859798","text":"Hello, and American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka, for their European tours. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books including a career guide, \"Inside The Music Business\" (co-authored with Julian Newby) and \"John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me\", his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of","title":"Tony Barrow"},{"id":"12565664","text":"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"10463264","text":"Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Al D'Amato, Rupert Murdoch, Henry Kissinger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Norman Podhoretz, Andrew Cuomo, former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Martin Peretz. In 1988, Spy magazine ran a feature that depicted Breindel as a ruthlessly career-driven opportunist whose career was effectively ended by his drug bust. In 1999, the Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism was established in his memory, sponsored by Fox News, the New York Post and the \"Wall Street Journal\". Breindel was co-author of a book on the Venona project, which was published after his death. Eric Breindel Eric","title":"Eric Breindel"},{"id":"7236471","text":"Richard Cook (journalist) Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey and lived in west London as an adult. He was co-author, with Brian Morton, of \"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings\" (formerly \"...on CD\"), which lasted for ten editions until 2010. \"Richard Cook's Jazz Companion\" and \"It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record\" were published in 2005. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, he","title":"Richard Cook (journalist)"},{"id":"10185633","text":"the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980. Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001. Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 book \"Was There A Fifth Man?\" Mann's several texts include \"Radioactivity and Its Measurement\", 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkle), \"A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures\", NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and \"Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice\", 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol). Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilfrid Basil Mann (4 August 1908 – 29 March 2001)","title":"Wilfrid Basil Mann"},{"id":"19572216","text":"arranged a dinner with all three, which was a success; and she went on holiday with one ex- and her successor. She was known for her eccentricities, her connections to socialites and her \"larger-than-life style\", \"typified by trademark heart-shaped spectacles\". Jennifer d'Abo Jennifer Mary Victoria d'Abo (14 August 1945 – 30 April 2003) was a British entrepreneur, best known for turning around the retail chain Ryman in the 1980s, and making stationery \"trendy\". According to Nicholas Faith writing in \"The Independent\", she was \"that rarest of phenomena, a serial female entrepreneur\". She was born Jennifer Mary Victoria Hammond-Maude on 14","title":"Jennifer d'Abo"},{"id":"342497","text":"the 1980s in the US included R.E.M., Hüsker Dü, Jane's Addiction, Sonic Youth, and the Pixies, and in the UK the Cure, New Order, the Jesus and Mary Chain, and the Smiths. Artists were largely confined to independent record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based on college radio, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original","title":"Rock music"},{"id":"11394807","text":"employed as a \"Romeo spy\" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England. Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the \"Daily Express\" (1985) and in the \"News on Sunday\" (1987), but was dismissed as \"a fantasist\". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was","title":"John Alexander Symonds"},{"id":"12565612","text":"virtue of being the top charting artist in the US and worldwide. He was responsible for artists such as Vanity 6, for whom he wrote the dance chart topping \"Nasty Girl\"; Morris Day and the Time, for whom he wrote the top 20 \"Jungle Love\"; Sheila E., for whom he wrote the top ten song \"The Glamorous Life\" and number 11 \"A Love Bizarre\"; and Wendy & Lisa and Apollonia 6. He wrote \"I Feel for You\" for Chaka Khan, which won him a Grammy for best R&B song; \"Sugar Walls\" for Sheena Easton; and as well as doing a","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"6653424","text":"Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \"the Department\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \"Berlin Game\", \"Mexico Set\" and \"London Match\", the second comprises \"Spy Hook\", \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\", and the third and final trilogy comprises \"Faith\", \"Hope\" and \"Charity\". The plot of the","title":"Bernard Samson"},{"id":"4136467","text":"Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the \"Merry Pranksters\", the freak scene, the New Age movement and the \"Convoy\" idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around 1976, the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and","title":"History of modern Western subcultures"},{"id":"2677714","text":"Tricky Dicky (Topper) Tricky Dicky was a British comic strip which debuted in the magazine \"Topper\" in 1977 and was drawn by John Dallas. From 1979 to 1986 he was the cover star of the comic, succeeding Danny's Tranny and preceding Beryl the Peril. The comic strip was a gag-a-day strip starring a young boy named Dicky, who plays practical jokes on people, but they usually managed to get the last laugh. From 1999 to 2000 he re-appeared as a 'Guest Star' in \"The Beano\", again drawn by Dallas, running against The Three Bears, Inspector Horse and Jocky and Gordon","title":"Tricky Dicky (Topper)"},{"id":"469526","text":"Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, D.O.A., Bad Religion, Minutemen, Social Distortion, and Dead Kennedys, it gave birth to many subgenres like hardcore, which has continued to be moderately successful, giving birth in turn to a few counterculture movements, most notably the Straight Edge movement which began in the early era of this decade. College rock caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct D.I.Y approach. Bands like the Pixies, R.E.M., The Replacements, Sonic Youth, XTC, The Smiths, Hüsker Dü, The Stone Roses, The Jesus and Mary Chain etc. experienced success in this genre.","title":"1980s"},{"id":"8414804","text":"meet his wife Fiona, whom it is now revealed is a double agent (It is not made clear for how long Bernard knew this). Finally, Fiona attempts to escape from East Germany, whereupon Erich Stinnes, and Fiona's sister Tessa are both killed. Bernard and Fiona escape back to the other side of the wall and are transported to America for debriefing. Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the","title":"Spy Line"},{"id":"10407213","text":"Michael J. Weller Michael John Weller was born in south London in 1946. Weller designed USA sleeve for David Bowie's \"The Man Who Sold the World\" LP (Mercury, 1970), re-released (EMI CD, 1999). As \"Captain Stelling\" Weller wrote and drew \"The Firm\" (cOZmic Comics, 1972) - an early British artist's publication inspired by American underground comic book innovations. In 1973, a page by \"Stelling\" entitled 'Missile Crisis' was made part of Michel Choquette's comic book The Someday Funnies. He followed \"Willie D\" (Andrew Marr) as featured cartoonist on Chainsaw punk zine (1980–84). Michael Weller enjoyed a parallel career in the","title":"Michael J. Weller"},{"id":"9867556","text":"Chainsaw (punk zine) Chainsaw, a punk zine edited by \"Charlie Chainsaw\" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing publication in 1984. A hand-lettered 'n' became a stylised trademark in articles after the 'n' key broke on the editor's typewriter. In addition to a free flexi disc promoting two or three up-and-coming punk bands, 1980s issues featured cartoon strips and two innovative colour covers by Michael J. Weller. 1970s issues featured the cartoon strip 'Hitler's Kids', authored by Andrew Marr using punk nom-de-plume \"Willie D\" at the beginning of his successful journalistic career. Charlie","title":"Chainsaw (punk zine)"},{"id":"150488","text":"of this manoeuvre would be to have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: \"Down and Out in Paris and London\" (describing a period of poverty in these cities), \"The Road to Wigan Pier\" (describing the","title":"George Orwell"},{"id":"2493379","text":"Richard Verrall Richard Verrall (born 1948) is a former deputy chairman of the British National Front (NF) who edited the magazine \"Spearhead\" from 1976 to 1980. Under the \"nom de plume\" of Richard E. Harwood, Verrall wrote the pamphlet \"Did Six Million Really Die?\" Verrall studied history at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London, obtaining a first class honours degree. Initially a member of the Conservative Party, Verrall left in the early 1970s, along with a number of members on the right who supported Enoch Powell, to join the NF. Initially a close supporter of John","title":"Richard Verrall"},{"id":"1505470","text":"became editor of the \"Mail\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \"Daily Express\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \"Express\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not","title":"Daily Mail"},{"id":"6237073","text":"to his record label, Apple, and the song was released with Lennon's approval. The Hot Chocolate albums were produced by Mickie Most and recorded at the Rak Records studio. Brown left the group in 1985 to take a hiatus from music. He soon went on to have a solo career, achieving success in the clubs with the 1987 single \"Body Rocking\", produced by Richard James Burgess. Brown was a supporter of the Conservative Party and performed at a party conference in the 1980s. In 1981, he performed at the wedding reception following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana","title":"Errol Brown"},{"id":"8661677","text":"various counterculture and underground topics, with financial help from Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and actress/film director Betty Thomas. At the same time he also started his own typesetting business, allowing for a day job to fund his publishing exploits and guaranteeing high quality typography and design for his magazines and books. The 1980s saw the expansion of RE/Search books from tabloid-formatted zines to academically-modeled books. Vale published and contributed to many books on the subjects of pranks, obscure music and films, industrial culture, authors J.G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs, modern primitives, and many other underground topics. In","title":"V. Vale"},{"id":"12565605","text":"part of the decade, with the advent of the golden age of hip hop. These urban genres—particularly rap and hip hop—would continue their rise in popularity through the 1990s and 2000s. A 2010 survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice, which polled over 11,000 European participants, revealed that the 1980s is the most favored tune decade of the last 50 years. The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson, the superstardom of Prince, and the emergence of Madonna and Whitney Houston, who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson, along with Prince, was the","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"3954329","text":"single reached the No. 22 spot on the UK Singles Chart. \"Staring at the Rude Boys\" was covered by the US hardcore band Dag Nasty in 1987, and by the British hardcore punk band Gallows in 2007. The Ruts backed Laurel Aitken who was then signed to Secret Affair's record label, I-Spy Records, on a Peel session for BBC Radio 1, in April 1980, and also backed Aitken on his support tour to Secret Affair. The line-up was Aitken, Fox, Jennings, Ruffy, Owen and Barnacle. The band also played for Aitken on his single, \"Rudi Got Married\". With their latest","title":"The Ruts"},{"id":"19190390","text":"Their Melbourne shows on 29 and 30 April were recorded and released. Live in the 80's Live in the 80's is a live album by Australian rock band Skyhooks. It was released by Mushroom Records in November 1983 in Australia and was certified gold. The album cover is a 'live' reenactment of their \"Living in the 70's\" album cover. Skyhooks had announced their split in 1980, following the release of \"Hot for the Orient\". In late 1982, Mushroom Records had released a megamix of their hits, titled \"Hooked on Hooks\", which peaked at number 21 in Australia. Demand for a","title":"Live in the 80's"},{"id":"226286","text":"At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including \"Jailbird\" (1979), \"Deadeye Dick\" (1982), \"Galápagos\" (1985), \"Bluebeard\" (1987), and \"Hocus Pocus\" (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was","title":"Kurt Vonnegut"},{"id":"8414773","text":"\"Dodo\" and is saved from an untimely death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \"deep-cover\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer","title":"Spy Hook"},{"id":"17662614","text":"Senator Lowell P. Weicker of Connecticut and Kimball's agreement to drop the lawsuit. Kimball published several books, including Penn Kimball Penn Townsend Kimball II (October 12, 1915 – November 8, 2013) was an American journalist and college professor at Columbia University, most notable for suing the American government in the mid 1980s after his discovery that the FBI and CIA considered him and his wife a security risk. Kimball was one of three siblings, born to a middle-class family in New Britain, Connecticut. His father was an executive for a household goods manufacturer, his mother was a former elementary school","title":"Penn Kimball"},{"id":"5036936","text":"Astley and son of noted composer Edwin \"Ted\" Astley. He is married to novelist Judy Astley. Studio albums Singles Jon Astley Jon Astley is a British record producer who has also recorded and released two albums as a singer-songwriter in the late 1980s. His most commercially successful song was \"Jane's Getting Serious\", later popularized by a Heinz ketchup television commercial starring a pre-\"Friends\" Matt LeBlanc. As a producer, he is best known for his work with the Who (co-production with Glyn Johns) on the 1978 \"Who Are You\" album, and the remastering supervision for all of the group's back catalog","title":"Jon Astley"},{"id":"1494042","text":"Sue Townsend Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL (née Johnstone, 2 April 194610 April 2014), was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole. After writing in secret from the age of 14, Townsend first became known for her plays, her signature character first appearing in a radio drama, but her work soon expanded into other forms. She enjoyed great success in the 1980s, with her Adrian Mole books selling more copies than any other work of fiction in Britain during the decade. This series, which","title":"Sue Townsend"},{"id":"6046769","text":"Will Jacobs Will Jacobs (born 1955) is an American comics and humor writer. He was a coauthor with Gerard Jones on \"The Beaver Papers\", \"The Comic Book Heroes\", and the comic book \"The Trouble with Girls\" (1987–1993). He was a contributor to \"National Lampoon magazine\" and various DC Comics. Jacobs left professional writing in the 1990s to start a used and antiquarian book service, Avalon Books. He co-wrote with Jones \"The Comic Book Heroes\", a book dedicated to the history of the American comic book industry from the Silver Age to the present. In 2014 Jacobs and Jones began writing","title":"Will Jacobs"},{"id":"1806427","text":"the first \"music video album\", a videocassette featuring a corresponding music video for each song on Blondie's \"Eat to the Beat\" album (released at the same time as the LP). In the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis and the News. Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved","title":"Chrysalis Records"},{"id":"7264996","text":"at Maidstone. With John Miles, he was the Production Editor of \"Which?\", and associated magazines, from 1964 to 1993. Banks was an influential designer, and his Telecom (T) identity, created for British Telecommunications when it was instituted in 1981, spawned many imitators. Its replacement by Wolff Olins' BT \"piper\" was received with much derision in 1991. Banks received a prestigious RSA/BBC Design Award in 1990, for the paper-saving redesign of the UK's Phonebook. Miles and Banks designed the UK Post Office's distinctive \"double-line\" alphabet in 1972 and New Johnston, a revival of Edward Johnston's \"Underground Sans\", for London Transport. They","title":"Colin Banks"},{"id":"5188565","text":"children's authors such as Joan Aiken, Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" by Roald Dahl and \"Watership Down\" by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle's \"The Very Hungry Caterpillar\" and Janet and Allan Ahlberg's \"Each Peach Pear Plum\" became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill's \"Spot the Dog\" and Jan Pienkowski's \"Meg","title":"Puffin Books"},{"id":"9170054","text":"started the Sh-Boom studios with Gary Taylor. They worked on Hank Marvin's 1990s solo albums. Alan Tarney worked as a producer and songwriter from 1979 and assisted in Cliff Richard's resurgent chart career in the late 1970s and again in 1980 with the single \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" and the mid-80s albums, \"I'm No Hero\", \"Wired for Sound\", \"Stronger\" and \"Always Guaranteed\". Tarney also worked with a-ha during the 1980s: he produced their first three albums \"Hunting High and Low \" (including their single, \"Take on Me\"), \"Scoundrel Days\" and \"Stay on These Roads\". Production credits by Alan Tarney &","title":"Tarney/Spencer Band"},{"id":"6062979","text":"continues to sing with the Huntington Choral Society. She has six grandchildren, and many step-children and step-grandchildren. Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \"The Lockhorns\", \"Laugh Parade\", and \"Howard Huge\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \"Bumper Snickers\" in 1974, \"Agatha Crumm\" in 1977, \"Laugh Parade\" in 1980, \"Howard Huge\" in 1981, \"What A Guy!\" in 1986, and \"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child","title":"Bunny Hoest"},{"id":"5352559","text":"\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and even \"The Partridge Family\". His novellas in the late 1960s featured the U.N.C.L.E.-like INTREX. Under the house name Nick Carter, he wrote some of the \"Nick Carter\" spy novels beginning in the 1960s. As Troy Conway, he wrote the tongue-in-cheek porn \"\", and parodied \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\" from 1967 to 1973. He also wrote the novelization of the 1982 TV miniseries \"A Woman Called Golda\", based on the life of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Among his pseudonyms (male and female) were Mile Avalione, Mike Avalone, Nick Carter, Troy Conway, Priscilla Dalton,","title":"Michael Avallone"},{"id":"12442839","text":"with The Soft Boys and promoting clubs and concerts in Richmond, London, joined Cherry Red Records in 1980 to work alongside the company's founder, Iain McNay. Over the next few years he signed many of the artists who would become most closely associated with the label — The Monochrome Set, Felt, Everything But The Girl, Marine Girls, Fantastic Something, Eyeless in Gaza etc. This was widely recognised as a golden period for the label, culminating in the release of \"Pillows & Prayers\", the budget priced compilation that encapsulated the label's emerging style. It dominated the then prestigious UK independent charts","title":"Él Records"},{"id":"5936147","text":"moved from the UK to New York City, and in 2004 the two had a son, Spencer. He lives with his wife and son in New Jersey. Pencils \"and\" inks, unless otherwise stated: Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \"Deadline\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out","title":"Philip Bond"},{"id":"15256647","text":"the 2017 revamp, however, Curly seems to have largely disappeared when he moved. In his place are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano’s ‘Rubi’s Screwtop Science’ strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic’s ‘JJ’s Jokes’ strip). Despite Dennis’s previous resentment towards most girls in earlier years, he accepts them as his friends. During the 1980s, a third boy known as \"Toadface McGurty\" was also one of Dennis' friends. The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of children who enjoy things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous, Dennis's greatest sworn enemy,","title":"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher"},{"id":"10761271","text":"Judas Pair\" and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with \"A Clubbable Woman\". The end was in sight for the Crime Club when Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989. The editor of the Club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the Club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the","title":"Collins Crime Club"},{"id":"1447071","text":"\"NME\" premium featuring Primal Scream, The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's \"melancholy noise\" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector's \"Wall of Sound\" production, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins, were the","title":"Alternative rock"},{"id":"12057380","text":"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, \"The Satanic Verses\". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a \"fatwā\" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After","title":"Peter Mayer"},{"id":"369731","text":"and popular interest. The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, \"Eye of the Needle\" (1978); Alan Furst, \"Night Soldiers\" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with \"Zoo Station\" (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. \"Atomsk\" by Paul Linebarger, written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. With \"Secret Ministry\" (1951), Desmond Cory","title":"Spy fiction"},{"id":"9907329","text":"for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978 he started managing Shakin' Stevens, and produced his first hit \"Hot Dog\" the same year. In 1981 he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the \"Parkinson\" and Russell Harty TV shows. In 1984 he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox. 21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son's band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his","title":"Mike Hurst (producer)"},{"id":"20910523","text":"like Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Fendi. Though his clothing was often referred to as streetwear, Day's early clients in the 1980s were inspired significantly by the fashion flamboyance of Rat Pack icons like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. His main clientele were \"hustlers and street people\" — including drug kingpin Alpo Martinez — some of whom even requested bullet-proof parkas and hats. Day ventured into hip hop fashion in 1985, when he first styled LL Cool J, and Day has since been associated with hip-hop royalty. Eric B. & Rakim who wore Dapper Dan's designs on the cover of","title":"Dapper Dan (designer)"},{"id":"3013939","text":"worked on. During the 1980s he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980 he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title \"I Spy Dinosaurs\" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled \"Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?\" (backed with \"Oh Stegosaurus\"). He performed it on \"Blue Peter\" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts. The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved","title":"David Bellamy"},{"id":"5774494","text":"magazine in 1958 and starting in 1961 worked for two years for King Records. . In 1966, Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen. Stein did not fire Depeche Mode despite poor sales of their first three albums in the US; it was","title":"Seymour Stein"},{"id":"2599189","text":"hit in Australia, reaching #9 on the Australian Singles Chart. \"Undercover Angel\" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a #1 hit for themselves and a #1 for another artist. New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner","title":"Warner Music Group"},{"id":"1999315","text":"journalists on the \"Daily Mail\" in 2008: \"Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world – and you have people writing for the \"Daily Mail\" writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot.\" In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself as being the \"Queen of the Groucho\". Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had \"put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed","title":"Julie Burchill"},{"id":"4727514","text":"John Sherman (climber) John Sherman (born 1959), nicknamed Verm (short for \"Vermin\") is an American climber and a pioneering boulderer. He is also a writer and photographer. He is the originator of the V-scale for grading boulder problems. Sherman was a very visible \"outsider\" character in the climbing world during much of the 1980s and 1990s. An early boulderer, Sherman followed the sport from the era of searching for elusive Gill arrows to the forefront of the modern climbing world. He was one of the foremost developers of Hueco Tanks bouldering with over 400 first ascents there in the 1980s","title":"John Sherman (climber)"},{"id":"6615027","text":"What Up, Dog? What Up, Dog? is a 1988 album by Was (Not Was). It became the US group's breakthrough album worldwide and was ranked #99 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s. The cover illustration was credited to Christoph Simon and Karen Kelly. Success of \"What Up, Dog?\" was propelled by the group's two biggest hits: \"Walk the Dinosaur\" and \"Spy in the House of Love\" and four other singles. The former was promoted by a popular music video in which the band performed while a group of girls in campy cave girl","title":"What Up, Dog?"},{"id":"422954","text":"pseudonymous Jack Daniels, \"\" (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that \"Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!\" Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic","title":"The Adventures of Tintin"},{"id":"1457924","text":"next generation of women in their family. Hibbert described her heroines as \"women of integrity and strong character\" who were \"struggling for liberation, fighting for their own survival.\" Her 1960 novel \"Mistress of Mellyn\" single-handedly revived the Gothic romance genre. Many women started writing their own gothic romances. Even male authors like Tom E. Huff and Julian Fellowes succumbed to the trend and wrote romances under female pseudonyms. \"Victoria Holt\" novels became best-sellers. In 1970, when gothic mania was at its peak, \"The Secret Woman\" became one of the top 10 best-selling books in the United States. By 1975, a","title":"Eleanor Hibbert"},{"id":"7042933","text":"the television series \"New York Confidential\". Lait died of a circulatory ailment in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. Jack Lait Jack Lait (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright, best known for his series of \"Confidential\" books. Born Jacquin Leonard Lait in New York City, he became renowned during his 50-year career in journalism as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a syndicated column called \"All in the Family\" for two decades, and his comic strip, \"Gus and Gussie\", illustrated by","title":"Jack Lait"},{"id":"15340318","text":"for science fiction magazine covers were Earle Bergey (\"Startling Stories\", \"Thrilling Wonder Stories\") and Harold W. McCauley (\"Imagination\", \"Fantastic Adventures\"). In the '70's pulp fiction, Hector Garrido drew the GGA book covers of \"The Baroness\" spy thriller series by Paul Kenyon and \"The Destroyer\" men's adventure pulp novels by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir. In 1985, Bill Pearson edited and published \"Good Girls\", a collection of artwork by himself, Vince Alascia, Richard Bassford, John Beatty, Stan Drake, Brad W. Foster, Frank Frazetta, Frank Godwin, V. T. Hamlin, David Karbonik, Roy Krenkel, Bob McLeod, Ed Paschke, Victor Perard (author of \"Anatomy","title":"Good girl art"},{"id":"18022460","text":"English to try and behave like Frenchmen.” Berthoud had a keen eye for talent, bringing many future Fleet Street stars onto the column: from Mary Kenny and Paul Callan to Magnus Linklater and future Standard editor Max Hastings. The drawling \"Old Boy\" attitude that Donald Zec had observed thirty years earlier was still very much alive; Kenny recalls that when she arrived \"not only was I the only girl on the column, I was [apart from Max Hastings] the only person who hadn't been to Eton.\" Sarah Sands, became the Diary's first female editor in the late 1980s. After Sands,","title":"Londoner's Diary"},{"id":"12013638","text":"Lesley-Ann Jones Lesley-Ann Jones is an author who spent more than 20 years as a national newspaper journalist on Fleet Street. She was born in Kent, England and read French and Spanish in London and Paris. She is the daughter of acclaimed sportswriter Ken Jones, who wrote for the \"Daily Mirror\", \"Sunday Mirror\" and \"The Independent\" after retiring from professional football. In the 1980s, she worked for Chrysalis Records, London, the label of some major acts at the time (Spandau Ballet, Jethro Tull (band), Special AKA, Midge Ure & Ultravox, Blondie), where she wrote sleeve notes, prepared press releases and","title":"Lesley-Ann Jones"},{"id":"5561828","text":"Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork. These had been launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names. The brand had a resurgence in the UK during","title":"Munch Bunch"},{"id":"2450355","text":"By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black) to industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction. The top mainstream American Alternative Rock bands of 1980s included Hüsker Dü, The Replacements, R.E.M., The Pixies, and Sonic Youth which were popular long before the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters appeared including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"469523","text":"gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the golden age of hip hop. The Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Grandmaster Flash, the Furious Five, Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A, LL Cool J, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim, Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, 2 Live Crew, Tone Lōc, Biz Markie, the Jungle Brothers, The Sugar Hill Gang and others experienced success in this genre. Ex-Beatle John Lennon released his last album, \"Double Fantasy\", in 1980 and won Album of the","title":"1980s"},{"id":"6062973","text":"Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \"The Lockhorns\", \"Laugh Parade\", and \"Howard Huge\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \"Bumper Snickers\" in 1974, \"Agatha Crumm\" in 1977, \"Laugh Parade\" in 1980, \"Howard Huge\" in 1981, \"What A Guy!\" in 1986, and \"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child of a doctor and an opera singer. She received the nickname \"Bunny\" as a child, as she","title":"Bunny Hoest"},{"id":"16259205","text":"on the Franco-Belgian market was Liliane Funcken (née Schorils), who, after meeting her husband Fred Funcken (himself a comics veteran), teamed up with him to embark on a long-lasting career with \"Tintin\" magazine from the 1950s up until the 1980s, where the couple collaborated on comics and illustration. They have adopted a realistic style, and mostly specialise in historic works. One of the earliest successful female artists was Claire Bretécher, who started her career in the 1960s and is famed for her humor series \"Les Frustrés\" and the co-creation of the magazine \"L'Écho des savanes\" along with Gotlib and Mandryka.","title":"Female comics creators"},{"id":"3409059","text":"his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat three months later. He was buried at Petersham. As the 1960s progressed, the firm successfully courted and published authors who were representative of the age, including the Beatle John Lennon, and the former \"angry young man\" Kingsley Amis. Cape also signed up Len Deighton, whose series of spy novels was a gritty alternative to the far-fetched adventures of James Bond. In the 1970s, Cape published popular authors in many genres, including the novelists J. G. Ballard and Salman Rushdie, and the children's writer Roald Dahl. A defensive","title":"Jonathan Cape"},{"id":"10002736","text":"Simon Garfield Simon Frank Garfield (born 19 March 1960) is a British journalist and non-fiction author. Garfield was born in London in 1960. He was educated at the independent University College School in Hampstead, London, and the London School of Economics, where he was executive editor of \"The Beaver\". He won the Guardian/NUS 'Student Journalist of the Year' award in 1981, and the same year he became a sub-editor at the \"Radio Times\". He wrote scripts for BBC radio documentaries in the early 1980s. He also wrote for \"Time Out\" magazine, acting as editor from 1988 to 1989. He has","title":"Simon Garfield"},{"id":"8147492","text":"very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored. In the 1970s, \"16\" began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column. During the 1980s and well into the 1990s,","title":"16 (magazine)"},{"id":"15417203","text":"David Freeman (musician) David Freeman is a British singer, musician and songwriter, best known for being a member of the new wave duo The Lover Speaks during the 1980s. Freeman was born in Ilford, Essex, on 25 September 1957 and moved to Coventry at the age of 15. During the mid-1970s, he began his musical career as guitarist in the band Midnight Circus. In 1976, the band evolved into the punk group The Flys, with Freeman providing guitar and vocals. The band recorded a number of singles, two EPs; \"Bunch of Fives\" (1977) and \"Four From the Square\" (1980), and","title":"David Freeman (musician)"},{"id":"16138750","text":"Damned, Elvis Costello, The Police, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, The Clash, The Ramones and Talking Heads, amongst others. Before it closed in March 1980, many new local acts had been encouraged to take to the stage for the first time including Jayne Casey, Bill Drummond, Ian Broudie and Holly Johnson (Big in Japan), Paul Rutherford and Budgie (The Spitfire Boys) and Pete Wylie. In the 1980s, the UK and international record charts were dominated by talent that had emerged from Eric’s including, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, KLF, The Lightning Seeds, The Teardrop Explodes, Echo &","title":"Ken Testi"},{"id":"2584918","text":"published all three ciphertexts in a pamphlet which was advertised for sale in the 1880s. Since the publication of the pamphlet, a number of attempts have been made to decode the two remaining ciphertexts and to locate the treasure, but all efforts have resulted in failure. There are many arguments that the entire story is a hoax, including the 1980 article \"A Dissenting Opinion\" by cryptographer Jim Gillogly, and a 1982 scholarly analysis of the \"Beale Papers\" and their related story by Joe Nickell, using historical records that cast doubt on the existence of Thomas J. Beale. Nickell also presents","title":"Beale ciphers"},{"id":"3733812","text":"revived \"Eagle\", including \"Saddle Tramp\", \"Sergeant Streetwise\", \"Jake's Platoon\", \"The Hand\", and episodes of \"The Collector\". Comics work includes: Gerry Finley-Day Gerry Finley-Day (born 1947, Broughty Ferry, Dundee) is a Scottish comics writer, prolific from the 1960s to the 1980s, best known as the creator of \"Rogue Trooper\". He began his career at D.C. Thomson & Co., before becoming the editor of IPC Media's girls' title \"Tammy\" in 1971, for which he wrote strips such as \"Ella on Easy Street\" and \"The Camp on Candy Island\". Tammy's stories were full of cruelty and adversity, based on research showing that girls","title":"Gerry Finley-Day"},{"id":"6779837","text":"Scott Shaw (artist) Scott Shaw (often spelled Scott Shaw! ) is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scott's comic-book work is Hanna-Barbera's \"The Flintstones\" (for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics), \"Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew\" (for DC Comics), and \"Simpsons Comics\" (for Bongo Comics). He was also the first artist for Archie Comics' \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist. Throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as","title":"Scott Shaw (artist)"},{"id":"8971414","text":"of Books, as well as to its website. She has also written for \"Rolling Stone\". Drew is a former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (1972–1977). Drew was married to J. Patterson Drew from 1964 until his death in 1970 and was married to David Webster from 1981 until his death in 2003. She currently resides in Washington D.C. In 1986, the editors of \"Snooze: The Best of Our Magazine\" parodied her as \"Elizabeth Drone,\" author of a \"Giant Postcard From Washington.\" In 1989, \"Spy magazine\" labeled her as the \"author of too-frequent Washington columns.\" In 2014, President Richard","title":"Elizabeth Drew"},{"id":"1385100","text":"in particular, incorporating fetish and bondage clothing, and her innovative style of makeup, had a lasting influence. Barker became a photographer, using the nickname 'Six'. Bertie 'Berlin' Marshall became a writer, publishing a novel, \"Psychoboys\" in 1999 and a memoir \"Berlin Bromley\" in 2001 which received favourable reviews from \"The Guardian\" and \"Time Out London\" magazine. Philip Sallon became a fixture of the British New Romantic club scene in the early 1980s alongside the likes of Steve Strange and Boy George. Bromley Contingent The Bromley Contingent were a group of followers of the Sex Pistols: they were their entourage. The","title":"Bromley Contingent"},{"id":"1743411","text":"an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the \"decade of the spy\", with dozens of arrests. Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled \"The Traitor\" arguing against Pollard's release. Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for \"Jane's\", a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to \"Jane's\" because the \"public should be","title":"Espionage Act of 1917"},{"id":"6761113","text":"Army Man (magazine) Army Man (tagline: \"America's Only Magazine\") was a short-lived comedy magazine published in the late 1980s by George Meyer, an acclaimed writer for \"The Simpsons\". The magazine consisted mostly of very short and very surreal jokes, along with some cartoons. Each issue also featured Jack Handey's \"Deep Thoughts\", as well as other pieces written by him. Although \"Army Man\" was never widely distributed, it gathered a lot of attention in the comedy world. Two of its writers (John Swartzwelder and Jon Vitti) were picked up alongside Meyer to be part of the original writing staff of \"The","title":"Army Man (magazine)"},{"id":"469544","text":"\"The Blues Brothers\"), Swatch watches, and the Rubik's Cube (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and braissers all inspired by Madonna's \"Like a Virgin\" music video. The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 1980s The 1980s (pronounced \"nineteen-eighties\", commonly shortened as the \"'80s\", pronounced \"eighties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.","title":"1980s"},{"id":"6701295","text":"a public figure has ever flung into print.\" The comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore depicted Driberg as a sexual predator, wearing \"fine fishnet stockings\" and cavorting with a rent boy, in a sketch, \"Back of the Cab\", which they recorded in 1977. More vituperation followed when Pincher's allegations of Driberg's links with the Russian secret service were published in 1981; Pincher christened him \"Lord of the Spies\". However, Foot dismissed these accusations as typical of the \"fantasies of the secret service world that seem to have taken possession of Pincher's mind\". Foot added that Driberg \"had always been much","title":"Tom Driberg"},{"id":"12565628","text":"the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters included Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Lucinda Williams, Patti Smith, Rickie Lee Jones, Terence Trent D'Arby, Stevie Nicks, Suzanne Vega, Cheryl Wheeler and Warren Zevon. Rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Phil Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singers. In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang and Tori Amos,","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11883040","text":"ethnicities, under the umbrella of science. Studies of this type can be found in the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Although he photographed both men and women, the women were often given props like market baskets and fishing poles, making the images of women thinly disguised erotica. The first business venture of pioneering British pornographers David Sullivan and David Gold was selling soft pornography photos by mail order at the end of the 1960s. During the Victorian period, illegal pornographic periodicals such as \"The Pearl\", which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880, circulated clandestinely among circles of elite urban","title":"Pornography in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"17762350","text":"to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement. In 1976, a separate article in \"Time Out\" magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ. In 1982 James Bamford's book about the NSA, \"The Puzzle Palace\", was first published. Bamford's second book, \"Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency\", was published two decades later. In 1988 the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that \"targeting of U.S.","title":"Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)"},{"id":"12565618","text":"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"3660222","text":"Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \"punk\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important","title":"Warner Bros. Records"},{"id":"4820579","text":"of that title, as well as assuming editorial duties on \"Ghost Rider\", \"What If...?\" and the Spider-Man titles, which he edited throughout the early 1980s. DeFalco worked closely with toy manufacturer Hasbro in the early 1980s, heading the creative team that \"produced the backstory and dossiers that served as the basis for the of the phenomenally successful G.I. Joe toy line and \", in 1985. As part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic titled \"\" in June 1982. DeFalco personally edited the first six issues (handing over to Denny O'Neil in January 1983), as well as assorted issues of","title":"Tom DeFalco"},{"id":"2450374","text":"Daughter\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"2296699","text":"\"The Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977) with his then-girlfriend Carole Bayer Sager, which would be nominated for an Oscar. In the 1980s, he had success with the scores for \"Ordinary People\" (1980) and \"Sophie's Choice\" (1982). He also received an Academy-Award nomination in 1986 for the film version of \"A Chorus Line\". His last projects included \"The Informant!\" (2009), starring Matt Damon and directed by Steven Soderbergh. Prior to his death, he completed his first children's book \"Marvin Makes Music\", which included the original music \"The Music in My Mind\" with words by Rupert Holmes, and the score for the","title":"Marvin Hamlisch"},{"id":"8001133","text":"\"Action Comics\" #581 (both cover dated July 1986). Bates was one of the contributors to the \"DC Challenge\" limited series in 1986. In 1987 and 1988, he wrote some stories for Marvel Comics' New Universe line and created the \"Video Jack\" series at Epic Comics with Keith Giffen. His post-Superman work for DC included a \"Captain Atom\" series with Pat Broderick and the \"Silverblade\" limited series with Gene Colan. His other work includes the comic strips \"The Lone Ranger\" (1980–1983), \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\" (1981–1983), and Disney's \"Gargoyles\" during the 1990s. In 2008 he returned after a 20-year","title":"Cary Bates"},{"id":"1781202","text":"In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled \"Ode to a High Flying Bird\". Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to","title":"Charlie Watts"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8414802\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414771\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Hook\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being succeeded by \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414810\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Sinker Spy Sinker is a 1990 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the final novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Sinker\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and \\\"Spy Line\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Sinker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8895743\",\n \"text\": \"Michael A. Banks Michael A. Banks (born 21 March 1951 in Princeton, Indiana) is a writer and editor of science fiction and non-fiction. A former columnist for \\\"Windows Magazine\\\" and \\\"Computer Shopper\\\", Banks documented the growth of online services and the Internet and Web from the early 1980s onward. His book \\\"The Modem Reference\\\" was a guide to the online world during the 1980s and into the 1990s, selling more than 200,000 copies. Banks explored Internet crime and computer privacy with his books \\\"Web Psychos\\\", \\\"Stalkers and Pranksters\\\", and \\\"PC Confidential\\\". He also served as a freelance acquisitions editor for\",\n \"title\": \"Michael A. Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5901385\",\n \"text\": \"public setting in the near future. Wright, a retired MI5 Soviet counterespionage officer, was Pincher's main source for \\\"Their Trade is Treachery\\\", along with British MP Jonathan Aitken and Wright's former colleague Arthur S. Martin. Aitken, using information from retired CIA counterespionage chief James Jesus Angleton, wrote a highly confidential letter in early 1980 to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, outlining Angleton's suspicions of Hollis acting as a double agent. Pincher became ensnared in 1986 in the \\\"Spycatcher\\\" affair, when Wright tried to publish his own book in Australia, in apparent violation of his oath-taking of the Official Secrets Act\",\n \"title\": \"Chapman Pincher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936141\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \\\"Deadline\\\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out of his being \\\"active in the British alternative comics scene from 1987,\\\" and he writes on his website that, in 1988: \\\"Atomtan\\\", Bond's first work, was a self-published fanzine created with Tank Girl\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2924948\",\n \"text\": \"Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for \\\"Beavis and Butt-Head\\\" as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine \\\"Spy\\\", which employed \\\"Lampoon\\\" writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of \\\"Lampoon\\\" alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell and Mark O'Donnell. The \\\"Lampoon\\\" has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis. Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the \\\"Lampoon\\\". Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the \\\"Lampoon\\\". Celebrities often visit\",\n \"title\": \"The Harvard Lampoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2732485\",\n \"text\": \"in 1970 her strip was taken over by Bob McGrath and later John Dallas. Her costume changed at some point in the mid-1980s from her red top underneath a black dress to a blue and white striped jumper underneath a red dress. In 1986 she became \\\"The Topper\\\"'s front page star, replacing Tricky Dicky. Her dog Pearl was also introduced shortly before that time, although before that she had a pet turkey called Gobbler. The same year, Robert Nixon took over, a cartoonist who followed in the steps of noted cartoonist Ken Reid, and her overall look became smoother and\",\n \"title\": \"Beryl the Peril\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10081460\",\n \"text\": \"Fredric Dannen Fredric Dannen is an American journalist and author. He is best known for his landmark book \\\"Hit Men: Powerbrokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business\\\" (1990), which investigated the behind-the-scenes dealings of the major American record labels in the 1970s and 1980s, focussing on the careers of leading CBS Records executives Walter Yetnikoff and Dick Asher. \\\"Hit Men\\\" came in second on Billboard_(magazine) list of \\\"100 Greatest Music Books of All Time\\\" More recently, Dannen was the co-author (with Barry Long) of \\\"Hong Kong Babylon: An Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East\\\", in which Dannen\",\n \"title\": \"Fredric Dannen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6653433\",\n \"text\": \"Pictures from the Granada TV production of Game Set & Match Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \\\"the Department\\\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \\\"Berlin Game\\\", \\\"Mexico Set\\\" and \\\"London Match\\\", the second comprises \\\"Spy Hook\\\", \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\", and the third and\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Samson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1372288\",\n \"text\": \"time included Mat Snow, Chris Bohn (known in his later years at the paper as 'Biba Kopf'), Barney Hoskyns, Paolo Hewitt, Don Watson, Danny Kelly, Steven Wells and David Quantick. However, sales were dropping, and by the mid-1980s, \\\"NME\\\" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing. During this period (now under the editorship of Ian Pye, who replaced Neil Spencer in 1985), they were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower\",\n \"title\": \"NME\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3335567\",\n \"text\": \"1980s, reaching #1 in the United States with the single \\\"Walk Like an Egyptian\\\" in 1986. The movement's influence on 1980s contemporaries, such as English bands The Teardrop Explodes and Echo & the Bunnymen, and Seattle's The Green Pajamas, has been noted. In the mid-1980s, Prince was notably influenced by the Paisley Underground sound: not only did his 1985 album \\\"Around the World in a Day\\\" have a more psychedelic sound than any of his previous or future work, but he also named his record label (Paisley Park Records) after the movement, wrote \\\"Manic Monday\\\" for the Bangles, and signed\",\n \"title\": \"Paisley Underground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5272442\",\n \"text\": \"Allan Bridge Allan Bridge (February 14, 1945 - August 5, 1995) was an American conceptual artist best known for his creation in 1980 of the confessional phone system known as the Apology Line. He went by the pseudonym Mr. Apology (a label which has since been adopted by an advice columnist) and used new technology of the time, an answering machine, to record confessions from anonymous callers. Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Bridge attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts. Returning to the Washington, D. C. area, he became one of the second\",\n \"title\": \"Allan Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2618546\",\n \"text\": \"most notably Bananaman from Nutty and Cuddles from Hoot, who teamed up with a \\\"Dandy\\\" character to form a new strip entitled Cuddles and Dimples. Both have been quite long-running, having been in the \\\"Dandy\\\" since the 1980s and each having appeared on the front cover of both \\\"The Dandy\\\" and the comics from which they originated. After the closure of \\\"The Beezer\\\" and \\\"The Topper\\\", \\\"The Dandy\\\" inherited some of its strips as well, including Beryl the Peril, Puss 'n' Boots (who had been in \\\"Sparky\\\" before being moved to \\\"The Topper\\\") and Owen Goal (who appeared in \\\"Nutty\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Dandy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9859798\",\n \"text\": \"Hello, and American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka, for their European tours. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books including a career guide, \\\"Inside The Music Business\\\" (co-authored with Julian Newby) and \\\"John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me\\\", his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Barrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565664\",\n \"text\": \"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10463264\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Al D'Amato, Rupert Murdoch, Henry Kissinger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Norman Podhoretz, Andrew Cuomo, former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Martin Peretz. In 1988, Spy magazine ran a feature that depicted Breindel as a ruthlessly career-driven opportunist whose career was effectively ended by his drug bust. In 1999, the Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism was established in his memory, sponsored by Fox News, the New York Post and the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\". Breindel was co-author of a book on the Venona project, which was published after his death. Eric Breindel Eric\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Breindel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7236471\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Cook (journalist) Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey and lived in west London as an adult. He was co-author, with Brian Morton, of \\\"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings\\\" (formerly \\\"...on CD\\\"), which lasted for ten editions until 2010. \\\"Richard Cook's Jazz Companion\\\" and \\\"It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record\\\" were published in 2005. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, he\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Cook (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10185633\",\n \"text\": \"the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980. Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001. Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 book \\\"Was There A Fifth Man?\\\" Mann's several texts include \\\"Radioactivity and Its Measurement\\\", 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkle), \\\"A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures\\\", NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and \\\"Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice\\\", 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol). Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilfrid Basil Mann (4 August 1908 – 29 March 2001)\",\n \"title\": \"Wilfrid Basil Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19572216\",\n \"text\": \"arranged a dinner with all three, which was a success; and she went on holiday with one ex- and her successor. She was known for her eccentricities, her connections to socialites and her \\\"larger-than-life style\\\", \\\"typified by trademark heart-shaped spectacles\\\". Jennifer d'Abo Jennifer Mary Victoria d'Abo (14 August 1945 – 30 April 2003) was a British entrepreneur, best known for turning around the retail chain Ryman in the 1980s, and making stationery \\\"trendy\\\". According to Nicholas Faith writing in \\\"The Independent\\\", she was \\\"that rarest of phenomena, a serial female entrepreneur\\\". She was born Jennifer Mary Victoria Hammond-Maude on 14\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer d'Abo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"342497\",\n \"text\": \"the 1980s in the US included R.E.M., Hüsker Dü, Jane's Addiction, Sonic Youth, and the Pixies, and in the UK the Cure, New Order, the Jesus and Mary Chain, and the Smiths. Artists were largely confined to independent record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based on college radio, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original\",\n \"title\": \"Rock music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11394807\",\n \"text\": \"employed as a \\\"Romeo spy\\\" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England. Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the \\\"Daily Express\\\" (1985) and in the \\\"News on Sunday\\\" (1987), but was dismissed as \\\"a fantasist\\\". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was\",\n \"title\": \"John Alexander Symonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565612\",\n \"text\": \"virtue of being the top charting artist in the US and worldwide. He was responsible for artists such as Vanity 6, for whom he wrote the dance chart topping \\\"Nasty Girl\\\"; Morris Day and the Time, for whom he wrote the top 20 \\\"Jungle Love\\\"; Sheila E., for whom he wrote the top ten song \\\"The Glamorous Life\\\" and number 11 \\\"A Love Bizarre\\\"; and Wendy & Lisa and Apollonia 6. He wrote \\\"I Feel for You\\\" for Chaka Khan, which won him a Grammy for best R&B song; \\\"Sugar Walls\\\" for Sheena Easton; and as well as doing a\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6653424\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \\\"the Department\\\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \\\"Berlin Game\\\", \\\"Mexico Set\\\" and \\\"London Match\\\", the second comprises \\\"Spy Hook\\\", \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\", and the third and final trilogy comprises \\\"Faith\\\", \\\"Hope\\\" and \\\"Charity\\\". The plot of the\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Samson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4136467\",\n \"text\": \"Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the \\\"Merry Pranksters\\\", the freak scene, the New Age movement and the \\\"Convoy\\\" idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around 1976, the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of modern Western subcultures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2677714\",\n \"text\": \"Tricky Dicky (Topper) Tricky Dicky was a British comic strip which debuted in the magazine \\\"Topper\\\" in 1977 and was drawn by John Dallas. From 1979 to 1986 he was the cover star of the comic, succeeding Danny's Tranny and preceding Beryl the Peril. The comic strip was a gag-a-day strip starring a young boy named Dicky, who plays practical jokes on people, but they usually managed to get the last laugh. From 1999 to 2000 he re-appeared as a 'Guest Star' in \\\"The Beano\\\", again drawn by Dallas, running against The Three Bears, Inspector Horse and Jocky and Gordon\",\n \"title\": \"Tricky Dicky (Topper)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469526\",\n \"text\": \"Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, D.O.A., Bad Religion, Minutemen, Social Distortion, and Dead Kennedys, it gave birth to many subgenres like hardcore, which has continued to be moderately successful, giving birth in turn to a few counterculture movements, most notably the Straight Edge movement which began in the early era of this decade. College rock caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct D.I.Y approach. Bands like the Pixies, R.E.M., The Replacements, Sonic Youth, XTC, The Smiths, Hüsker Dü, The Stone Roses, The Jesus and Mary Chain etc. experienced success in this genre.\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414804\",\n \"text\": \"meet his wife Fiona, whom it is now revealed is a double agent (It is not made clear for how long Bernard knew this). Finally, Fiona attempts to escape from East Germany, whereupon Erich Stinnes, and Fiona's sister Tessa are both killed. Bernard and Fiona escape back to the other side of the wall and are transported to America for debriefing. Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10407213\",\n \"text\": \"Michael J. Weller Michael John Weller was born in south London in 1946. Weller designed USA sleeve for David Bowie's \\\"The Man Who Sold the World\\\" LP (Mercury, 1970), re-released (EMI CD, 1999). As \\\"Captain Stelling\\\" Weller wrote and drew \\\"The Firm\\\" (cOZmic Comics, 1972) - an early British artist's publication inspired by American underground comic book innovations. In 1973, a page by \\\"Stelling\\\" entitled 'Missile Crisis' was made part of Michel Choquette's comic book The Someday Funnies. He followed \\\"Willie D\\\" (Andrew Marr) as featured cartoonist on Chainsaw punk zine (1980–84). Michael Weller enjoyed a parallel career in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael J. Weller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9867556\",\n \"text\": \"Chainsaw (punk zine) Chainsaw, a punk zine edited by \\\"Charlie Chainsaw\\\" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing publication in 1984. A hand-lettered 'n' became a stylised trademark in articles after the 'n' key broke on the editor's typewriter. In addition to a free flexi disc promoting two or three up-and-coming punk bands, 1980s issues featured cartoon strips and two innovative colour covers by Michael J. Weller. 1970s issues featured the cartoon strip 'Hitler's Kids', authored by Andrew Marr using punk nom-de-plume \\\"Willie D\\\" at the beginning of his successful journalistic career. Charlie\",\n \"title\": \"Chainsaw (punk zine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150488\",\n \"text\": \"of this manoeuvre would be to have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: \\\"Down and Out in Paris and London\\\" (describing a period of poverty in these cities), \\\"The Road to Wigan Pier\\\" (describing the\",\n \"title\": \"George Orwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2493379\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Verrall Richard Verrall (born 1948) is a former deputy chairman of the British National Front (NF) who edited the magazine \\\"Spearhead\\\" from 1976 to 1980. Under the \\\"nom de plume\\\" of Richard E. Harwood, Verrall wrote the pamphlet \\\"Did Six Million Really Die?\\\" Verrall studied history at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London, obtaining a first class honours degree. Initially a member of the Conservative Party, Verrall left in the early 1970s, along with a number of members on the right who supported Enoch Powell, to join the NF. Initially a close supporter of John\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Verrall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505470\",\n \"text\": \"became editor of the \\\"Mail\\\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \\\"Daily Express\\\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \\\"Express\\\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Mail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6237073\",\n \"text\": \"to his record label, Apple, and the song was released with Lennon's approval. The Hot Chocolate albums were produced by Mickie Most and recorded at the Rak Records studio. Brown left the group in 1985 to take a hiatus from music. He soon went on to have a solo career, achieving success in the clubs with the 1987 single \\\"Body Rocking\\\", produced by Richard James Burgess. Brown was a supporter of the Conservative Party and performed at a party conference in the 1980s. In 1981, he performed at the wedding reception following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana\",\n \"title\": \"Errol Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661677\",\n \"text\": \"various counterculture and underground topics, with financial help from Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and actress/film director Betty Thomas. At the same time he also started his own typesetting business, allowing for a day job to fund his publishing exploits and guaranteeing high quality typography and design for his magazines and books. The 1980s saw the expansion of RE/Search books from tabloid-formatted zines to academically-modeled books. Vale published and contributed to many books on the subjects of pranks, obscure music and films, industrial culture, authors J.G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs, modern primitives, and many other underground topics. In\",\n \"title\": \"V. Vale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565605\",\n \"text\": \"part of the decade, with the advent of the golden age of hip hop. These urban genres—particularly rap and hip hop—would continue their rise in popularity through the 1990s and 2000s. A 2010 survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice, which polled over 11,000 European participants, revealed that the 1980s is the most favored tune decade of the last 50 years. The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson, the superstardom of Prince, and the emergence of Madonna and Whitney Houston, who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson, along with Prince, was the\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3954329\",\n \"text\": \"single reached the No. 22 spot on the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Staring at the Rude Boys\\\" was covered by the US hardcore band Dag Nasty in 1987, and by the British hardcore punk band Gallows in 2007. The Ruts backed Laurel Aitken who was then signed to Secret Affair's record label, I-Spy Records, on a Peel session for BBC Radio 1, in April 1980, and also backed Aitken on his support tour to Secret Affair. The line-up was Aitken, Fox, Jennings, Ruffy, Owen and Barnacle. The band also played for Aitken on his single, \\\"Rudi Got Married\\\". With their latest\",\n \"title\": \"The Ruts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19190390\",\n \"text\": \"Their Melbourne shows on 29 and 30 April were recorded and released. Live in the 80's Live in the 80's is a live album by Australian rock band Skyhooks. It was released by Mushroom Records in November 1983 in Australia and was certified gold. The album cover is a 'live' reenactment of their \\\"Living in the 70's\\\" album cover. Skyhooks had announced their split in 1980, following the release of \\\"Hot for the Orient\\\". In late 1982, Mushroom Records had released a megamix of their hits, titled \\\"Hooked on Hooks\\\", which peaked at number 21 in Australia. Demand for a\",\n \"title\": \"Live in the 80's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"226286\",\n \"text\": \"At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including \\\"Jailbird\\\" (1979), \\\"Deadeye Dick\\\" (1982), \\\"Galápagos\\\" (1985), \\\"Bluebeard\\\" (1987), and \\\"Hocus Pocus\\\" (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt Vonnegut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414773\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dodo\\\" and is saved from an untimely death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \\\"deep-cover\\\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17662614\",\n \"text\": \"Senator Lowell P. Weicker of Connecticut and Kimball's agreement to drop the lawsuit. Kimball published several books, including Penn Kimball Penn Townsend Kimball II (October 12, 1915 – November 8, 2013) was an American journalist and college professor at Columbia University, most notable for suing the American government in the mid 1980s after his discovery that the FBI and CIA considered him and his wife a security risk. Kimball was one of three siblings, born to a middle-class family in New Britain, Connecticut. His father was an executive for a household goods manufacturer, his mother was a former elementary school\",\n \"title\": \"Penn Kimball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5036936\",\n \"text\": \"Astley and son of noted composer Edwin \\\"Ted\\\" Astley. He is married to novelist Judy Astley. Studio albums Singles Jon Astley Jon Astley is a British record producer who has also recorded and released two albums as a singer-songwriter in the late 1980s. His most commercially successful song was \\\"Jane's Getting Serious\\\", later popularized by a Heinz ketchup television commercial starring a pre-\\\"Friends\\\" Matt LeBlanc. As a producer, he is best known for his work with the Who (co-production with Glyn Johns) on the 1978 \\\"Who Are You\\\" album, and the remastering supervision for all of the group's back catalog\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Astley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1494042\",\n \"text\": \"Sue Townsend Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL (née Johnstone, 2 April 194610 April 2014), was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole. After writing in secret from the age of 14, Townsend first became known for her plays, her signature character first appearing in a radio drama, but her work soon expanded into other forms. She enjoyed great success in the 1980s, with her Adrian Mole books selling more copies than any other work of fiction in Britain during the decade. This series, which\",\n \"title\": \"Sue Townsend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6046769\",\n \"text\": \"Will Jacobs Will Jacobs (born 1955) is an American comics and humor writer. He was a coauthor with Gerard Jones on \\\"The Beaver Papers\\\", \\\"The Comic Book Heroes\\\", and the comic book \\\"The Trouble with Girls\\\" (1987–1993). He was a contributor to \\\"National Lampoon magazine\\\" and various DC Comics. Jacobs left professional writing in the 1990s to start a used and antiquarian book service, Avalon Books. He co-wrote with Jones \\\"The Comic Book Heroes\\\", a book dedicated to the history of the American comic book industry from the Silver Age to the present. In 2014 Jacobs and Jones began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Will Jacobs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1806427\",\n \"text\": \"the first \\\"music video album\\\", a videocassette featuring a corresponding music video for each song on Blondie's \\\"Eat to the Beat\\\" album (released at the same time as the LP). In the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis and the News. Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved\",\n \"title\": \"Chrysalis Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7264996\",\n \"text\": \"at Maidstone. With John Miles, he was the Production Editor of \\\"Which?\\\", and associated magazines, from 1964 to 1993. Banks was an influential designer, and his Telecom (T) identity, created for British Telecommunications when it was instituted in 1981, spawned many imitators. Its replacement by Wolff Olins' BT \\\"piper\\\" was received with much derision in 1991. Banks received a prestigious RSA/BBC Design Award in 1990, for the paper-saving redesign of the UK's Phonebook. Miles and Banks designed the UK Post Office's distinctive \\\"double-line\\\" alphabet in 1972 and New Johnston, a revival of Edward Johnston's \\\"Underground Sans\\\", for London Transport. They\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5188565\",\n \"text\": \"children's authors such as Joan Aiken, Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as \\\"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\\\" by Roald Dahl and \\\"Watership Down\\\" by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle's \\\"The Very Hungry Caterpillar\\\" and Janet and Allan Ahlberg's \\\"Each Peach Pear Plum\\\" became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill's \\\"Spot the Dog\\\" and Jan Pienkowski's \\\"Meg\",\n \"title\": \"Puffin Books\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9170054\",\n \"text\": \"started the Sh-Boom studios with Gary Taylor. They worked on Hank Marvin's 1990s solo albums. Alan Tarney worked as a producer and songwriter from 1979 and assisted in Cliff Richard's resurgent chart career in the late 1970s and again in 1980 with the single \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\" and the mid-80s albums, \\\"I'm No Hero\\\", \\\"Wired for Sound\\\", \\\"Stronger\\\" and \\\"Always Guaranteed\\\". Tarney also worked with a-ha during the 1980s: he produced their first three albums \\\"Hunting High and Low \\\" (including their single, \\\"Take on Me\\\"), \\\"Scoundrel Days\\\" and \\\"Stay on These Roads\\\". Production credits by Alan Tarney &\",\n \"title\": \"Tarney/Spencer Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6062979\",\n \"text\": \"continues to sing with the Huntington Choral Society. She has six grandchildren, and many step-children and step-grandchildren. Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \\\"The Lockhorns\\\", \\\"Laugh Parade\\\", and \\\"Howard Huge\\\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \\\"Bumper Snickers\\\" in 1974, \\\"Agatha Crumm\\\" in 1977, \\\"Laugh Parade\\\" in 1980, \\\"Howard Huge\\\" in 1981, \\\"What A Guy!\\\" in 1986, and \\\"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\\\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Hoest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5352559\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and even \\\"The Partridge Family\\\". His novellas in the late 1960s featured the U.N.C.L.E.-like INTREX. Under the house name Nick Carter, he wrote some of the \\\"Nick Carter\\\" spy novels beginning in the 1960s. As Troy Conway, he wrote the tongue-in-cheek porn \\\"\\\", and parodied \\\"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\\\" from 1967 to 1973. He also wrote the novelization of the 1982 TV miniseries \\\"A Woman Called Golda\\\", based on the life of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Among his pseudonyms (male and female) were Mile Avalione, Mike Avalone, Nick Carter, Troy Conway, Priscilla Dalton,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Avallone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12442839\",\n \"text\": \"with The Soft Boys and promoting clubs and concerts in Richmond, London, joined Cherry Red Records in 1980 to work alongside the company's founder, Iain McNay. Over the next few years he signed many of the artists who would become most closely associated with the label — The Monochrome Set, Felt, Everything But The Girl, Marine Girls, Fantastic Something, Eyeless in Gaza etc. This was widely recognised as a golden period for the label, culminating in the release of \\\"Pillows & Prayers\\\", the budget priced compilation that encapsulated the label's emerging style. It dominated the then prestigious UK independent charts\",\n \"title\": \"Él Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936147\",\n \"text\": \"moved from the UK to New York City, and in 2004 the two had a son, Spencer. He lives with his wife and son in New Jersey. Pencils \\\"and\\\" inks, unless otherwise stated: Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \\\"Deadline\\\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15256647\",\n \"text\": \"the 2017 revamp, however, Curly seems to have largely disappeared when he moved. In his place are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano’s ‘Rubi’s Screwtop Science’ strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic’s ‘JJ’s Jokes’ strip). Despite Dennis’s previous resentment towards most girls in earlier years, he accepts them as his friends. During the 1980s, a third boy known as \\\"Toadface McGurty\\\" was also one of Dennis' friends. The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of children who enjoy things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous, Dennis's greatest sworn enemy,\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10761271\",\n \"text\": \"Judas Pair\\\" and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with \\\"A Clubbable Woman\\\". The end was in sight for the Crime Club when Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989. The editor of the Club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the Club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the\",\n \"title\": \"Collins Crime Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1447071\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"NME\\\" premium featuring Primal Scream, The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's \\\"melancholy noise\\\" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector's \\\"Wall of Sound\\\" production, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins, were the\",\n \"title\": \"Alternative rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12057380\",\n \"text\": \"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, \\\"The Satanic Verses\\\". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a \\\"fatwā\\\" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"369731\",\n \"text\": \"and popular interest. The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, \\\"Eye of the Needle\\\" (1978); Alan Furst, \\\"Night Soldiers\\\" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with \\\"Zoo Station\\\" (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. \\\"Atomsk\\\" by Paul Linebarger, written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. With \\\"Secret Ministry\\\" (1951), Desmond Cory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy fiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9907329\",\n \"text\": \"for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978 he started managing Shakin' Stevens, and produced his first hit \\\"Hot Dog\\\" the same year. In 1981 he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the \\\"Parkinson\\\" and Russell Harty TV shows. In 1984 he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox. 21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son's band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Hurst (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20910523\",\n \"text\": \"like Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Fendi. Though his clothing was often referred to as streetwear, Day's early clients in the 1980s were inspired significantly by the fashion flamboyance of Rat Pack icons like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. His main clientele were \\\"hustlers and street people\\\" — including drug kingpin Alpo Martinez — some of whom even requested bullet-proof parkas and hats. Day ventured into hip hop fashion in 1985, when he first styled LL Cool J, and Day has since been associated with hip-hop royalty. Eric B. & Rakim who wore Dapper Dan's designs on the cover of\",\n \"title\": \"Dapper Dan (designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3013939\",\n \"text\": \"worked on. During the 1980s he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980 he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title \\\"I Spy Dinosaurs\\\" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled \\\"Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?\\\" (backed with \\\"Oh Stegosaurus\\\"). He performed it on \\\"Blue Peter\\\" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts. The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved\",\n \"title\": \"David Bellamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5774494\",\n \"text\": \"magazine in 1958 and starting in 1961 worked for two years for King Records. . In 1966, Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen. Stein did not fire Depeche Mode despite poor sales of their first three albums in the US; it was\",\n \"title\": \"Seymour Stein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599189\",\n \"text\": \"hit in Australia, reaching #9 on the Australian Singles Chart. \\\"Undercover Angel\\\" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a #1 hit for themselves and a #1 for another artist. New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Music Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1999315\",\n \"text\": \"journalists on the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" in 2008: \\\"Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world – and you have people writing for the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot.\\\" In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself as being the \\\"Queen of the Groucho\\\". Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had \\\"put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed\",\n \"title\": \"Julie Burchill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4727514\",\n \"text\": \"John Sherman (climber) John Sherman (born 1959), nicknamed Verm (short for \\\"Vermin\\\") is an American climber and a pioneering boulderer. He is also a writer and photographer. He is the originator of the V-scale for grading boulder problems. Sherman was a very visible \\\"outsider\\\" character in the climbing world during much of the 1980s and 1990s. An early boulderer, Sherman followed the sport from the era of searching for elusive Gill arrows to the forefront of the modern climbing world. He was one of the foremost developers of Hueco Tanks bouldering with over 400 first ascents there in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"John Sherman (climber)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6615027\",\n \"text\": \"What Up, Dog? What Up, Dog? is a 1988 album by Was (Not Was). It became the US group's breakthrough album worldwide and was ranked #99 on \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s. The cover illustration was credited to Christoph Simon and Karen Kelly. Success of \\\"What Up, Dog?\\\" was propelled by the group's two biggest hits: \\\"Walk the Dinosaur\\\" and \\\"Spy in the House of Love\\\" and four other singles. The former was promoted by a popular music video in which the band performed while a group of girls in campy cave girl\",\n \"title\": \"What Up, Dog?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"422954\",\n \"text\": \"pseudonymous Jack Daniels, \\\"\\\" (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that \\\"Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!\\\" Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic\",\n \"title\": \"The Adventures of Tintin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457924\",\n \"text\": \"next generation of women in their family. Hibbert described her heroines as \\\"women of integrity and strong character\\\" who were \\\"struggling for liberation, fighting for their own survival.\\\" Her 1960 novel \\\"Mistress of Mellyn\\\" single-handedly revived the Gothic romance genre. Many women started writing their own gothic romances. Even male authors like Tom E. Huff and Julian Fellowes succumbed to the trend and wrote romances under female pseudonyms. \\\"Victoria Holt\\\" novels became best-sellers. In 1970, when gothic mania was at its peak, \\\"The Secret Woman\\\" became one of the top 10 best-selling books in the United States. By 1975, a\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor Hibbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7042933\",\n \"text\": \"the television series \\\"New York Confidential\\\". Lait died of a circulatory ailment in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. Jack Lait Jack Lait (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright, best known for his series of \\\"Confidential\\\" books. Born Jacquin Leonard Lait in New York City, he became renowned during his 50-year career in journalism as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a syndicated column called \\\"All in the Family\\\" for two decades, and his comic strip, \\\"Gus and Gussie\\\", illustrated by\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Lait\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15340318\",\n \"text\": \"for science fiction magazine covers were Earle Bergey (\\\"Startling Stories\\\", \\\"Thrilling Wonder Stories\\\") and Harold W. McCauley (\\\"Imagination\\\", \\\"Fantastic Adventures\\\"). In the '70's pulp fiction, Hector Garrido drew the GGA book covers of \\\"The Baroness\\\" spy thriller series by Paul Kenyon and \\\"The Destroyer\\\" men's adventure pulp novels by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir. In 1985, Bill Pearson edited and published \\\"Good Girls\\\", a collection of artwork by himself, Vince Alascia, Richard Bassford, John Beatty, Stan Drake, Brad W. Foster, Frank Frazetta, Frank Godwin, V. T. Hamlin, David Karbonik, Roy Krenkel, Bob McLeod, Ed Paschke, Victor Perard (author of \\\"Anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Good girl art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18022460\",\n \"text\": \"English to try and behave like Frenchmen.” Berthoud had a keen eye for talent, bringing many future Fleet Street stars onto the column: from Mary Kenny and Paul Callan to Magnus Linklater and future Standard editor Max Hastings. The drawling \\\"Old Boy\\\" attitude that Donald Zec had observed thirty years earlier was still very much alive; Kenny recalls that when she arrived \\\"not only was I the only girl on the column, I was [apart from Max Hastings] the only person who hadn't been to Eton.\\\" Sarah Sands, became the Diary's first female editor in the late 1980s. After Sands,\",\n \"title\": \"Londoner's Diary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12013638\",\n \"text\": \"Lesley-Ann Jones Lesley-Ann Jones is an author who spent more than 20 years as a national newspaper journalist on Fleet Street. She was born in Kent, England and read French and Spanish in London and Paris. She is the daughter of acclaimed sportswriter Ken Jones, who wrote for the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\", \\\"Sunday Mirror\\\" and \\\"The Independent\\\" after retiring from professional football. In the 1980s, she worked for Chrysalis Records, London, the label of some major acts at the time (Spandau Ballet, Jethro Tull (band), Special AKA, Midge Ure & Ultravox, Blondie), where she wrote sleeve notes, prepared press releases and\",\n \"title\": \"Lesley-Ann Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5561828\",\n \"text\": \"Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork. These had been launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names. The brand had a resurgence in the UK during\",\n \"title\": \"Munch Bunch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450355\",\n \"text\": \"By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black) to industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction. The top mainstream American Alternative Rock bands of 1980s included Hüsker Dü, The Replacements, R.E.M., The Pixies, and Sonic Youth which were popular long before the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters appeared including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469523\",\n \"text\": \"gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the golden age of hip hop. The Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Grandmaster Flash, the Furious Five, Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A, LL Cool J, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim, Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, 2 Live Crew, Tone Lōc, Biz Markie, the Jungle Brothers, The Sugar Hill Gang and others experienced success in this genre. Ex-Beatle John Lennon released his last album, \\\"Double Fantasy\\\", in 1980 and won Album of the\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6062973\",\n \"text\": \"Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \\\"The Lockhorns\\\", \\\"Laugh Parade\\\", and \\\"Howard Huge\\\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \\\"Bumper Snickers\\\" in 1974, \\\"Agatha Crumm\\\" in 1977, \\\"Laugh Parade\\\" in 1980, \\\"Howard Huge\\\" in 1981, \\\"What A Guy!\\\" in 1986, and \\\"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\\\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child of a doctor and an opera singer. She received the nickname \\\"Bunny\\\" as a child, as she\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Hoest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16259205\",\n \"text\": \"on the Franco-Belgian market was Liliane Funcken (née Schorils), who, after meeting her husband Fred Funcken (himself a comics veteran), teamed up with him to embark on a long-lasting career with \\\"Tintin\\\" magazine from the 1950s up until the 1980s, where the couple collaborated on comics and illustration. They have adopted a realistic style, and mostly specialise in historic works. One of the earliest successful female artists was Claire Bretécher, who started her career in the 1960s and is famed for her humor series \\\"Les Frustrés\\\" and the co-creation of the magazine \\\"L'Écho des savanes\\\" along with Gotlib and Mandryka.\",\n \"title\": \"Female comics creators\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3409059\",\n \"text\": \"his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat three months later. He was buried at Petersham. As the 1960s progressed, the firm successfully courted and published authors who were representative of the age, including the Beatle John Lennon, and the former \\\"angry young man\\\" Kingsley Amis. Cape also signed up Len Deighton, whose series of spy novels was a gritty alternative to the far-fetched adventures of James Bond. In the 1970s, Cape published popular authors in many genres, including the novelists J. G. Ballard and Salman Rushdie, and the children's writer Roald Dahl. A defensive\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Cape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10002736\",\n \"text\": \"Simon Garfield Simon Frank Garfield (born 19 March 1960) is a British journalist and non-fiction author. Garfield was born in London in 1960. He was educated at the independent University College School in Hampstead, London, and the London School of Economics, where he was executive editor of \\\"The Beaver\\\". He won the Guardian/NUS 'Student Journalist of the Year' award in 1981, and the same year he became a sub-editor at the \\\"Radio Times\\\". He wrote scripts for BBC radio documentaries in the early 1980s. He also wrote for \\\"Time Out\\\" magazine, acting as editor from 1988 to 1989. He has\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Garfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8147492\",\n \"text\": \"very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored. In the 1970s, \\\"16\\\" began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column. During the 1980s and well into the 1990s,\",\n \"title\": \"16 (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15417203\",\n \"text\": \"David Freeman (musician) David Freeman is a British singer, musician and songwriter, best known for being a member of the new wave duo The Lover Speaks during the 1980s. Freeman was born in Ilford, Essex, on 25 September 1957 and moved to Coventry at the age of 15. During the mid-1970s, he began his musical career as guitarist in the band Midnight Circus. In 1976, the band evolved into the punk group The Flys, with Freeman providing guitar and vocals. The band recorded a number of singles, two EPs; \\\"Bunch of Fives\\\" (1977) and \\\"Four From the Square\\\" (1980), and\",\n \"title\": \"David Freeman (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16138750\",\n \"text\": \"Damned, Elvis Costello, The Police, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, The Clash, The Ramones and Talking Heads, amongst others. Before it closed in March 1980, many new local acts had been encouraged to take to the stage for the first time including Jayne Casey, Bill Drummond, Ian Broudie and Holly Johnson (Big in Japan), Paul Rutherford and Budgie (The Spitfire Boys) and Pete Wylie. In the 1980s, the UK and international record charts were dominated by talent that had emerged from Eric’s including, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, KLF, The Lightning Seeds, The Teardrop Explodes, Echo &\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Testi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2584918\",\n \"text\": \"published all three ciphertexts in a pamphlet which was advertised for sale in the 1880s. Since the publication of the pamphlet, a number of attempts have been made to decode the two remaining ciphertexts and to locate the treasure, but all efforts have resulted in failure. There are many arguments that the entire story is a hoax, including the 1980 article \\\"A Dissenting Opinion\\\" by cryptographer Jim Gillogly, and a 1982 scholarly analysis of the \\\"Beale Papers\\\" and their related story by Joe Nickell, using historical records that cast doubt on the existence of Thomas J. Beale. Nickell also presents\",\n \"title\": \"Beale ciphers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3733812\",\n \"text\": \"revived \\\"Eagle\\\", including \\\"Saddle Tramp\\\", \\\"Sergeant Streetwise\\\", \\\"Jake's Platoon\\\", \\\"The Hand\\\", and episodes of \\\"The Collector\\\". Comics work includes: Gerry Finley-Day Gerry Finley-Day (born 1947, Broughty Ferry, Dundee) is a Scottish comics writer, prolific from the 1960s to the 1980s, best known as the creator of \\\"Rogue Trooper\\\". He began his career at D.C. Thomson & Co., before becoming the editor of IPC Media's girls' title \\\"Tammy\\\" in 1971, for which he wrote strips such as \\\"Ella on Easy Street\\\" and \\\"The Camp on Candy Island\\\". Tammy's stories were full of cruelty and adversity, based on research showing that girls\",\n \"title\": \"Gerry Finley-Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6779837\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Shaw (artist) Scott Shaw (often spelled Scott Shaw! ) is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scott's comic-book work is Hanna-Barbera's \\\"The Flintstones\\\" (for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics), \\\"Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew\\\" (for DC Comics), and \\\"Simpsons Comics\\\" (for Bongo Comics). He was also the first artist for Archie Comics' \\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\" comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist. Throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Shaw (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8971414\",\n \"text\": \"of Books, as well as to its website. She has also written for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\". Drew is a former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (1972–1977). Drew was married to J. Patterson Drew from 1964 until his death in 1970 and was married to David Webster from 1981 until his death in 2003. She currently resides in Washington D.C. In 1986, the editors of \\\"Snooze: The Best of Our Magazine\\\" parodied her as \\\"Elizabeth Drone,\\\" author of a \\\"Giant Postcard From Washington.\\\" In 1989, \\\"Spy magazine\\\" labeled her as the \\\"author of too-frequent Washington columns.\\\" In 2014, President Richard\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Drew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1385100\",\n \"text\": \"in particular, incorporating fetish and bondage clothing, and her innovative style of makeup, had a lasting influence. Barker became a photographer, using the nickname 'Six'. Bertie 'Berlin' Marshall became a writer, publishing a novel, \\\"Psychoboys\\\" in 1999 and a memoir \\\"Berlin Bromley\\\" in 2001 which received favourable reviews from \\\"The Guardian\\\" and \\\"Time Out London\\\" magazine. Philip Sallon became a fixture of the British New Romantic club scene in the early 1980s alongside the likes of Steve Strange and Boy George. Bromley Contingent The Bromley Contingent were a group of followers of the Sex Pistols: they were their entourage. The\",\n \"title\": \"Bromley Contingent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743411\",\n \"text\": \"an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the \\\"decade of the spy\\\", with dozens of arrests. Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled \\\"The Traitor\\\" arguing against Pollard's release. Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for \\\"Jane's\\\", a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to \\\"Jane's\\\" because the \\\"public should be\",\n \"title\": \"Espionage Act of 1917\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6761113\",\n \"text\": \"Army Man (magazine) Army Man (tagline: \\\"America's Only Magazine\\\") was a short-lived comedy magazine published in the late 1980s by George Meyer, an acclaimed writer for \\\"The Simpsons\\\". The magazine consisted mostly of very short and very surreal jokes, along with some cartoons. Each issue also featured Jack Handey's \\\"Deep Thoughts\\\", as well as other pieces written by him. Although \\\"Army Man\\\" was never widely distributed, it gathered a lot of attention in the comedy world. Two of its writers (John Swartzwelder and Jon Vitti) were picked up alongside Meyer to be part of the original writing staff of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Army Man (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469544\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Blues Brothers\\\"), Swatch watches, and the Rubik's Cube (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and braissers all inspired by Madonna's \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" music video. The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 1980s The 1980s (pronounced \\\"nineteen-eighties\\\", commonly shortened as the \\\"'80s\\\", pronounced \\\"eighties\\\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6701295\",\n \"text\": \"a public figure has ever flung into print.\\\" The comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore depicted Driberg as a sexual predator, wearing \\\"fine fishnet stockings\\\" and cavorting with a rent boy, in a sketch, \\\"Back of the Cab\\\", which they recorded in 1977. More vituperation followed when Pincher's allegations of Driberg's links with the Russian secret service were published in 1981; Pincher christened him \\\"Lord of the Spies\\\". However, Foot dismissed these accusations as typical of the \\\"fantasies of the secret service world that seem to have taken possession of Pincher's mind\\\". Foot added that Driberg \\\"had always been much\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Driberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565628\",\n \"text\": \"the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters included Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Lucinda Williams, Patti Smith, Rickie Lee Jones, Terence Trent D'Arby, Stevie Nicks, Suzanne Vega, Cheryl Wheeler and Warren Zevon. Rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Phil Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singers. In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang and Tori Amos,\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11883040\",\n \"text\": \"ethnicities, under the umbrella of science. Studies of this type can be found in the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Although he photographed both men and women, the women were often given props like market baskets and fishing poles, making the images of women thinly disguised erotica. The first business venture of pioneering British pornographers David Sullivan and David Gold was selling soft pornography photos by mail order at the end of the 1960s. During the Victorian period, illegal pornographic periodicals such as \\\"The Pearl\\\", which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880, circulated clandestinely among circles of elite urban\",\n \"title\": \"Pornography in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762350\",\n \"text\": \"to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement. In 1976, a separate article in \\\"Time Out\\\" magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ. In 1982 James Bamford's book about the NSA, \\\"The Puzzle Palace\\\", was first published. Bamford's second book, \\\"Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency\\\", was published two decades later. In 1988 the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that \\\"targeting of U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565618\",\n \"text\": \"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660222\",\n \"text\": \"Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \\\"punk\\\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros. Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4820579\",\n \"text\": \"of that title, as well as assuming editorial duties on \\\"Ghost Rider\\\", \\\"What If...?\\\" and the Spider-Man titles, which he edited throughout the early 1980s. DeFalco worked closely with toy manufacturer Hasbro in the early 1980s, heading the creative team that \\\"produced the backstory and dossiers that served as the basis for the of the phenomenally successful G.I. Joe toy line and \\\", in 1985. As part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic titled \\\"\\\" in June 1982. DeFalco personally edited the first six issues (handing over to Denny O'Neil in January 1983), as well as assorted issues of\",\n \"title\": \"Tom DeFalco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450374\",\n \"text\": \"Daughter\\\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\" (1977) with his then-girlfriend Carole Bayer Sager, which would be nominated for an Oscar. In the 1980s, he had success with the scores for \\\"Ordinary People\\\" (1980) and \\\"Sophie's Choice\\\" (1982). He also received an Academy-Award nomination in 1986 for the film version of \\\"A Chorus Line\\\". His last projects included \\\"The Informant!\\\" (2009), starring Matt Damon and directed by Steven Soderbergh. Prior to his death, he completed his first children's book \\\"Marvin Makes Music\\\", which included the original music \\\"The Music in My Mind\\\" with words by Rupert Holmes, and the score for the\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Hamlisch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8001133\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Action Comics\\\" #581 (both cover dated July 1986). Bates was one of the contributors to the \\\"DC Challenge\\\" limited series in 1986. In 1987 and 1988, he wrote some stories for Marvel Comics' New Universe line and created the \\\"Video Jack\\\" series at Epic Comics with Keith Giffen. His post-Superman work for DC included a \\\"Captain Atom\\\" series with Pat Broderick and the \\\"Silverblade\\\" limited series with Gene Colan. His other work includes the comic strips \\\"The Lone Ranger\\\" (1980–1983), \\\"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\\\" (1981–1983), and Disney's \\\"Gargoyles\\\" during the 1990s. In 2008 he returned after a 20-year\",\n \"title\": \"Cary Bates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1781202\",\n \"text\": \"In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled \\\"Ode to a High Flying Bird\\\". Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Watts\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\\n\\nWho had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 208,\n \"origin_tokens\": 208,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\\n\\ntitle: Spy context Spy Hook Sp 19 spy novel Len Deighton. It is the first novel the of three trilogies Bernard Samson, a middle-aged somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6Spy Hook\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy succeeded by \\\"Spy Line\\\" \\\"Spy Sink\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-194 the back\\n Spy Spy Seryinker a1on. It final Bernardsonaged j intelligence working the Intelligence Service6er is part ofHookilogy preceded \\\"S Hook\\\" and Line tril is preceded byGame and Matchilogy and followed by the finalFaithity\\\" tr De'W1 nineels covering the years 1014 back\\n Spy:\\\" and is from un death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \\\"deep-cover\\\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer\\n\\nWho had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 534,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15407,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":84,"string":"84"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Eateries","Cookshop","Restuarant","Restarant","Resteraunt","Piqueteadero","Restaurant","Restaraunt","Restaurants","Resturants","Resturant","Public food facility","Eatery","Theatre restaurant","Resturaunt","Restuarent","Restauraunt","Chef's table","Resterant"],"string":"[\n \"Eateries\",\n \"Cookshop\",\n \"Restuarant\",\n \"Restarant\",\n \"Resteraunt\",\n \"Piqueteadero\",\n \"Restaurant\",\n \"Restaraunt\",\n \"Restaurants\",\n \"Resturants\",\n \"Resturant\",\n \"Public food facility\",\n \"Eatery\",\n \"Theatre restaurant\",\n \"Resturaunt\",\n \"Restuarent\",\n \"Restauraunt\",\n \"Chef's table\",\n \"Resterant\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Restaurants"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9158472","text":"a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"15159620","text":"an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or","title":"George Waters (businessman)"},{"id":"2090878","text":"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was","title":"Charge card"},{"id":"11901399","text":"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a \"revolving credit\" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the \"BankAmericard\" in Fresno,","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"2151856","text":"Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the \"black card,\" which caters to an even","title":"American Express"},{"id":"11901396","text":"Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store. In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card. They created a numbering scheme","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"3200884","text":"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be","title":"Barclaycard"},{"id":"6325922","text":"Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees. Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members only clubs. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10. The Casino Club Port Talbot in Wales — believed to be Britain's first legal casino — was established in 1961 by gambling mogul George Alfred James. James opened","title":"Gambling in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13687240","text":"that time. At the same store, until 1963, customers could drive to the corner of the parking lot to a small brick building known as the \"Dahl House\" where their groceries, already transported underground, would be available for pick up. In 1981, the Dahl's store on Ingersoll Avenue was the site of the world's first grocery purchase using a debit card. Proving successful, all stores were equipped with ATM POS terminals by 1983. Dahl's expanded into Kansas in 1979, operating two stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area until leaving that market in 1997. Founder W.T. Dahl stated in an","title":"Dahl's Foods"},{"id":"11901398","text":"plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association. The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \"general purpose\" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"9158467","text":"allow access to the fuel once the retailer's receipt had been signed for and cross checked against the signature written on the back of the card. Initially, fuel card networks were very small and based around truck roads and main haulage routes. For example, in 1983, the Keyfuels site network consisted of only seven stations. Therefore, they were initially targeted at haulage or delivery companies. A few years later, cards became embossed rather than printed. This was due to provide the cards with a greater longevity — frequent use would rub off the printed information. Due to the lack of","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"16472732","text":"female bank manager. Hilda Harding managed Barclays' Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco. Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was later permitted.","title":"Barclays"},{"id":"12939479","text":"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%","title":"Joseph P. Williams"},{"id":"1722615","text":"CVS and eight other retailers that required real keys so blind people could use the devices. Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale on the way to the exit. Many stores have a number of cash registers for checkout, possibly now including self-checkout. This requires customers to guess which line will move the fastest, if","title":"Point of sale"},{"id":"3172146","text":"importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a \"bona fide escort\" in a segregated \"Ladies and Escorts\" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947. The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol,","title":"Liquor Control Board of Ontario"},{"id":"112305","text":"and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost, just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch, even if the bank branch is closed. Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years. Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank","title":"Debit card"},{"id":"9284752","text":"and Grace Brothers. Then, food and discount retailer Coles took over Myer in 1985. Also, the discount store phenomenon was gaining momentum, with Kmart and Target expanding rapidly, and the establishment of BIG W. Another pressure was the increased availability of bank credit cards. Before 1974, when Australian banks introduced \"Bankcard\", the majority of retail purchase credit was offered by department stores through \"in house\" credit cards. John Martin's was a major credit card issuer, with their distinctive \"orange\" credit card facilitating purchases in their stores. The wide availability of credit which was not tied to a particular store gave","title":"John Martin & Co."},{"id":"2904037","text":"Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a \"Gold Card\" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"7784547","text":"withdrew from the venture. Moores persisted with family assistance and by 1932 was in a position to expand the business into mail-order retailing. The first mail-order catalogue was sent to existing subscribers to the pools and the take up – mostly women – formed 'clubs'. Effectively, they became retail agents, collecting money for goods ordered from the catalogue from friends and family and distributing goods shipped to them. The mail-order business expanded and the first Littlewoods high-street store opened in 1937 in Blackpool. Littlewoods grew as a retail and betting organisation and, at its height, there were about 22,000 employees","title":"Littlewoods"},{"id":"2151842","text":"consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American","title":"American Express"},{"id":"15981513","text":"tags to items, eliminating haggling. This allowed shorter training time for new clerks (who would no longer need to know the art of haggling nor the range of accepted prices for every item) and allowed clerks to serve more customers. Even large stores kept goods behind a counter, requiring clerks to fetch items for customers. The Piggly Wiggly chain of grocery stores was the first to become self-service in 1916, further cementing the need for price tags. Price tags soon became commonplace in Western retail stores, and haggling rare outside of proprietors and individuals selling used items. Price tag A","title":"Price tag"},{"id":"17705850","text":"on the more substantial card and typically bore the tradesmen's name and address, and before street numbering was in common use, often included a long-winded set of directions on how to locate the store or premises. With the advent of commercial engraving and lithography, illustrations became a standard feature of even the most humble trade card. Eventually trade cards evolved into business cards, which are still in use today. In June 1836, Émile de Girardin editor of the Paris newspaper \"La Presse\" was the first to rely on paid advertising to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its","title":"History of advertising"},{"id":"7869516","text":"name to TSYS Merchant Solutions. In 1953, First National's consumer finance operation launched its \"First Charge\" card which remains to this day the most profitable innovation in First National's long history. The bank issued a simple little card, which was nothing more than a white piece of plasticized paper, complete with a green logo, and an inscription which spelled \"First Charge Account Service\" and a red number which served to identify the cardholder. First Bankcard is one of the top three banks serving the credit card needs of other financial institutions, including Union Bank of California and People's Bank. First","title":"First National Bank of Omaha"},{"id":"16276229","text":"age of the modern „drug, sundries & household wares\" chain-store model with hired / contracted professional in house pharmacists. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, just across the street from the original Broadway Department Store. By 1942, they operated 58 chain stores in and around the greater L.A. area, which also served as a business model that most all other large corporate drug store chains would follow. With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first","title":"History of pharmacy in the United States"},{"id":"7305291","text":"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,","title":"Bank card"},{"id":"12192437","text":"to socialise that was not a pub or an inn. Tearooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal — without a male escort — without risk to their reputations. Tea rooms catered for all classes of society. In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company opened the first of what would grow to be known as A.B.C. Tea Shops. The idea came from a London-based \"manageress\" at ABC \"who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tearoom on the","title":"Tea in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"2151843","text":"Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be","title":"American Express"},{"id":"12372286","text":"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term \"credit card\" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book \"Looking Backward\". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit","title":"Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp."},{"id":"11600342","text":"companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \"carder\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept the delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often","title":"Credit card fraud"},{"id":"1459876","text":"number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005. In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an \"internet only\" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4 million a year in administration costs. This move came at a time when approximately half of the British","title":"Sainsbury's"},{"id":"2760926","text":"is no longer accepted. The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's \"Future Ticketing Programme\". TfL was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank","title":"Oyster card"},{"id":"5701027","text":"of visitors each year. California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard. If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world,","title":"Economy of California"},{"id":"6226704","text":"industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution. In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification, and in 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard. On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop. In 1976, the original 12-digit code was","title":"GS1"},{"id":"3736810","text":"pie. Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown","title":"Marshall Field's"},{"id":"11901393","text":"a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo. The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"628818","text":"with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor cost, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out. In the early days of retailing, products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This offered opportunities for social interaction: many","title":"Supermarket"},{"id":"12473956","text":"refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym \"Student\" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's \"t\"-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's \"t\"-test. By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000","title":"Guinness"},{"id":"2292189","text":"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they","title":"Trade card"},{"id":"3308253","text":"The Kmart Mags Pangilinan Cash Card was the first replacement for cash returns when a shopper did not have a receipt for a gift. This practice of giving a cash card in place of cash for non-receipted returns is common place today with most merchants. From these early introductions, other retailers began to adapt a giftcard program to replace their gift certificate programs. A gift card may resemble a credit card or display a specific theme on a plastic card the size of a credit card. The card is identified by a specific number or code, not usually with an","title":"Gift card"},{"id":"2492940","text":"1,000th store in 1928, gross business had reached $190,000,000 (equivalent to $ in 2019). In 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa. Walton later went on to found future retailer Walmart in 1962. By 1941, J. C. Penney operated 1,600 stores in all 48 states. In 1956, J. C. Penney started national advertising with a series of advertisements in \"Life\" magazine. J. C. Penney credit cards were first issued in 1959. In 1962, J. C. Penney entered discount merchandising with the acquisition of General Merchandise Company which gave them The Treasury stores. These","title":"J. C. Penney"},{"id":"4111653","text":"Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a company product (with provision for receiving a \"free\" UPC) for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes parlors, which began to appear in the US around 2005, are establishments that offer chances to win cash prizes as a promotion for a product, usually either a telephone card or Internet access. Sweepstakes must be carefully planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud and abuse. Before home computers were popular, a common method of entry was a mailed, plain 3\" × 5\" index card with the entrant's","title":"Sweepstake"},{"id":"6916826","text":"for more than 40 years. In 1973, the grocery industry came together to agree on one way of doing business by adopting the U.P.C. barcode to drive speed and efficiency at retail check out. This cooperation marked the beginning of GS1 US. Here is a timeline of GS1 US history: 1973 – The formation of the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) 1974 – First live scan of a U.P.C. barcode with numbering system administered by the UPCC. The first scan was a 10-pack of gum in a supermarket in Ohio. 1983 – UPCC adds the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards","title":"GS1 US"},{"id":"2904032","text":"establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the \"member card\" arena, providing millions","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"430251","text":"high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care'","title":"Tandy Corporation"},{"id":"256381","text":"in the UK is one of the most significant in the world, with most major chains operating some form of reward system. Passcard has been claimed to be the first reward scheme or discount card, created around by Gary Wilson in 1981 and later known as Passkey. One of the first loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed to be the Sainsbury's Homebase Spend and Save Card in 1982. Of the \"big four\" supermarkets, Sainsburys and Tesco and Morrisons operate loyalty cards for general supermarket shopping.Tesco's Clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money. When","title":"Loyalty program"},{"id":"5858937","text":"Guichard took a trip to North America to observe growing trends. He discovered the self-service store concept. A year later, Casino opened its first self-service store in Saint-Étienne. Over a period of 10 years, 500 branches adopted this new sales principle. In 1950, one of the first cooling systems was put in place in distribution. There again, it was a type of innovation observed in the USA. Gradually, warehouses were equipped with cooling chambers and refrigerated coolers. In 1959, Casino was the first distributor to display a sell-by date on its products. This was made compulsory in December 1984 with","title":"Groupe Casino"},{"id":"10751840","text":"launched their own version dubbed the Chargex Credit card. Subsequently, the deal with the West brothers collapsed and their business collapsed as their idea took on a new life without them. Medi Script Medi Script was North America’s first instant credit system. Developed in 1965-67 by the West brothers in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, the system was designed to provide consumer credit at the retail store level, something that did not exist at that point in history. At that time the Canadian chartered banks controlled all the legal credit granting ability with the exception of vehicle fuel companies like the Esso","title":"Medi Script"},{"id":"6922672","text":"and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26, 1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, became the first grocery store in the world to use a bar code scanner. The first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. One of the first scanners used to scan bar codes at the supermarket can now be found in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In early 1994, Marsh introduced a card-based customer loyalty program called the \"Marsh Fresh IDEA (Instant Discounts Electronically Applied) Card\" in which discounts are sometimes based on the cardholder's buying habits and are issued","title":"Marsh Supermarkets"},{"id":"2189352","text":"computer access, door access, car access), internet transactions or to log into a restricted website. The PIN originated with the introduction of the ATM in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of Barclays in London, in 1967; it accepted cheques with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque. 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security. In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded","title":"Personal identification number"},{"id":"1657037","text":"first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status of a seaside resort grew after a visit from Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and Southend Pier was constructed. From the 1960s onwards, the town declined as a holiday destination, Southend redeveloped itself as the home of the Access credit card, due to it having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. After the 1960s, much of the town centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. An annual seafront airshow, started in","title":"Southend-on-Sea"},{"id":"16050876","text":"added because the owner objected. The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to","title":"Oldest McDonald's restaurant"},{"id":"3794593","text":"Bankcard Bankcard was a shared brand credit card issued by financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand between 1974 and 2006. It was managed by the \"Bankcard Association of Australia\", a joint venture of Australia's largest banks, and was the nation's first mass market credit card. Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy. In the first decade after its introduction, Bankcard dominated the Australian credit card market, with more than 5 million cardholders at its peak in 1984. As a result of","title":"Bankcard"},{"id":"2904043","text":"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"9158471","text":"appearance of dedicated account management. While most fuel card suppliers handle customer queries via random-operator call centres, customer preference is increasingly for a named individual to handle their business. Respected publication \"Fleet News\" reported in July 2008 that more than a quarter of fleet managers are unhappy with the level of service offered by their fuel card supplier. The advent of fleet cards can be traced back to the 1960s and 70s when key stops/key locks and stand alone card locks were used by independent marketers and filling station owners. A Key Stop or Key Lock fuel control system was","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"1944051","text":"may sell six-packs of beer \"to-go\" in original (sealed) containers by obtaining a take-out license. New Jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars, and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on-premises sales of alcoholic beverages are allowed. During the 19th century, drinking establishments were called \"saloons\". In the American Old West the most popular establishment in town was usually the Western saloon. Many of these Western saloons survive, though their services and features have changed with the times. Newer establishments have sometimes been built in Western saloon style for a","title":"Bar"},{"id":"15151026","text":"Canada, one to the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and the other to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1961 the Royal Bank of Canada was the first bank in Canada to introduce computers for its operations, followed by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1962. It was soon followed by the other large Canadian banks, including the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Bank of Nova Scotia. When they introduced the credit card about the same time these records were kept on large central computers as well. It was this experience with large computer systems linking hundreds of branch","title":"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"},{"id":"5172250","text":"during the 1940s.[4] In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997. Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware as well as the Strawbridge & Clothier store at Exton Square Mall. The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.","title":"Strawbridge's"},{"id":"2904033","text":"of customers with cards that require the monthly balance to be paid in full. Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club also faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later renamed Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (later renamed MasterCard). Diners Club began early on to allow franchises of the Diners Club name, at first in Europe and later throughout the world, for many years eclipsing the BankAmericard or Interbank Master Charge networks abroad. Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, better known publicly as Amoco, also issued, for a time, its own","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"17226226","text":"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced","title":"McDonald's New Zealand"},{"id":"1924884","text":"Vending machine A vending machine is an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria,","title":"Vending machine"},{"id":"4194817","text":"attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses. Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as \"the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant.\" Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona \"Phostint\" postcards are collected worldwide. Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is attributed with creating the first \"chain\" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the \"founding father of the American service industry.\" A \"Fred Harvey Museum\" is","title":"Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)"},{"id":"2613591","text":"method, the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card. For more details of this (specifically, the system being implemented in the UK) see Chip and PIN, below. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather","title":"EMV"},{"id":"2151859","text":"earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included \"The Knot\" and \"The Nest\" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with","title":"American Express"},{"id":"6892214","text":"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as \"mini ATMs\", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969.","title":"Payment card"},{"id":"9130786","text":"the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \"blue light\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts","title":"Franklin Simon"},{"id":"3200885","text":"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm","title":"Barclaycard"},{"id":"2904028","text":"Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"8291231","text":"Western saloon A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, miners and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a \"watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill\". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers. By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were \"about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses\". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than gambling houses, brothels, and opium","title":"Western saloon"},{"id":"7056714","text":"and cheddar sandwiches, and turnovers. Burger King added a value menu in 1998 with items priced at 99¢ (USD), . In 2002 and 2006, BK revamped its value menu, adding and removing products at 99¢, and later increasing some prices to $1.39. Many of these items have since been discontinued, modified or relegated to a regional menu option. The Burger King Whopper was the very first 99 cent burger and it revolutionized the 99 cent menu in the fast food industry. After numerous attempts beginning in 1991, experimenting with a variety of menus and pricing strategies, McDonald's launched its first","title":"Value menu"},{"id":"18640473","text":"federal law that required all retailers to charge the same price for certain items. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. In 1893, 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising. Most sold patent medicines, which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th","title":"American business history"},{"id":"1839956","text":"Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \"drop\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of","title":"Visa Inc."},{"id":"628821","text":"entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in 1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and","title":"Supermarket"},{"id":"754778","text":"example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907,","title":"Shopping"},{"id":"2904036","text":"and Canada then featured a MasterCard logo and 16-digit account number on the front, and could be used wherever MasterCards were accepted. Cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the MasterCard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, these cards have had the Discover logo on the back. Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"15151069","text":"suburban strip malls. In 2003 the popularity of DVD surpassed VHS and by 2006 the technology had become obsolete. The introduction of the credit card complimented the appearance of the shopping mall. In 1968 a number of Canadian banks including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce began issuing the Chargex credit card to customers. In 1977 these cards were reissued by the same banks under the VISA brand name. The MasterCard credit card became available to Canadians in 1973. The booming growth of the suburbs led","title":"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"},{"id":"11901397","text":"that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could \"buy now, and pay later\" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941, about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"12275329","text":"Foodmaster supermarkets were primarily located in shopping centers with other stores. It was unique in terms of its employee dress code. Cashiers and service and grocery clerks were required to wear a black apron, a white collared shirt, and a black bow tie. Also unique was its use of a conveyor belt/rollers for customers’ purchases in early years. Paper bags of groceries were loaded into Postal Service type baskets and sent through a front opening to customers’ cars with the help of employees. John DeJesus Sr. opened his first store in East Cambridge, MA in 1947. At the time of","title":"Johnnie's Foodmaster"},{"id":"279447","text":"member-owned chain, although the modern Best Western operation shares many of the characteristics (such as centralized purchasing and reservation systems) of the later franchise systems. The earliest motel chains, proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture, were born in the 1930s. The first of these were ownership chains, in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand. Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts, founded 1929 in East Waco, Texas, was the first such chain with seven motor courts by 1936 and more than twenty by 1955. With Simmons furniture, Beautyrest mattresses","title":"Motel"},{"id":"20107135","text":"used in Home shopping channels including QVC and HSN. Primedia was one of the first to use toll-free telephone numbers in television ads to allow use of credit cards to order products in real-time. The company is a media buying and marketing firm based in Warwick, Rhode Island. PriMedia Inc PriMedia Inc is a media buying and marketing firm based in Rhode Island, U.S. The company was founded by Edward Valenti, James J. Cooney and Barry Becher, and helped pioneer infomercials, the use of credit cards and 800 numbers on Television ads, and the 30-minute infomercial format on shopping channels","title":"PriMedia Inc"},{"id":"1437706","text":"location to use the intercom concept for drive-up windows. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, a hamburger stand focused on drive-through service. While the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive-up window; while one customer was being served at the window, a second and even a third customer's order could be taken and prepared. A giant clown projected from the","title":"Jack in the Box"},{"id":"4890892","text":"originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now-defunct \"Toronto Telegram\" indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it \"Harvey's\" — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store. The first Harvey's location was","title":"Harvey's"},{"id":"6547237","text":"for smaller denominations. Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. (These receipts - often nicknamed \"TITOs\" for Ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines.) In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets. Staff tokens were issued to staff of businesses in lieu of coins. In the 19th century the argument supporting payment to staff was the shortage of coin in","title":"Token coin"},{"id":"2138814","text":"operations than to divide its customer base. Furthermore, the demise of Simpsons came at a time when the Hudson's Bay Company was seriously controlling its operating costs in preparation of an eventual entrance to Canada by American giant Wal-Mart which was already conquering the retail landscape in its country and attracting Canadians living close to the border. While the Simpsons chain ceased to exist in 1991, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to accept Simpsons credit cards in its Bay and Zellers stores until the company launched the HBC credit card in 2001. The Simpsons store on Queen Street West in","title":"Simpsons (department store)"},{"id":"15570308","text":"Amazon introduced the first public cloud computing service. It gave anyone with a credit card the ability to turn up computers on demand. Amazon managed the computers, the storage, and the bandwidth. Other vendors including Google, Rackspace, and Microsoft soon followed. It wasn't long before telephony services began migrating into the cloud. Cloud-based call recording services follow one of three models: The earliest services used the \"calling card\" model, making use of telephony service wholesalers. A sophisticated \"device-based redirect\" solutions appeared in the UK in 2009 to address newly introduced regulatory requirements. The first \"cloud-bridge\" service was introduced in the","title":"Call-recording services"},{"id":"5335370","text":"They realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception. The A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The term itself, a play on the word \"bellhop\", was not used in print until 1937. Women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most American men left their jobs to join the military and restaurants quickly discovered that a pretty girl","title":"Carhop"},{"id":"3221121","text":"Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers. In 1959, sportsman Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League. Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denies that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of","title":"Barron Hilton"},{"id":"2292188","text":"evolved in different ways in Britain, America and Europe, giving rise to wide variation in their format and design. The characteristic features of a trade card are that it is a small printed item, used by merchants and traders to give to their customers for their use as an aid to memory. Trade cards were sufficiently small so that they could be carried in the gentleman's pocket or lady's purse. In its original sense, the \"trade\" in \"trade card\" refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. Trade cards were","title":"Trade card"},{"id":"18153525","text":"out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers. In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson. In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation. Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales. It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card. In 1996, J.C. Penney","title":"History of Target Corporation"},{"id":"2090877","text":"that do not need to be paid in full every month. There is no late fee payable so long as the minimum payment is made at specified intervals (usually every thirty days). The balance of the account accrues interest, which may be backdated to the date of initial purchase. Charge cards are typically issued without spending limits, but credit cards usually have a specified credit limit that the cardholder may not exceed. Though originally charge account identification was paper-based, in 1959 American Express became the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards to ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Cards","title":"Charge card"},{"id":"17978929","text":"Lutz was the first one to sell it. But it's like how people claim they saw Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game or were at Woodstock. The landscape is littered with salesmen who say, 'Oh yeah, I was the first one to bring that in.' The first PBR I ever had was at the Jockey Club, this really old-school punk-rock bar on Killingsworth. As far as the very first ones, there was the Lutz and EJ's, and it's always been our thought that Lutz was first. In 2003, \"Willamette Week\" published an image of a man drinking Pabst at Lutz with a","title":"Lutz Tavern"},{"id":"3308251","text":"whereas in the United States about US$80 billion was paid for gift cards in 2006. The recipient of a gift card can use it at their discretion within the restrictions set by the issue, for example as to validity period and businesses that accept a particular card. The first giftcard using a payments infrastructure was introduced by Neiman Marcus in late 1994, though Blockbuster Entertainment was the first company to do so at a wide scale, test-marketing them in 1995 and launching them around the country the next year. In the beginning, the Blockbuster giftcard replaced gift certificates that were","title":"Gift card"},{"id":"14851174","text":"countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \"carder\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence. Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features","title":"Card not present transaction"},{"id":"482267","text":"the UK. England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade. Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee. The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968. In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant","title":"KFC"},{"id":"5371844","text":"large enough that it was relocated to the ground floor. Over time more products were added, and by 1969, Ann & Hope was a $40 million per year operation. Ann & Hope was one of the first self-service department stores, in which customers could look at items without sales personnel, and also was one of the first to use shopping carts in a department store. The original mill location also featured a large parking area, which was not common at the time, as well as a basement level with even more merchandise. A special shopping cart conveyor was operated by","title":"Ann & Hope"},{"id":"1577680","text":"F. W. Woolworth Company The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as \"Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store\" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster,","title":"F. W. Woolworth Company"},{"id":"6419214","text":"in downtown Portland. Differences of opinion between the brothers led to Henry's departure from the partnership, and over time, Meyer expanded Mybros into the Fred Meyer chain of supermarkets and department stores. A \"self-service drugstore\" that Meyer opened in 1928 in downtown Portland was considered the first of its kind in the nation. Meyer introduced innovative marketing concepts; he is often credited as one of the originators of the \"one-stop shopping\" concept, when in 1931, he built the Hollywood Fred Meyer, his first full-block megastore on Northeast Sandy Boulevard at 42nd Avenue in Portland (now a Rite Aid since the","title":"Fred G. Meyer"},{"id":"1767653","text":"noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card—popularly known as the","title":"Citibank"},{"id":"112379","text":"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the \"Barclays Connect\" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as","title":"Debit card"},{"id":"3412087","text":"System. Despite being sold to John Hertz, Jacobs continued to serve as president and chief operating officer of Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System until 1961. After three years of ownership, John Hertz sold the rental car brand to General Motors Corporation in 1926, who later purchased the remaining shares of Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company in 1943. Under the ownership of General Motors, the company released the first rental car charge card in 1926, opened its first rental car location at Chicago's Midway Airport in 1932, and introduced the first one-way rental plan in 1933. Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System expanded services to","title":"The Hertz Corporation"},{"id":"256383","text":"personal details are not collected so purchases appear not to be tracked. Vouchers are delivered at point of sale. After trials in 1994, Tesco launched its Clubcard program, the UK's first nationwide supermarket-only loyalty card scheme, in 1995 with dunnhumby. Sainsbury's launched its Reward Card in 1996. This was replaced by the Nectar card in 2002, which was launched in partnership with other major brands. Boots UK began planning a loyalty card in November 1993, but building a CRM-focussed loyalty program. With an investment in excess of GB£30 million, the Boots Advantage Card, launched in 1997, is the largest smart","title":"Loyalty program"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9158472\",\n \"text\": \"a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15159620\",\n \"text\": \"an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or\",\n \"title\": \"George Waters (businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2090878\",\n \"text\": \"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was\",\n \"title\": \"Charge card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901399\",\n \"text\": \"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a \\\"revolving credit\\\" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the \\\"BankAmericard\\\" in Fresno,\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151856\",\n \"text\": \"Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the \\\"black card,\\\" which caters to an even\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901396\",\n \"text\": \"Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store. In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card. They created a numbering scheme\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200884\",\n \"text\": \"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be\",\n \"title\": \"Barclaycard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6325922\",\n \"text\": \"Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees. Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members only clubs. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10. The Casino Club Port Talbot in Wales — believed to be Britain's first legal casino — was established in 1961 by gambling mogul George Alfred James. James opened\",\n \"title\": \"Gambling in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13687240\",\n \"text\": \"that time. At the same store, until 1963, customers could drive to the corner of the parking lot to a small brick building known as the \\\"Dahl House\\\" where their groceries, already transported underground, would be available for pick up. In 1981, the Dahl's store on Ingersoll Avenue was the site of the world's first grocery purchase using a debit card. Proving successful, all stores were equipped with ATM POS terminals by 1983. Dahl's expanded into Kansas in 1979, operating two stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area until leaving that market in 1997. Founder W.T. Dahl stated in an\",\n \"title\": \"Dahl's Foods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901398\",\n \"text\": \"plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association. The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \\\"general purpose\\\" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9158467\",\n \"text\": \"allow access to the fuel once the retailer's receipt had been signed for and cross checked against the signature written on the back of the card. Initially, fuel card networks were very small and based around truck roads and main haulage routes. For example, in 1983, the Keyfuels site network consisted of only seven stations. Therefore, they were initially targeted at haulage or delivery companies. A few years later, cards became embossed rather than printed. This was due to provide the cards with a greater longevity — frequent use would rub off the printed information. Due to the lack of\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16472732\",\n \"text\": \"female bank manager. Hilda Harding managed Barclays' Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco. Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was later permitted.\",\n \"title\": \"Barclays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12939479\",\n \"text\": \"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph P. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722615\",\n \"text\": \"CVS and eight other retailers that required real keys so blind people could use the devices. Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale on the way to the exit. Many stores have a number of cash registers for checkout, possibly now including self-checkout. This requires customers to guess which line will move the fastest, if\",\n \"title\": \"Point of sale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3172146\",\n \"text\": \"importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a \\\"bona fide escort\\\" in a segregated \\\"Ladies and Escorts\\\" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947. The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol,\",\n \"title\": \"Liquor Control Board of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112305\",\n \"text\": \"and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost, just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch, even if the bank branch is closed. Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years. Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank\",\n \"title\": \"Debit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9284752\",\n \"text\": \"and Grace Brothers. Then, food and discount retailer Coles took over Myer in 1985. Also, the discount store phenomenon was gaining momentum, with Kmart and Target expanding rapidly, and the establishment of BIG W. Another pressure was the increased availability of bank credit cards. Before 1974, when Australian banks introduced \\\"Bankcard\\\", the majority of retail purchase credit was offered by department stores through \\\"in house\\\" credit cards. John Martin's was a major credit card issuer, with their distinctive \\\"orange\\\" credit card facilitating purchases in their stores. The wide availability of credit which was not tied to a particular store gave\",\n \"title\": \"John Martin & Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904037\",\n \"text\": \"Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a \\\"Gold Card\\\" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7784547\",\n \"text\": \"withdrew from the venture. Moores persisted with family assistance and by 1932 was in a position to expand the business into mail-order retailing. The first mail-order catalogue was sent to existing subscribers to the pools and the take up – mostly women – formed 'clubs'. Effectively, they became retail agents, collecting money for goods ordered from the catalogue from friends and family and distributing goods shipped to them. The mail-order business expanded and the first Littlewoods high-street store opened in 1937 in Blackpool. Littlewoods grew as a retail and betting organisation and, at its height, there were about 22,000 employees\",\n \"title\": \"Littlewoods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151842\",\n \"text\": \"consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15981513\",\n \"text\": \"tags to items, eliminating haggling. This allowed shorter training time for new clerks (who would no longer need to know the art of haggling nor the range of accepted prices for every item) and allowed clerks to serve more customers. Even large stores kept goods behind a counter, requiring clerks to fetch items for customers. The Piggly Wiggly chain of grocery stores was the first to become self-service in 1916, further cementing the need for price tags. Price tags soon became commonplace in Western retail stores, and haggling rare outside of proprietors and individuals selling used items. Price tag A\",\n \"title\": \"Price tag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17705850\",\n \"text\": \"on the more substantial card and typically bore the tradesmen's name and address, and before street numbering was in common use, often included a long-winded set of directions on how to locate the store or premises. With the advent of commercial engraving and lithography, illustrations became a standard feature of even the most humble trade card. Eventually trade cards evolved into business cards, which are still in use today. In June 1836, Émile de Girardin editor of the Paris newspaper \\\"La Presse\\\" was the first to rely on paid advertising to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its\",\n \"title\": \"History of advertising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7869516\",\n \"text\": \"name to TSYS Merchant Solutions. In 1953, First National's consumer finance operation launched its \\\"First Charge\\\" card which remains to this day the most profitable innovation in First National's long history. The bank issued a simple little card, which was nothing more than a white piece of plasticized paper, complete with a green logo, and an inscription which spelled \\\"First Charge Account Service\\\" and a red number which served to identify the cardholder. First Bankcard is one of the top three banks serving the credit card needs of other financial institutions, including Union Bank of California and People's Bank. First\",\n \"title\": \"First National Bank of Omaha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16276229\",\n \"text\": \"age of the modern „drug, sundries & household wares\\\" chain-store model with hired / contracted professional in house pharmacists. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, just across the street from the original Broadway Department Store. By 1942, they operated 58 chain stores in and around the greater L.A. area, which also served as a business model that most all other large corporate drug store chains would follow. With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first\",\n \"title\": \"History of pharmacy in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7305291\",\n \"text\": \"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,\",\n \"title\": \"Bank card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12192437\",\n \"text\": \"to socialise that was not a pub or an inn. Tearooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal — without a male escort — without risk to their reputations. Tea rooms catered for all classes of society. In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company opened the first of what would grow to be known as A.B.C. Tea Shops. The idea came from a London-based \\\"manageress\\\" at ABC \\\"who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tearoom on the\",\n \"title\": \"Tea in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151843\",\n \"text\": \"Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12372286\",\n \"text\": \"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term \\\"credit card\\\" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book \\\"Looking Backward\\\". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit\",\n \"title\": \"Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11600342\",\n \"text\": \"companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \\\"carder\\\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept the delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card fraud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1459876\",\n \"text\": \"number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005. In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an \\\"internet only\\\" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4 million a year in administration costs. This move came at a time when approximately half of the British\",\n \"title\": \"Sainsbury's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2760926\",\n \"text\": \"is no longer accepted. The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's \\\"Future Ticketing Programme\\\". TfL was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank\",\n \"title\": \"Oyster card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701027\",\n \"text\": \"of visitors each year. California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard. If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6226704\",\n \"text\": \"industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution. In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification, and in 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard. On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop. In 1976, the original 12-digit code was\",\n \"title\": \"GS1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3736810\",\n \"text\": \"pie. Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \\\"book signing.\\\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown\",\n \"title\": \"Marshall Field's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901393\",\n \"text\": \"a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo. The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628818\",\n \"text\": \"with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor cost, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out. In the early days of retailing, products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This offered opportunities for social interaction: many\",\n \"title\": \"Supermarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12473956\",\n \"text\": \"refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym \\\"Student\\\" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's \\\"t\\\"-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's \\\"t\\\"-test. By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000\",\n \"title\": \"Guinness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292189\",\n \"text\": \"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they\",\n \"title\": \"Trade card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3308253\",\n \"text\": \"The Kmart Mags Pangilinan Cash Card was the first replacement for cash returns when a shopper did not have a receipt for a gift. This practice of giving a cash card in place of cash for non-receipted returns is common place today with most merchants. From these early introductions, other retailers began to adapt a giftcard program to replace their gift certificate programs. A gift card may resemble a credit card or display a specific theme on a plastic card the size of a credit card. The card is identified by a specific number or code, not usually with an\",\n \"title\": \"Gift card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2492940\",\n \"text\": \"1,000th store in 1928, gross business had reached $190,000,000 (equivalent to $ in 2019). In 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa. Walton later went on to found future retailer Walmart in 1962. By 1941, J. C. Penney operated 1,600 stores in all 48 states. In 1956, J. C. Penney started national advertising with a series of advertisements in \\\"Life\\\" magazine. J. C. Penney credit cards were first issued in 1959. In 1962, J. C. Penney entered discount merchandising with the acquisition of General Merchandise Company which gave them The Treasury stores. These\",\n \"title\": \"J. C. Penney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4111653\",\n \"text\": \"Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a company product (with provision for receiving a \\\"free\\\" UPC) for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes parlors, which began to appear in the US around 2005, are establishments that offer chances to win cash prizes as a promotion for a product, usually either a telephone card or Internet access. Sweepstakes must be carefully planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud and abuse. Before home computers were popular, a common method of entry was a mailed, plain 3\\\" × 5\\\" index card with the entrant's\",\n \"title\": \"Sweepstake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6916826\",\n \"text\": \"for more than 40 years. In 1973, the grocery industry came together to agree on one way of doing business by adopting the U.P.C. barcode to drive speed and efficiency at retail check out. This cooperation marked the beginning of GS1 US. Here is a timeline of GS1 US history: 1973 – The formation of the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) 1974 – First live scan of a U.P.C. barcode with numbering system administered by the UPCC. The first scan was a 10-pack of gum in a supermarket in Ohio. 1983 – UPCC adds the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards\",\n \"title\": \"GS1 US\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904032\",\n \"text\": \"establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the \\\"member card\\\" arena, providing millions\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"430251\",\n \"text\": \"high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care'\",\n \"title\": \"Tandy Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"256381\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK is one of the most significant in the world, with most major chains operating some form of reward system. Passcard has been claimed to be the first reward scheme or discount card, created around by Gary Wilson in 1981 and later known as Passkey. One of the first loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed to be the Sainsbury's Homebase Spend and Save Card in 1982. Of the \\\"big four\\\" supermarkets, Sainsburys and Tesco and Morrisons operate loyalty cards for general supermarket shopping.Tesco's Clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money. When\",\n \"title\": \"Loyalty program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5858937\",\n \"text\": \"Guichard took a trip to North America to observe growing trends. He discovered the self-service store concept. A year later, Casino opened its first self-service store in Saint-Étienne. Over a period of 10 years, 500 branches adopted this new sales principle. In 1950, one of the first cooling systems was put in place in distribution. There again, it was a type of innovation observed in the USA. Gradually, warehouses were equipped with cooling chambers and refrigerated coolers. In 1959, Casino was the first distributor to display a sell-by date on its products. This was made compulsory in December 1984 with\",\n \"title\": \"Groupe Casino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751840\",\n \"text\": \"launched their own version dubbed the Chargex Credit card. Subsequently, the deal with the West brothers collapsed and their business collapsed as their idea took on a new life without them. Medi Script Medi Script was North America’s first instant credit system. Developed in 1965-67 by the West brothers in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, the system was designed to provide consumer credit at the retail store level, something that did not exist at that point in history. At that time the Canadian chartered banks controlled all the legal credit granting ability with the exception of vehicle fuel companies like the Esso\",\n \"title\": \"Medi Script\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6922672\",\n \"text\": \"and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26, 1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, became the first grocery store in the world to use a bar code scanner. The first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. One of the first scanners used to scan bar codes at the supermarket can now be found in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In early 1994, Marsh introduced a card-based customer loyalty program called the \\\"Marsh Fresh IDEA (Instant Discounts Electronically Applied) Card\\\" in which discounts are sometimes based on the cardholder's buying habits and are issued\",\n \"title\": \"Marsh Supermarkets\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2189352\",\n \"text\": \"computer access, door access, car access), internet transactions or to log into a restricted website. The PIN originated with the introduction of the ATM in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of Barclays in London, in 1967; it accepted cheques with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque. 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security. In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Personal identification number\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1657037\",\n \"text\": \"first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status of a seaside resort grew after a visit from Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and Southend Pier was constructed. From the 1960s onwards, the town declined as a holiday destination, Southend redeveloped itself as the home of the Access credit card, due to it having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. After the 1960s, much of the town centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. An annual seafront airshow, started in\",\n \"title\": \"Southend-on-Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16050876\",\n \"text\": \"added because the owner objected. The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to\",\n \"title\": \"Oldest McDonald's restaurant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3794593\",\n \"text\": \"Bankcard Bankcard was a shared brand credit card issued by financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand between 1974 and 2006. It was managed by the \\\"Bankcard Association of Australia\\\", a joint venture of Australia's largest banks, and was the nation's first mass market credit card. Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy. In the first decade after its introduction, Bankcard dominated the Australian credit card market, with more than 5 million cardholders at its peak in 1984. As a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Bankcard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904043\",\n \"text\": \"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9158471\",\n \"text\": \"appearance of dedicated account management. While most fuel card suppliers handle customer queries via random-operator call centres, customer preference is increasingly for a named individual to handle their business. Respected publication \\\"Fleet News\\\" reported in July 2008 that more than a quarter of fleet managers are unhappy with the level of service offered by their fuel card supplier. The advent of fleet cards can be traced back to the 1960s and 70s when key stops/key locks and stand alone card locks were used by independent marketers and filling station owners. A Key Stop or Key Lock fuel control system was\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944051\",\n \"text\": \"may sell six-packs of beer \\\"to-go\\\" in original (sealed) containers by obtaining a take-out license. New Jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars, and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on-premises sales of alcoholic beverages are allowed. During the 19th century, drinking establishments were called \\\"saloons\\\". In the American Old West the most popular establishment in town was usually the Western saloon. Many of these Western saloons survive, though their services and features have changed with the times. Newer establishments have sometimes been built in Western saloon style for a\",\n \"title\": \"Bar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15151026\",\n \"text\": \"Canada, one to the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and the other to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1961 the Royal Bank of Canada was the first bank in Canada to introduce computers for its operations, followed by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1962. It was soon followed by the other large Canadian banks, including the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Bank of Nova Scotia. When they introduced the credit card about the same time these records were kept on large central computers as well. It was this experience with large computer systems linking hundreds of branch\",\n \"title\": \"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172250\",\n \"text\": \"during the 1940s.[4] In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997. Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware as well as the Strawbridge & Clothier store at Exton Square Mall. The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.\",\n \"title\": \"Strawbridge's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904033\",\n \"text\": \"of customers with cards that require the monthly balance to be paid in full. Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club also faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later renamed Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (later renamed MasterCard). Diners Club began early on to allow franchises of the Diners Club name, at first in Europe and later throughout the world, for many years eclipsing the BankAmericard or Interbank Master Charge networks abroad. Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, better known publicly as Amoco, also issued, for a time, its own\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17226226\",\n \"text\": \"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced\",\n \"title\": \"McDonald's New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1924884\",\n \"text\": \"Vending machine A vending machine is an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria,\",\n \"title\": \"Vending machine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4194817\",\n \"text\": \"attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses. Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as \\\"the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant.\\\" Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona \\\"Phostint\\\" postcards are collected worldwide. Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is attributed with creating the first \\\"chain\\\" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the \\\"founding father of the American service industry.\\\" A \\\"Fred Harvey Museum\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2613591\",\n \"text\": \"method, the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card. For more details of this (specifically, the system being implemented in the UK) see Chip and PIN, below. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather\",\n \"title\": \"EMV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151859\",\n \"text\": \"earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included \\\"The Knot\\\" and \\\"The Nest\\\" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6892214\",\n \"text\": \"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as \\\"mini ATMs\\\", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969.\",\n \"title\": \"Payment card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9130786\",\n \"text\": \"the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \\\"blue light\\\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200885\",\n \"text\": \"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm\",\n \"title\": \"Barclaycard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904028\",\n \"text\": \"Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8291231\",\n \"text\": \"Western saloon A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, miners and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a \\\"watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill\\\". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers. By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were \\\"about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses\\\". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than gambling houses, brothels, and opium\",\n \"title\": \"Western saloon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7056714\",\n \"text\": \"and cheddar sandwiches, and turnovers. Burger King added a value menu in 1998 with items priced at 99¢ (USD), . In 2002 and 2006, BK revamped its value menu, adding and removing products at 99¢, and later increasing some prices to $1.39. Many of these items have since been discontinued, modified or relegated to a regional menu option. The Burger King Whopper was the very first 99 cent burger and it revolutionized the 99 cent menu in the fast food industry. After numerous attempts beginning in 1991, experimenting with a variety of menus and pricing strategies, McDonald's launched its first\",\n \"title\": \"Value menu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18640473\",\n \"text\": \"federal law that required all retailers to charge the same price for certain items. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. In 1893, 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising. Most sold patent medicines, which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th\",\n \"title\": \"American business history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1839956\",\n \"text\": \"Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \\\"drop\\\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of\",\n \"title\": \"Visa Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628821\",\n \"text\": \"entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in 1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and\",\n \"title\": \"Supermarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"754778\",\n \"text\": \"example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907,\",\n \"title\": \"Shopping\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904036\",\n \"text\": \"and Canada then featured a MasterCard logo and 16-digit account number on the front, and could be used wherever MasterCards were accepted. Cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the MasterCard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, these cards have had the Discover logo on the back. Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15151069\",\n \"text\": \"suburban strip malls. In 2003 the popularity of DVD surpassed VHS and by 2006 the technology had become obsolete. The introduction of the credit card complimented the appearance of the shopping mall. In 1968 a number of Canadian banks including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce began issuing the Chargex credit card to customers. In 1977 these cards were reissued by the same banks under the VISA brand name. The MasterCard credit card became available to Canadians in 1973. The booming growth of the suburbs led\",\n \"title\": \"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901397\",\n \"text\": \"that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could \\\"buy now, and pay later\\\" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941, about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12275329\",\n \"text\": \"Foodmaster supermarkets were primarily located in shopping centers with other stores. It was unique in terms of its employee dress code. Cashiers and service and grocery clerks were required to wear a black apron, a white collared shirt, and a black bow tie. Also unique was its use of a conveyor belt/rollers for customers’ purchases in early years. Paper bags of groceries were loaded into Postal Service type baskets and sent through a front opening to customers’ cars with the help of employees. John DeJesus Sr. opened his first store in East Cambridge, MA in 1947. At the time of\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie's Foodmaster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"279447\",\n \"text\": \"member-owned chain, although the modern Best Western operation shares many of the characteristics (such as centralized purchasing and reservation systems) of the later franchise systems. The earliest motel chains, proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture, were born in the 1930s. The first of these were ownership chains, in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand. Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts, founded 1929 in East Waco, Texas, was the first such chain with seven motor courts by 1936 and more than twenty by 1955. With Simmons furniture, Beautyrest mattresses\",\n \"title\": \"Motel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107135\",\n \"text\": \"used in Home shopping channels including QVC and HSN. Primedia was one of the first to use toll-free telephone numbers in television ads to allow use of credit cards to order products in real-time. The company is a media buying and marketing firm based in Warwick, Rhode Island. PriMedia Inc PriMedia Inc is a media buying and marketing firm based in Rhode Island, U.S. The company was founded by Edward Valenti, James J. Cooney and Barry Becher, and helped pioneer infomercials, the use of credit cards and 800 numbers on Television ads, and the 30-minute infomercial format on shopping channels\",\n \"title\": \"PriMedia Inc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1437706\",\n \"text\": \"location to use the intercom concept for drive-up windows. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, a hamburger stand focused on drive-through service. While the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive-up window; while one customer was being served at the window, a second and even a third customer's order could be taken and prepared. A giant clown projected from the\",\n \"title\": \"Jack in the Box\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4890892\",\n \"text\": \"originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now-defunct \\\"Toronto Telegram\\\" indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it \\\"Harvey's\\\" — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store. The first Harvey's location was\",\n \"title\": \"Harvey's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6547237\",\n \"text\": \"for smaller denominations. Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. (These receipts - often nicknamed \\\"TITOs\\\" for Ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines.) In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets. Staff tokens were issued to staff of businesses in lieu of coins. In the 19th century the argument supporting payment to staff was the shortage of coin in\",\n \"title\": \"Token coin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138814\",\n \"text\": \"operations than to divide its customer base. Furthermore, the demise of Simpsons came at a time when the Hudson's Bay Company was seriously controlling its operating costs in preparation of an eventual entrance to Canada by American giant Wal-Mart which was already conquering the retail landscape in its country and attracting Canadians living close to the border. While the Simpsons chain ceased to exist in 1991, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to accept Simpsons credit cards in its Bay and Zellers stores until the company launched the HBC credit card in 2001. The Simpsons store on Queen Street West in\",\n \"title\": \"Simpsons (department store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15570308\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon introduced the first public cloud computing service. It gave anyone with a credit card the ability to turn up computers on demand. Amazon managed the computers, the storage, and the bandwidth. Other vendors including Google, Rackspace, and Microsoft soon followed. It wasn't long before telephony services began migrating into the cloud. Cloud-based call recording services follow one of three models: The earliest services used the \\\"calling card\\\" model, making use of telephony service wholesalers. A sophisticated \\\"device-based redirect\\\" solutions appeared in the UK in 2009 to address newly introduced regulatory requirements. The first \\\"cloud-bridge\\\" service was introduced in the\",\n \"title\": \"Call-recording services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5335370\",\n \"text\": \"They realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception. The A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The term itself, a play on the word \\\"bellhop\\\", was not used in print until 1937. Women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most American men left their jobs to join the military and restaurants quickly discovered that a pretty girl\",\n \"title\": \"Carhop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3221121\",\n \"text\": \"Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers. In 1959, sportsman Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League. Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denies that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of\",\n \"title\": \"Barron Hilton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292188\",\n \"text\": \"evolved in different ways in Britain, America and Europe, giving rise to wide variation in their format and design. The characteristic features of a trade card are that it is a small printed item, used by merchants and traders to give to their customers for their use as an aid to memory. Trade cards were sufficiently small so that they could be carried in the gentleman's pocket or lady's purse. In its original sense, the \\\"trade\\\" in \\\"trade card\\\" refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. Trade cards were\",\n \"title\": \"Trade card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18153525\",\n \"text\": \"out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers. In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson. In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation. Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales. It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card. In 1996, J.C. Penney\",\n \"title\": \"History of Target Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2090877\",\n \"text\": \"that do not need to be paid in full every month. There is no late fee payable so long as the minimum payment is made at specified intervals (usually every thirty days). The balance of the account accrues interest, which may be backdated to the date of initial purchase. Charge cards are typically issued without spending limits, but credit cards usually have a specified credit limit that the cardholder may not exceed. Though originally charge account identification was paper-based, in 1959 American Express became the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards to ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Cards\",\n \"title\": \"Charge card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17978929\",\n \"text\": \"Lutz was the first one to sell it. But it's like how people claim they saw Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game or were at Woodstock. The landscape is littered with salesmen who say, 'Oh yeah, I was the first one to bring that in.' The first PBR I ever had was at the Jockey Club, this really old-school punk-rock bar on Killingsworth. As far as the very first ones, there was the Lutz and EJ's, and it's always been our thought that Lutz was first. In 2003, \\\"Willamette Week\\\" published an image of a man drinking Pabst at Lutz with a\",\n \"title\": \"Lutz Tavern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3308251\",\n \"text\": \"whereas in the United States about US$80 billion was paid for gift cards in 2006. The recipient of a gift card can use it at their discretion within the restrictions set by the issue, for example as to validity period and businesses that accept a particular card. The first giftcard using a payments infrastructure was introduced by Neiman Marcus in late 1994, though Blockbuster Entertainment was the first company to do so at a wide scale, test-marketing them in 1995 and launching them around the country the next year. In the beginning, the Blockbuster giftcard replaced gift certificates that were\",\n \"title\": \"Gift card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14851174\",\n \"text\": \"countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \\\"carder\\\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence. Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features\",\n \"title\": \"Card not present transaction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482267\",\n \"text\": \"the UK. England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade. Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee. The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968. In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant\",\n \"title\": \"KFC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5371844\",\n \"text\": \"large enough that it was relocated to the ground floor. Over time more products were added, and by 1969, Ann & Hope was a $40 million per year operation. Ann & Hope was one of the first self-service department stores, in which customers could look at items without sales personnel, and also was one of the first to use shopping carts in a department store. The original mill location also featured a large parking area, which was not common at the time, as well as a basement level with even more merchandise. A special shopping cart conveyor was operated by\",\n \"title\": \"Ann & Hope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1577680\",\n \"text\": \"F. W. Woolworth Company The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as \\\"Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store\\\" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster,\",\n \"title\": \"F. W. Woolworth Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6419214\",\n \"text\": \"in downtown Portland. Differences of opinion between the brothers led to Henry's departure from the partnership, and over time, Meyer expanded Mybros into the Fred Meyer chain of supermarkets and department stores. A \\\"self-service drugstore\\\" that Meyer opened in 1928 in downtown Portland was considered the first of its kind in the nation. Meyer introduced innovative marketing concepts; he is often credited as one of the originators of the \\\"one-stop shopping\\\" concept, when in 1931, he built the Hollywood Fred Meyer, his first full-block megastore on Northeast Sandy Boulevard at 42nd Avenue in Portland (now a Rite Aid since the\",\n \"title\": \"Fred G. Meyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1767653\",\n \"text\": \"noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \\\"South Pacific\\\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \\\"First National City Charge Service\\\" credit card—popularly known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Citibank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112379\",\n \"text\": \"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the \\\"Barclays Connect\\\" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as\",\n \"title\": \"Debit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3412087\",\n \"text\": \"System. Despite being sold to John Hertz, Jacobs continued to serve as president and chief operating officer of Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System until 1961. After three years of ownership, John Hertz sold the rental car brand to General Motors Corporation in 1926, who later purchased the remaining shares of Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company in 1943. Under the ownership of General Motors, the company released the first rental car charge card in 1926, opened its first rental car location at Chicago's Midway Airport in 1932, and introduced the first one-way rental plan in 1933. Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System expanded services to\",\n \"title\": \"The Hertz Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"256383\",\n \"text\": \"personal details are not collected so purchases appear not to be tracked. Vouchers are delivered at point of sale. After trials in 1994, Tesco launched its Clubcard program, the UK's first nationwide supermarket-only loyalty card scheme, in 1995 with dunnhumby. Sainsbury's launched its Reward Card in 1996. This was replaced by the Nectar card in 2002, which was launched in partnership with other major brands. Boots UK began planning a loyalty card in November 1993, but building a CRM-focussed loyalty program. With an investment in excess of GB£30 million, the Boots Advantage Card, launched in 1997, is the largest smart\",\n \"title\": \"Loyalty program\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Fuel card context: a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the\\n\\nthe first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 164,\n \"origin_tokens\": 164,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: American Express context: consider the. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American\\n\\ntitle W (businessman) context: an Atlanta-based supermarket. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 its own product, a pur charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time was hired in 1961, American Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprof, management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, hotels car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or\\n\\ntitle: EMV context the majority implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm identity the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN rather signing paper rece. Whether or not P authentication takes place upon the capabilities of the and programming of the details this (specifically system implemented in the) see Chip and P, below., customer typically had hand their card to a cl a When first, merchants used mechanical (r\\n\\ntitle Express introduced the Gold Card. In4 the defining within, hasated broad. The Card was as- and $5 by Express with2 ofure history to applications9 American Express credit card product that did not have to be\\n\\nthe first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 447,\n \"origin_tokens\": 13690,\n \"ratio\": \"30.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":85,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":85,"string":"85"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which country was Ursula Andrews born?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["ISO 3166-1:CH","Svissland","Etymology of Switzerland","Confederation Helvetia","Swizerland","Confederatio Helvetica","Environmental Integrity Group","Confoederatio Helvetica","Svizra","SWITZERLAND","Confédération suisse","SwissEnergy","Schweitz","Švýcarsko","Die Schweiz","Schwitzerland","Confederation suisse","Der Schweiz","Swiss Confederated States","Suiza","Switz","Switzeland","Schweiz","Confederation Helvetica","Switserland","Suisse","Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft","Switzerland information","Confederaziun Svizra","Switzer land","Switzerland","Land of the Switzers","Swiss confederation","Confœderatio Helvetica","Swiss","Confederation Suisse","Confederation of Helvatia","Land of the Swiss","Confederaziun svizra","Svizzera","Swissland","Swizterland","Confédération Suisse","Confederazione Svizzera","Swiss Confederation"],"string":"[\n \"ISO 3166-1:CH\",\n \"Svissland\",\n \"Etymology of Switzerland\",\n \"Confederation Helvetia\",\n \"Swizerland\",\n \"Confederatio Helvetica\",\n \"Environmental Integrity Group\",\n \"Confoederatio Helvetica\",\n \"Svizra\",\n \"SWITZERLAND\",\n \"Confédération suisse\",\n \"SwissEnergy\",\n \"Schweitz\",\n \"Švýcarsko\",\n \"Die Schweiz\",\n \"Schwitzerland\",\n \"Confederation suisse\",\n \"Der Schweiz\",\n \"Swiss Confederated States\",\n \"Suiza\",\n \"Switz\",\n \"Switzeland\",\n \"Schweiz\",\n \"Confederation Helvetica\",\n \"Switserland\",\n \"Suisse\",\n \"Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft\",\n \"Switzerland information\",\n \"Confederaziun Svizra\",\n \"Switzer land\",\n \"Switzerland\",\n \"Land of the Switzers\",\n \"Swiss confederation\",\n \"Confœderatio Helvetica\",\n \"Swiss\",\n \"Confederation Suisse\",\n \"Confederation of Helvatia\",\n \"Land of the Swiss\",\n \"Confederaziun svizra\",\n \"Svizzera\",\n \"Swissland\",\n \"Swizterland\",\n \"Confédération Suisse\",\n \"Confederazione Svizzera\",\n \"Swiss Confederation\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Switzerland"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8365645","text":"students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in","title":"Ostermundigen"},{"id":"8365627","text":"Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in 1239 as \"Osturmundingun\". In 1279 it was mentioned as \"Ostermundigen\". Ostermundigen developed from three medieval villages (the upper, middle and lower villages) which formed a single community. The three villages were surrounded by fourteen fields that were held as fiefs by various nobles. In between","title":"Ostermundigen"},{"id":"14765513","text":"Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading Archaeology at Oxford. On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer","title":"Ursula Graham Bower"},{"id":"3936468","text":"Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic family. She was born in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1956. From 1971 to 1972 she was an exchange student at the Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, United States. She received a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1978 and a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a","title":"Ursula Plassnik"},{"id":"14765522","text":"(among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s. Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal","title":"Ursula Graham Bower"},{"id":"2330529","text":"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her","title":"Ursula Andress"},{"id":"17697597","text":"Life After Life (novel) Life After Life is a 2013 novel by Kate Atkinson. It is the first of two novels about the Todd family. The second, \"A God in Ruins\", was published in 2015. The novel has an unusual structure, repeatedly looping back in time to describe alternative possible lives for its central character, Ursula Todd, who is born on 11 February 1910 to an upper-middle-class family near Chalfont St Peter in Buckinghamshire. In the first version, she is strangled by her umbilical cord and stillborn. In later iterations of her life she dies as a child - drowning","title":"Life After Life (novel)"},{"id":"7362110","text":"Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who at the time was working at the Italian consulate in Liverpool, England. They married in 1958 in Italy where they resided until 1965. She became fluent in","title":"Ursula Appolloni"},{"id":"11651067","text":"Tracey Emin, who has a Turkish Cypriot father; and fashion designer Hussein Chalayan, who was born in Nicosia. Everton footballer Leon Osman has a Turkish Cypriot father. Politician Andrew Adonis's father is a Greek Cypriot who moved to the UK aged 18. British athlete and former world javelin champion Fatima Whitbread was born in London to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father, though she was later adopted. British Cypriots The British Cypriot community in the United Kingdom consists of British people born on, or with ancestors from, the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. British Cypriot people may be","title":"British Cypriots"},{"id":"19323262","text":"Valerie Ann Taylor Valerie Ann Taylor, (born February 8, 1944) is a British-born Bangladeshi physiotherapist and philanthropist. She was awarded Independence Day Award in 2004 for her social work by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1998 she was granted Bangladeshi citizenship by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She is often called the \"Mother Theresa of Bangladesh\". Taylor was born in Kent, England to Marie Taylor and William Taylor. She grew up living close to National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1969, Taylor came to Bangladesh, under contract for 15 months, with the Voluntary Service Overseas","title":"Valerie Ann Taylor"},{"id":"8044583","text":"Merkelová\"). Because gender-marked suffixes are inherited in the Czech grammar and also because the gender of a person could be told straight from the surname regardless of the context, Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames. Thus, e.g. American first lady Michelle Obama is referred to as \"Michelle Obamová\" in the Czech press. Science Fiction writer Ursula Le Guin appears in Czech translations as \"Ursula Le Guinová\". This phenomenon is not universal, however. In recent years, there has been lively discussion whether or not to change foreign female surnames","title":"Czech name"},{"id":"7525385","text":"of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958. She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden. Ursula Jeans Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress. Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and","title":"Ursula Jeans"},{"id":"5239634","text":"Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.","title":"Ursula Hegi"},{"id":"12221872","text":"Ursula Fleming Ursula Fleming (1930 in Liverpool – 1992 in London) was an English psychotherapist, Lay Dominican and author; she was considered an expert in her field of work. Fleming was educated at Crichton Royal Hospital in Dumfries in south west Scotland. She began developing pain control techniques, as she wanted to be a concert pianist and wanted to control her nerves. Her attempts to find a cure for her unsteady hands led her to find a technique, which she used to treat thousands of patients, and led to her follow a career in alternative medicine. Her technique, known as","title":"Ursula Fleming"},{"id":"19569683","text":"1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the","title":"Ursula Katherine Duncan"},{"id":"10690592","text":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play. Isaacs was born in 1885 in Turton, Lancashire, the daughter of William Fairhurst, a","title":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs"},{"id":"3331213","text":"IFPI Greece and has become one of the country's best-selling artists of all time, having sold over 9.5 million records worldwide and is one of the country's top earning artists. In 2010, Alpha TV ranked Vissi as the second top-certified female artist in Greece in the phonographic era (since 1960), behind Haris Alexiou, while \"Forbes\" listed her as the 15th most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and fourth highest ranked singer. Anna Vissi was born on 20 December 1957 in Pyla, Larnaca. She began singing from a very early age, starting her formal musical studies at the age of","title":"Anna Vissi"},{"id":"20085306","text":"India.\" His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in Macedonia. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, began a campaign to conquer India in 326 BC, after conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. He fought a notable battle against Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum river. Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day Macedonia) in 1910. As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in","title":"India–Republic of Macedonia relations"},{"id":"1407928","text":"Hall of Fame upon its opening in 1998. Writing for \"Bloomberg\", Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies. They were inducted into the Minnesota Rock/Country Hall of Fame in May 2006. The sisters were born to Peter Andreos (anglicized to \"Andrews\" upon arriving in the US) and Olga (née Sollie); their father was Greek and their mother a Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Patty, the youngest and the lead singer of the group, was 7 when","title":"The Andrews Sisters"},{"id":"4922195","text":"\"Murphy Brown\", among numerous others. Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 68, at her home in Encino, California. Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She","title":"Paddi Edwards"},{"id":"5712470","text":"reside in Falmouth, Massachusetts. She is the youngest of three children. Her brother Jay Thomas is four years older and her sister Dina Annadj is three years older. Williams' paternal family is from Jhulasan, Mehsana district in Gujarat, India, while her maternal great-grandmother Mary Bohinc (originally Marija Bohinjec), born in Leše, Slovenia, immigrated to America as an eleven-year-old with her mother, 1891 Slovene emigrant Ursula (Strajhar) Bohinac. Williams graduated from Needham High School in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1983. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physical science from the United States Naval Academy in 1987, and a Master of","title":"Sunita Williams"},{"id":"8939773","text":"Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \"Sophia\", however she now goes by the name \"Sophie\". She has one elder brother. Choudry studied at London School of Economics, graduating in European politics and French and is also a gold medalist from the London Academy of","title":"Sophie Choudry"},{"id":"3756153","text":"Johann von Hoverbeck Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 — 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat. Hoverbeck's parents were \"Nikolaus von Hoverbeck\", a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and \"Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski\", a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and","title":"Johann von Hoverbeck"},{"id":"2219899","text":"\"bear\" (\"ursula\" = diminutive of \"ursa\" \"female bear\"; \"ursinus\" = \"bear-like\"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should bear her name. The history of Orsinia follows, in general, that of other countries of Central Europe, particularly those formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Formerly an independent kingdom (\"The Lady of Moge\"), by the 19th century it was a dependency of the Austrian Empire (\"Malafrena\") It was involved in the First World War (\"Conversations at Night\"), and was thereafter independent for a while. Its fate in World War II is not mentioned, but in 1946 or 1947","title":"Orsinian Tales"},{"id":"2219898","text":"Air and Other Stories\" 1996). The last-named story extends Orsinian history to the time of the downfall of Communism in Orsinia – and the rest of Eastern Europe – in the winter of 1989. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe, at different times in the period 1150-1965 (though only two take place before the 20th century). This country, \"Orsinia\", appears in Le Guin's earliest writings, and was invented by Le Guin when she was a young adult learning her craft as a writer. The names Orsinia and Ursula are both derived from Latin \"ursus\"","title":"Orsinian Tales"},{"id":"20906045","text":"Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his business in Cape Town, the International Press","title":"Ursula Barnett"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"7362114","text":"later. Fellow Liberal Charles Caccia described her as \"a person with a very big social conscience, with a particular interest in pensioners, women's rights and social justice.\" Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who","title":"Ursula Appolloni"},{"id":"15231775","text":"Ursula Dronke Ursula Miriam Dronke (née Brown, 3 November 1920 – 8 March 2012) was a medievalist and former Vigfússon Reader in Old Norse at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. She also taught at the University of Munich and in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University. Born in Sunderland and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, where her father was a lecturer at Newcastle University, Ursula Brown began her studies as an undergraduate at the University of Tours in 1939, returning to England and enrolling in Somerville College, University of Oxford,","title":"Ursula Dronke"},{"id":"7543792","text":"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938). After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker. On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess","title":"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia"},{"id":"16417439","text":"Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June 1885), born Clara Frayne, was an Irish nun who became a Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy and spent her life in missionary work, initially in Canada but largely in Australia developing schools and academies. Clara Frayne was born to a wealthy businessman Robert Frayne, and his wife, Bridget, in Dublin, Ireland. She entered Baggot street with Catherine McCauley the then recently formed Institute of Mercy in Dublin in 1834 and took Ursula in place of her baptismal name. She was appointed Mother Superior in 1842, taking charge of","title":"Ursula Frayne"},{"id":"15890626","text":"Rosemary Thomas Rosemary Thomas OBE (born 17 July 1964) is a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Belarus 2009–12. She was born Rosemary O'Brien in Liverpool to a catholic family. She attended the Bellerive Girls' School (also known as the Bellerive Convent Grammar School), which was then a catholic girls' direct grant grammar school, and is now the Bellerive FCJ Catholic College. She then attended the University of Leeds where she gained a BA degree in Russian. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1990. From 1997–8 she was a Desk Officer at the Asia–Europe Meeting Summit, then","title":"Rosemary Thomas"},{"id":"14089695","text":"Ursula Hoff Ursula Hoff (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) – Australian scholar, academic, curator, writer, critic, and lecturer; Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (1968–1973); London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83); author of numerous books, catalogues, articles, reviews, and scholarly publications on art. Ursula Hoff was born on 26 December 1909 in London to Hans Leopold Hoff, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where Ursula grew up and","title":"Ursula Hoff"},{"id":"11065113","text":"Ursula Bloom Ursula Bloom (1892–1984) was a British novelist. Born 11 December 1892 in Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex, Ursula Harvey Bloom was the daughter of the Reverend James Harvey Bloom, whom she wrote about in a biography entitled \"Parson Extraordinary\". She also wrote about her great-grandmother, Frances Graver (born 1809) who was of gypsy (Diddicoy) birth. Graver became known as \"The Rose of Norfolk\", (the title of the book by Ursula Bloom). Ursula Bloom lived for a number of years in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was the subject of her book, \"Rosemary for Stratford-upon-Avon\" She wrote her first book at the age of","title":"Ursula Bloom"},{"id":"13389974","text":"the board of the \"New Statesman\" and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund. She has lived in Egypt, Lebanon and the United States. Owen is the editor of \"Fathers: Reflections by Daughters\" (Virago, 1983) and \"Whose Cities\" (with Mark Fisher), published by Penguin in 1991. Owen has one daughter and four granddaughters. Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with","title":"Ursula Owen"},{"id":"18792113","text":"In November 2015, at the age of 87, she was sentenced to ten months' imprisonment for Holocaust denial. Several additional convictions in the fall of 2016 led to further such sentences. She has unsuccessfully appealed all sentences, since 7 May 2018 she is serving her latest 2-year jail sentence after being picked up at her home by German police. Born at Winterscheid (today part of Gilserberg) in Hesse, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, by her own account, lived in Sweden for four years as a homeland displaced person (\"Heimatvertriebene\") from East Prussia and studied pedagogy, philosophy and linguistics, including two years in Scotland.","title":"Ursula Haverbeck"},{"id":"707659","text":"European\". Morgan suggests that she was \"most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India.\" Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, Anna Edwards had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname \"Crawford\" in Caernarfon and giving her father's rank as Captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at","title":"Anna Leonowens"},{"id":"12239521","text":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the UK being a popular","title":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13040591","text":"Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift to accompany her through life. Her father, Samuel Bagdasarjanz was born in Romania, whence his family emigrated to Switzerland. Through her mother, Margrit Weiss, born in Switzerland, Ursula learned at an early age to express herself on her instrument. In 1944, at the age of ten, Ursula Bagdasarjanz gave her","title":"Ursula Bagdasarjanz"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"12580393","text":"any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born","title":"Americans"},{"id":"19691056","text":"Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\"Volkskammer\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\"Bundestag\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small but long established town in the","title":"Ursula Fischer"},{"id":"14870579","text":"parole in 2011 before returning to Sweden. Sabina Eriksson and her identical twin sister, Ursula Eriksson, were born in Sweden on 3 November 1967, and grew up in Sunne, Värmland, with an older sister named Mona and an older brother named Björn. In their youth there was no apparent history of mental health issues or criminal convictions, and by the year 2000, Ursula was living in the U.S. while Sabina was living in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland with her partner and two children. Ursula visited Sabina on Friday 16 May 2008, but for reasons that were unclear, the suddenly inseparable","title":"Ursula and Sabina Eriksson"},{"id":"15984533","text":"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, \"Endless Race\", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to","title":"Ursula Holden"},{"id":"4922193","text":"Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She found a niche in television movies and, towards the end of her life, doing voiceover work in projects for Disney, such as","title":"Paddi Edwards"},{"id":"11726427","text":"Ursula Merkin Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist. She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey. In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman,","title":"Ursula Merkin"},{"id":"2330544","text":"the set of \"Clash of the Titans\" in 1979. She gave birth to their son, Dimitri Hamlin, on 19 May 1980. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved into close friend Linda Evans’ Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her. Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as","title":"Ursula Andress"},{"id":"13389970","text":"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and","title":"Ursula Owen"},{"id":"20906047","text":"and was active in local anti-apartheid politics. Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his","title":"Ursula Barnett"},{"id":"20571986","text":"Isabel Ursula Cadogan was born on 24 July 1911 in San Fernando, on the island of Trinidad, in the British West Indies's colony of Trinidad and Tobago, to Maude and Thomas Cadogan. Her father was a tailor and soon after her birth, the family moved to Princes Town, where Cadogan grew up and attended the Government Primary School. Having little access to secondary education, common in the country at that time, Cadogan continued her education under the pupil-teacher system. While working as a student teacher, she began organizing student clubs arranging concerts, dances and speaking events. She founded a boys’","title":"Isabel Ursula Teshea"},{"id":"13169703","text":"21,000 Barbadian born people residing in the UK (the largest Barbadian born diaspora on earth). Barbadians constitute the second largest Afro-Caribbean group in the UK. Barbados–United Kingdom relations Barbados–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of Barbados and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including settlement, post-colonialism and modern bilateral relations. The two countries are related through common history spanning three-hundred and thirty-nine years (1627–1966). Since the Barbadian date of independence, these nations continue to share ties through the Commonwealth of Nations, and","title":"Barbados–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"12239522","text":"destination for Mauritian emigrants. Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the","title":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"4561254","text":"duty for EU member states to block access to child pornography on the Internet. Critics interpret that as the creation of a net censorship infrastructure which would not help children, but would indeed be counterproductive and a dangerous threat to democracy. NGOs working for children's rights, such as Save the Children and NSPCC, have, however, defended the proposal. Malmström was quickly rewarded with the nickname 'Censilia' on the social web and in – mostly German – dailies, a portmanteau word blending the word \"censorship\" and her given name (“Cecilia”), in imitation of the \"Zensursula\" nickname of the German minister Ursula","title":"Cecilia Malmström"},{"id":"3366555","text":"Angela Merici Angela Merici, or Angela de Merici (; 21 March 1474 – 27 January 1540), was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. She found the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the Church through the education of girls. From this organization later sprang the monastic Order of Ursulines, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America. Merici was born in 1474 on a farm near Desenzano del Garda, a","title":"Angela Merici"},{"id":"16417443","text":"Kilmore, Victoria in 1875. Mother Ursula died in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy on 9 June 1885, aged 68. A Gothic chapel to her memory was built by her successor in the convent grounds. Her remains are buried in a vault in the chapel under a Celtic cross, reminding all of her origins. She is commemorated in the name of the Ursula Frayne Catholic College, Perth, Western Australia- and also in the dementia ward of Mercy Place, Albury; renamed in 2014 to commemorate \"Ursula Frayne\". St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage, Melbourne. 1855-1967 Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June","title":"Ursula Frayne"},{"id":"19691062","text":"she was no longer a candidate. Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\"Volkskammer\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\"Bundestag\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small","title":"Ursula Fischer"},{"id":"193405","text":"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \"Isle of Man Full Census\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"4325882","text":"was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison. Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University","title":"Susanne Klatten"},{"id":"11628990","text":"Ursula Acosta Dr. Ursula Acosta, Ph.D. (January 14, 1933) is one of the founding members of the Puerto Rican Genealogical Society, who has studied and written many works on the subject. She was also a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Acosta, (birth name: Ursula Schmidt) was born in Hanover, Germany to Hans Schmidt and Irma Ulrich. In 1935, her family moved to Leipzig, where she received her primary education. In 1947 her family relocated and moved to Dieburg. In 1952, she met Corporal Sebastian Acosta Ronda, a Puerto Rican in the United States","title":"Ursula Acosta"},{"id":"6234066","text":"but his keen eye for applications has given his work a lasting influence on modern economics. Gorman was born in Kesh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 17 June 1923. He spent his early childhood in Lusaka, Rhodesia, where his African nanny called him Terence, saying that William was not a proper Irish name; he was subsequently known as Terence, or 'Terry', throughout his life. After his father was shot dead when Gorman was only four years old, he returned with his mother and her staff to her family estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, where he was brought up.","title":"W. M. Gorman"},{"id":"11632148","text":"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis – United States relations are bilateral relations between Saint Kitts and Nevis and the United States. Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, relations with the United States have been friendly. Alexander Hamilton, an important leader in the founding of the United States, was born in Charleston, Nevis. The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. U.S. assistance is","title":"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations"},{"id":"7726490","text":"films. She was often compared with Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. Olga Schoberová Olga Schoberová or Olinka Bérová born March 15, 1943 in Prague, Czech Republic (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), Czech-American actress. Olga was married to Brad Harris on 16 November 1967 and divorced in 1969 with one daughter, Babrinka, called \"Sabrina\". She married John Calley on December 30, 1972, and divorced almost exactly 20 years later, in December 1992. She is fluent in German and Russian. Olga Schoberová acted in 22 Czech, German, Italian and American movies. In 1968 she appeared in \"The Vengeance of She\" under","title":"Olga Schoberová"},{"id":"971018","text":"writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the \"Villa Colombaia\", in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, \"Parthenope\", a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook","title":"Florence Nightingale"},{"id":"16558943","text":"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, \"The Magic Roundabout\". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing","title":"Ursula Eason"},{"id":"11912827","text":"Mother Shipton's Cave Mother Shipton's Cave (or \"Old Mother Shipton's Cave\") is at Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England, near to the River Nidd. Nearby is a petrifying well which is the oldest entrance-charging tourist attraction in England, open since 1630. The water of the well is rich in sulphate and carbonate which is deposited as a ramp and screen below, and in which artefacts are \"petrified\" (encrusted) as a tourist attraction. The place is associated with the legendary soothsayer and prophetess Mother Shipton (c. 1488 - 1561), born Ursula Southeil, wife of Toby Shipton. According to legend she was born in","title":"Mother Shipton's Cave"},{"id":"11939442","text":"H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales. A few differences were found between North, Mid and South Wales. There was a closer link between North and Mid Wales than either had with the South. Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 called Ursula. He calculated a date of 7,300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland. Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far older there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts. Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the","title":"Genetic history of the British Isles"},{"id":"14351809","text":"91% of service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Every one of his singles titles has been won on hard courts. His overall winning percentage of 68.5% is one of the highest amongst currently active players. Raonic was born on December 27, 1990, in Titograd, SFR Yugoslavia (now Podgorica, Montenegro), and is of Serb heritage. Prompted by the political unrest in the Balkans, and seeking more professional opportunities, his family moved to Canada in 1994 when he was three, settling in Brampton, Ontario. His parents are","title":"Milos Raonic"},{"id":"18168300","text":"Sophia Patsalides Sophia Patsalidou (, born 16 December 2000), known professionally as Sophia Patsalides (), is a Greek Cypriot teen singer. She represented her nation at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with her song \"I pio omorfi mera\" (The most wonderful day). Sophia was born on 16 December 2000 in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus. She has been interested in music since she was little and started singing when she was 3. She grew up listening to pop artists, such as Beyoncé. On 21 July 2014, Sophia Patsalides was internally selected to represent Cyprus at the 12th annual","title":"Sophia Patsalides"},{"id":"5300900","text":"Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170. The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named \"Yuzovka\" (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding (\"Yuz\" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were","title":"Welsh people"},{"id":"14805569","text":"medical therapies for critically ill patients. He has organized in Monte Carlo (June 19, 2015) a very important Charity-dinner to support the \"Make a WISH\" project of the Serbian Embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta (www.orderofmalta.org.rs)/> Prince Michael of Yugoslavia Prince Michael of Yugoslavia, (, Michael Nicolas Paul George Maria, born 18 June 1958 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France) is an investment executive, socialite and philanthropist. He was formerly a real estate broker. Prince Michael is a member of the House of Karađorđević and a Prince of Yugoslavia as a patrilineal descendant of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia. Michael,","title":"Prince Michael of Yugoslavia"},{"id":"19569677","text":"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in","title":"Ursula Katherine Duncan"},{"id":"5393583","text":"award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. In 2012, \"Forbes\" ranked her the fourth most powerful celebrity, while \"Time\" included her on the annual list of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Rihanna was named Harvard University's \"Humanitarian of the Year\" by the Harvard Foundation in early 2017. She was appointed as an Ambassador on behalf of the government of Barbados in 2018, with her duties involving the promotion of education, tourism and investment. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica (née","title":"Rihanna"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"6310365","text":"for censorship (\"Zensur\") and her given name (\"Ursula\"). The combination of a sensitive topic like child pornography and internet censorship is said to have caused a rising interest in the Pirate Party. In July 2009 she referred to the problems of struggling against paedophile pornography on the internet as the responsible persons often use servers located in Africa or India, where \"child pornography is legal\". This claim was based on a study by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children in 2006; however, child pornography is in fact illegal in India. Indeed, Indian society has much stricter rules about","title":"Ursula von der Leyen"},{"id":"13394489","text":"Nova Scotia that she incorporated her experiences through her novels. Two years after Beckwith wrote her novel, her father died in a drowning accident and in 1820 and she was sent to live in Upper Canada (Kingston) with family where she would establish a boarding school for girls and meet and then marry George Henry Hart (between 1822–1824). Beckwith’s mother had renounced her Roman Catholic faith and shared her husbands Methodist views, yet it was her mother’s religious background that would provide the subject matter of Canada’s first novel \"St Ursula’s Covent\" (or \"The Nun of Canada\") at the age","title":"Julia Catherine Beckwith"},{"id":"5239637","text":"Palm\". She has also had two \"New York Times\" Notable Book mentions. She has written many book reviews for \"The New York Times\", the \"Los Angeles Times\", and \"The Washington Post\". Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was","title":"Ursula Hegi"},{"id":"7424306","text":"Julia Golding Julia Golding (born March 1969), pen names Joss Stirling and Eve Edwards, is a British novelist best known for her \"Cat Royal\" series and \"The Companions Quartet\". Born in London, she grew up on the edge of Epping Forest. She originally read English at the University of Cambridge. She then joined the Foreign Office and worked in Poland. Her work as a diplomat took her many places including the Tatra Mountains and the bottom of a Silesian coal mine. Upon leaving Poland, she turned her attention to academic studies and took a doctorate in English Romantic Period literature","title":"Julia Golding"},{"id":"17472668","text":"\"Deep Rising\" (1998) both feature squid. Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in \"Octaman\", which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie \"The Little Mermaid\", Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. \"Monster Shark\" (1984) and \"Sharktopus\" (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids. Cephalopods have been depicted in animated feature films for family audiences. \"Finding Nemo\" (2003) includes a flapjack octopus among its cast of aquatic characters. The sequel \"Finding Dory\" features an East","title":"Cephalopods in popular culture"},{"id":"4325875","text":"Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD in Lausanne","title":"Susanne Klatten"},{"id":"8514598","text":"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark () (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. The Duke of Edinburgh is her younger brother. Sophie was born at Villa Mon Repos on the island of Corfu in Greece. Sophie's father was the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. Through King George, she was a great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark (hence her subsidiary title, \"Princess of Denmark\").","title":"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark"},{"id":"5891651","text":"George Henry Andrews George Henry Andrews (1926 – September 3, 1997) was a Liberian sports journalist and later minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Liberia. He presided over a pivotal election in the 1990s. Andrews was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia in 1926., His father, Lawrence Andrews, had impregnated a native girl and felt too ashamed to admit being the father of the child. Lawrence condemned the girl as a liar and left the area. He would not see his son again for nearly 40 years. Andrews grew up in abject poverty, but as a descendant of Americo-Liberian, being","title":"George Henry Andrews"},{"id":"1343148","text":"There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry, 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry, an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom, and ca. 31,000 in Australia. There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable induviduals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer. Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular masculine: \"Čech\" , singular feminine: \"Češka\" ) or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe,","title":"Czechs"},{"id":"17144984","text":"Maria Firmina dos Reis Maria Firmina dos Reis (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel \"Úrsula\" (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Maria Firmina dos Reis was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. \"At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher.\" She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. \"At the age of","title":"Maria Firmina dos Reis"},{"id":"8939782","text":"for whom she has walked the red carpet as showstopper. She was spotted performing for SVA Couture in Lakme Fashion Week. Sophie was spotted with Malaika Arora hosting Miss Diva Universe 2018 Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \"Sophia\", however she now goes by","title":"Sophie Choudry"},{"id":"4674767","text":"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland","title":"Interrail"},{"id":"50330","text":"Greek word ἄρκτος (\"arktos\"), meaning bear, as do the names \"arctic\" and \"antarctic\", from the constellation Ursa Major, the \"Great Bear\", prominent in the northern sky. Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and \"Ursus\" come from Latin \"Ursus/Ursa\", he-bear/she-bear. The female first name \"Ursula\", originally derived from a Christian saint's name, means \"little she-bear\" (diminutive of Latin \"ursa\"). In Switzerland, the male first name \"Urs\" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from \"Bär\", German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means \"bear-brave\", \"bear-hardy\", or \"bold bear\".","title":"Bear"},{"id":"10047696","text":"\"Aussies\", and refer to Australia as \"Oz\" or \"down under\" (a reference to the fact that Australia is notable for being entirely in the southern hemisphere). Streams of migration from the British Isles to Australia played a key role in Australia's development, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin. According to the 2011 Australian Census, around 1.1 million Australians were born in Britain, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. Former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in Wales. The","title":"Australia–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"20421334","text":"various private homes. In April 1951 Richter was one of millions during the post war decade who fled across to West Germany, where she joined up with her sister. She lived first in Freiburg before moving, in 1952, to Switzerland, living successively in Bern and Zürich, working as a hairdresser and then in a hospital. Later she went to London where she worked as an \"au pair\". She nevertheless kept up her contacts in West Germany. She became pregnant by her boyfriend and in 1956 returned to East Germany where she married, becoming Ursula Saffran. The authorities determined that she","title":"Ursula Richter (intelligence agent)"},{"id":"19540103","text":"Ursula Ragwitz Ursula Ragwitz (born Ursula Rose: 15 February 1928) is a former senior official of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party. She started her career as a primary school teacher, and rose to become a member of the powerful Party Central Committee between 1981 and 1989, undertaking various leadership roles in respect of the country's highly politicised culture sector. Ursula Rose was born in Cottbus, historically the cultural centre of Germany's Sorbian ethnic minority. Her father worked as a . Between 1942 and 1945 she studied to become a teacher of German and music at the teacher training","title":"Ursula Ragwitz"},{"id":"3936472","text":"April 2009. Barenboim had planned to make his Egyptian debut in January 2009 as part of a world tour with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Arab-Israeli group he founded with the writer Edward Said. But that concert was canceled out of concern for the performers’ safety because of fighting in Gaza. Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic","title":"Ursula Plassnik"},{"id":"9343225","text":"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former","title":"Theresa Andrews"},{"id":"18997400","text":"Jasmine Whitbread Jasmine Mary Whitbread (born 1 September 1963) is the chief executive of London First, an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to make London the best city in the world to do business. She was CEO of Save the Children from 2005 until 2015; firstly leading Save the Children UK and in 2010, creating Save the Children International. Whitbread was born in London on 1 September 1963. Her mother, Ursula Whitbread, is Swiss and her father, Gerald Whitbread, is English. She was educated at Kneller Girls' School, then an all-girls comprehensive school in Twickenham, London. In 1986, she","title":"Jasmine Whitbread"},{"id":"16539891","text":"The production was nominated for 2 Gemini awards. Set in 1865, the story is about a thirteen-year-old boy from Prussia, named Lukas, who moves to America to escape family problems and a dangerous enemy. Along his journey he meets a young girl named Ursula and the two children struggle to survive the difficult frontier lifestyle. The mini-series was released on DVD as a cut down 2-hour versions in 2005. In 2012 the full 6 hour version was released on DVD. In addition, the mini-series was also made available for streaming in the digital format on Sullivan Entertainment's \"Gazebo TV\". By","title":"By Way of the Stars"},{"id":"11808749","text":"Ukrainian Brazilians Ukrainian Brazilians (; , \"Ukrayins'ki Brazyl'tsi\") are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as \"Brazilian Ukraine.\" Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul,","title":"Ukrainian Brazilians"},{"id":"11985548","text":"world champion boxer Nigel Benn is Barbadian British. Barbadian British Barbadian British people, Bajan Brits or British Barbadians, are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The UK is home to the second largest Barbadian-born migrant population out of all the OECD countries, with the 2001 Census recording 21,601 UK residents born on the Caribbean island, compared to the 53,785 Barbadian-born residents of the United States. Historically migration from Barbados to the UK was fairly simple, since many Barbadians once held overseas British citizenship (see: Barbados and","title":"Barbadian British"},{"id":"1767995","text":"of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility","title":"Demographic transition"},{"id":"6566338","text":"a baby. Ursula is a main character in the 2016 young adult novel \"Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch\" by Serena Valentino. The novel is the third entry of the \"Villains\" series, a shared universe that crosses over various theatrical Disney films including \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". In this novel, Ursula is King Triton's younger sister who was betrayed by him as a child for choosing a tentacled form instead of a mermaid's tail, and grew up as a human in the town of Ipswich with an adoptive","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"15759674","text":"the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to Catherine II. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere, he chose as his primary residence the village of Pohrebyszcze in the region of Volhynia. She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the Kiev Governorate of Russian partition of Poland. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of her Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most","title":"Ewelina Hańska"},{"id":"3144507","text":"Stanley Unwin (publisher) Sir Stanley Unwin, KCMG (19 December 1884 – 13 October 1968) was a British publisher and founder of the George Allen and Unwin Ltd UK publishing house in 1914, on the very day that the First World War was declared. The company found success with authors such as Bertrand Russell, Sidney Webb, R. H. Tawney and Gandhi. He was born at 13 Handen Road in Lee, Lewisham, south-east London. The children's writer Ursula Moray Williams was his niece. Unwin was a lifelong pacifist, and during the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Voluntary","title":"Stanley Unwin (publisher)"},{"id":"4295242","text":"Eva Ibbotson Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson (née Wiesner), better known as Eva Ibbotson (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books. Some of her novels for adults have been successfully reissued for the young adult market in recent years. For the historical novel \"Journey to the River Sea\" (Macmillan, 2001), she won the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered unusual commendation as runner up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time","title":"Eva Ibbotson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8365645\",\n \"text\": \"students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in\",\n \"title\": \"Ostermundigen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8365627\",\n \"text\": \"Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in 1239 as \\\"Osturmundingun\\\". In 1279 it was mentioned as \\\"Ostermundigen\\\". Ostermundigen developed from three medieval villages (the upper, middle and lower villages) which formed a single community. The three villages were surrounded by fourteen fields that were held as fiefs by various nobles. In between\",\n \"title\": \"Ostermundigen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14765513\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading Archaeology at Oxford. On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Graham Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3936468\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic family. She was born in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1956. From 1971 to 1972 she was an exchange student at the Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, United States. She received a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1978 and a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Plassnik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14765522\",\n \"text\": \"(among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s. Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Graham Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2330529\",\n \"text\": \"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Andress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17697597\",\n \"text\": \"Life After Life (novel) Life After Life is a 2013 novel by Kate Atkinson. It is the first of two novels about the Todd family. The second, \\\"A God in Ruins\\\", was published in 2015. The novel has an unusual structure, repeatedly looping back in time to describe alternative possible lives for its central character, Ursula Todd, who is born on 11 February 1910 to an upper-middle-class family near Chalfont St Peter in Buckinghamshire. In the first version, she is strangled by her umbilical cord and stillborn. In later iterations of her life she dies as a child - drowning\",\n \"title\": \"Life After Life (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7362110\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who at the time was working at the Italian consulate in Liverpool, England. They married in 1958 in Italy where they resided until 1965. She became fluent in\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Appolloni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11651067\",\n \"text\": \"Tracey Emin, who has a Turkish Cypriot father; and fashion designer Hussein Chalayan, who was born in Nicosia. Everton footballer Leon Osman has a Turkish Cypriot father. Politician Andrew Adonis's father is a Greek Cypriot who moved to the UK aged 18. British athlete and former world javelin champion Fatima Whitbread was born in London to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father, though she was later adopted. British Cypriots The British Cypriot community in the United Kingdom consists of British people born on, or with ancestors from, the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. British Cypriot people may be\",\n \"title\": \"British Cypriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19323262\",\n \"text\": \"Valerie Ann Taylor Valerie Ann Taylor, (born February 8, 1944) is a British-born Bangladeshi physiotherapist and philanthropist. She was awarded Independence Day Award in 2004 for her social work by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1998 she was granted Bangladeshi citizenship by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She is often called the \\\"Mother Theresa of Bangladesh\\\". Taylor was born in Kent, England to Marie Taylor and William Taylor. She grew up living close to National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1969, Taylor came to Bangladesh, under contract for 15 months, with the Voluntary Service Overseas\",\n \"title\": \"Valerie Ann Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8044583\",\n \"text\": \"Merkelová\\\"). Because gender-marked suffixes are inherited in the Czech grammar and also because the gender of a person could be told straight from the surname regardless of the context, Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames. Thus, e.g. American first lady Michelle Obama is referred to as \\\"Michelle Obamová\\\" in the Czech press. Science Fiction writer Ursula Le Guin appears in Czech translations as \\\"Ursula Le Guinová\\\". This phenomenon is not universal, however. In recent years, there has been lively discussion whether or not to change foreign female surnames\",\n \"title\": \"Czech name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525385\",\n \"text\": \"of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958. She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden. Ursula Jeans Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress. Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Jeans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239634\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hegi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12221872\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Fleming Ursula Fleming (1930 in Liverpool – 1992 in London) was an English psychotherapist, Lay Dominican and author; she was considered an expert in her field of work. Fleming was educated at Crichton Royal Hospital in Dumfries in south west Scotland. She began developing pain control techniques, as she wanted to be a concert pianist and wanted to control her nerves. Her attempts to find a cure for her unsteady hands led her to find a technique, which she used to treat thousands of patients, and led to her follow a career in alternative medicine. Her technique, known as\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fleming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19569683\",\n \"text\": \"1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Katherine Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10690592\",\n \"text\": \"Susan Sutherland Isaacs Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play. Isaacs was born in 1885 in Turton, Lancashire, the daughter of William Fairhurst, a\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sutherland Isaacs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3331213\",\n \"text\": \"IFPI Greece and has become one of the country's best-selling artists of all time, having sold over 9.5 million records worldwide and is one of the country's top earning artists. In 2010, Alpha TV ranked Vissi as the second top-certified female artist in Greece in the phonographic era (since 1960), behind Haris Alexiou, while \\\"Forbes\\\" listed her as the 15th most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and fourth highest ranked singer. Anna Vissi was born on 20 December 1957 in Pyla, Larnaca. She began singing from a very early age, starting her formal musical studies at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Vissi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085306\",\n \"text\": \"India.\\\" His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in Macedonia. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, began a campaign to conquer India in 326 BC, after conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. He fought a notable battle against Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum river. Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day Macedonia) in 1910. As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in\",\n \"title\": \"India–Republic of Macedonia relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1407928\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame upon its opening in 1998. Writing for \\\"Bloomberg\\\", Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies. They were inducted into the Minnesota Rock/Country Hall of Fame in May 2006. The sisters were born to Peter Andreos (anglicized to \\\"Andrews\\\" upon arriving in the US) and Olga (née Sollie); their father was Greek and their mother a Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Patty, the youngest and the lead singer of the group, was 7 when\",\n \"title\": \"The Andrews Sisters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4922195\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Murphy Brown\\\", among numerous others. Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 68, at her home in Encino, California. Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She\",\n \"title\": \"Paddi Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5712470\",\n \"text\": \"reside in Falmouth, Massachusetts. She is the youngest of three children. Her brother Jay Thomas is four years older and her sister Dina Annadj is three years older. Williams' paternal family is from Jhulasan, Mehsana district in Gujarat, India, while her maternal great-grandmother Mary Bohinc (originally Marija Bohinjec), born in Leše, Slovenia, immigrated to America as an eleven-year-old with her mother, 1891 Slovene emigrant Ursula (Strajhar) Bohinac. Williams graduated from Needham High School in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1983. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physical science from the United States Naval Academy in 1987, and a Master of\",\n \"title\": \"Sunita Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8939773\",\n \"text\": \"Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \\\"Sophia\\\", however she now goes by the name \\\"Sophie\\\". She has one elder brother. Choudry studied at London School of Economics, graduating in European politics and French and is also a gold medalist from the London Academy of\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Choudry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3756153\",\n \"text\": \"Johann von Hoverbeck Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 — 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat. Hoverbeck's parents were \\\"Nikolaus von Hoverbeck\\\", a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and \\\"Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski\\\", a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and\",\n \"title\": \"Johann von Hoverbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219899\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"bear\\\" (\\\"ursula\\\" = diminutive of \\\"ursa\\\" \\\"female bear\\\"; \\\"ursinus\\\" = \\\"bear-like\\\"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should bear her name. The history of Orsinia follows, in general, that of other countries of Central Europe, particularly those formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Formerly an independent kingdom (\\\"The Lady of Moge\\\"), by the 19th century it was a dependency of the Austrian Empire (\\\"Malafrena\\\") It was involved in the First World War (\\\"Conversations at Night\\\"), and was thereafter independent for a while. Its fate in World War II is not mentioned, but in 1946 or 1947\",\n \"title\": \"Orsinian Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219898\",\n \"text\": \"Air and Other Stories\\\" 1996). The last-named story extends Orsinian history to the time of the downfall of Communism in Orsinia – and the rest of Eastern Europe – in the winter of 1989. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe, at different times in the period 1150-1965 (though only two take place before the 20th century). This country, \\\"Orsinia\\\", appears in Le Guin's earliest writings, and was invented by Le Guin when she was a young adult learning her craft as a writer. The names Orsinia and Ursula are both derived from Latin \\\"ursus\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Orsinian Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20906045\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his business in Cape Town, the International Press\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Barnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7362114\",\n \"text\": \"later. Fellow Liberal Charles Caccia described her as \\\"a person with a very big social conscience, with a particular interest in pensioners, women's rights and social justice.\\\" Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Appolloni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15231775\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Dronke Ursula Miriam Dronke (née Brown, 3 November 1920 – 8 March 2012) was a medievalist and former Vigfússon Reader in Old Norse at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. She also taught at the University of Munich and in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University. Born in Sunderland and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, where her father was a lecturer at Newcastle University, Ursula Brown began her studies as an undergraduate at the University of Tours in 1939, returning to England and enrolling in Somerville College, University of Oxford,\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Dronke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7543792\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938). After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker. On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16417439\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June 1885), born Clara Frayne, was an Irish nun who became a Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy and spent her life in missionary work, initially in Canada but largely in Australia developing schools and academies. Clara Frayne was born to a wealthy businessman Robert Frayne, and his wife, Bridget, in Dublin, Ireland. She entered Baggot street with Catherine McCauley the then recently formed Institute of Mercy in Dublin in 1834 and took Ursula in place of her baptismal name. She was appointed Mother Superior in 1842, taking charge of\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Frayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15890626\",\n \"text\": \"Rosemary Thomas Rosemary Thomas OBE (born 17 July 1964) is a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Belarus 2009–12. She was born Rosemary O'Brien in Liverpool to a catholic family. She attended the Bellerive Girls' School (also known as the Bellerive Convent Grammar School), which was then a catholic girls' direct grant grammar school, and is now the Bellerive FCJ Catholic College. She then attended the University of Leeds where she gained a BA degree in Russian. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1990. From 1997–8 she was a Desk Officer at the Asia–Europe Meeting Summit, then\",\n \"title\": \"Rosemary Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14089695\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Hoff Ursula Hoff (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) – Australian scholar, academic, curator, writer, critic, and lecturer; Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (1968–1973); London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83); author of numerous books, catalogues, articles, reviews, and scholarly publications on art. Ursula Hoff was born on 26 December 1909 in London to Hans Leopold Hoff, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where Ursula grew up and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hoff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11065113\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Bloom Ursula Bloom (1892–1984) was a British novelist. Born 11 December 1892 in Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex, Ursula Harvey Bloom was the daughter of the Reverend James Harvey Bloom, whom she wrote about in a biography entitled \\\"Parson Extraordinary\\\". She also wrote about her great-grandmother, Frances Graver (born 1809) who was of gypsy (Diddicoy) birth. Graver became known as \\\"The Rose of Norfolk\\\", (the title of the book by Ursula Bloom). Ursula Bloom lived for a number of years in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was the subject of her book, \\\"Rosemary for Stratford-upon-Avon\\\" She wrote her first book at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Bloom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389974\",\n \"text\": \"the board of the \\\"New Statesman\\\" and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund. She has lived in Egypt, Lebanon and the United States. Owen is the editor of \\\"Fathers: Reflections by Daughters\\\" (Virago, 1983) and \\\"Whose Cities\\\" (with Mark Fisher), published by Penguin in 1991. Owen has one daughter and four granddaughters. Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18792113\",\n \"text\": \"In November 2015, at the age of 87, she was sentenced to ten months' imprisonment for Holocaust denial. Several additional convictions in the fall of 2016 led to further such sentences. She has unsuccessfully appealed all sentences, since 7 May 2018 she is serving her latest 2-year jail sentence after being picked up at her home by German police. Born at Winterscheid (today part of Gilserberg) in Hesse, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, by her own account, lived in Sweden for four years as a homeland displaced person (\\\"Heimatvertriebene\\\") from East Prussia and studied pedagogy, philosophy and linguistics, including two years in Scotland.\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Haverbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"707659\",\n \"text\": \"European\\\". Morgan suggests that she was \\\"most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India.\\\" Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, Anna Edwards had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname \\\"Crawford\\\" in Caernarfon and giving her father's rank as Captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Leonowens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12239521\",\n \"text\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the UK being a popular\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13040591\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift to accompany her through life. Her father, Samuel Bagdasarjanz was born in Romania, whence his family emigrated to Switzerland. Through her mother, Margrit Weiss, born in Switzerland, Ursula learned at an early age to express herself on her instrument. In 1944, at the age of ten, Ursula Bagdasarjanz gave her\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Bagdasarjanz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12580393\",\n \"text\": \"any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born\",\n \"title\": \"Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19691056\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\\\"Volkskammer\\\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\\\"Bundestag\\\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small but long established town in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14870579\",\n \"text\": \"parole in 2011 before returning to Sweden. Sabina Eriksson and her identical twin sister, Ursula Eriksson, were born in Sweden on 3 November 1967, and grew up in Sunne, Värmland, with an older sister named Mona and an older brother named Björn. In their youth there was no apparent history of mental health issues or criminal convictions, and by the year 2000, Ursula was living in the U.S. while Sabina was living in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland with her partner and two children. Ursula visited Sabina on Friday 16 May 2008, but for reasons that were unclear, the suddenly inseparable\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula and Sabina Eriksson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15984533\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, \\\"Endless Race\\\", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4922193\",\n \"text\": \"Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She found a niche in television movies and, towards the end of her life, doing voiceover work in projects for Disney, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Paddi Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11726427\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Merkin Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist. She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey. In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman,\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Merkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2330544\",\n \"text\": \"the set of \\\"Clash of the Titans\\\" in 1979. She gave birth to their son, Dimitri Hamlin, on 19 May 1980. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved into close friend Linda Evans’ Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her. Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Andress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389970\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20906047\",\n \"text\": \"and was active in local anti-apartheid politics. Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Barnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20571986\",\n \"text\": \"Isabel Ursula Cadogan was born on 24 July 1911 in San Fernando, on the island of Trinidad, in the British West Indies's colony of Trinidad and Tobago, to Maude and Thomas Cadogan. Her father was a tailor and soon after her birth, the family moved to Princes Town, where Cadogan grew up and attended the Government Primary School. Having little access to secondary education, common in the country at that time, Cadogan continued her education under the pupil-teacher system. While working as a student teacher, she began organizing student clubs arranging concerts, dances and speaking events. She founded a boys’\",\n \"title\": \"Isabel Ursula Teshea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13169703\",\n \"text\": \"21,000 Barbadian born people residing in the UK (the largest Barbadian born diaspora on earth). Barbadians constitute the second largest Afro-Caribbean group in the UK. Barbados–United Kingdom relations Barbados–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of Barbados and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including settlement, post-colonialism and modern bilateral relations. The two countries are related through common history spanning three-hundred and thirty-nine years (1627–1966). Since the Barbadian date of independence, these nations continue to share ties through the Commonwealth of Nations, and\",\n \"title\": \"Barbados–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12239522\",\n \"text\": \"destination for Mauritian emigrants. Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4561254\",\n \"text\": \"duty for EU member states to block access to child pornography on the Internet. Critics interpret that as the creation of a net censorship infrastructure which would not help children, but would indeed be counterproductive and a dangerous threat to democracy. NGOs working for children's rights, such as Save the Children and NSPCC, have, however, defended the proposal. Malmström was quickly rewarded with the nickname 'Censilia' on the social web and in – mostly German – dailies, a portmanteau word blending the word \\\"censorship\\\" and her given name (“Cecilia”), in imitation of the \\\"Zensursula\\\" nickname of the German minister Ursula\",\n \"title\": \"Cecilia Malmström\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3366555\",\n \"text\": \"Angela Merici Angela Merici, or Angela de Merici (; 21 March 1474 – 27 January 1540), was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. She found the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the Church through the education of girls. From this organization later sprang the monastic Order of Ursulines, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America. Merici was born in 1474 on a farm near Desenzano del Garda, a\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Merici\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16417443\",\n \"text\": \"Kilmore, Victoria in 1875. Mother Ursula died in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy on 9 June 1885, aged 68. A Gothic chapel to her memory was built by her successor in the convent grounds. Her remains are buried in a vault in the chapel under a Celtic cross, reminding all of her origins. She is commemorated in the name of the Ursula Frayne Catholic College, Perth, Western Australia- and also in the dementia ward of Mercy Place, Albury; renamed in 2014 to commemorate \\\"Ursula Frayne\\\". St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage, Melbourne. 1855-1967 Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Frayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19691062\",\n \"text\": \"she was no longer a candidate. Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\\\"Volkskammer\\\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\\\"Bundestag\\\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193405\",\n \"text\": \"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325882\",\n \"text\": \"was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison. Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University\",\n \"title\": \"Susanne Klatten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11628990\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Acosta Dr. Ursula Acosta, Ph.D. (January 14, 1933) is one of the founding members of the Puerto Rican Genealogical Society, who has studied and written many works on the subject. She was also a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Acosta, (birth name: Ursula Schmidt) was born in Hanover, Germany to Hans Schmidt and Irma Ulrich. In 1935, her family moved to Leipzig, where she received her primary education. In 1947 her family relocated and moved to Dieburg. In 1952, she met Corporal Sebastian Acosta Ronda, a Puerto Rican in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Acosta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6234066\",\n \"text\": \"but his keen eye for applications has given his work a lasting influence on modern economics. Gorman was born in Kesh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 17 June 1923. He spent his early childhood in Lusaka, Rhodesia, where his African nanny called him Terence, saying that William was not a proper Irish name; he was subsequently known as Terence, or 'Terry', throughout his life. After his father was shot dead when Gorman was only four years old, he returned with his mother and her staff to her family estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, where he was brought up.\",\n \"title\": \"W. M. Gorman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11632148\",\n \"text\": \"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis – United States relations are bilateral relations between Saint Kitts and Nevis and the United States. Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, relations with the United States have been friendly. Alexander Hamilton, an important leader in the founding of the United States, was born in Charleston, Nevis. The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. U.S. assistance is\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7726490\",\n \"text\": \"films. She was often compared with Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. Olga Schoberová Olga Schoberová or Olinka Bérová born March 15, 1943 in Prague, Czech Republic (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), Czech-American actress. Olga was married to Brad Harris on 16 November 1967 and divorced in 1969 with one daughter, Babrinka, called \\\"Sabrina\\\". She married John Calley on December 30, 1972, and divorced almost exactly 20 years later, in December 1992. She is fluent in German and Russian. Olga Schoberová acted in 22 Czech, German, Italian and American movies. In 1968 she appeared in \\\"The Vengeance of She\\\" under\",\n \"title\": \"Olga Schoberová\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"971018\",\n \"text\": \"writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the \\\"Villa Colombaia\\\", in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, \\\"Parthenope\\\", a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Nightingale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16558943\",\n \"text\": \"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, \\\"The Magic Roundabout\\\". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Eason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11912827\",\n \"text\": \"Mother Shipton's Cave Mother Shipton's Cave (or \\\"Old Mother Shipton's Cave\\\") is at Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England, near to the River Nidd. Nearby is a petrifying well which is the oldest entrance-charging tourist attraction in England, open since 1630. The water of the well is rich in sulphate and carbonate which is deposited as a ramp and screen below, and in which artefacts are \\\"petrified\\\" (encrusted) as a tourist attraction. The place is associated with the legendary soothsayer and prophetess Mother Shipton (c. 1488 - 1561), born Ursula Southeil, wife of Toby Shipton. According to legend she was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Shipton's Cave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11939442\",\n \"text\": \"H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales. A few differences were found between North, Mid and South Wales. There was a closer link between North and Mid Wales than either had with the South. Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 called Ursula. He calculated a date of 7,300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland. Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far older there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts. Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the\",\n \"title\": \"Genetic history of the British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14351809\",\n \"text\": \"91% of service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Every one of his singles titles has been won on hard courts. His overall winning percentage of 68.5% is one of the highest amongst currently active players. Raonic was born on December 27, 1990, in Titograd, SFR Yugoslavia (now Podgorica, Montenegro), and is of Serb heritage. Prompted by the political unrest in the Balkans, and seeking more professional opportunities, his family moved to Canada in 1994 when he was three, settling in Brampton, Ontario. His parents are\",\n \"title\": \"Milos Raonic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18168300\",\n \"text\": \"Sophia Patsalides Sophia Patsalidou (, born 16 December 2000), known professionally as Sophia Patsalides (), is a Greek Cypriot teen singer. She represented her nation at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with her song \\\"I pio omorfi mera\\\" (The most wonderful day). Sophia was born on 16 December 2000 in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus. She has been interested in music since she was little and started singing when she was 3. She grew up listening to pop artists, such as Beyoncé. On 21 July 2014, Sophia Patsalides was internally selected to represent Cyprus at the 12th annual\",\n \"title\": \"Sophia Patsalides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5300900\",\n \"text\": \"Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170. The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named \\\"Yuzovka\\\" (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding (\\\"Yuz\\\" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were\",\n \"title\": \"Welsh people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14805569\",\n \"text\": \"medical therapies for critically ill patients. He has organized in Monte Carlo (June 19, 2015) a very important Charity-dinner to support the \\\"Make a WISH\\\" project of the Serbian Embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta (www.orderofmalta.org.rs)/> Prince Michael of Yugoslavia Prince Michael of Yugoslavia, (, Michael Nicolas Paul George Maria, born 18 June 1958 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France) is an investment executive, socialite and philanthropist. He was formerly a real estate broker. Prince Michael is a member of the House of Karađorđević and a Prince of Yugoslavia as a patrilineal descendant of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia. Michael,\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Michael of Yugoslavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19569677\",\n \"text\": \"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Katherine Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5393583\",\n \"text\": \"award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. In 2012, \\\"Forbes\\\" ranked her the fourth most powerful celebrity, while \\\"Time\\\" included her on the annual list of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Rihanna was named Harvard University's \\\"Humanitarian of the Year\\\" by the Harvard Foundation in early 2017. She was appointed as an Ambassador on behalf of the government of Barbados in 2018, with her duties involving the promotion of education, tourism and investment. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica (née\",\n \"title\": \"Rihanna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6310365\",\n \"text\": \"for censorship (\\\"Zensur\\\") and her given name (\\\"Ursula\\\"). The combination of a sensitive topic like child pornography and internet censorship is said to have caused a rising interest in the Pirate Party. In July 2009 she referred to the problems of struggling against paedophile pornography on the internet as the responsible persons often use servers located in Africa or India, where \\\"child pornography is legal\\\". This claim was based on a study by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children in 2006; however, child pornography is in fact illegal in India. Indeed, Indian society has much stricter rules about\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula von der Leyen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13394489\",\n \"text\": \"Nova Scotia that she incorporated her experiences through her novels. Two years after Beckwith wrote her novel, her father died in a drowning accident and in 1820 and she was sent to live in Upper Canada (Kingston) with family where she would establish a boarding school for girls and meet and then marry George Henry Hart (between 1822–1824). Beckwith’s mother had renounced her Roman Catholic faith and shared her husbands Methodist views, yet it was her mother’s religious background that would provide the subject matter of Canada’s first novel \\\"St Ursula’s Covent\\\" (or \\\"The Nun of Canada\\\") at the age\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Catherine Beckwith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239637\",\n \"text\": \"Palm\\\". She has also had two \\\"New York Times\\\" Notable Book mentions. She has written many book reviews for \\\"The New York Times\\\", the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\", and \\\"The Washington Post\\\". Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hegi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7424306\",\n \"text\": \"Julia Golding Julia Golding (born March 1969), pen names Joss Stirling and Eve Edwards, is a British novelist best known for her \\\"Cat Royal\\\" series and \\\"The Companions Quartet\\\". Born in London, she grew up on the edge of Epping Forest. She originally read English at the University of Cambridge. She then joined the Foreign Office and worked in Poland. Her work as a diplomat took her many places including the Tatra Mountains and the bottom of a Silesian coal mine. Upon leaving Poland, she turned her attention to academic studies and took a doctorate in English Romantic Period literature\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Golding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17472668\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Deep Rising\\\" (1998) both feature squid. Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in \\\"Octaman\\\", which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. \\\"Monster Shark\\\" (1984) and \\\"Sharktopus\\\" (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids. Cephalopods have been depicted in animated feature films for family audiences. \\\"Finding Nemo\\\" (2003) includes a flapjack octopus among its cast of aquatic characters. The sequel \\\"Finding Dory\\\" features an East\",\n \"title\": \"Cephalopods in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325875\",\n \"text\": \"Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD in Lausanne\",\n \"title\": \"Susanne Klatten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8514598\",\n \"text\": \"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark () (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. The Duke of Edinburgh is her younger brother. Sophie was born at Villa Mon Repos on the island of Corfu in Greece. Sophie's father was the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. Through King George, she was a great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark (hence her subsidiary title, \\\"Princess of Denmark\\\").\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5891651\",\n \"text\": \"George Henry Andrews George Henry Andrews (1926 – September 3, 1997) was a Liberian sports journalist and later minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Liberia. He presided over a pivotal election in the 1990s. Andrews was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia in 1926., His father, Lawrence Andrews, had impregnated a native girl and felt too ashamed to admit being the father of the child. Lawrence condemned the girl as a liar and left the area. He would not see his son again for nearly 40 years. Andrews grew up in abject poverty, but as a descendant of Americo-Liberian, being\",\n \"title\": \"George Henry Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343148\",\n \"text\": \"There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry, 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry, an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom, and ca. 31,000 in Australia. There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable induviduals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer. Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular masculine: \\\"Čech\\\" , singular feminine: \\\"Češka\\\" ) or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe,\",\n \"title\": \"Czechs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17144984\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Firmina dos Reis Maria Firmina dos Reis (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel \\\"Úrsula\\\" (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Maria Firmina dos Reis was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. \\\"At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher.\\\" She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. \\\"At the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Firmina dos Reis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8939782\",\n \"text\": \"for whom she has walked the red carpet as showstopper. She was spotted performing for SVA Couture in Lakme Fashion Week. Sophie was spotted with Malaika Arora hosting Miss Diva Universe 2018 Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \\\"Sophia\\\", however she now goes by\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Choudry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4674767\",\n \"text\": \"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Interrail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"50330\",\n \"text\": \"Greek word ἄρκτος (\\\"arktos\\\"), meaning bear, as do the names \\\"arctic\\\" and \\\"antarctic\\\", from the constellation Ursa Major, the \\\"Great Bear\\\", prominent in the northern sky. Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and \\\"Ursus\\\" come from Latin \\\"Ursus/Ursa\\\", he-bear/she-bear. The female first name \\\"Ursula\\\", originally derived from a Christian saint's name, means \\\"little she-bear\\\" (diminutive of Latin \\\"ursa\\\"). In Switzerland, the male first name \\\"Urs\\\" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from \\\"Bär\\\", German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means \\\"bear-brave\\\", \\\"bear-hardy\\\", or \\\"bold bear\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Bear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10047696\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aussies\\\", and refer to Australia as \\\"Oz\\\" or \\\"down under\\\" (a reference to the fact that Australia is notable for being entirely in the southern hemisphere). Streams of migration from the British Isles to Australia played a key role in Australia's development, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin. According to the 2011 Australian Census, around 1.1 million Australians were born in Britain, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. Former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in Wales. The\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20421334\",\n \"text\": \"various private homes. In April 1951 Richter was one of millions during the post war decade who fled across to West Germany, where she joined up with her sister. She lived first in Freiburg before moving, in 1952, to Switzerland, living successively in Bern and Zürich, working as a hairdresser and then in a hospital. Later she went to London where she worked as an \\\"au pair\\\". She nevertheless kept up her contacts in West Germany. She became pregnant by her boyfriend and in 1956 returned to East Germany where she married, becoming Ursula Saffran. The authorities determined that she\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Richter (intelligence agent)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19540103\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Ragwitz Ursula Ragwitz (born Ursula Rose: 15 February 1928) is a former senior official of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party. She started her career as a primary school teacher, and rose to become a member of the powerful Party Central Committee between 1981 and 1989, undertaking various leadership roles in respect of the country's highly politicised culture sector. Ursula Rose was born in Cottbus, historically the cultural centre of Germany's Sorbian ethnic minority. Her father worked as a . Between 1942 and 1945 she studied to become a teacher of German and music at the teacher training\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Ragwitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3936472\",\n \"text\": \"April 2009. Barenboim had planned to make his Egyptian debut in January 2009 as part of a world tour with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Arab-Israeli group he founded with the writer Edward Said. But that concert was canceled out of concern for the performers’ safety because of fighting in Gaza. Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Plassnik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9343225\",\n \"text\": \"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former\",\n \"title\": \"Theresa Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18997400\",\n \"text\": \"Jasmine Whitbread Jasmine Mary Whitbread (born 1 September 1963) is the chief executive of London First, an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to make London the best city in the world to do business. She was CEO of Save the Children from 2005 until 2015; firstly leading Save the Children UK and in 2010, creating Save the Children International. Whitbread was born in London on 1 September 1963. Her mother, Ursula Whitbread, is Swiss and her father, Gerald Whitbread, is English. She was educated at Kneller Girls' School, then an all-girls comprehensive school in Twickenham, London. In 1986, she\",\n \"title\": \"Jasmine Whitbread\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16539891\",\n \"text\": \"The production was nominated for 2 Gemini awards. Set in 1865, the story is about a thirteen-year-old boy from Prussia, named Lukas, who moves to America to escape family problems and a dangerous enemy. Along his journey he meets a young girl named Ursula and the two children struggle to survive the difficult frontier lifestyle. The mini-series was released on DVD as a cut down 2-hour versions in 2005. In 2012 the full 6 hour version was released on DVD. In addition, the mini-series was also made available for streaming in the digital format on Sullivan Entertainment's \\\"Gazebo TV\\\". By\",\n \"title\": \"By Way of the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11808749\",\n \"text\": \"Ukrainian Brazilians Ukrainian Brazilians (; , \\\"Ukrayins'ki Brazyl'tsi\\\") are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as \\\"Brazilian Ukraine.\\\" Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul,\",\n \"title\": \"Ukrainian Brazilians\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11985548\",\n \"text\": \"world champion boxer Nigel Benn is Barbadian British. Barbadian British Barbadian British people, Bajan Brits or British Barbadians, are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The UK is home to the second largest Barbadian-born migrant population out of all the OECD countries, with the 2001 Census recording 21,601 UK residents born on the Caribbean island, compared to the 53,785 Barbadian-born residents of the United States. Historically migration from Barbados to the UK was fairly simple, since many Barbadians once held overseas British citizenship (see: Barbados and\",\n \"title\": \"Barbadian British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1767995\",\n \"text\": \"of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility\",\n \"title\": \"Demographic transition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566338\",\n \"text\": \"a baby. Ursula is a main character in the 2016 young adult novel \\\"Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch\\\" by Serena Valentino. The novel is the third entry of the \\\"Villains\\\" series, a shared universe that crosses over various theatrical Disney films including \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". In this novel, Ursula is King Triton's younger sister who was betrayed by him as a child for choosing a tentacled form instead of a mermaid's tail, and grew up as a human in the town of Ipswich with an adoptive\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15759674\",\n \"text\": \"the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to Catherine II. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere, he chose as his primary residence the village of Pohrebyszcze in the region of Volhynia. She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the Kiev Governorate of Russian partition of Poland. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of her Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most\",\n \"title\": \"Ewelina Hańska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3144507\",\n \"text\": \"Stanley Unwin (publisher) Sir Stanley Unwin, KCMG (19 December 1884 – 13 October 1968) was a British publisher and founder of the George Allen and Unwin Ltd UK publishing house in 1914, on the very day that the First World War was declared. The company found success with authors such as Bertrand Russell, Sidney Webb, R. H. Tawney and Gandhi. He was born at 13 Handen Road in Lee, Lewisham, south-east London. The children's writer Ursula Moray Williams was his niece. Unwin was a lifelong pacifist, and during the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Voluntary\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Unwin (publisher)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4295242\",\n \"text\": \"Eva Ibbotson Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson (née Wiesner), better known as Eva Ibbotson (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books. Some of her novels for adults have been successfully reissued for the young adult market in recent years. For the historical novel \\\"Journey to the River Sea\\\" (Macmillan, 2001), she won the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered unusual commendation as runner up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Ibbotson\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Ostermundigen context: students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in\\n\\nIn which country was Ursula Andrews born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 200,\n \"origin_tokens\": 200,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isle of Man context: country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\\n\\ntitle: Ursula Andress context the setClash of the Titans\\\" in 179. birth their son Dimit Hamlin, 19 May 180. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved close friend Linda Evans Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although eng was, the couple never married. In 193 Hamlin up with her. Urs Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films She is best known for her break role as\\ntitle: wordρκτοςarktos meaning, namesararctic const Ursa theGre\\\", prominent Bear tax such as Urs \\\"Urs come \\\"UusUrs heb/she-bear The female first \\\"Ursula\\\", derived from's name \\\"little she-bear\\\"diminutivea In male first \\\"U popular while name the canton and Bern is derived from \\\"B\\\", Theic namebbra\\\",bearhard\\\", or\\\".\\n: Ursula Hiiborn 9 German- American She atony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.\\n\\nIn which country was Ursula Andrews born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 532,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15490,\n \"ratio\": \"29.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":86,"string":"86"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.","Old Ironpants","Walter Cronkite Jr.","And that's the way it is","Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.","Walter conkrite","Walter Cronkite","Walter L. Cronkite Jr.","Walter Leland Cronkite","Walter Conkrite","Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.","Walter Kronkite"],"string":"[\n \"Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.\",\n \"Old Ironpants\",\n \"Walter Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"And that's the way it is\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.\",\n \"Walter conkrite\",\n \"Walter Cronkite\",\n \"Walter L. Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite\",\n \"Walter Conkrite\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"Walter Kronkite\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"And that's the way it is"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1446174","text":"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446173","text":"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the \"CBS Evening News\" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the \"CBS Evening News\" with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446202","text":"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the \"CBS Evening News\"; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \"comfortable old shoe\" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the \"CBS Evening News\" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446159","text":"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446158","text":"Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the \"CBS Evening News\" for 19 years (1962–1981). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1598650","text":"a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, \"Who, What, When, Where, Why\", broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. \"If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs.","title":"CBS Evening News"},{"id":"1823915","text":"the United States, the hostage crisis created \"a surge of patriotism\" and left \"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\". The hostage-taking was seen \"not just as a diplomatic affront\", but as a \"declaration of war on diplomacy itself.\" Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the \"CBS Evening News\" anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8","title":"Iran hostage crisis"},{"id":"16152378","text":"relationships. Kasten has described the genesis of the book as his experiences in a rural community \"It was 1970, and my family had recently moved from the San Francisco Bay Area to a town in the San Joaquin Valley…One evening I found myself sitting on a couch at my friend Earl's house…Walter Cronkite was finishing up a newscast with a bit of commentary. He spoke about the dangers of making up one's mind too quickly and labeling events before fully understanding them…His concluding phrase was something like, \"Let's not be too quick to use the label-making device.\" Earl looked over","title":"G. Randy Kasten"},{"id":"10682049","text":"down the side of the mountain, 'melting' down the rocks. When the hunter is also knocked down, he reveals that he was able to swipe the satchel. The two take a look inside, and soon are just as distressed as the yellow duck — the content is a piece of paper with the words \"The End\" on it, displayed as the cartoon ends. Daffy cries out the catchphrase \"Sufferin' succotash!\" This is the first Looney Tunes short to use a shortened version of The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Ain't That Ducky Ain't That Ducky is a 1945 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes","title":"Ain't That Ducky"},{"id":"1446197","text":"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, \"Whew...boy\" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was \"nothing new\" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"6999412","text":"The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a \"topical calypso\", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, \"That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!\" It was during an edition of \"Tonight\" broadcast on the evening of Friday 22","title":"Tonight (1957 TV series)"},{"id":"1943265","text":"blog, hosted on MSNBC.com. Olbermann used the open format of the blog to expand on facts or ideas alluded to in the broadcast, to offer personal musings and reactions. However, in February 2007, Olbermann launched a new blog, \"The News Hole\". In a technique similar to that of former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in connection to the Iran Hostage Crisis, for the last six years of the program, Olbermann closed every show by announcing the number of days passed since President George W. Bush had declared the end of \"major combat operations\" in Iraq under a banner that read","title":"Keith Olbermann"},{"id":"1579519","text":"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of \"As The World Turns\" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a \"CBS News Bulletin\" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS","title":"As the World Turns"},{"id":"1446193","text":"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him \"The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'\" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"484046","text":"News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled \"Douglas Edwards with the News\", and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the \"CBS Evening News\" when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. Although CBS","title":"CBS"},{"id":"2003298","text":"early 1964, \"Route 66\". Considered to be \"the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale,\" the 1967 final episode of ABC's \"The Fugitive\", \"The Judgment: Part 2\", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series \"Roots\" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent \"Who Shot J.R.?\" cliffhanger of CBS' \"Dallas\". The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy \"M*A*S*H\", titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\". Viewed","title":"Series finale"},{"id":"1536313","text":"station TCN-9 from January 1957 until his retirement in late November 2002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \"...and that's the way it is\" or \"the way it is\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \"Not the way it was, as has been","title":"Brian Henderson (television presenter)"},{"id":"1446167","text":"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program \"You Are There\", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: \"What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446203","text":"\"The Tonight Show\" hosted by Johnny Carson. The following night, Carson did a comic spoof of his on-air farewell address. As he had promised on his last show as anchor in 1981, Cronkite continued to broadcast occasionally as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century; one such occasion was Cronkite anchoring the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 as he had Glenn's first in 1962. In 1983, he reported on the British General Election for the ITV current affairs series \"World In Action\", interviewing, among many others, the victorious Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"7654129","text":"\"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\" and his signature closing line, \"Keep looking up!\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series. Horkheimer used \"So get thee outside...\" to encourage viewers to watch the stars. When describing the heavens he would often say \"Let me show you.\" When introducing a picture of the night sky, he would often say, \"O.K., we've got our skies set up for...\" and then add a date and time. Each \"Star Hustler\" episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as","title":"Star Gazers"},{"id":"1446226","text":"the \"predominant news voice in America.\" Affectionately known as \"Uncle Walter,\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. \"USA Today\" wrote that \"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"7655965","text":"and knowing what to keep\" and that \"the best you can hope for is to die in your sleep\". At this point, the gambler puts out the cigarette and goes to sleep. At the end of the song we are told that \"somewhere in the darkness, the gambler, he broke even\", and that the narrator finds \"an ace that I could keep\", in his final words. Rogers' rendition in an appearance on \"The Muppet Show\" indicates the gambler actually dies in his sleep when he \"broke even\", thus really making those his \"final words\" ever spoken. The Gambler (song) \"The","title":"The Gambler (song)"},{"id":"1713182","text":"were saying in private that \"widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached.\" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the \"turning point\" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, \"We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds\" and added that, \"we are mired in a stalemate that","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"4047486","text":"Joseph Barbera directed the \"Tom and Jerry\" cartoons for the MGM cartoon studio before opening Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957.) Snagglepuss has three signature catchphrases. His most famous is his perpetual exclamation, \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\" – a line first uttered by Bert Lahr in the film \"Meet the People\" (1944). Before dashing off (whether to escape or for some other reason), he exclaims \"Exit, stage left!\" (or stage right, and sometimes even up or down), a phrase used in theatrical stage directions. Finally, Snagglepuss tends to add the word \"even\" to the end of his statements. This is done in a","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"1446205","text":"\"Back to Neverland\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \"The Magic of Disney Animation\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \"Integrity in the Media\" with Ben Bradlee and","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446170","text":"of it.\" Cronkite also angered the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the show's sponsor, by grammatically correcting its advertising slogan. Instead of saying \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\" verbatim, he substituted \"as\" for \"like.\" He was the lead broadcaster of the network's coverage of the 1960 Winter Olympics, the first-ever time such an event was televised in the United States. He replaced Jim McKay, who had suffered a mental breakdown. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed \"Walter Cronkite with the News\", but later the \"CBS Evening","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"981223","text":"and Managing Editor of \"The\" \"CBS Evening News\". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with \"That's the way it is\", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word \"courage\" and was roundly ridiculed for","title":"Dan Rather"},{"id":"4514490","text":"down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as \"breaking news\" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of","title":"Breaking news"},{"id":"13225191","text":"show had been cancelled. The ending of this episode mirrors that of the \"Pilot\", including Mulder calling Scully at 11:21 pm and the \"Cigarette Smoking Man\" storing evidence in The Pentagon. The tagline for this episode is \"Trust No One\", replacing the usual phrase \"The Truth is Out There\" and referencing \"Deep Throat\"'s last words. Executive producer R. W. Goodwin decided to make his directorial debut with the episode, as he considered it \"the best script by far\", offering \"a combination of elation and stark terror\". The opening car chase was shot by crew member J.P. Finn, who was the","title":"The Erlenmeyer Flask"},{"id":"1446209","text":"focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. \"Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC,\" narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Unusually, Cronkite was a Novice-class licensee—the entry level license—for his entire, and long, tenure in the hobby. On February 15, 2005, he went into the studio at CBS to","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"2199612","text":"Cronkite was often cited as the \"most trusted man in America.\" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of \"CBS Evening News\". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. \"ABC Evening News\" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, \"What's My Line?\", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron","title":"Television news in the United States"},{"id":"652195","text":"to Brooke Army General, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at the facility by cardiologist and Army colonel Dr. George McGranahan. He was 64 years old. Shortly after Johnson's death, his press secretary Tom Johnson telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS; Cronkite was live on the air with the \"CBS Evening News\" at the time, and a report on Vietnam was cut abruptly while Cronkite was still on the line, so he could break the news. Johnson's death came two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, which followed Nixon's landslide victory in the 1972 election. His death meant that for","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"1446198","text":"announcing his impending resignation, the night before. The January 22, 1973 broadcast of the \"CBS Evening News\" saw Cronkite break the news of the death of another notable American political figure: former president Lyndon B. Johnson. At approximately 6:38 pm Eastern Time, while a pre-recorded report that the Vietnam peace talks in Paris had been successful was being played for the audience, Cronkite received a telephone call in the studio while off camera. The call was from Tom Johnson, the former press secretary for President Johnson who was at the time serving the former chief executive as station manager at","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1787204","text":"in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, \"the most trusted man in America\". On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. He defended his assertion moments later: \"Here's what I think of the atom bombs. I think if you dropped an atom bomb fifteen miles offshore and you said, 'The next one's coming and hitting you', then I would think it's okay. To","title":"Jon Stewart"},{"id":"1446180","text":"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"498814","text":"according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step \"into the headlines of American history\". As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. Bryan later described the silence as \"really","title":"Cross of Gold speech"},{"id":"4620780","text":"2006, CBS' coverage of the earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of \"American Idol\" on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the \"M*A*S*H\" finale (\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. For the 2007 season, CBS announced the advent of \"CBS Eye-lert,\" a service that allows viewers to be notified via e-mail and text message","title":"NFL on CBS"},{"id":"2542213","text":"whose jibes (\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was \"There ya go!\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding \"There ya go!\" to McCloud's \"Far out!\") Another recurring theme in the show was","title":"McCloud (TV series)"},{"id":"4425021","text":"episode, \"The Unhired Assassin\", where he played Giuseppe Zangara, the would-be assassin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt who ended up accidentally assassinating Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. In the 1974 film \"Chinatown\", Mantell played Lawrence Walsh, associate of private eye Jake Gittes. He delivered the film's famous last line, \"Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown.\" The character of Walsh reappeared in \"The Two Jakes\". He had a small role in Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\" (1963). Mantell appeared frequently in series television, including two episodes of \"The Twilight Zone\": \"Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room\" (in a starring role) and \"Steel\" (co-starring","title":"Joe Mantell"},{"id":"605455","text":"and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short \"Gas\", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase. Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the \"Looney Tunes\" films to a close with his stuttering, \"That's all, folks!\", Bugs replaced him at the end of \"Hare Tonic\" and \"Baseball Bugs\", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \"And that's the end!\" After World War II, Bugs continued","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"15374851","text":"ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. Such an action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his speech about world peace at American University on June 10, 1963. In a recorded conversation following a televised interview of September 2, 1963 with CBS News journalist Walter Cronkite, Kennedy can be heard telling the television crew after the television camera went off the air that in relation to his comments on Vietnam, \"you can cut out a little","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"13518470","text":"Shepherd), explains that \"I didn't say fudge. I said THE word...the queen mother of dirty words: the F-dash-dash-dash word.\" In the 1984 film \"Johnny Dangerously\", the character Roman Maronie is known for butchering the English language, especially English vulgarities: One of the more infamous TV edits is that of John McClane's iconic line from \"Die Hard\", \"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\" is changed to \"Yippee-ki-yay, Mr. Falcon\". The TV edit of the film \"The Usual Suspects\", instead of having the police lineup say, \"Give me the keys, you fucking cocksucker\", they say \"Give me the keys, you fairy godmother\". In the 1998 film","title":"Minced oaths in media"},{"id":"8684196","text":"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the \"CBS Evening News\", telling viewers that he was \"sitting in for Walter Cronkite\". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, \"Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back.\" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company","title":"Arnold Zenker"},{"id":"20624013","text":"beat. The entire song is a conversation between McEnroe (played by Roger Kitter) and the referee (played by Kaplan Kaye). They bicker and bicker until the referee finally loses his patience and just shoots McEnroe dead. The line \"\"The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!\"\" was an actual quotation McEnroe used to shout. As McEnroe dies in the song his final words are: \"\"I was talking to myself!\"\", which also a genuine excuse the real-life McEnroe used whenever a referee scolded him for being insulted. The title is a pun on the film \"The Empire Strikes Back\"","title":"Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back"},{"id":"2870117","text":"the weeknight CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, who always ended each news telecast by saying, \"And that's the way it is.\" The Bicentennial Minute on July 3, 1976, was narrated by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. The Bicentennial Minute on July 4, 1976, was narrated by First Lady Betty Ford. The final Bicentennial Minute, broadcast on December 31, 1976, was narrated by President Gerald Ford. (This was also the longest Bicentennial minute.) After the series ended, the time slot of the Bicentennial Minute came to be occupied by a brief synopsis of news headlines (\"Newsbreak\") read by a CBS anchor.","title":"Bicentennial Minutes"},{"id":"10688307","text":"former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests. Jones ended the program with an \"open letter\", a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer. In his review in \"Variety\", Brian Lowry described Jones as \"utterly off-putting . . . delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey's skills aren’t easily cloned.\" He referred to her \"scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs\" and added, \"It's possible, of course, that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations, but at this","title":"Star Jones (TV series)"},{"id":"1357797","text":"and good luck.\" The future British monarch, Princess Elizabeth, said as much to the Western world in a live radio address at the end of the year, when she said \"good night, and good luck to you all\". So, at the end of one 1940 broadcast, Murrow ended his segment with \"Good night, and good luck.\" Speech teacher Anderson insisted he stick with it, and another Murrow catchphrase was born. When Murrow returned to the U.S. in 1941, CBS hosted a dinner in his honor on December 2 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. 1,100 guests attended the dinner, which the network","title":"Edward R. Murrow"},{"id":"1446225","text":"was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Cronkite's funeral took place on July 23, 2009, at St. Bartholomew's Church in midtown Manhattan, New York City. At his funeral, his friends noted his love of music, including, recently, drumming. For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"391492","text":"of the actor John Garfield's death and funeral in 1952. After a brief \"in memoriam\" during \"SNL\"'s 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015, Bill Murray ended the segment with the famous phrase which \"just came in from Spain\". Notes Citations Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead \"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of \"NBC's Saturday Night\" (now called \"Saturday Night Live\", or \"SNL\") and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the Spanish Caudillo's impending death. It was one of the first catchphrases from the series to enter","title":"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead"},{"id":"12618304","text":"public affairs programming. A full-page newspaper ad for the series \"Of Black America\" showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag. A newspaper ad for \"The Warren Report: A CBS News Inquiry in Four Parts\" showed a hand holding the John F. Kennedy assassination's \"magic bullet\" with a headline stating that \"This is the bullet that hit both President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Or did it?\" Advertising of CBS News coverage of the 1972 presidential election described CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite as having been","title":"Lou Dorfsman"},{"id":"7558329","text":"his funding has been cut, causing him to pack up Deep 13 and cut loose the \"Satellite of Love\". The end of the episode is a parody of \"\", in which an old Clayton tries to reach a Monolith-like giant videocassette labeled \"The Worst Film Ever Made\". In the final scene, he is reborn as a . When Pearl muses about another chance to raise her son, he utters his final words of the Comedy Central series: \"Oh, poopie.\" When he was leaving the show, Trace Beaulieu said, \"It's kind of bittersweet, but it was time for me to go,\".","title":"Dr. Clayton Forrester (Mystery Science Theater 3000)"},{"id":"2903157","text":"The 20th Century The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company that ran on the CBS network from 20 October 1957 until 4 January 1970. It was hosted by Walter Cronkite. The opening and closing theme music was written by composer George Antheil. The program presented filmed reports on news and cultural events that were important for the development of the 20th century. The show did not just present the events, but also interpreted them. Such subjects as World War I and major assassinations were presented in context. On 20 January 1967, the show,","title":"The 20th Century"},{"id":"4900638","text":"hidden messages is a homage to similar scenes in \"A Beautiful Mind\". When Homer is showing the family headlines is a parody of the Headlines segment on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". Also, Lisa says \"Don't go inside! It's a trap!\", which is a reference of Admiral Ackbar's famous line, said in \"Return of the Jedi\". During its original run, the episode gained 12.4 million viewers, losing to a rerun of \"Three Gays of the Condo\" (12.6). The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. IGN ranks Glenn Close's performances as the twenty-fifth best guest appearances","title":"My Mother the Carjacker"},{"id":"2110727","text":"fully mortal, merely someone whose heightened insight and erudition plunge the listener into the world of the macabre (in a manner similar to that of \"The Man in Black\" on yet another old time radio program, \"Suspense\"). As with Himan Brown's prior \"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\", each episode of \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\" opened and closed with the ominous sound of a creaking crypt door, accompanied by Marshall's disturbing utterance, \"Come in!… Welcome. I'm E. G. Marshall.\" This was followed by one of Marshall's other catchphrases, usually either \"The sound of suspense\" or \"The fear you can hear.\" At the conclusion,","title":"CBS Radio Mystery Theater"},{"id":"5030768","text":"was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.70 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of \"Dallas,\" titled \"Who Done It\", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of \"M*A*S*H,\" titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a","title":"The Fugitive (TV series)"},{"id":"625355","text":"also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: \"So Long, Folks!\" until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the \"Looney Tunes\" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \"And Dat's De End!\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character. Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, \"What's going","title":"Porky Pig"},{"id":"1446189","text":"assassination, including the announcement of Oswald's death on Sunday. The next day, on the day of the funeral, Cronkite concluded \"CBS Evening News\" with the following assessment about the events of the last four dark days: Referring to his coverage of Kennedy's assassination, in a 2006 TV interview with Nick Clooney, Cronkite recalled, In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite recalled his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said, According to historian Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite provided a sense of perspective throughout the unfolding sequence of disturbing events. In mid-February 1968, on","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"5947347","text":"talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin. The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan. The episode's closing sequence is a reference to \"Dragnet\". George Fenneman recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on \"Dragnet\". In its original broadcast, \"Marge on the Lam\" finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1–7, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 13.1, equivalent to approximately 12.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating \"Beverly Hills, 90210\". The authors of","title":"Marge on the Lam"},{"id":"3230410","text":"Nancy's son Bob Hughes discovers that his mother has died quietly in her apartment. In the following episode, family and friends remember Nancy, with numerous flashbacks to scenes from vintage episodes. Wagner's death from undisclosed causes came less than two months before \"As The World Turns\" taped its final episode. CBS announced on December 9, 2009, that it was cancelling the show after 54 years on the air. Many fans had hoped that Wagner would be able to close the series with the line \"good night, dear\", just as she had uttered \"good morning, dear\" as the first line of","title":"Helen Wagner"},{"id":"7369532","text":"Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. \"Who Done It?\" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode, more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election. The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for \"The Fugitive\". \"Who Done It?\" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\". In 2011, Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" named \"A House Divided\" number","title":"Who shot J.R.?"},{"id":"1357796","text":"pause before the rest of the phrase. His former speech teacher, Ida Lou Anderson, suggested the opening as a more concise alternative to the one he had inherited from his predecessor at CBS Europe, Cesar Saerchinger: \"Hello America. This is London calling.\" Murrow's phrase became synonymous with the newscaster and his network. Murrow achieved great celebrity status as a result of his war reports. They led to his second famous catchphrase. At the end of 1940, with every night's German bombing raid, Londoners who might not necessarily see each other the next morning often closed their conversations with \"good night,","title":"Edward R. Murrow"},{"id":"1318407","text":"famous closing line to children at the end of his \"Texaco Star Theater\" programs, \"Listen to your Uncle Miltie and go to bed\"). Berle could only reply with, \"What?\" The incident became comedy fodder for \"SCTV\", as the next season contained a bit where Flaherty beats up a Berle look-alike while shouting, \"You'll never ruin another acceptance speech, Uncle Miltie!\" \"SCTV\" would win the award again in 1983. \"SCTV\" was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2002. \"SCTV\" parody shows include a parody of the western drama \"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\" – retitled \"Grizzly Abrams\" –","title":"Second City Television"},{"id":"2722714","text":"famous moment was the \"Hail Mary pass\" in the 1975 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds on the clock and the Cowboys trailing 14–10, Staubach launched a 50-yard bomb to wide receiver Drew Pearson, who caught the pass and strode into the end zone for a 17–14 victory. After the game, Staubach said he threw the ball and said a \"Hail Mary\". Since then, any last-second pass to the end zone in a desperate attempt to score a game-winning or tying touchdown is referred to as a \"Hail Mary\" pass. Staubach was named The Walter Camp \"Man of","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"8354055","text":"would have none of this. Still wearing his felt \"reporter\" hat on the air, and punching out bogus \"Morse Code\" with his telegraph key to punctuate his stories, Winchell came across as a relic of another era. Even his trademark opening line, \"Good evening Mr. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea ... let's go to press!\" seemed obsolete by 1960. NBC's Jack Paar relentlessly mocked Winchell on his own show \"Tonight\", a feud that effectively ended Winchell's career. The revived Winchell program was a Nielsen ratings disaster and was cancelled after only six broadcasts.","title":"The Walter Winchell Show"},{"id":"11411352","text":"crowd in the studio, and everyone in southern California who made it \"12 great years\", and he finished with \"Let's do this thing one more time...\" The crowd yelled \"Blow me up, Tom\" one last time to end the show and mark the end of KLSX as \"The FM Talk Station\" in what coincidentally became a strikingly appropriate catch phrase to be had: The phrase \"blow up the station\" is a radio term for ending a particular format or station run. After a much longer than usual explosion sound effect, the crowd cheered and KLSX changed format from hot talk","title":"Tom Leykis"},{"id":"7762321","text":"goes to show you, you gotta \"kill\" yourself to win an Oswald in this town!\" There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the \"That's all Folks!\" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, \"D-D-Dirty Guys\" as the film fades out. The cartoons used to make the film include: Also, clips from \"Little","title":"The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie"},{"id":"16520194","text":"he did not know his destination or how he would know when he had reached it. He then left the diner and drove off, as his voiceover off-screen narrated the final lines of his letter (also marking his very final words), \"I guess I'm just looking for it again. For the belief I had back in college. The belief I had when I first met Sarah and it all seemed so right. The belief in happy endings.\" In the Season 10 episode \"Nelson's Sparrow,\" Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer","title":"Jason Gideon"},{"id":"4925770","text":"Mary Tyler Moore Show\" episode, \"Today I am a Ma'am\", Mimsie did a higher-pitched meow, and on the episode \"Put on a Happy Face\", Miss Moore herself was shown stating the Looney Tunes end line, \"That's All Folks!\". In the series finale of \"St. Elsewhere\", Mimsie is shown unconscious and dying on-screen, hooked up to an IV, a heart monitor and medical equipment; as the credits roll the heart monitor beeps and then flatlines at the end, marking the end of ‘’St. Elsewhere’’ and Mimsie’s death. Coincidentally, Mimsie died shortly after the airing of the episode. Syndicated prints of this","title":"MTM Enterprises"},{"id":"4132865","text":"Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement: After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses,","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"id":"5728793","text":"Hewitt directed the televised production of the first 1960 U.S. Presidential candidate debate between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1960, at the CBS studios in Chicago. These were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised. He later became executive producer of the \"CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite\", helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedy's assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show \"60 Minutes\". Within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until","title":"Don Hewitt"},{"id":"1446200","text":"relay what Johnson had said to him. During the final ten minutes of that broadcast, Cronkite reported on the death, giving a retrospective on the life of the nation's 36th president, and announced that CBS would air a special on Johnson later that evening. This story was re-told on a 2007 CBS-TV special honoring Cronkite's 90th birthday. NBC-TV's Garrick Utley, anchoring \"NBC Nightly News\" that evening, also interrupted his newscast in order to break the story, doing so about three minutes after Cronkite on CBS. The news was not reported on that night's \"ABC Evening News\", which was anchored by","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"10053771","text":"bushy moustaches, wearing shell suits, and speaking in exaggerated Scouse accents. Common catch phrases they came up included \"\"Eh? Eh? Eh?\"\" \"\"Dey do do dat dough don't dey dough\"\" (\"They do do that though, don't they though\"). Whenever a potential problem or dispute arose, this would result in The Scousers repeating to each other their most famous catch phrase: \" Eh! Eh! Alright! Alright! Calm down! Calm down!\" This catch phrase was Bleasdale's input as he changed the scripted original, which was \"\"Break it up 'ey, come on, break it up\"\", during the first rehearsal. McGann brought \"\"Dey do dough,","title":"The Scousers"},{"id":"9563961","text":"of the whodunit was delayed until the November \"sweep\" period as a ratings ploy by network CBS for the 1980–81 television season. Between 83 million and 90 million American viewers (or 76% of all U.S. television viewers in the United States on November 1980) watched the episode; the 53.3 Nielsen rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record broken on February 1983 when the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired (on the same network). \"Who Done It\" still attained the second highest Nielsen rating for a single television broadcast in U.S. history, and remains third","title":"Who Done It (Dallas)"},{"id":"981253","text":"daughter was a host of the fundraiser. Rather also said that he did not realize that the event was a partisan fundraiser, although he did realize that after he arrived at the event. During an appearance on CNN's \"American Morning\", former CBS anchor Walter Cronkite said about Rather: \"It surprised quite a few people at CBS and elsewhere that, without being able to pull up the ratings beyond third in a three-man field, that they tolerated his being there for so long.\" Cronkite also said that Bob Schieffer's succession was long overdue. In the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination while","title":"Dan Rather"},{"id":"12807288","text":"Award nomination. \"TV Guide\" named the Borg #4 in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The phrase \"resistance is futile\" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show \"TNG\". The Borg uttered the phrase in several\" Star Trek\" episodes and the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\" (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in \"\" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of \"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases\". It was used as the title for an","title":"Borg"},{"id":"1446183","text":"President, mentioning that it came from a reliable source. Before the network left KRLD's feed for good, Barker first announced, then retracted, a confirmation of Kennedy's death. CBS cut back to Cronkite reporting that one of the priests had administered last rites to the president. In the next few minutes, several more bulletins reporting that Kennedy had died were given to Cronkite, including one from CBS's own correspondent Dan Rather that had been reported as confirmation of Kennedy's demise by CBS Radio. As these bulletins came into the newsroom, it was becoming clearer that Kennedy had in fact lost his","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"2003299","text":"by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of \"M*A*S*H\" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, \"M*A*S*H\"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast). The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history is the 1993 finale of the witty, character-based NBC comedy","title":"Series finale"},{"id":"1713169","text":"second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"965494","text":"E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \"Beep beep!\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \"Meep, meep.\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The","title":"Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner"},{"id":"4359320","text":"of the old features and presenters return including leprechauns Mr Sage and Mr Onion who acknowledged in the final few minutes of the show that they were the longest serving presenters of the show. The show then ended with Mr Onion pulling the 'Off' switch plunging the studio into darkness. A match was then struck revealing Cawood, Suttie, Farley and Deley standing in the darkness. After saying \"Missed It? Missed Out!,\" a reference to the show's former catchphrase, they blew the match out sending the studio back into darkness symbolising the end of the show and the end of an","title":"Live & Kicking"},{"id":"11544741","text":"Last words Last words or final words are a person's final articulated words, stated prior to death or as death approaches. Last words may not necessarily be written down or accurately recorded, and they may not be quoted accurately for a variety of reasons. Famous last words include both the literal utterings; such as the sayings of Jesus on the cross, from Shakespeare's \"Julius Caesar\" \"\"Et tu, Brute?\"\", and the ironical sense of words said before a disaster, such as: The last words reported to have been uttered by a person revered as a martyr or hero of a religious,","title":"Last words"},{"id":"5905587","text":"a cigarette, then embrace. Probst remarks that what they did was not in vain. As Sophie is led into a courtyard, she says, \"The sun is still shining\". She is brought to the execution chamber and placed in a guillotine. The blade falls and the picture goes black. Footsteps are heard, then Hans's voice exclaiming \"Es lebe die Freiheit!\" (\"Long live Freedom!\") before the blade falls again. Probst is brought in next, breathing heavily, before the blade falls once more. In the closing shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the","title":"Sophie Scholl – The Final Days"},{"id":"4132844","text":"the initial ABC bulletins came from WRUL, a New York-based station transmitting to Latin America and Europe on shortwave, which was featuring a program of MOR album music when the shooting took place. At the time, Doris Day's recording of \"Hooray for Hollywood\" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner broke in with the developments: Four minutes following ABC's radio bulletin, CBS was the first to break the news over television at 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m. EST. The network interrupted its live production broadcast of \"As the World Turns\" with a \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide and Walter Cronkite, reporting from","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"id":"17368985","text":"of all television viewers in the U.S. – watched the \"Who shot J.R.?\" episode. The 53.3 rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record it held until February 1983 when the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired. \"Who Done It\" remains second on the list of all-time most watched television episodes. \"Dallas\" went on to finish at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings for three of the next four seasons as a result of the publicity this episode generated. Internationally, \"Who Done It\" still holds the record for the most-watched episode in world television history, with","title":"Loraine Despres"},{"id":"4015874","text":"in 2010. The rumour of the show ending later revealed to be true as during the finale on 15 November 2009, McManus confirmed that the show would be ending with the 2009 finale. He said: \"It's purely my decision. It's not one I've made lightly or flippantly. The timing was right to stop, stand back and see what happens next.\" The final show finished at 11:11pm AEDT with a montage of clips from the 2009 season and a performance by Powderfinger. Rove's last words was a variation of his signature sign off: \"I'm Rove McManus, say bye to your mum","title":"Rove (TV series)"},{"id":"812509","text":"implied that Hook attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford and his final words are \"Floreat Etona\", Eton's motto. In the novel, Hook's last words are a similarly upper-class \"bad form\", in disapproval of the way Peter Pan beats him by throwing him overboard. The book relates that Peter Pan began the ongoing rivalry between them by feeding the pirate's hand to a crocodile. After getting a taste of Hook, the crocodile pursues him relentlessly, but the ticking clock it has also swallowed warns Hook of its presence. Hook is described as \"cadaverous\" and \"blackavised\", with \"eyes which were of","title":"Captain Hook"},{"id":"5563198","text":"office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger. Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's \"Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck\" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of \"\"Chicken-mannnn!\"\" and voices shouting, \"He's everywhere! He's everywhere!\" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later. Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called \"Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters\". In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: \"Chickenman Returns\", and an updated radio","title":"Chickenman (radio series)"},{"id":"5962151","text":"of the radio program \"Behind the Scenes at CBS\". In 1948, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators shunned the fledgling medium of television, Edwards was chosen to present regular CBS television news programs and to host CBS's television coverage of the 1948 Democratic and Republican conventions. The term \"anchor\" would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC News's \"Camel News Caravan\", but he would eventually regain his ratings lead. By","title":"Douglas Edwards"},{"id":"4442740","text":"show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, \"\"You are looking live at ...\"\" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of \"CBS\" (\"\"C.B. eeezz\"\"), creating another catch phrase. Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with \"The NFL Today\"s betting analyst Jimmy \"The Greek\" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared","title":"Brent Musburger"},{"id":"2035285","text":"third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: \"Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!\" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture. Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked \"Batman\" as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled \"TV (The Book)\", stating that \"West's","title":"Batman (TV series)"},{"id":"8290279","text":"incorrect and that it should say, \"Winston tastes good as a cigarette should.\" Ogden Nash, in \"The New Yorker\", published a poem that ran \"\"Like\" goes Madison Avenue, \"like so\" goes the nation.\" Walter Cronkite, then hosting \"The Morning Show\", refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead. Malcolm Gladwell, in \"The Tipping Point\", says that this \"ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation\" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall","title":"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should"},{"id":"726575","text":"in the morning (21 July 1944) by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck. Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg. When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, (\"\"Long live our sacred Germany!\"\") Others say the last words were: (\"\"Long live the secret Germany!\"\"), in reference to Stefan George and the anti-Nazi circle. Fromm ordered that","title":"Claus von Stauffenberg"},{"id":"9607467","text":"clever wit of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included \"The Price Is Right\" (still on the air to this day), \"Let's Make a Deal\", \"The $20,000 Pyramid\", \"The Gong Show\", \"The Newlywed Game\", \"Password\", \"Tattletales\", \"Tic Tac Dough\", \"Bowling for Dollars\", \"Break the Bank\" and \"The Joker's Wild\". Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite, who was voted \"The Most Trusted","title":"1970s in television"},{"id":"629785","text":"The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: \"...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop...\" Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was: \"And so as the loose-bowelled pigeon of time swoops low over the unsuspecting tourist of destiny, and the flatulent skunk of fate wanders into the air-conditioning system of eternity, I notice it's the end","title":"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue"},{"id":"1848362","text":"Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to \"What's on the board, Miss Ford?\" (originally \"What have they scored, Miss Ford?\"). Forsyth always opened the show with \"Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ...\" to which the audience would shout \"Nice!\", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included \"Good game, good game,\" \"I hope you're playing this at home,\" and \"Give us a twirl,\" which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including \"Shut","title":"The Generation Game"},{"id":"11229063","text":"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's \"most trusted person\" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying \"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America\". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as \"a loser\" and proposed to \"cut losses and get out\". He was supported by most of the \"Wise Men,\" who","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"1446176","text":"dispatch Cronkite to the CBS Radio Network booth to report the events and play the audio over the television airwaves while the crew worked on the camera to see if they could get it set up quicker. Meanwhile, CBS was ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera \"As the World Turns (ATWT)\", which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide abruptly broke into the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what would be the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"15234863","text":"printed a correction: An appraisal on Saturday about Walter Cronkite’s career included a number of errors. In some copies, it misstated the date that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed and referred incorrectly to Mr. Cronkite’s coverage of D-Day. Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968, not April 30. Mr. Cronkite covered the D-Day landing from a warplane; he did not storm the beaches. In addition, Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, not July 26. “The CBS Evening News” overtook “The Huntley-Brinkley Report” on NBC in the ratings during the 1967-68","title":"The New York Times controversies"},{"id":"4135786","text":"of Alan Colmes, who said \"I'm Alan Colmes. Thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York. Let's do the countdown.\" and counted down the seconds to WNBC's demise with the legendary NBC chimes (the notes G-E-C) playing in the background. Their soon-to-be former TV sister station, WNBC-TV, abruptly cut from a pre-produced history piece on WNBC and NBC Radio during their 5:00 pm newscast to cover the sign-off live. The final unofficial voice was that of then-WNBC-TV reporter Roger Grimsby, who could be heard announcing, \"You heard the countdown, it's over.\" After","title":"WNBC (AM)"},{"id":"4132857","text":"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1446174\",\n \"text\": \"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446173\",\n \"text\": \"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" with the phrase \\\"...And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446202\",\n \"text\": \"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\"; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \\\"comfortable old shoe\\\" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446159\",\n \"text\": \"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \\\"And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446158\",\n \"text\": \"Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" for 19 years (1962–1981). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \\\"the most trusted man in America\\\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598650\",\n \"text\": \"a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, \\\"Who, What, When, Where, Why\\\", broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. \\\"If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America\\\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs.\",\n \"title\": \"CBS Evening News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1823915\",\n \"text\": \"the United States, the hostage crisis created \\\"a surge of patriotism\\\" and left \\\"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\\\". The hostage-taking was seen \\\"not just as a diplomatic affront\\\", but as a \\\"declaration of war on diplomacy itself.\\\" Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8\",\n \"title\": \"Iran hostage crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16152378\",\n \"text\": \"relationships. Kasten has described the genesis of the book as his experiences in a rural community \\\"It was 1970, and my family had recently moved from the San Francisco Bay Area to a town in the San Joaquin Valley…One evening I found myself sitting on a couch at my friend Earl's house…Walter Cronkite was finishing up a newscast with a bit of commentary. He spoke about the dangers of making up one's mind too quickly and labeling events before fully understanding them…His concluding phrase was something like, \\\"Let's not be too quick to use the label-making device.\\\" Earl looked over\",\n \"title\": \"G. Randy Kasten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10682049\",\n \"text\": \"down the side of the mountain, 'melting' down the rocks. When the hunter is also knocked down, he reveals that he was able to swipe the satchel. The two take a look inside, and soon are just as distressed as the yellow duck — the content is a piece of paper with the words \\\"The End\\\" on it, displayed as the cartoon ends. Daffy cries out the catchphrase \\\"Sufferin' succotash!\\\" This is the first Looney Tunes short to use a shortened version of The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Ain't That Ducky Ain't That Ducky is a 1945 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't That Ducky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446197\",\n \"text\": \"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, \\\"Whew...boy\\\" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was \\\"nothing new\\\" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6999412\",\n \"text\": \"The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a \\\"topical calypso\\\", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, \\\"That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!\\\" It was during an edition of \\\"Tonight\\\" broadcast on the evening of Friday 22\",\n \"title\": \"Tonight (1957 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1943265\",\n \"text\": \"blog, hosted on MSNBC.com. Olbermann used the open format of the blog to expand on facts or ideas alluded to in the broadcast, to offer personal musings and reactions. However, in February 2007, Olbermann launched a new blog, \\\"The News Hole\\\". In a technique similar to that of former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in connection to the Iran Hostage Crisis, for the last six years of the program, Olbermann closed every show by announcing the number of days passed since President George W. Bush had declared the end of \\\"major combat operations\\\" in Iraq under a banner that read\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Olbermann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1579519\",\n \"text\": \"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of \\\"As The World Turns\\\" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS\",\n \"title\": \"As the World Turns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446193\",\n \"text\": \"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him \\\"The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'\\\" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"484046\",\n \"text\": \"News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled \\\"Douglas Edwards with the News\\\", and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \\\"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\\\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. Although CBS\",\n \"title\": \"CBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003298\",\n \"text\": \"early 1964, \\\"Route 66\\\". Considered to be \\\"the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale,\\\" the 1967 final episode of ABC's \\\"The Fugitive\\\", \\\"The Judgment: Part 2\\\", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series \\\"Roots\\\" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent \\\"Who Shot J.R.?\\\" cliffhanger of CBS' \\\"Dallas\\\". The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy \\\"M*A*S*H\\\", titled \\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\". Viewed\",\n \"title\": \"Series finale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536313\",\n \"text\": \"station TCN-9 from January 1957 until his retirement in late November 2002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \\\"...and that's the way it is\\\" or \\\"the way it is\\\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \\\"Not the way it was, as has been\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Henderson (television presenter)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446167\",\n \"text\": \"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program \\\"You Are There\\\", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: \\\"What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446203\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Tonight Show\\\" hosted by Johnny Carson. The following night, Carson did a comic spoof of his on-air farewell address. As he had promised on his last show as anchor in 1981, Cronkite continued to broadcast occasionally as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century; one such occasion was Cronkite anchoring the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 as he had Glenn's first in 1962. In 1983, he reported on the British General Election for the ITV current affairs series \\\"World In Action\\\", interviewing, among many others, the victorious Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7654129\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\\\" and his signature closing line, \\\"Keep looking up!\\\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series. Horkheimer used \\\"So get thee outside...\\\" to encourage viewers to watch the stars. When describing the heavens he would often say \\\"Let me show you.\\\" When introducing a picture of the night sky, he would often say, \\\"O.K., we've got our skies set up for...\\\" and then add a date and time. Each \\\"Star Hustler\\\" episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as\",\n \"title\": \"Star Gazers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446226\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"predominant news voice in America.\\\" Affectionately known as \\\"Uncle Walter,\\\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. \\\"USA Today\\\" wrote that \\\"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\\\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7655965\",\n \"text\": \"and knowing what to keep\\\" and that \\\"the best you can hope for is to die in your sleep\\\". At this point, the gambler puts out the cigarette and goes to sleep. At the end of the song we are told that \\\"somewhere in the darkness, the gambler, he broke even\\\", and that the narrator finds \\\"an ace that I could keep\\\", in his final words. Rogers' rendition in an appearance on \\\"The Muppet Show\\\" indicates the gambler actually dies in his sleep when he \\\"broke even\\\", thus really making those his \\\"final words\\\" ever spoken. The Gambler (song) \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Gambler (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713182\",\n \"text\": \"were saying in private that \\\"widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached.\\\" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the \\\"turning point\\\" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, \\\"We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds\\\" and added that, \\\"we are mired in a stalemate that\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047486\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Barbera directed the \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\" cartoons for the MGM cartoon studio before opening Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957.) Snagglepuss has three signature catchphrases. His most famous is his perpetual exclamation, \\\"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\\\" – a line first uttered by Bert Lahr in the film \\\"Meet the People\\\" (1944). Before dashing off (whether to escape or for some other reason), he exclaims \\\"Exit, stage left!\\\" (or stage right, and sometimes even up or down), a phrase used in theatrical stage directions. Finally, Snagglepuss tends to add the word \\\"even\\\" to the end of his statements. This is done in a\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446205\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Back to Neverland\\\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \\\"The Magic of Disney Animation\\\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \\\"Integrity in the Media\\\" with Ben Bradlee and\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446170\",\n \"text\": \"of it.\\\" Cronkite also angered the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the show's sponsor, by grammatically correcting its advertising slogan. Instead of saying \\\"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\\\" verbatim, he substituted \\\"as\\\" for \\\"like.\\\" He was the lead broadcaster of the network's coverage of the 1960 Winter Olympics, the first-ever time such an event was televised in the United States. He replaced Jim McKay, who had suffered a mental breakdown. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed \\\"Walter Cronkite with the News\\\", but later the \\\"CBS Evening\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981223\",\n \"text\": \"and Managing Editor of \\\"The\\\" \\\"CBS Evening News\\\". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with \\\"That's the way it is\\\", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word \\\"courage\\\" and was roundly ridiculed for\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Rather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4514490\",\n \"text\": \"down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as \\\"breaking news\\\" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of\",\n \"title\": \"Breaking news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225191\",\n \"text\": \"show had been cancelled. The ending of this episode mirrors that of the \\\"Pilot\\\", including Mulder calling Scully at 11:21 pm and the \\\"Cigarette Smoking Man\\\" storing evidence in The Pentagon. The tagline for this episode is \\\"Trust No One\\\", replacing the usual phrase \\\"The Truth is Out There\\\" and referencing \\\"Deep Throat\\\"'s last words. Executive producer R. W. Goodwin decided to make his directorial debut with the episode, as he considered it \\\"the best script by far\\\", offering \\\"a combination of elation and stark terror\\\". The opening car chase was shot by crew member J.P. Finn, who was the\",\n \"title\": \"The Erlenmeyer Flask\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446209\",\n \"text\": \"focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. \\\"Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC,\\\" narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Unusually, Cronkite was a Novice-class licensee—the entry level license—for his entire, and long, tenure in the hobby. On February 15, 2005, he went into the studio at CBS to\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199612\",\n \"text\": \"Cronkite was often cited as the \\\"most trusted man in America.\\\" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of \\\"CBS Evening News\\\". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. \\\"ABC Evening News\\\" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, \\\"What's My Line?\\\", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron\",\n \"title\": \"Television news in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652195\",\n \"text\": \"to Brooke Army General, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at the facility by cardiologist and Army colonel Dr. George McGranahan. He was 64 years old. Shortly after Johnson's death, his press secretary Tom Johnson telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS; Cronkite was live on the air with the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" at the time, and a report on Vietnam was cut abruptly while Cronkite was still on the line, so he could break the news. Johnson's death came two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, which followed Nixon's landslide victory in the 1972 election. His death meant that for\",\n \"title\": \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446198\",\n \"text\": \"announcing his impending resignation, the night before. The January 22, 1973 broadcast of the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" saw Cronkite break the news of the death of another notable American political figure: former president Lyndon B. Johnson. At approximately 6:38 pm Eastern Time, while a pre-recorded report that the Vietnam peace talks in Paris had been successful was being played for the audience, Cronkite received a telephone call in the studio while off camera. The call was from Tom Johnson, the former press secretary for President Johnson who was at the time serving the former chief executive as station manager at\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1787204\",\n \"text\": \"in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, \\\"the most trusted man in America\\\". On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. He defended his assertion moments later: \\\"Here's what I think of the atom bombs. I think if you dropped an atom bomb fifteen miles offshore and you said, 'The next one's coming and hitting you', then I would think it's okay. To\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446180\",\n \"text\": \"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"498814\",\n \"text\": \"according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step \\\"into the headlines of American history\\\". As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. Bryan later described the silence as \\\"really\",\n \"title\": \"Cross of Gold speech\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4620780\",\n \"text\": \"2006, CBS' coverage of the earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of \\\"American Idol\\\" on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" finale (\\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. For the 2007 season, CBS announced the advent of \\\"CBS Eye-lert,\\\" a service that allows viewers to be notified via e-mail and text message\",\n \"title\": \"NFL on CBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2542213\",\n \"text\": \"whose jibes (\\\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\\\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was \\\"There ya go!\\\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding \\\"There ya go!\\\" to McCloud's \\\"Far out!\\\") Another recurring theme in the show was\",\n \"title\": \"McCloud (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4425021\",\n \"text\": \"episode, \\\"The Unhired Assassin\\\", where he played Giuseppe Zangara, the would-be assassin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt who ended up accidentally assassinating Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. In the 1974 film \\\"Chinatown\\\", Mantell played Lawrence Walsh, associate of private eye Jake Gittes. He delivered the film's famous last line, \\\"Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown.\\\" The character of Walsh reappeared in \\\"The Two Jakes\\\". He had a small role in Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"The Birds\\\" (1963). Mantell appeared frequently in series television, including two episodes of \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\": \\\"Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room\\\" (in a starring role) and \\\"Steel\\\" (co-starring\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Mantell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605455\",\n \"text\": \"and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short \\\"Gas\\\", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase. Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" films to a close with his stuttering, \\\"That's all, folks!\\\", Bugs replaced him at the end of \\\"Hare Tonic\\\" and \\\"Baseball Bugs\\\", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \\\"And that's the end!\\\" After World War II, Bugs continued\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374851\",\n \"text\": \"ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. Such an action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his speech about world peace at American University on June 10, 1963. In a recorded conversation following a televised interview of September 2, 1963 with CBS News journalist Walter Cronkite, Kennedy can be heard telling the television crew after the television camera went off the air that in relation to his comments on Vietnam, \\\"you can cut out a little\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13518470\",\n \"text\": \"Shepherd), explains that \\\"I didn't say fudge. I said THE word...the queen mother of dirty words: the F-dash-dash-dash word.\\\" In the 1984 film \\\"Johnny Dangerously\\\", the character Roman Maronie is known for butchering the English language, especially English vulgarities: One of the more infamous TV edits is that of John McClane's iconic line from \\\"Die Hard\\\", \\\"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\\\" is changed to \\\"Yippee-ki-yay, Mr. Falcon\\\". The TV edit of the film \\\"The Usual Suspects\\\", instead of having the police lineup say, \\\"Give me the keys, you fucking cocksucker\\\", they say \\\"Give me the keys, you fairy godmother\\\". In the 1998 film\",\n \"title\": \"Minced oaths in media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8684196\",\n \"text\": \"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\", telling viewers that he was \\\"sitting in for Walter Cronkite\\\". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, \\\"Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back.\\\" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company\",\n \"title\": \"Arnold Zenker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20624013\",\n \"text\": \"beat. The entire song is a conversation between McEnroe (played by Roger Kitter) and the referee (played by Kaplan Kaye). They bicker and bicker until the referee finally loses his patience and just shoots McEnroe dead. The line \\\"\\\"The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!\\\"\\\" was an actual quotation McEnroe used to shout. As McEnroe dies in the song his final words are: \\\"\\\"I was talking to myself!\\\"\\\", which also a genuine excuse the real-life McEnroe used whenever a referee scolded him for being insulted. The title is a pun on the film \\\"The Empire Strikes Back\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2870117\",\n \"text\": \"the weeknight CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, who always ended each news telecast by saying, \\\"And that's the way it is.\\\" The Bicentennial Minute on July 3, 1976, was narrated by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. The Bicentennial Minute on July 4, 1976, was narrated by First Lady Betty Ford. The final Bicentennial Minute, broadcast on December 31, 1976, was narrated by President Gerald Ford. (This was also the longest Bicentennial minute.) After the series ended, the time slot of the Bicentennial Minute came to be occupied by a brief synopsis of news headlines (\\\"Newsbreak\\\") read by a CBS anchor.\",\n \"title\": \"Bicentennial Minutes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688307\",\n \"text\": \"former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests. Jones ended the program with an \\\"open letter\\\", a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer. In his review in \\\"Variety\\\", Brian Lowry described Jones as \\\"utterly off-putting . . . delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey's skills aren’t easily cloned.\\\" He referred to her \\\"scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs\\\" and added, \\\"It's possible, of course, that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations, but at this\",\n \"title\": \"Star Jones (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357797\",\n \"text\": \"and good luck.\\\" The future British monarch, Princess Elizabeth, said as much to the Western world in a live radio address at the end of the year, when she said \\\"good night, and good luck to you all\\\". So, at the end of one 1940 broadcast, Murrow ended his segment with \\\"Good night, and good luck.\\\" Speech teacher Anderson insisted he stick with it, and another Murrow catchphrase was born. When Murrow returned to the U.S. in 1941, CBS hosted a dinner in his honor on December 2 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. 1,100 guests attended the dinner, which the network\",\n \"title\": \"Edward R. Murrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446225\",\n \"text\": \"was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Cronkite's funeral took place on July 23, 2009, at St. Bartholomew's Church in midtown Manhattan, New York City. At his funeral, his friends noted his love of music, including, recently, drumming. For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"391492\",\n \"text\": \"of the actor John Garfield's death and funeral in 1952. After a brief \\\"in memoriam\\\" during \\\"SNL\\\"'s 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015, Bill Murray ended the segment with the famous phrase which \\\"just came in from Spain\\\". Notes Citations Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead \\\"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\\\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of \\\"NBC's Saturday Night\\\" (now called \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", or \\\"SNL\\\") and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the Spanish Caudillo's impending death. It was one of the first catchphrases from the series to enter\",\n \"title\": \"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12618304\",\n \"text\": \"public affairs programming. A full-page newspaper ad for the series \\\"Of Black America\\\" showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag. A newspaper ad for \\\"The Warren Report: A CBS News Inquiry in Four Parts\\\" showed a hand holding the John F. Kennedy assassination's \\\"magic bullet\\\" with a headline stating that \\\"This is the bullet that hit both President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Or did it?\\\" Advertising of CBS News coverage of the 1972 presidential election described CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite as having been\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Dorfsman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7558329\",\n \"text\": \"his funding has been cut, causing him to pack up Deep 13 and cut loose the \\\"Satellite of Love\\\". The end of the episode is a parody of \\\"\\\", in which an old Clayton tries to reach a Monolith-like giant videocassette labeled \\\"The Worst Film Ever Made\\\". In the final scene, he is reborn as a . When Pearl muses about another chance to raise her son, he utters his final words of the Comedy Central series: \\\"Oh, poopie.\\\" When he was leaving the show, Trace Beaulieu said, \\\"It's kind of bittersweet, but it was time for me to go,\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Dr. Clayton Forrester (Mystery Science Theater 3000)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2903157\",\n \"text\": \"The 20th Century The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company that ran on the CBS network from 20 October 1957 until 4 January 1970. It was hosted by Walter Cronkite. The opening and closing theme music was written by composer George Antheil. The program presented filmed reports on news and cultural events that were important for the development of the 20th century. The show did not just present the events, but also interpreted them. Such subjects as World War I and major assassinations were presented in context. On 20 January 1967, the show,\",\n \"title\": \"The 20th Century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4900638\",\n \"text\": \"hidden messages is a homage to similar scenes in \\\"A Beautiful Mind\\\". When Homer is showing the family headlines is a parody of the Headlines segment on \\\"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\\\". Also, Lisa says \\\"Don't go inside! It's a trap!\\\", which is a reference of Admiral Ackbar's famous line, said in \\\"Return of the Jedi\\\". During its original run, the episode gained 12.4 million viewers, losing to a rerun of \\\"Three Gays of the Condo\\\" (12.6). The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. IGN ranks Glenn Close's performances as the twenty-fifth best guest appearances\",\n \"title\": \"My Mother the Carjacker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2110727\",\n \"text\": \"fully mortal, merely someone whose heightened insight and erudition plunge the listener into the world of the macabre (in a manner similar to that of \\\"The Man in Black\\\" on yet another old time radio program, \\\"Suspense\\\"). As with Himan Brown's prior \\\"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\\\", each episode of \\\"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\\\" opened and closed with the ominous sound of a creaking crypt door, accompanied by Marshall's disturbing utterance, \\\"Come in!… Welcome. I'm E. G. Marshall.\\\" This was followed by one of Marshall's other catchphrases, usually either \\\"The sound of suspense\\\" or \\\"The fear you can hear.\\\" At the conclusion,\",\n \"title\": \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5030768\",\n \"text\": \"was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.70 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of \\\"Dallas,\\\" titled \\\"Who Done It\\\", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of \\\"M*A*S*H,\\\" titled \\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a\",\n \"title\": \"The Fugitive (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"625355\",\n \"text\": \"also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: \\\"So Long, Folks!\\\" until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \\\"And Dat's De End!\\\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character. Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, \\\"What's going\",\n \"title\": \"Porky Pig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446189\",\n \"text\": \"assassination, including the announcement of Oswald's death on Sunday. The next day, on the day of the funeral, Cronkite concluded \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" with the following assessment about the events of the last four dark days: Referring to his coverage of Kennedy's assassination, in a 2006 TV interview with Nick Clooney, Cronkite recalled, In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite recalled his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said, According to historian Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite provided a sense of perspective throughout the unfolding sequence of disturbing events. In mid-February 1968, on\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5947347\",\n \"text\": \"talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin. The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan. The episode's closing sequence is a reference to \\\"Dragnet\\\". George Fenneman recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on \\\"Dragnet\\\". In its original broadcast, \\\"Marge on the Lam\\\" finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1–7, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 13.1, equivalent to approximately 12.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating \\\"Beverly Hills, 90210\\\". The authors of\",\n \"title\": \"Marge on the Lam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3230410\",\n \"text\": \"Nancy's son Bob Hughes discovers that his mother has died quietly in her apartment. In the following episode, family and friends remember Nancy, with numerous flashbacks to scenes from vintage episodes. Wagner's death from undisclosed causes came less than two months before \\\"As The World Turns\\\" taped its final episode. CBS announced on December 9, 2009, that it was cancelling the show after 54 years on the air. Many fans had hoped that Wagner would be able to close the series with the line \\\"good night, dear\\\", just as she had uttered \\\"good morning, dear\\\" as the first line of\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Wagner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7369532\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. \\\"Who Done It?\\\" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode, more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election. The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for \\\"The Fugitive\\\". \\\"Who Done It?\\\" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\". In 2011, Ken Tucker of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" named \\\"A House Divided\\\" number\",\n \"title\": \"Who shot J.R.?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357796\",\n \"text\": \"pause before the rest of the phrase. His former speech teacher, Ida Lou Anderson, suggested the opening as a more concise alternative to the one he had inherited from his predecessor at CBS Europe, Cesar Saerchinger: \\\"Hello America. This is London calling.\\\" Murrow's phrase became synonymous with the newscaster and his network. Murrow achieved great celebrity status as a result of his war reports. They led to his second famous catchphrase. At the end of 1940, with every night's German bombing raid, Londoners who might not necessarily see each other the next morning often closed their conversations with \\\"good night,\",\n \"title\": \"Edward R. Murrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1318407\",\n \"text\": \"famous closing line to children at the end of his \\\"Texaco Star Theater\\\" programs, \\\"Listen to your Uncle Miltie and go to bed\\\"). Berle could only reply with, \\\"What?\\\" The incident became comedy fodder for \\\"SCTV\\\", as the next season contained a bit where Flaherty beats up a Berle look-alike while shouting, \\\"You'll never ruin another acceptance speech, Uncle Miltie!\\\" \\\"SCTV\\\" would win the award again in 1983. \\\"SCTV\\\" was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2002. \\\"SCTV\\\" parody shows include a parody of the western drama \\\"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\\\" – retitled \\\"Grizzly Abrams\\\" –\",\n \"title\": \"Second City Television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722714\",\n \"text\": \"famous moment was the \\\"Hail Mary pass\\\" in the 1975 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds on the clock and the Cowboys trailing 14–10, Staubach launched a 50-yard bomb to wide receiver Drew Pearson, who caught the pass and strode into the end zone for a 17–14 victory. After the game, Staubach said he threw the ball and said a \\\"Hail Mary\\\". Since then, any last-second pass to the end zone in a desperate attempt to score a game-winning or tying touchdown is referred to as a \\\"Hail Mary\\\" pass. Staubach was named The Walter Camp \\\"Man of\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8354055\",\n \"text\": \"would have none of this. Still wearing his felt \\\"reporter\\\" hat on the air, and punching out bogus \\\"Morse Code\\\" with his telegraph key to punctuate his stories, Winchell came across as a relic of another era. Even his trademark opening line, \\\"Good evening Mr. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea ... let's go to press!\\\" seemed obsolete by 1960. NBC's Jack Paar relentlessly mocked Winchell on his own show \\\"Tonight\\\", a feud that effectively ended Winchell's career. The revived Winchell program was a Nielsen ratings disaster and was cancelled after only six broadcasts.\",\n \"title\": \"The Walter Winchell Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11411352\",\n \"text\": \"crowd in the studio, and everyone in southern California who made it \\\"12 great years\\\", and he finished with \\\"Let's do this thing one more time...\\\" The crowd yelled \\\"Blow me up, Tom\\\" one last time to end the show and mark the end of KLSX as \\\"The FM Talk Station\\\" in what coincidentally became a strikingly appropriate catch phrase to be had: The phrase \\\"blow up the station\\\" is a radio term for ending a particular format or station run. After a much longer than usual explosion sound effect, the crowd cheered and KLSX changed format from hot talk\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Leykis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7762321\",\n \"text\": \"goes to show you, you gotta \\\"kill\\\" yourself to win an Oswald in this town!\\\" There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the \\\"That's all Folks!\\\" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, \\\"D-D-Dirty Guys\\\" as the film fades out. The cartoons used to make the film include: Also, clips from \\\"Little\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16520194\",\n \"text\": \"he did not know his destination or how he would know when he had reached it. He then left the diner and drove off, as his voiceover off-screen narrated the final lines of his letter (also marking his very final words), \\\"I guess I'm just looking for it again. For the belief I had back in college. The belief I had when I first met Sarah and it all seemed so right. The belief in happy endings.\\\" In the Season 10 episode \\\"Nelson's Sparrow,\\\" Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer\",\n \"title\": \"Jason Gideon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4925770\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Tyler Moore Show\\\" episode, \\\"Today I am a Ma'am\\\", Mimsie did a higher-pitched meow, and on the episode \\\"Put on a Happy Face\\\", Miss Moore herself was shown stating the Looney Tunes end line, \\\"That's All Folks!\\\". In the series finale of \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", Mimsie is shown unconscious and dying on-screen, hooked up to an IV, a heart monitor and medical equipment; as the credits roll the heart monitor beeps and then flatlines at the end, marking the end of ‘’St. Elsewhere’’ and Mimsie’s death. Coincidentally, Mimsie died shortly after the airing of the episode. Syndicated prints of this\",\n \"title\": \"MTM Enterprises\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132865\",\n \"text\": \"Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement: After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses,\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5728793\",\n \"text\": \"Hewitt directed the televised production of the first 1960 U.S. Presidential candidate debate between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1960, at the CBS studios in Chicago. These were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised. He later became executive producer of the \\\"CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite\\\", helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedy's assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show \\\"60 Minutes\\\". Within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until\",\n \"title\": \"Don Hewitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446200\",\n \"text\": \"relay what Johnson had said to him. During the final ten minutes of that broadcast, Cronkite reported on the death, giving a retrospective on the life of the nation's 36th president, and announced that CBS would air a special on Johnson later that evening. This story was re-told on a 2007 CBS-TV special honoring Cronkite's 90th birthday. NBC-TV's Garrick Utley, anchoring \\\"NBC Nightly News\\\" that evening, also interrupted his newscast in order to break the story, doing so about three minutes after Cronkite on CBS. The news was not reported on that night's \\\"ABC Evening News\\\", which was anchored by\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10053771\",\n \"text\": \"bushy moustaches, wearing shell suits, and speaking in exaggerated Scouse accents. Common catch phrases they came up included \\\"\\\"Eh? Eh? Eh?\\\"\\\" \\\"\\\"Dey do do dat dough don't dey dough\\\"\\\" (\\\"They do do that though, don't they though\\\"). Whenever a potential problem or dispute arose, this would result in The Scousers repeating to each other their most famous catch phrase: \\\" Eh! Eh! Alright! Alright! Calm down! Calm down!\\\" This catch phrase was Bleasdale's input as he changed the scripted original, which was \\\"\\\"Break it up 'ey, come on, break it up\\\"\\\", during the first rehearsal. McGann brought \\\"\\\"Dey do dough,\",\n \"title\": \"The Scousers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563961\",\n \"text\": \"of the whodunit was delayed until the November \\\"sweep\\\" period as a ratings ploy by network CBS for the 1980–81 television season. Between 83 million and 90 million American viewers (or 76% of all U.S. television viewers in the United States on November 1980) watched the episode; the 53.3 Nielsen rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record broken on February 1983 when the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" aired (on the same network). \\\"Who Done It\\\" still attained the second highest Nielsen rating for a single television broadcast in U.S. history, and remains third\",\n \"title\": \"Who Done It (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981253\",\n \"text\": \"daughter was a host of the fundraiser. Rather also said that he did not realize that the event was a partisan fundraiser, although he did realize that after he arrived at the event. During an appearance on CNN's \\\"American Morning\\\", former CBS anchor Walter Cronkite said about Rather: \\\"It surprised quite a few people at CBS and elsewhere that, without being able to pull up the ratings beyond third in a three-man field, that they tolerated his being there for so long.\\\" Cronkite also said that Bob Schieffer's succession was long overdue. In the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination while\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Rather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12807288\",\n \"text\": \"Award nomination. \\\"TV Guide\\\" named the Borg #4 in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The phrase \\\"resistance is futile\\\" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show \\\"TNG\\\". The Borg uttered the phrase in several\\\" Star Trek\\\" episodes and the film \\\"Star Trek: First Contact\\\" (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in \\\"\\\" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of \\\"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases\\\". It was used as the title for an\",\n \"title\": \"Borg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446183\",\n \"text\": \"President, mentioning that it came from a reliable source. Before the network left KRLD's feed for good, Barker first announced, then retracted, a confirmation of Kennedy's death. CBS cut back to Cronkite reporting that one of the priests had administered last rites to the president. In the next few minutes, several more bulletins reporting that Kennedy had died were given to Cronkite, including one from CBS's own correspondent Dan Rather that had been reported as confirmation of Kennedy's demise by CBS Radio. As these bulletins came into the newsroom, it was becoming clearer that Kennedy had in fact lost his\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003299\",\n \"text\": \"by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, \\\"M*A*S*H\\\"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast). The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history is the 1993 finale of the witty, character-based NBC comedy\",\n \"title\": \"Series finale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713169\",\n \"text\": \"second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"965494\",\n \"text\": \"E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \\\"Beep beep!\\\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \\\"Meep, meep.\\\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The\",\n \"title\": \"Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4359320\",\n \"text\": \"of the old features and presenters return including leprechauns Mr Sage and Mr Onion who acknowledged in the final few minutes of the show that they were the longest serving presenters of the show. The show then ended with Mr Onion pulling the 'Off' switch plunging the studio into darkness. A match was then struck revealing Cawood, Suttie, Farley and Deley standing in the darkness. After saying \\\"Missed It? Missed Out!,\\\" a reference to the show's former catchphrase, they blew the match out sending the studio back into darkness symbolising the end of the show and the end of an\",\n \"title\": \"Live & Kicking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11544741\",\n \"text\": \"Last words Last words or final words are a person's final articulated words, stated prior to death or as death approaches. Last words may not necessarily be written down or accurately recorded, and they may not be quoted accurately for a variety of reasons. Famous last words include both the literal utterings; such as the sayings of Jesus on the cross, from Shakespeare's \\\"Julius Caesar\\\" \\\"\\\"Et tu, Brute?\\\"\\\", and the ironical sense of words said before a disaster, such as: The last words reported to have been uttered by a person revered as a martyr or hero of a religious,\",\n \"title\": \"Last words\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5905587\",\n \"text\": \"a cigarette, then embrace. Probst remarks that what they did was not in vain. As Sophie is led into a courtyard, she says, \\\"The sun is still shining\\\". She is brought to the execution chamber and placed in a guillotine. The blade falls and the picture goes black. Footsteps are heard, then Hans's voice exclaiming \\\"Es lebe die Freiheit!\\\" (\\\"Long live Freedom!\\\") before the blade falls again. Probst is brought in next, breathing heavily, before the blade falls once more. In the closing shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Scholl – The Final Days\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132844\",\n \"text\": \"the initial ABC bulletins came from WRUL, a New York-based station transmitting to Latin America and Europe on shortwave, which was featuring a program of MOR album music when the shooting took place. At the time, Doris Day's recording of \\\"Hooray for Hollywood\\\" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner broke in with the developments: Four minutes following ABC's radio bulletin, CBS was the first to break the news over television at 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m. EST. The network interrupted its live production broadcast of \\\"As the World Turns\\\" with a \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" bumper slide and Walter Cronkite, reporting from\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17368985\",\n \"text\": \"of all television viewers in the U.S. – watched the \\\"Who shot J.R.?\\\" episode. The 53.3 rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record it held until February 1983 when the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" aired. \\\"Who Done It\\\" remains second on the list of all-time most watched television episodes. \\\"Dallas\\\" went on to finish at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings for three of the next four seasons as a result of the publicity this episode generated. Internationally, \\\"Who Done It\\\" still holds the record for the most-watched episode in world television history, with\",\n \"title\": \"Loraine Despres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4015874\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010. The rumour of the show ending later revealed to be true as during the finale on 15 November 2009, McManus confirmed that the show would be ending with the 2009 finale. He said: \\\"It's purely my decision. It's not one I've made lightly or flippantly. The timing was right to stop, stand back and see what happens next.\\\" The final show finished at 11:11pm AEDT with a montage of clips from the 2009 season and a performance by Powderfinger. Rove's last words was a variation of his signature sign off: \\\"I'm Rove McManus, say bye to your mum\",\n \"title\": \"Rove (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"812509\",\n \"text\": \"implied that Hook attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford and his final words are \\\"Floreat Etona\\\", Eton's motto. In the novel, Hook's last words are a similarly upper-class \\\"bad form\\\", in disapproval of the way Peter Pan beats him by throwing him overboard. The book relates that Peter Pan began the ongoing rivalry between them by feeding the pirate's hand to a crocodile. After getting a taste of Hook, the crocodile pursues him relentlessly, but the ticking clock it has also swallowed warns Hook of its presence. Hook is described as \\\"cadaverous\\\" and \\\"blackavised\\\", with \\\"eyes which were of\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5563198\",\n \"text\": \"office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger. Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's \\\"Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck\\\" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of \\\"\\\"Chicken-mannnn!\\\"\\\" and voices shouting, \\\"He's everywhere! He's everywhere!\\\" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later. Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called \\\"Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters\\\". In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: \\\"Chickenman Returns\\\", and an updated radio\",\n \"title\": \"Chickenman (radio series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5962151\",\n \"text\": \"of the radio program \\\"Behind the Scenes at CBS\\\". In 1948, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators shunned the fledgling medium of television, Edwards was chosen to present regular CBS television news programs and to host CBS's television coverage of the 1948 Democratic and Republican conventions. The term \\\"anchor\\\" would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC News's \\\"Camel News Caravan\\\", but he would eventually regain his ratings lead. By\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4442740\",\n \"text\": \"show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, \\\"\\\"You are looking live at ...\\\"\\\" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of \\\"CBS\\\" (\\\"\\\"C.B. eeezz\\\"\\\"), creating another catch phrase. Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with \\\"The NFL Today\\\"s betting analyst Jimmy \\\"The Greek\\\" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Brent Musburger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2035285\",\n \"text\": \"third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: \\\"Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!\\\" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture. Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked \\\"Batman\\\" as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled \\\"TV (The Book)\\\", stating that \\\"West's\",\n \"title\": \"Batman (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8290279\",\n \"text\": \"incorrect and that it should say, \\\"Winston tastes good as a cigarette should.\\\" Ogden Nash, in \\\"The New Yorker\\\", published a poem that ran \\\"\\\"Like\\\" goes Madison Avenue, \\\"like so\\\" goes the nation.\\\" Walter Cronkite, then hosting \\\"The Morning Show\\\", refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead. Malcolm Gladwell, in \\\"The Tipping Point\\\", says that this \\\"ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation\\\" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall\",\n \"title\": \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"726575\",\n \"text\": \"in the morning (21 July 1944) by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck. Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg. When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, (\\\"\\\"Long live our sacred Germany!\\\"\\\") Others say the last words were: (\\\"\\\"Long live the secret Germany!\\\"\\\"), in reference to Stefan George and the anti-Nazi circle. Fromm ordered that\",\n \"title\": \"Claus von Stauffenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9607467\",\n \"text\": \"clever wit of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included \\\"The Price Is Right\\\" (still on the air to this day), \\\"Let's Make a Deal\\\", \\\"The $20,000 Pyramid\\\", \\\"The Gong Show\\\", \\\"The Newlywed Game\\\", \\\"Password\\\", \\\"Tattletales\\\", \\\"Tic Tac Dough\\\", \\\"Bowling for Dollars\\\", \\\"Break the Bank\\\" and \\\"The Joker's Wild\\\". Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite, who was voted \\\"The Most Trusted\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629785\",\n \"text\": \"The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: \\\"...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop...\\\" Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was: \\\"And so as the loose-bowelled pigeon of time swoops low over the unsuspecting tourist of destiny, and the flatulent skunk of fate wanders into the air-conditioning system of eternity, I notice it's the end\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1848362\",\n \"text\": \"Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to \\\"What's on the board, Miss Ford?\\\" (originally \\\"What have they scored, Miss Ford?\\\"). Forsyth always opened the show with \\\"Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ...\\\" to which the audience would shout \\\"Nice!\\\", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included \\\"Good game, good game,\\\" \\\"I hope you're playing this at home,\\\" and \\\"Give us a twirl,\\\" which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including \\\"Shut\",\n \"title\": \"The Generation Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229063\",\n \"text\": \"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's \\\"most trusted person\\\" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying \\\"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America\\\". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as \\\"a loser\\\" and proposed to \\\"cut losses and get out\\\". He was supported by most of the \\\"Wise Men,\\\" who\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446176\",\n \"text\": \"dispatch Cronkite to the CBS Radio Network booth to report the events and play the audio over the television airwaves while the crew worked on the camera to see if they could get it set up quicker. Meanwhile, CBS was ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera \\\"As the World Turns (ATWT)\\\", which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" bumper slide abruptly broke into the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what would be the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15234863\",\n \"text\": \"printed a correction: An appraisal on Saturday about Walter Cronkite’s career included a number of errors. In some copies, it misstated the date that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed and referred incorrectly to Mr. Cronkite’s coverage of D-Day. Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968, not April 30. Mr. Cronkite covered the D-Day landing from a warplane; he did not storm the beaches. In addition, Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, not July 26. “The CBS Evening News” overtook “The Huntley-Brinkley Report” on NBC in the ratings during the 1967-68\",\n \"title\": \"The New York Times controversies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4135786\",\n \"text\": \"of Alan Colmes, who said \\\"I'm Alan Colmes. Thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York. Let's do the countdown.\\\" and counted down the seconds to WNBC's demise with the legendary NBC chimes (the notes G-E-C) playing in the background. Their soon-to-be former TV sister station, WNBC-TV, abruptly cut from a pre-produced history piece on WNBC and NBC Radio during their 5:00 pm newscast to cover the sign-off live. The final unofficial voice was that of then-WNBC-TV reporter Roger Grimsby, who could be heard announcing, \\\"You heard the countdown, it's over.\\\" After\",\n \"title\": \"WNBC (AM)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132857\",\n \"text\": \"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\\n\\nWhat was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 199,\n \"origin_tokens\": 199,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\\n\\ntitle: Evening News context: oneeven test broadcast August 19, 15, perman to the format on January 1, 196. Cronkite's prime report, \\\"Who, What When, Where, Why broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with the United States only hope for stalemate in Vietnam It is often credited influencing Lyndon Johnson's drop out of the race for \\\" I lost Cronkite ...I've Middle\\\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newsc began would eventually an 18-year ofating the ratings network evening programs.\\ntitle:ite Walter L Cron 91 17,9) American journalist who served asan theC Even for 19 years19–11 theyd of in 16s1970, he as most trust in being in opinion He reported from97 to198 in World II; the Nuremberg tri Vietnam's Field hijack Water the Iran Hostage Cris;inations. (vision station TCN157 his 002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \\\"...and that's the way it is\\\" or \\\"the way it is\\\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \\\"Not the way it was, as has been\\n\\nWhat was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 523,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14711,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":87,"string":"87"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"],"string":"[\n \"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1398368","text":"considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \"The New York Times\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\" \"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"3488171","text":"motor show was cancelled and the launch was postponed – as matters turned out indefinitely – due to the intervention of war which France (and Britain) declared against Germany in early September 1939. Production of the Amilcar was not resumed after World War II. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar The Amilcar was a French automobile manufactured","title":"Amilcar"},{"id":"1398346","text":"Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout Europe. Born in California, she lived in Western Europe and the Soviet Union from the age of 22 until her death at age 50, when her scarf became entangled in the wheels and axle of the car in which she was riding. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan (1819–1898), a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts, and Mary Isadora Gray","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398369","text":"an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed by the force of her fall to the stone pavement.\" Other sources noted that she was almost decapitated by the sudden tightening of the scarf around her neck. The accident gave rise to Gertrude Stein's mordant remark that \"affectations can be dangerous\". At the time of her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen. Her will was the first of a Soviet citizen's to be probated in the U.S. Duncan was cremated, and her ashes were placed next to those of her children in the columbarium","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1925140","text":"arriving on the Côte d'Azur. Edith Wharton wrote \"The Age of Innocence\" (1920) at a villa near Hyères, winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel (the first woman to do so). Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice, but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in a wheel of the Amilcar motor car in which she was a passenger and strangled her. The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924, stopping at Hyères, Cannes and Monte Carlo – eventually staying at Saint-Raphaël, where he wrote much of \"The Great Gatsby\" and began \"Tender is","title":"French Riviera"},{"id":"8931658","text":"by Lefebvre, it started from Königsberg (today's Kaliningrad). 4,700 of the CGS and CGSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \"S\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS.","title":"Amilcar CGSS"},{"id":"2907544","text":"after Isadora Duncan, a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger. In the fourth book, \"The Miserable Mill\", Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell. Orwell finished his famous book \"1984\" in 1948, and in the sixth book, \"The Ersatz Elevator\", it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories. The Squalors' names reference Jerome David \"J. D.\" Salinger and his short story \"For Esmé –","title":"A Series of Unfortunate Events"},{"id":"1711700","text":"Bugatti, a handsome Italian whom she has been admiring for several days. She goes for a drive with him in his sports car, and as they roar along a road by the sea, Isadora's long chiffon scarf catches in the spokes of a wheel and strangles her. Isadora Isadora (also known as The Loves of Isadora) is a 1968 biographical film which tells the story of celebrated American dancer Isadora Duncan. It stars Vanessa Redgrave, James Fox, and Jason Robards. The film was adapted by Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Drabble, and Clive Exton from the books \"My Life\" by Isadora and","title":"Isadora"},{"id":"8931657","text":"Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \"S\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS. Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, died in a CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels. The 1,074 cc four-cylinder engine from the CGS was fitted but in a slightly higher state of tune delivering . It was also available with a Cozette supercharger for those who needed more power. Thus equipped, a CGSS won the 1927 Monte Carlo Rally. Driven","title":"Amilcar CGSS"},{"id":"1398361","text":"title of the creator of modern dance. In both professional and private life, Duncan flouted traditional mores and morality. She was bisexual and an atheist, and alluded to her communism during her last United States tour, in 1922–23: she waved a red scarf and bared her breast on stage in Boston, proclaiming, \"This is red! So am I!\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398374","text":"is also the subject of Amelia Gray's novel \"Isadora\" (2017). Two characters in the \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\" series of novels are named after her, Isadora Quagmire and Duncan Quagmire. Among the films featuring Duncan are: Ballets based on Duncan include: On the theatre stage, Duncan is portrayed in: Duncan is featured in music in: In the poem \"Fever 103\" by Sylvia Plath, the speaker alludes to Isadora's scarves. Archival collections Other Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398373","text":"having San Francisco rename an alley on the same block from Adelaide Place to Isadora Duncan Lane. In medicine, the Isadora Duncan Syndrome refers to injury or death consequent to entanglement of neckwear with a wheel or other machinery. Duncan has attracted literary and artistic attention from the 1920s to the present, in novels, film, ballet, theatre, music, and poetry. Duncan has been portrayed in novels including Aleister Crowley's \"Moonchild\" (as 'Lavinia King'), published in 1923, and Upton Sinclair's \"World's End\" (1940) and \"Between Two Worlds\" (1941), the first two novels in his Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series. She","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"10129125","text":"was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. The extravagances of the Parisian couturiers came in a variety of shapes, but the most popular silhouette throughout the decade was the tunic over a long underskirt. Early","title":"1910s in Western fashion"},{"id":"1398366","text":"how memorable it was, but what Zelda recalled was that while all eyes were watching Duncan, Zelda was able to steal the salt and pepper shakers from the table. In his book \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\", Sewell Stokes, who met Duncan in the last years of her life, describes her extravagant waywardness. Duncan's autobiography \"My Life\" was published in 1927. The Australian composer Percy Grainger called Isadora's autobiography a \"life-enriching masterpiece.\" On the night of September 14, 1927, in Nice, France, Duncan was a passenger in an Amilcar CGSS automobile owned by Benoît Falchetto, a French-Italian mechanic. She wore a","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398367","text":"long, flowing, hand-painted silk scarf, created by the Russian-born artist Roman Chatov, a gift from her friend Mary Desti, the mother of American film director Preston Sturges. Desti, who saw Duncan off, had asked her to wear a cape in the open-air vehicle because of the cold weather, but she would only agree to wear the scarf. As they departed, she reportedly said to Desti and some companions, \"\" (\"Farewell, my friends. I go to glory!\"); but according to the American novelist Glenway Wescott, Desti later told him that Duncan's actual parting words were, (\"I am off to love\"). Desti","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"9157191","text":"that undulated with color. Each garment was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. Changes in dress during World War I were dictated more by necessity than fashion. As more and more women were forced to","title":"History of fashion design"},{"id":"15163168","text":"Jose Clara The front of the base is inscribed: The name of William Henry Schuetze is misspelled on the monument. Clara was a Spanish sculptor, born in Olot in 1878, who died in Barcelona in 1958. After studying fine art in Toulouse, he met Auguste Rodin during a visit to Paris which led to him deciding to become a sculptor. A student of Barrias Louse-Ernest, his primary model was Isadora Duncan until her death in 1927. With worldwide recognition, he worked and lived the rest of his life in Barcelona. \"Serenity\" was bought by Charles Deering at the Paris Exhibition","title":"Serenity (Clara)"},{"id":"9368632","text":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by Sewell Stokes and Russell. It starred Vivian Pickles and Peter Bowles. The film is a biopic of American dancer Isadora Duncan. Sewell Stokes became friendly with the dancer towards the very end of her life when she was penniless and alone. In 1928 he wrote a memoir of his conversations with","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"1923110","text":"\"Tonight or Never\" which had recently been made into a motion picture. Garden is cited with other artistic figures of the period in Hugh MacDiarmid's poem \"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle\" (ll.30–2): <poem style=\"margin-left: 2em;\">Whaur's Isadora Duncan dancin nou, Is Mary Garden in Chicago still And Duncan Grant in Paris – and me fou?</poem> Allen Ginsberg contrasts the relative silence surrounding Garden's death with the uproar caused by the death of Jack Ruby in \"Bayonne Turnpike to Tuscarora,\" from the 1973 award-winning collection \"The Fall of America\": <poem style=\"margin-left: 2em;\"> Mary Garden dead in Aberdeen, New Years' 1967","title":"Mary Garden"},{"id":"1398359","text":"expression of the human spirit through the medium of the body's movement.\" She believed dance was meant to encircle all that life had to offer—joy and sadness. Duncan took inspiration from ancient Greece and combined it with an American love of freedom. Her movement was feminine and arose from the deepest feelings in her body. This is exemplified in her revolutionary costume of a white Greek tunic and bare feet. Inspired by Greek forms, her tunics also allowed a freedom of movement that corseted ballet costumes and pointe shoes did not. Costumes were not the only inspiration Duncan took from","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"9368634","text":"choreographed interpretations. Still, some might find the constant confrontations and shouting matches tiring. After all, Russell makes it clear that this was one artist who could have had it all had she just kept her mighty yap shut. Because she didn't, however, we see her downfall in all its brazen glory.\" Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"14756495","text":"Léocadia Léocadia (Time Remembered) is a play by Jean Anouilh that premiered at the Théâtre de la Michodière in Paris on 2 December 1940. It is one of Anouilh's \"Pièces roses\", together with \"Humulus le muet\" (1932), \"Le Bal des voleurs\" (1938), and \"\" (1941). For the occasion, Francis Poulenc composed one of his most celebrated songs, \"Les Chemins de l'amour\", sung by Yvonne Printemps. \"Léocadia\" tells the story of a young prince madly in love with a Romanian opera singer, Léocadia Gardi. The young man only knew her for three days: like Isadora Duncan, she died strangled by her","title":"Léocadia"},{"id":"2536089","text":"\"Blue Bloods\" TV series 2015 episode \"The Bullitt Mustang\" centers around the reported theft of one of the Mustangs used in the film, valued at a half million dollars, a case which detectives Danny Reagan and Maria Baez pick up. Several items of clothing worn by McQueen's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film: desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater and, most famously, a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches. The last remaining Charger and one of the two Mustangs were scrapped after filming because of damage and liability concerns, while the other was","title":"Bullitt"},{"id":"15964123","text":"well as antique Chinese drum, a diminutive Balinese door made into a distinctive table, Cuban furniture, and his Asmat art from expeditions to New Guinea, once considered the largest private collection. The item that got the most attention since Dobronyi's death was the 40-something-year old underwear of Queen Elizabeth II. The \"Miami Herald\" reports that the story of the Royal panties has circled the web and print magazines, after their sale was first reported by celebrity news website \"TMZ.com\". Louis F. Cruz who markets and manages the estate sale, believes that the Queen's undergarments are authentic. As the story goes,","title":"Sepy Dobronyi"},{"id":"1398364","text":"returned to Moscow. Two years later, on December 28, 1925, Yesenin was found dead in his room in the Hotel Angleterre in St Petersburg in an apparent suicide. Duncan had a relationship with the poet and playwright Mercedes de Acosta, as documented in numerous revealing letters they wrote to each other. In one, Duncan wrote, \"Mercedes, lead me with your little strong hands and I will follow you – to the top of a mountain. To the end of the world. Wherever you wish.\" By the late 1920s, Duncan's performing career had dwindled, and she became as notorious for her","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"2723141","text":"the neck of the garment when not in use. The Inuit peoples of the Arctic are expert clothing manufacturers, and the women's anorak, technically called an \"amauti\", features a large hood used to shelter an infant on its mother's back. In Japan hoods covered with chainmail or armour plates were worn by samurai warriors and their retainers. Scuba divers who dive in cold water often wear neoprene hoods for thermal insulation. They cover the whole head and neck except the face. A hood is a component of academic dress that is an often bright and decorative garment worn over a","title":"Hood (headgear)"},{"id":"2741922","text":"Levi Strauss heir Bill Goldman died in a private plane crash near Sonoma, California. In 2017, Levi Strauss & Co. released a \"smart jacket\", an apparel they developed in partnership with Google. After two years of collaboration, the result was a denim jacket set at $350. In 2020, Levi Strauss & Co. are expected to have completely replaced chemical usage to lasers in order to cut and design ripped parts of jeans. Levi's has been worn by people from all walks of life, from miners to Nobel Prize recipients including Albert Einstein himself, whose famous leather jacket was made by","title":"Levi Strauss & Co."},{"id":"1567920","text":"In the later interbellum period between World War I and World War II, as the frock coat became increasingly rare, the mourning suit consisted of a black morning coat with black trousers and waistcoat, essentially a black version of the morning suit worn to weddings and other occasions, which would normally include coloured waistcoats and striped or checked trousers. Formal mourning culminated during the reign of Queen Victoria, whose long and conspicuous grief over the death of her husband, Prince Albert, may have had much to do with it. Although fashions began to be more functional and less restrictive for","title":"Mourning"},{"id":"12997333","text":"of the Prince of Wales and the pink hat with 25 fabric bells that the Queen wore to mark her Silver Jubilee at a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral. The prototype for the Queen's Silver Jubilee hat is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 2003 several Mirman hats were displayed alongside clothes worn by the Queen in an exhibition at the Kensington Palace State Apartments. Simone Mirman retired in 1990 and returned to France, where she took up oil painting as a hobby until losing her eyesight. She died in 2008 at the age of","title":"Simone Mirman"},{"id":"2401659","text":"shows previewing Spring/Summer 1999, where a single model, Shalom Harlow, graced the runway in a strapless white dress, before being rotated slowly on a revolving section of the catwalk whilst being sprayed with paint by two robotic guns. Givenchy designs released by Vogue Patterns during this period may be credited to the late designer. McQueen received press attention after the May 2007 suicide of international style icon Isabella Blow. Rumours were published that there was a rift between McQueen and Blow at the time of her death, focusing on McQueen's under-appreciation of Blow. In response to these rumours, McQueen told","title":"Alexander McQueen"},{"id":"19239232","text":"The Dancer (2016 film) The Dancer (in French: La Danseuse) is a 2016 French biographical historical drama film directed and written by Stéphanie Di Giusto and co-written by Thomas Bidegain and Sarah Thiebaud, based on the novel by Giovanni Lista. The film stars Soko, Gaspard Ulliel, Mélanie Thierry, Lily-Rose Depp, François Damiens, Louis Garrel and William Houston. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Wild Bunch sold the international rights of the film \"The Dancer\", about the legendary dancer Loie Fuller and her peer Isadora Duncan. Stéphanie Di Giusto would make her","title":"The Dancer (2016 film)"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"4973389","text":"1973 version, \"Goodbye Norma Jean, though I never knew you at all,\" were adapted to \"Goodbye England's rose, may you ever grow in our hearts.\" Most of the lyrics were adapted to suit the circumstances of Diana's life and death. On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a car crash in Paris, France. The news shocked Elton John, as he and the Princess had been very good friends. Earlier in the summer, he had also lost another good friend, fashion designer Gianni Versace. Pictures depicting Diana appearing to console a distraught John at Versace's funeral were featured","title":"Candle in the Wind 1997"},{"id":"16144737","text":"it, and that while doing so, caused lit embers of pipe tobacco to land on Jeannie's clothing. Nickell suggests this is even more likely, because at the time of the fire, the kitchen window and door were open, causing a cross breeze. Pipe embers, carried by the breeze and then landing on Saffin's flammable nylon clothing, would easily catch fire and cause the severe burns found on Saffin's body at autopsy. Death of Jeannie Saffin Jeanne Lucille Saffin (20 March 1921 – 23 September 1982) was a British woman whose death from fire in 1982 is cited by paranormal researchers","title":"Death of Jeannie Saffin"},{"id":"9392056","text":"being strangled before the fire was lit. Finally the \"Sambenito\" featured red saltires, whose wearer was only to do penance. Eventually all three types of tunics became known as \"sambenito\"; a conical cap, denominated \"coroza\" (and \"capirote\"), of the same material and motifs as the corresponding \"sambenito\", would also be worn. The heretics, found guilty by the inquisitors, had to walk in the procession wearing the \"sambenito\" as a Shirt of Flame, the \"coroza\", the rope around the neck, the rosary, and in their hands a yellow or green wax candle. Originally the penitential garments were hung up in the","title":"Sanbenito"},{"id":"20488878","text":"Paris Singer Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932) was an early resident of Palm Beach, Florida. He was 22nd of the 24 children of inventor and industrialist Isaac Singer, from whom he inherited money; he has been described as a \"man of luxury.\" He married Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\"Lillie\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951), who bore him 5 children. He had a tempestuous romance with famous dancer Isadora Duncan, whose career he helped, and with whom he had another son, Patrick (born 1910, drowned 1913). Singer","title":"Paris Singer"},{"id":"2231033","text":"Henri Paul Henri Paul (3 July 1956 – 31 August 1997) was the driver of the Mercedes S280 in which Diana, Princess of Wales, died on 31 August 1997. As Deputy Head of Security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris, Paul had been off duty that evening but was called back to drive Diana and Dodi Fayed to their apartment. The car crashed at high speed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel, with only bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones surviving. There have been many conspiracy theories surrounding the car crash. British and French police investigations put the blame largely on Paul for being","title":"Henri Paul"},{"id":"3235628","text":"Pink gravel, guard houses and period vehicles were used to recreate the royal courtyard. The 1968 film \"Isadora\" starring Vanessa Redgrave and telling the life story of the dancer Isadora Duncan also used Oldway Mansion as one of its locations. On 21 December 2005, the ballroom at Oldway Mansion was the location for Devon's first civil partnership. The registration was officially witnessed by the Mayor of Torbay and his dignitaries. Notes Citations Sources Oldway Mansion Oldway Mansion is a large house and gardens in Paignton, Devon, England. It was built as a private residence for Isaac Merritt Singer (1811–1875), and","title":"Oldway Mansion"},{"id":"1398354","text":"magical name of 'Soror Virakam'; she also co-edited four numbers of Crowley's journal \"The Equinox\", and contributed several collaborative plays to the journal. Desti wrote a memoir of her experiences with Duncan that includes some autobiographical material. In 1911, the French fashion designer Paul Poiret rented a mansion—Pavillon du Butard in La Celle-Saint-Cloud—and threw lavish parties, including one of the more famous \"grandes fêtes\", \"La fête de Bacchus\" on June 20, 1912, re-creating the Bacchanalia hosted by Louis XIV at Versailles. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Greek evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests; 900 bottles of","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"14630513","text":"of her name from “Amy” to “Aimée”, and moved her children to an estate in Paris dubbed “The House of Fantasy.” Crocker would live for the next 27 years in the City of Lights, throwing sensational and neurotic parties and housing young artists and exiled Russian nobles. She took Paris by storm after making a splash at a fantastic party thrown by Paul Poiret, a leading French fashion designer and a master couturier. She later lived in an artist colony at Hôtel Biron along with luminaries such as Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Jean Cocteau and Isadora Duncan. After Gouraud's death,","title":"Aimée Crocker"},{"id":"9757198","text":"the museum in Sheffield. Despite having been born only two years prior to the founding the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, stylistically Hallé was firmly aligned with the aesthetic of that group. Charles Hallé is mentioned very fondly by Isadora Duncan in her book titled \"My Life' published in 1927, the year of her death. She describes the activities she and Charles enjoyed together in Paris, long strolls, trips to the countryside, gallery tramping and dining. She said, \"I danced for him in the forest and he made sketches of me.\" (see \"Americans in Paris: A Literary Anthology\", 2004, by Adam Gopnik, editor).","title":"Charles Edward Hallé"},{"id":"2917622","text":"\"Isadora Diamond\" named after Isadora Duncan. The 80-carat yellow diamond in the necklace was designed by Harry Winston and is worth $6 million. \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\" received mixed reviews from critics. Metacritic gave the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 42%, based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads:\"Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson are charming together, but they can't overcome \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\"' silly","title":"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days"},{"id":"1398362","text":"Isaac Singer. Both children drowned in the care of their nanny in 1913 when their runaway car went into the Seine. Following the accident, Duncan spent several months recuperating in Corfu with her brother and sister. She then spent several weeks at the Viareggio seaside resort with the actress Eleonora Duse. The fact that Duse had just left a relationship with the rebellious and epicene young feminist Lina Poletti fueled speculation as to the nature of Duncan and Duse's relationship, but there has never been any indication that the two were involved romantically. In her autobiography, Duncan relates that she","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"4399918","text":"Men's Health Crisis to find a funeral home. In a rare moment of levity, Lisa and Willy stumble across a slinky red dress in Sean's closet and consider giving it to the undertaker. \"What could they say\", asks Willy, \"if we said we knew him and we knew that's the way he wanted to be remembered?\" Ultimately they decide against it, since \"it needs a hat. A big Bea Lillie thing!\" The four go to a Chinese restaurant to write Sean's obituary and include David as his \"longtime companion\". David has died in his sleep, and this is the day","title":"Longtime Companion"},{"id":"9356890","text":"job in 1918 was as a book reviewer and gossip writer with \"The Sunday Times\" in London. Three years later, he became assistant editor for \"T.P.'s Weekly\", a radical newspaper founded in 1902 by the Irish journalist and member of parliament Thomas Power O'Connor. The author became friendly with the American dancer Isadora Duncan towards the very end of her life, when she was penniless and alone, and in 1928, shortly after her death, wrote a memoir of his conversations with her entitled \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\". Years later, he co-wrote the film script for the BBC TV film, Isadora","title":"Sewell Stokes"},{"id":"1595130","text":"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \"white collection\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris","title":"Philip Treacy"},{"id":"308666","text":"at the waistline. Earrings (\"zaricillos\") are usually gold or coral. Slippers usually match the color of the \"pollera\". Hair is usually worn in a bun, held by three large gold combs that have pearls (\"tembleques\") worn like a crown. Quality \"pollera\" can cost up to $10,000, and may take a year to complete. Today, there are different types of \"polleras\"; the \"pollera de gala\" consists of a short-sleeved ruffle skirt blouse, two full-length skirts and a petticoat. Girls wear \"tembleques\" in their hair. Gold coins and jewelry are added to the outfit. The \"pollera montuna\" is a daily dress, with","title":"Panama"},{"id":"1711696","text":"In 1927, Isadora Duncan has become a legend as the innovator of modern dance, a temperamental bohemian, and an outspoken advocate of free love. Now past 40, she lives in poverty in a small hotel on the French Riviera with her companion Mary Estelle Dempsey/Mary Desti (named only as Mary in the film) and her secretary Roger, to whom she is dictating her memoirs. As a young girl in California, Isadora first demonstrates her disdain for accepted social standards by burning her parents' marriage certificate and pledging her dedication to the pursuit of art and beauty. In 1896, she performs","title":"Isadora"},{"id":"1555127","text":"1888 to French aristocrat Jean, Duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg. Son Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932), was married to Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\"Lillie\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951). Singer Island, Florida, was named for him. He was a close friend of the Palm Beach architect Addison Mizner. Paris had a son with Isadora Duncan, Patrick Singer, who died in 1913 in a drowning accident while a small child. Grandchildren include Daisy Fellowes, Mortimer Merritt Singer (b. New York City, ~1870; d. New York City ~1960,","title":"Isaac Singer"},{"id":"7608625","text":"events that followed it. Diana's death helped BBC News officials realise how important online news services were becoming, and a full online news service was launched on 4 November that year, alongside the launch of the BBC's rolling news channel BBC News 24 on 9 November. Death of Diana, Princess of Wales On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, France. Her companion, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes S280, Henri Paul, were pronounced dead at the scene.","title":"Death of Diana, Princess of Wales"},{"id":"12933028","text":"Recovery: five Norman Rockwell paintings worth $1 million from a farmhouse in Brazil. Looting of the Royal Tomb of the Lord of Sipán in Peru. Recovery: extremely rare 2,000-year-old golden Pre-Columbian piece of body armor known as a backflap, which was worn as battle-armor and rank-decoration by warrior-priests of the Moche civilization. The gold, copper, and silver backflap was recovered in October 1997 by FBI agents in a sting operation after it was offered for sale at $1.6 million. Recovery of Native American Apache medicine man Geronimo's eagle feather war bonnet valued at $1.2 million. Theft from the U.S. Naval","title":"Robert King Wittman"},{"id":"17018049","text":"Fauconnet (1882-1920) designed the invitation. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Hellenic evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests and 900 bottles of champagne were consumed until the first light of day. Isadora Duncan, a girl from California said to have posed for Eadweard Muybridge, placed an emphasis on \"evolutionary\" dance motion, insisting that each movement was born from the one that preceded it, that each movement gave rise to the next, and so on in organic succession. Her dancing defined the force of progress, change, abstraction and liberation. In France too Duncan delighted her audience. André Dunoyer","title":"Dancer in a Café"},{"id":"7758951","text":"N'a Rien Perdu De Son Charme Ni Le Jardin De Son Éclat\", a work by French ballet legend Maurice Béjart which draws upon the AIDS crisis and the deaths of Freddie Mercury and the company's principal dancer Jorge Donn. Later in 1997, two close friends died: designer Gianni Versace was murdered; and Diana, Princess of Wales died in a Paris car crash on 31 August. In early September, he contacted his writing partner Bernie Taupin, asking him to revise the lyrics of his 1973 song \"Candle in the Wind\" to honour Diana, and Taupin rewrote the song accordingly. On 6","title":"Elton John"},{"id":"12727491","text":"Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \"Princesse Tam Tam\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \"Princesse Tam Tam\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during the November 2008","title":"Loumia Hiridjee"},{"id":"1675903","text":"and give the story a vivid sense of verisimilitude. The film won the Grand Award for Best Feature Film at the 1961 Mar del Plata International Film Festival. He later produced Anderson's \"This Sporting Life\" (1963) and directed \"Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment\" (1966) adapted by David Mercer from his 1962 television play. \"Isadora\" (1968), a biography of dancer Isadora Duncan, with a screenplay by Melvyn Bragg starred Vanessa Redgrave. In the following decade he made \"The Gambler\" (1974) and \"Who'll Stop the Rain\" (1978). \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\" (1981) was probably the most successful of his later","title":"Karel Reisz"},{"id":"307748","text":"meaning \"Polish-styled\". The most famous example is the \"robe à la polonaise\" or simply \"Polonaise\", a woman's garment with draped and swagged overskirt, worn over an underskirt or petticoat. Another notable example is the Witzchoura, a long mantle with collar and hood, which was possibly introduced by Napoleon's Polish mistress Maria Walewska. Established in 1999, the retail store Reserved is Poland's best clothing store chain, operating over 1,700 retail shops in 19 countries. In 2016 it was announced that Reserved is moving into a former BHS store at Oxford Street in London, one of the most prestigious and busiest shopping","title":"Poland"},{"id":"2656203","text":"with several well-known designers, such as the legendary Vivienne Westwood. As a result, in 1984, Westwood asked Cox to design shoes for her \"Clint Eastwood\" collection. One of the shoes that Cox created incorporated a 4-inch platform that would become the prototype of a 9-inch pair later worn by supermodel Naomi Campbell, when she famously fell during a Westwood fashion show in Paris, France in 1993. In his second year of college Cox designed and handmade fluorescent fringed moccasins for the celebrated Body Map brand of David Holah and Stevie Stewart. Cox used to date Canadian journalist, entrepreneur, and magazine","title":"Patrick Cox"},{"id":"9157241","text":"flounced skirts and high-necked blouses in traditional floral prints, worn with crocheted shawls. Laura Ashley started out running a small business in Wales in the mid-1960s and the company continued to expand until the accidental death of its owner in 1985. Laura Ashley was not the only designer to look nostalgically to the past. Fashions based on the 1920s, 30s, 40s, and 50s were popular throughout much of the decade, with Hollywood films like \"The Godfather\" and \"The Great Gatsby\", and numerous exhibitions on costume history at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York increasing their popularity. In Japan,","title":"History of fashion design"},{"id":"9990928","text":"clothing took on symbolic meaning for later generations. Roman armour, particularly the muscle cuirass, has symbolized amazing power. In Europe during the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries CE), painters and sculptors sometimes depicted rulers wearing pseudo-Roman military attire, including the cuirass, military cloak, and sandals. Later, during the French Revolution, an effort was made to dress officials in uniforms based on the Roman toga, to symbolize the importance of citizenship to a republic. Adopted by the rank and file revolutionaries, the 18th-century CE liberty cap, a brimless, limp cap fitting snugly around the head, was based on a bonnet worn","title":"Clothing in the ancient world"},{"id":"9368633","text":"her, shortly after her death, entitled \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\". Two years after the first broadcast of the TV film, Vanessa Redgrave played the role of Isadora Duncan in the big-screen biopic \"Isadora\". Russell's biographer Joseph Lanza believes that \"of all his television work, \"Isadora\" is his most accomplished\". It explores his \"ongoing theme of art being a thing of both glory and vulgarity\" Bill Gibron from DVD Talk gave the film a very good review and stated: \"Herself trained as a dancer, Pickles lights up the screen when she's onstage, Duncan's inflated ego disappearing into a series of carefully","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"15878240","text":"and After\". David Weiss died on November 29, 2002 at a La Jolla Hospital. The cause was thrombophlebitis and complications from a fall. He was 93. In 1953 Weiss published his first novel, \"The Guilt Makers\", which won the $5,000 Frieder Literary Award for best novel on a Jewish theme published in America. This was followed in 1959 by \"The Spirit and the Flesh\" (inspired by the life of the dancer Isadora Duncan) and his most successful book \"Naked Came I\" in 1963. Although he wrote plays and a couple of contemporary set novels, Weiss’s speciality was biographical fiction –","title":"David Weiss (novelist)"},{"id":"18705454","text":"whip used in the 1981, 1984, and 1989 \"Indiana Jones\" movies, and Leonardo DiCaprio's \"Jack Dawson\" \"King of The World\" coat from \"Titanic\". In July 2013, the auction house presented a collection of Lucille Ball memorabilia as part of their second of two Drier Collection auctions. Ball's signature \"Lucy Ricardo\" polka dot dress designed by Elois Jenssen for the \"I Love Lucy\" television series secured $168,000.00, greatly exceeding its $60,000.00 projected pre-auction estimate. On June 18, 2011, Profiles in History launched the first of a series of auctions of Debbie Reynolds' collection of Hollywood memorabilia. In June 2011 the auction","title":"Profiles in History"},{"id":"2599316","text":"been considered collectors items since the start of the 1990s, especially those designed by Clark/Birtwell. Pattie Boyd invoked the designer in a 2007 \"Daily Mail\" interview, when speaking of her and her then-husband George Harrison's darker days: \"at times I felt almost suicidal. I don't think I was ever in any real danger of killing myself but I got as far as working out how I would do it: put on a diaphanous Ossie Clark dress and throw myself off Beachy Head.\" Ossie Clark Raymond \"Ossie\" Clark (9 June 1942 – 6 August 1996) was an English fashion designer who","title":"Ossie Clark"},{"id":"4055367","text":"the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Sancy Diamond was found in Russia at Vasily Rudanovsky collection. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the Hope Diamond. The Hope is famously alleged to have been surrounded by bad luck. Marie Antoinette who supposedly wore it was beheaded (in fact, it was actually worn by her husband, Louis XVI, although he too was beheaded). Other owners and their families experienced suicides, marriage break-ups, bankruptcy, deaths in car crashes, falls off cliffs, revolutions, mental breakdowns, and deaths through drug overdoses. It was even tangentially","title":"French Crown Jewels"},{"id":"3106187","text":"her to New York City in his place when he'd been invited for a long-term visit to design for Broadway in 1917/18 and was infuriated that she'd become an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.) His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial. Though perhaps best known for freeing women from corsets (although he did not single-handedly accomplish this revolution) and for claiming authorship of the hobble skirt, harem pants, and \"lampshade\" tunic, Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his development of the dressmaking technique known as","title":"Paul Poiret"},{"id":"18346000","text":"(it caused her to have psychiatric problems). Upon hearing this, Goedele angrily takes a blanket and wraps it around his neck. She then takes the quad-bike and drives his body into the forest. After putting the motorcycle against a tree, and wrapping a scarf she just knitted around his neck and into the spokes of the wheel, she turns on the ignition and opens full throttle: In episode seven we learned Goedele was fascinated by a film about Isadora Duncan. However, the two insurance agents have figured everything out and decide to confront the sisters. Mathias, one of the two","title":"Clan (TV series)"},{"id":"19051498","text":"not immediately successful. Eventually, whilst sharing a studio with the milliner Philip Treacy, Milner became principally a designer of wedding dresses. Her highest-profile wedding dress was a 1997 beaded lace gown worn by Estelle Skornik as 'Nicole' in the final instalment of the Papa & Nicole advertisements for Renault, which was estimated to have been seem by 23 million viewers. Renault subsequently donated the dress and accessories to the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another of Milner's wedding dresses, an ecclesiastical silk coatdress worn in 1998 by Selina Blow with a huge golden headdress by Treacy, was featured in the Museum's","title":"Deborah Milner"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"1474188","text":"the awards ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympics. Their actions were intended to symbolize Black Power. They were banned from the Olympics for life as a result of the incident. Yet another of the more infamous episodes involving a leather glove came during the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder case in which Simpson demonstrated that the glove purportedly used in the alleged murder was too small to fit his hand. Western lady's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths: wrist (\"matinee\"), elbow, and opera or full-length (over the elbow, reaching to the biceps). Satin and stretch satin are","title":"Glove"},{"id":"2733364","text":"with legends of the West, including “Buffalo Bill”, Calamity Jane, Will Rogers, and Annie Oakley. It is said that George Custer rode into the Battle of Little Big Horn wearing a Stetson. Later on, Western movie cowboys were quick to adopt the Stetson; many were drawn to the largest, most flamboyant styles available. Texans were known for their preference for the \"Ten Gallon\" model. According to Win Blevins' \"Dictionary of the American West\" (p388), the term \"ten-gallon\" has nothing to do with the hat's liquid capacity, but derives from the Spanish word \"galón\" (braid), ten indicating the number of braids","title":"Stetson"},{"id":"4770912","text":"Isabella Blow Isabella \"Issie\" Blow (19 November 1958 – 7 May 2007) was an English magazine editor. The muse of hat designer Philip Treacy, she is credited with discovering the models Stella Tennant and Sophie Dahl as well as the fashion designer Alexander McQueen. Born Isabella Delves Broughton in Marylebone, London, she was the eldest child of Major Sir Evelyn Delves Broughton, a military officer, and his second wife, Helen Mary Shore, a barrister. Sir Evelyn was the only son of Jock Delves Broughton; his sister, Rosamond, married Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat in 1938. Blow had two sisters, Julia","title":"Isabella Blow"},{"id":"17096083","text":"generated to pay off their creditors. In statements made to the press, Fisher announced that his mother was \"heartbroken\" to have to auction off her collection, which was valued at $10.79 million in the bankruptcy filing. The collection was sold in a series of auctions from June to December 2011. On June 18, 2011, Marilyn Monroe's \"subway dress\", whose skirt is raised by the updraft of a passing subway train in \"The Seven Year Itch\", sold for $4.6 million, far in excess of pre-auction estimates of $1–2 million. Another Monroe dress, worn in \"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\", fetched $1.2 million; it","title":"Todd Fisher"},{"id":"12727492","text":"Mumbai terrorist attacks. Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \"Princesse Tam Tam\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \"Princesse Tam Tam\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during","title":"Loumia Hiridjee"},{"id":"18768657","text":"account of abduction and escape, earning the headlines \"Cline Believes\". The description of the shoes when taken from McPherson was cataloged \"uppers showed slight wear and the soles were scuffed; leather in the insteps was bright and bore markings like grass stains.\" Cline, however, was quoted as stating to Ryan, \"You saw those shoes, the grass stains on the instep, what is so rare as a blade of grass on the desert in June?\" Lore developed of there being no grass in the desert and that McPherson's shoes and other garments from her desert trek were in pristine condition. However,","title":"Reported kidnapping of Aimee Semple McPherson"},{"id":"3304303","text":"\"Necrophiliac Springtime\", was owned by Schiaparelli; the other two are \"The Dream Places A Hand on a Man's Shoulder\" and \"Three Young Surrealist Women Holding in Their Arms the Skins of an Orchestra\". Richard Martin saw the Tears Dress as a \"memento mori\" produced in response to the Spanish Civil War and the spread of Fascism, declaring that to \"tear the dress is to deny its customary decorum and utility, and to question the matter of concealment and revelation in the garment.\" He noted that even if the tears in the dress were mere ornament like slashing, the real tears","title":"Elsa Schiaparelli"},{"id":"2332380","text":"the slippers in the story were instead made of fur (French: \"vair\"), but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. Derek \"The Slipper Man\" Fan holds the Guinness World Records record for wearing a pair of dress slippers for 23 years straight as of June 30, 2007. A pair of ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in \"The Wizard of Oz\" sold at Christie's in June 1988 for $165,000. The same pair was resold in May 2000 for $666,000. On both occasions they were the most expensive shoes from a film to be sold at auction. \"Grandpa's Slippers\" is","title":"Slipper"},{"id":"9379401","text":"cornette on 20 September 1964. The modern nurses' cap or bonnet was created following the cornette's appearance and it depicts the humanitarianism of Daughters of Charity in nursing. Cornette A cornette is a piece of female headwear. It is essentially a type of wimple consisting of a large, starched piece of white cloth that is folded upwards in such a way as to create the resemblance of horns () on the wearer's head. It was reported in \"The Times\" to have been \"in fashion among the Ladies of Paris\" in 1801, made of muslin or gauze and richly ornamented with","title":"Cornette"},{"id":"4070343","text":"in my brain, and I'm like, 'maybe I should have done a background vocal on that'. And then she comes in and happily does it, right?\", Madonna said. Orbit also recalled during an interview with \"Q\" magazine that Madonna recorded \"Swim\" the day her friend and fashion designer Gianni Versace was killed in Miami, Florida. He also commented that this is probably why the track has an emotional impact. According to spokesperson Liz Rosenberg, Madonna considered titling the album \"Mantra\", which she thought was a \"really cool title\". However, she changed the title to \"Ray of Light\", as her albums","title":"Ray of Light"},{"id":"4833385","text":"movements but she wore a black sash and carried a black handbag as a variation to the informal black dress code. In March 2018, together with the Countess of Wessex, the Duchess hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace during 2018 London Fashion Week. The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duchess and her husband have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected, but the media has not always respected their wishes. In 2009, before her engagement to William,","title":"Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge"},{"id":"10250755","text":"married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 21 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \"His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\" Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that","title":"Coco Chanel"},{"id":"15566968","text":"wedding to create another copy of the dress. Chinese dressmakers told news reporters they expected to have knock-offs of the dress available one week from the event; one expressed frustration that it was not leaked in advance so that they could have stock prepared earlier. Another suggested a £70 to £90 retail price. The choice of a dress from the fashion house of Alexander McQueen, who had committed suicide in 2010, led Hubert de Givenchy to state \"It's a lovely thought, a nice tribute.\" The dress along with other items pertaining to the Royal Wedding were exhibited at Buckingham Palace","title":"Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton"},{"id":"10722025","text":"years old. Mamie was born on February 12 1900, and she died at the age of 32. According to medical authorities at the time, Mamie Thurman's death resulted from her throat being slashed from ear to ear, after which she was shot twice in the left side of the head. The body was found in a patch of blackberries by a local boy, who then called the authorities. Found alongside the body were one shoe, a diamond engagement ring, and a silver wedding band, which ruled out robbery as the motive for her death. The other shoe and her purse,","title":"Mamie Thurman"},{"id":"14154565","text":"an animal skin around the shoulders, a hat made of palm fronds, and huarache sandals. If worn with a pre-Hispanic headdress and jewelry, it is called a traje de apache. A zapador is an outfit with a shirt, a short blue jacket, and red baggy pants and an embroidered apron-like garment. The wearer also has a hat and a mask with mustache and beard. \"Turco\" (Turkish) dress consists of a white shirt and pants, with a small blue vest, a turban with a peacock feather, and a mask with a mustache and beard. They can also have silk capes embroidered","title":"Huejotzingo"},{"id":"6767912","text":"her long, prettily arched neck revealed the bloody spot our eyes always sought in fearful anticipation. It was eternally there--the blood encrusted stab wound that had taken her life. Drops of her blood appeared still fresh on her neck and were caught in a gold chalice beside the pillow. \"We were enraptured at her dress--a prettier dress than any we had ever or would ever know, prettier than our first communion dresses, prettier even than any doll dress, trimmed in gold, with seed pearls and precious stones. Gold trim ran around her sleeves and down the panels of her skirt","title":"Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix"},{"id":"18292728","text":"Philip Somerville Philip Douglas Frank Somerville (12 February 1930 – 14 September 2014) was an English milliner – partly trained in Auckland – who had a salon in London. He is widely known for hats worn by the Queen – from whom he held a Royal Warrant – and Diana, Princess of Wales. He also created headgear worn by two James Bond villainesses. His obituary in \"The Sunday Times\" said of his influence on Princess Diana's fashion sense: \"he helped to mould her style – and with it the country's taste in hats\". The son of a shoe repairer, Philip","title":"Philip Somerville"},{"id":"13184353","text":"Archduke Ferdinand was shot dead by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. On 31 October 1984 in New Delhi, Indian Prime Minister I. Gandhi was shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards. Almost 7 years later, her son R. Gandhi was killed by a Tamil suicide bomber. On 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas, US President Kennedy was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Infamous Assassinations Infamous Assassinations was a 2007 British documentary television series about high-profile murders and attempted murders of public figures. The series was narrated by actor Robert Powell. It is currently being shown on Yesterday. On 1 July 1934","title":"Infamous Assassinations"},{"id":"10250802","text":"went to bed early. She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. She died in her infamous style, announcing: \"You see, this is how you die.\" Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland. Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his","title":"Coco Chanel"},{"id":"10751154","text":"Sawalha as Mohamed Al-Fayed, and Carlo Ferrante as Henri Paul, the driver of the car in which he, Diana, and Dodi were killed during a high-speed escape from paparazzi through the streets of Paris. The Halton House in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, UK, served as the backdrop for scenes taking place at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Other film locations included Hertfordshire, Paris (including the Pont de l'Alma Tunnel in which the car crashed) and Cannes. Diana: Last Days of a Princess Diana: Last Days of a Princess is a television movie broadcast in the United States by TLC on 12 August 2007","title":"Diana: Last Days of a Princess"},{"id":"15517886","text":"same for both sexes. It consisted of sandals of leatherwork, or for the priestly class, papyrus. Since Egyptians were usually barefoot, sandals were worn on special occasions or at times when their feet might get hurt. Clothing in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian clothes refers to clothing worn in ancient Egypt from the end of the Neolithic period (prior to 3100 BC) to the collapse of the Ptolemaic Kingdom with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. Egyptian clothing was filled with a variety of colors. Adorned with precious gems and jewels, the fashions of the ancient Egyptians were made for","title":"Clothing in ancient Egypt"},{"id":"15427327","text":"she was the means of bringing happiness to people in straitened circumstances.\" On 11 October 1940, several Messerschmitts were being chased over Kent in daylight by British fighter planes. The Messerschmitts dropped three bombs on six shops in Burgate, close to Canterbury Cathedral. At least six people were killed and more were injured; it took two days to dig out the dead from the debris. A furrier's received a direct hit, and Cissie was killed instantly while shopping for a fur rug as a wedding or birthday gift. She was identified by her jewellery, said to be a gift from","title":"Lydia Cecilia Hill"},{"id":"12659856","text":"Gucci exclusive. Later that year, in September, she fell in her high heels at the Rodarte show in New York. Then, a month later in Paris, she fainted at the Alexander McQueen show from wearing a very tight leather corset. Regardless of these two incidents, it did not affect her from booking more runways shows. Kershaw was one of new faces to appear on one of the fourteen covers of \"V magazine's\" Autumn issue. On 15 November 2008, in Miami, she made her international TV appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, modelling in the \"Pink Planet\" segment. Kershaw has","title":"Abbey Lee"},{"id":"1750539","text":"a leader of fashion, continually importing clothes from France. She often wore parti-coloured cottes (a type of tunic), gold or silver girdles into which a dagger was casually thrust, she favoured red silk damask, and decorations of gilt quatrefoil, and to cover her dark hair she wore jaunty pillbox caps. Eleanor introduced a new type of wimple to England, which was high, \"into which the head receded until the face seemed like a flower in an enveloping spathe\". She had developed a love for the songs of the troubadors as a child, and continued this interest. She bought many romantic","title":"Eleanor of Provence"},{"id":"19016514","text":"Brittania Sportswear Ltd Brittania Sportswear Ltd was a Wyomissing, PA-based clothing company best known for women's jeans in the 1970s and 1980s. It is not to be confused with Britannia Clothing Company, a United Kingdom clothing company. Brittania Sportswear was launched in 1973 by Walter Schoenfeld in Seattle, WA It once reached sales of $300 million a year and was the country's top-selling blue jean. It plummeted into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1983 because of management problems and changes in fashion tastes. The company was eventually purchased in 1987 by Levi Strauss & Co.. It was sold to VF","title":"Brittania Sportswear Ltd"},{"id":"7731187","text":"the visard developed into a design without a mouth hole, the \"moretta\", and was gripped with a button between the teeth rather than a bead. The mask's prevention of speech was deliberate, intended to heighten the mystery of a masked woman even further. Visard A visard (also spelled vizard) is an oval mask of black velvet, worn by travelling women in the 16th century to protect their skin from sunburn. It was not held to the head by a fastening, but rather the wearer would clasp a bead attached to the interior of the mask between their teeth. The fashion","title":"Visard"},{"id":"1567912","text":"for mourning dates back at least to the Roman Empire, when the \"toga pulla\", made of dark-colored wool, was worn during mourning. Through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, distinctive mourning was worn for general as well as personal loss; after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots in France, Elizabeth I of England and her court are said to have dressed in full mourning to receive the French Ambassador. Women in mourning and widows wore distinctive black caps and veils, generally in a conservative version of the current fashion. In areas of Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Mexico, Portugal,","title":"Mourning"},{"id":"9057807","text":"the main building. Bin Laden was \"wearing the local loose-fitting tunic and pants known as a \"kurta paijama\"\", which were later found to have €500 and two phone numbers sewn into the fabric. Bin Laden peered through his bedroom door at the Americans advancing up the stairs, and then retreated into the room as the lead SEAL fired a shot or shots at him. Reports differ, though agree eventually he was hit by shots to the body and head. The initial shots either missed, hit him in the side, or hit him in the head. Robert J. O'Neill (U.S. Navy","title":"Death of Osama bin Laden"},{"id":"5343361","text":"academic hood is worn around the shoulders and down the back, along with a black tippet or scarf worn around the nape and hanging straight down in front. The hood and tippet were once a single garment called an almuce. (The tippet is not to be confused with the stole, which is also worn in a similar manner, but is not part of choir dress, being worn at the Eucharist and other sacramental services.) Some clergy also wear Geneva bands (or \"preaching tabs\") from their collars. Though not worn at service-time, the Canterbury cap is the traditional headgear of Church","title":"Choir dress"},{"id":"1398348","text":"part of Augustin Daly's theater company in New York, but she soon became disillusioned with the form and craved a different environment with less of a hierarchy. Her father, along with his third wife and their daughter, died in 1898 when the British passenger steamer SS \"Mohegan\" ran aground off the coast of Cornwall. Duncan began her dancing career at a very early age by giving lessons in her home to neighbourhood children, and this continued through her teenage years. Her novel approach to dance was evident in these early classes, in which she \"followed [her] fantasy and improvised, teaching","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"8412460","text":"a piece designed by the Irish milliner Philip Treacy. The unusual shape and colour caused quite a media stir and went on to become an internet phenomenon with its own Facebook page. Princess Beatrice used the publicity to auction it off on eBay, where it garnered 99,000 euros for charity. In 2012 Royal Ascot announced that women will have to wear hats, not fascinators, as part of a tightening of the dress code in Royal Ascot's Royal Enclosure. In previous years female racegoers were simply advised that \"many ladies wear hats.\" The term hatinator, which emerged in the early 2010s,","title":"Fascinator"},{"id":"17792434","text":"Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:","title":"Timeline of women's education"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1398368\",\n \"text\": \"considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \\\"The New York Times\\\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \\\"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\\\" \\\"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3488171\",\n \"text\": \"motor show was cancelled and the launch was postponed – as matters turned out indefinitely – due to the intervention of war which France (and Britain) declared against Germany in early September 1939. Production of the Amilcar was not resumed after World War II. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar The Amilcar was a French automobile manufactured\",\n \"title\": \"Amilcar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398346\",\n \"text\": \"Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout Europe. Born in California, she lived in Western Europe and the Soviet Union from the age of 22 until her death at age 50, when her scarf became entangled in the wheels and axle of the car in which she was riding. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan (1819–1898), a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts, and Mary Isadora Gray\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398369\",\n \"text\": \"an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed by the force of her fall to the stone pavement.\\\" Other sources noted that she was almost decapitated by the sudden tightening of the scarf around her neck. The accident gave rise to Gertrude Stein's mordant remark that \\\"affectations can be dangerous\\\". At the time of her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen. Her will was the first of a Soviet citizen's to be probated in the U.S. Duncan was cremated, and her ashes were placed next to those of her children in the columbarium\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1925140\",\n \"text\": \"arriving on the Côte d'Azur. Edith Wharton wrote \\\"The Age of Innocence\\\" (1920) at a villa near Hyères, winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel (the first woman to do so). Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice, but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in a wheel of the Amilcar motor car in which she was a passenger and strangled her. The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924, stopping at Hyères, Cannes and Monte Carlo – eventually staying at Saint-Raphaël, where he wrote much of \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\" and began \\\"Tender is\",\n \"title\": \"French Riviera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8931658\",\n \"text\": \"by Lefebvre, it started from Königsberg (today's Kaliningrad). 4,700 of the CGS and CGSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \\\"S\\\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS.\",\n \"title\": \"Amilcar CGSS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2907544\",\n \"text\": \"after Isadora Duncan, a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger. In the fourth book, \\\"The Miserable Mill\\\", Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell. Orwell finished his famous book \\\"1984\\\" in 1948, and in the sixth book, \\\"The Ersatz Elevator\\\", it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories. The Squalors' names reference Jerome David \\\"J. D.\\\" Salinger and his short story \\\"For Esmé –\",\n \"title\": \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1711700\",\n \"text\": \"Bugatti, a handsome Italian whom she has been admiring for several days. She goes for a drive with him in his sports car, and as they roar along a road by the sea, Isadora's long chiffon scarf catches in the spokes of a wheel and strangles her. Isadora Isadora (also known as The Loves of Isadora) is a 1968 biographical film which tells the story of celebrated American dancer Isadora Duncan. It stars Vanessa Redgrave, James Fox, and Jason Robards. The film was adapted by Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Drabble, and Clive Exton from the books \\\"My Life\\\" by Isadora and\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8931657\",\n \"text\": \"Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \\\"S\\\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS. Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, died in a CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels. The 1,074 cc four-cylinder engine from the CGS was fitted but in a slightly higher state of tune delivering . It was also available with a Cozette supercharger for those who needed more power. Thus equipped, a CGSS won the 1927 Monte Carlo Rally. Driven\",\n \"title\": \"Amilcar CGSS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398361\",\n \"text\": \"title of the creator of modern dance. In both professional and private life, Duncan flouted traditional mores and morality. She was bisexual and an atheist, and alluded to her communism during her last United States tour, in 1922–23: she waved a red scarf and bared her breast on stage in Boston, proclaiming, \\\"This is red! So am I!\\\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398374\",\n \"text\": \"is also the subject of Amelia Gray's novel \\\"Isadora\\\" (2017). Two characters in the \\\"A Series of Unfortunate Events\\\" series of novels are named after her, Isadora Quagmire and Duncan Quagmire. Among the films featuring Duncan are: Ballets based on Duncan include: On the theatre stage, Duncan is portrayed in: Duncan is featured in music in: In the poem \\\"Fever 103\\\" by Sylvia Plath, the speaker alludes to Isadora's scarves. Archival collections Other Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398373\",\n \"text\": \"having San Francisco rename an alley on the same block from Adelaide Place to Isadora Duncan Lane. In medicine, the Isadora Duncan Syndrome refers to injury or death consequent to entanglement of neckwear with a wheel or other machinery. Duncan has attracted literary and artistic attention from the 1920s to the present, in novels, film, ballet, theatre, music, and poetry. Duncan has been portrayed in novels including Aleister Crowley's \\\"Moonchild\\\" (as 'Lavinia King'), published in 1923, and Upton Sinclair's \\\"World's End\\\" (1940) and \\\"Between Two Worlds\\\" (1941), the first two novels in his Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series. She\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10129125\",\n \"text\": \"was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. The extravagances of the Parisian couturiers came in a variety of shapes, but the most popular silhouette throughout the decade was the tunic over a long underskirt. Early\",\n \"title\": \"1910s in Western fashion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398366\",\n \"text\": \"how memorable it was, but what Zelda recalled was that while all eyes were watching Duncan, Zelda was able to steal the salt and pepper shakers from the table. In his book \\\"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\\\", Sewell Stokes, who met Duncan in the last years of her life, describes her extravagant waywardness. Duncan's autobiography \\\"My Life\\\" was published in 1927. The Australian composer Percy Grainger called Isadora's autobiography a \\\"life-enriching masterpiece.\\\" On the night of September 14, 1927, in Nice, France, Duncan was a passenger in an Amilcar CGSS automobile owned by Benoît Falchetto, a French-Italian mechanic. She wore a\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398367\",\n \"text\": \"long, flowing, hand-painted silk scarf, created by the Russian-born artist Roman Chatov, a gift from her friend Mary Desti, the mother of American film director Preston Sturges. Desti, who saw Duncan off, had asked her to wear a cape in the open-air vehicle because of the cold weather, but she would only agree to wear the scarf. As they departed, she reportedly said to Desti and some companions, \\\"\\\" (\\\"Farewell, my friends. I go to glory!\\\"); but according to the American novelist Glenway Wescott, Desti later told him that Duncan's actual parting words were, (\\\"I am off to love\\\"). Desti\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9157191\",\n \"text\": \"that undulated with color. Each garment was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. Changes in dress during World War I were dictated more by necessity than fashion. As more and more women were forced to\",\n \"title\": \"History of fashion design\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15163168\",\n \"text\": \"Jose Clara The front of the base is inscribed: The name of William Henry Schuetze is misspelled on the monument. Clara was a Spanish sculptor, born in Olot in 1878, who died in Barcelona in 1958. After studying fine art in Toulouse, he met Auguste Rodin during a visit to Paris which led to him deciding to become a sculptor. A student of Barrias Louse-Ernest, his primary model was Isadora Duncan until her death in 1927. With worldwide recognition, he worked and lived the rest of his life in Barcelona. \\\"Serenity\\\" was bought by Charles Deering at the Paris Exhibition\",\n \"title\": \"Serenity (Clara)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9368632\",\n \"text\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by Sewell Stokes and Russell. It starred Vivian Pickles and Peter Bowles. The film is a biopic of American dancer Isadora Duncan. Sewell Stokes became friendly with the dancer towards the very end of her life when she was penniless and alone. In 1928 he wrote a memoir of his conversations with\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1923110\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tonight or Never\\\" which had recently been made into a motion picture. Garden is cited with other artistic figures of the period in Hugh MacDiarmid's poem \\\"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle\\\" (ll.30–2): <poem style=\\\"margin-left: 2em;\\\">Whaur's Isadora Duncan dancin nou, Is Mary Garden in Chicago still And Duncan Grant in Paris – and me fou?</poem> Allen Ginsberg contrasts the relative silence surrounding Garden's death with the uproar caused by the death of Jack Ruby in \\\"Bayonne Turnpike to Tuscarora,\\\" from the 1973 award-winning collection \\\"The Fall of America\\\": <poem style=\\\"margin-left: 2em;\\\"> Mary Garden dead in Aberdeen, New Years' 1967\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398359\",\n \"text\": \"expression of the human spirit through the medium of the body's movement.\\\" She believed dance was meant to encircle all that life had to offer—joy and sadness. Duncan took inspiration from ancient Greece and combined it with an American love of freedom. Her movement was feminine and arose from the deepest feelings in her body. This is exemplified in her revolutionary costume of a white Greek tunic and bare feet. Inspired by Greek forms, her tunics also allowed a freedom of movement that corseted ballet costumes and pointe shoes did not. Costumes were not the only inspiration Duncan took from\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9368634\",\n \"text\": \"choreographed interpretations. Still, some might find the constant confrontations and shouting matches tiring. After all, Russell makes it clear that this was one artist who could have had it all had she just kept her mighty yap shut. Because she didn't, however, we see her downfall in all its brazen glory.\\\" Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14756495\",\n \"text\": \"Léocadia Léocadia (Time Remembered) is a play by Jean Anouilh that premiered at the Théâtre de la Michodière in Paris on 2 December 1940. It is one of Anouilh's \\\"Pièces roses\\\", together with \\\"Humulus le muet\\\" (1932), \\\"Le Bal des voleurs\\\" (1938), and \\\"\\\" (1941). For the occasion, Francis Poulenc composed one of his most celebrated songs, \\\"Les Chemins de l'amour\\\", sung by Yvonne Printemps. \\\"Léocadia\\\" tells the story of a young prince madly in love with a Romanian opera singer, Léocadia Gardi. The young man only knew her for three days: like Isadora Duncan, she died strangled by her\",\n \"title\": \"Léocadia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2536089\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Blue Bloods\\\" TV series 2015 episode \\\"The Bullitt Mustang\\\" centers around the reported theft of one of the Mustangs used in the film, valued at a half million dollars, a case which detectives Danny Reagan and Maria Baez pick up. Several items of clothing worn by McQueen's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film: desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater and, most famously, a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches. The last remaining Charger and one of the two Mustangs were scrapped after filming because of damage and liability concerns, while the other was\",\n \"title\": \"Bullitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15964123\",\n \"text\": \"well as antique Chinese drum, a diminutive Balinese door made into a distinctive table, Cuban furniture, and his Asmat art from expeditions to New Guinea, once considered the largest private collection. The item that got the most attention since Dobronyi's death was the 40-something-year old underwear of Queen Elizabeth II. The \\\"Miami Herald\\\" reports that the story of the Royal panties has circled the web and print magazines, after their sale was first reported by celebrity news website \\\"TMZ.com\\\". Louis F. Cruz who markets and manages the estate sale, believes that the Queen's undergarments are authentic. As the story goes,\",\n \"title\": \"Sepy Dobronyi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398364\",\n \"text\": \"returned to Moscow. Two years later, on December 28, 1925, Yesenin was found dead in his room in the Hotel Angleterre in St Petersburg in an apparent suicide. Duncan had a relationship with the poet and playwright Mercedes de Acosta, as documented in numerous revealing letters they wrote to each other. In one, Duncan wrote, \\\"Mercedes, lead me with your little strong hands and I will follow you – to the top of a mountain. To the end of the world. Wherever you wish.\\\" By the late 1920s, Duncan's performing career had dwindled, and she became as notorious for her\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2723141\",\n \"text\": \"the neck of the garment when not in use. The Inuit peoples of the Arctic are expert clothing manufacturers, and the women's anorak, technically called an \\\"amauti\\\", features a large hood used to shelter an infant on its mother's back. In Japan hoods covered with chainmail or armour plates were worn by samurai warriors and their retainers. Scuba divers who dive in cold water often wear neoprene hoods for thermal insulation. They cover the whole head and neck except the face. A hood is a component of academic dress that is an often bright and decorative garment worn over a\",\n \"title\": \"Hood (headgear)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2741922\",\n \"text\": \"Levi Strauss heir Bill Goldman died in a private plane crash near Sonoma, California. In 2017, Levi Strauss & Co. released a \\\"smart jacket\\\", an apparel they developed in partnership with Google. After two years of collaboration, the result was a denim jacket set at $350. In 2020, Levi Strauss & Co. are expected to have completely replaced chemical usage to lasers in order to cut and design ripped parts of jeans. Levi's has been worn by people from all walks of life, from miners to Nobel Prize recipients including Albert Einstein himself, whose famous leather jacket was made by\",\n \"title\": \"Levi Strauss & Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1567920\",\n \"text\": \"In the later interbellum period between World War I and World War II, as the frock coat became increasingly rare, the mourning suit consisted of a black morning coat with black trousers and waistcoat, essentially a black version of the morning suit worn to weddings and other occasions, which would normally include coloured waistcoats and striped or checked trousers. Formal mourning culminated during the reign of Queen Victoria, whose long and conspicuous grief over the death of her husband, Prince Albert, may have had much to do with it. Although fashions began to be more functional and less restrictive for\",\n \"title\": \"Mourning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12997333\",\n \"text\": \"of the Prince of Wales and the pink hat with 25 fabric bells that the Queen wore to mark her Silver Jubilee at a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral. The prototype for the Queen's Silver Jubilee hat is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 2003 several Mirman hats were displayed alongside clothes worn by the Queen in an exhibition at the Kensington Palace State Apartments. Simone Mirman retired in 1990 and returned to France, where she took up oil painting as a hobby until losing her eyesight. She died in 2008 at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Simone Mirman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2401659\",\n \"text\": \"shows previewing Spring/Summer 1999, where a single model, Shalom Harlow, graced the runway in a strapless white dress, before being rotated slowly on a revolving section of the catwalk whilst being sprayed with paint by two robotic guns. Givenchy designs released by Vogue Patterns during this period may be credited to the late designer. McQueen received press attention after the May 2007 suicide of international style icon Isabella Blow. Rumours were published that there was a rift between McQueen and Blow at the time of her death, focusing on McQueen's under-appreciation of Blow. In response to these rumours, McQueen told\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander McQueen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19239232\",\n \"text\": \"The Dancer (2016 film) The Dancer (in French: La Danseuse) is a 2016 French biographical historical drama film directed and written by Stéphanie Di Giusto and co-written by Thomas Bidegain and Sarah Thiebaud, based on the novel by Giovanni Lista. The film stars Soko, Gaspard Ulliel, Mélanie Thierry, Lily-Rose Depp, François Damiens, Louis Garrel and William Houston. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Wild Bunch sold the international rights of the film \\\"The Dancer\\\", about the legendary dancer Loie Fuller and her peer Isadora Duncan. Stéphanie Di Giusto would make her\",\n \"title\": \"The Dancer (2016 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4973389\",\n \"text\": \"1973 version, \\\"Goodbye Norma Jean, though I never knew you at all,\\\" were adapted to \\\"Goodbye England's rose, may you ever grow in our hearts.\\\" Most of the lyrics were adapted to suit the circumstances of Diana's life and death. On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a car crash in Paris, France. The news shocked Elton John, as he and the Princess had been very good friends. Earlier in the summer, he had also lost another good friend, fashion designer Gianni Versace. Pictures depicting Diana appearing to console a distraught John at Versace's funeral were featured\",\n \"title\": \"Candle in the Wind 1997\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16144737\",\n \"text\": \"it, and that while doing so, caused lit embers of pipe tobacco to land on Jeannie's clothing. Nickell suggests this is even more likely, because at the time of the fire, the kitchen window and door were open, causing a cross breeze. Pipe embers, carried by the breeze and then landing on Saffin's flammable nylon clothing, would easily catch fire and cause the severe burns found on Saffin's body at autopsy. Death of Jeannie Saffin Jeanne Lucille Saffin (20 March 1921 – 23 September 1982) was a British woman whose death from fire in 1982 is cited by paranormal researchers\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Jeannie Saffin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9392056\",\n \"text\": \"being strangled before the fire was lit. Finally the \\\"Sambenito\\\" featured red saltires, whose wearer was only to do penance. Eventually all three types of tunics became known as \\\"sambenito\\\"; a conical cap, denominated \\\"coroza\\\" (and \\\"capirote\\\"), of the same material and motifs as the corresponding \\\"sambenito\\\", would also be worn. The heretics, found guilty by the inquisitors, had to walk in the procession wearing the \\\"sambenito\\\" as a Shirt of Flame, the \\\"coroza\\\", the rope around the neck, the rosary, and in their hands a yellow or green wax candle. Originally the penitential garments were hung up in the\",\n \"title\": \"Sanbenito\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20488878\",\n \"text\": \"Paris Singer Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932) was an early resident of Palm Beach, Florida. He was 22nd of the 24 children of inventor and industrialist Isaac Singer, from whom he inherited money; he has been described as a \\\"man of luxury.\\\" He married Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\\\"Lillie\\\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951), who bore him 5 children. He had a tempestuous romance with famous dancer Isadora Duncan, whose career he helped, and with whom he had another son, Patrick (born 1910, drowned 1913). Singer\",\n \"title\": \"Paris Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2231033\",\n \"text\": \"Henri Paul Henri Paul (3 July 1956 – 31 August 1997) was the driver of the Mercedes S280 in which Diana, Princess of Wales, died on 31 August 1997. As Deputy Head of Security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris, Paul had been off duty that evening but was called back to drive Diana and Dodi Fayed to their apartment. The car crashed at high speed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel, with only bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones surviving. There have been many conspiracy theories surrounding the car crash. British and French police investigations put the blame largely on Paul for being\",\n \"title\": \"Henri Paul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3235628\",\n \"text\": \"Pink gravel, guard houses and period vehicles were used to recreate the royal courtyard. The 1968 film \\\"Isadora\\\" starring Vanessa Redgrave and telling the life story of the dancer Isadora Duncan also used Oldway Mansion as one of its locations. On 21 December 2005, the ballroom at Oldway Mansion was the location for Devon's first civil partnership. The registration was officially witnessed by the Mayor of Torbay and his dignitaries. Notes Citations Sources Oldway Mansion Oldway Mansion is a large house and gardens in Paignton, Devon, England. It was built as a private residence for Isaac Merritt Singer (1811–1875), and\",\n \"title\": \"Oldway Mansion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398354\",\n \"text\": \"magical name of 'Soror Virakam'; she also co-edited four numbers of Crowley's journal \\\"The Equinox\\\", and contributed several collaborative plays to the journal. Desti wrote a memoir of her experiences with Duncan that includes some autobiographical material. In 1911, the French fashion designer Paul Poiret rented a mansion—Pavillon du Butard in La Celle-Saint-Cloud—and threw lavish parties, including one of the more famous \\\"grandes fêtes\\\", \\\"La fête de Bacchus\\\" on June 20, 1912, re-creating the Bacchanalia hosted by Louis XIV at Versailles. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Greek evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests; 900 bottles of\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14630513\",\n \"text\": \"of her name from “Amy” to “Aimée”, and moved her children to an estate in Paris dubbed “The House of Fantasy.” Crocker would live for the next 27 years in the City of Lights, throwing sensational and neurotic parties and housing young artists and exiled Russian nobles. She took Paris by storm after making a splash at a fantastic party thrown by Paul Poiret, a leading French fashion designer and a master couturier. She later lived in an artist colony at Hôtel Biron along with luminaries such as Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Jean Cocteau and Isadora Duncan. After Gouraud's death,\",\n \"title\": \"Aimée Crocker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9757198\",\n \"text\": \"the museum in Sheffield. Despite having been born only two years prior to the founding the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, stylistically Hallé was firmly aligned with the aesthetic of that group. Charles Hallé is mentioned very fondly by Isadora Duncan in her book titled \\\"My Life' published in 1927, the year of her death. She describes the activities she and Charles enjoyed together in Paris, long strolls, trips to the countryside, gallery tramping and dining. She said, \\\"I danced for him in the forest and he made sketches of me.\\\" (see \\\"Americans in Paris: A Literary Anthology\\\", 2004, by Adam Gopnik, editor).\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Edward Hallé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2917622\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Isadora Diamond\\\" named after Isadora Duncan. The 80-carat yellow diamond in the necklace was designed by Harry Winston and is worth $6 million. \\\"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\\\" received mixed reviews from critics. Metacritic gave the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \\\"mixed or average reviews\\\". Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 42%, based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads:\\\"Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson are charming together, but they can't overcome \\\"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\\\"' silly\",\n \"title\": \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398362\",\n \"text\": \"Isaac Singer. Both children drowned in the care of their nanny in 1913 when their runaway car went into the Seine. Following the accident, Duncan spent several months recuperating in Corfu with her brother and sister. She then spent several weeks at the Viareggio seaside resort with the actress Eleonora Duse. The fact that Duse had just left a relationship with the rebellious and epicene young feminist Lina Poletti fueled speculation as to the nature of Duncan and Duse's relationship, but there has never been any indication that the two were involved romantically. In her autobiography, Duncan relates that she\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4399918\",\n \"text\": \"Men's Health Crisis to find a funeral home. In a rare moment of levity, Lisa and Willy stumble across a slinky red dress in Sean's closet and consider giving it to the undertaker. \\\"What could they say\\\", asks Willy, \\\"if we said we knew him and we knew that's the way he wanted to be remembered?\\\" Ultimately they decide against it, since \\\"it needs a hat. A big Bea Lillie thing!\\\" The four go to a Chinese restaurant to write Sean's obituary and include David as his \\\"longtime companion\\\". David has died in his sleep, and this is the day\",\n \"title\": \"Longtime Companion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9356890\",\n \"text\": \"job in 1918 was as a book reviewer and gossip writer with \\\"The Sunday Times\\\" in London. Three years later, he became assistant editor for \\\"T.P.'s Weekly\\\", a radical newspaper founded in 1902 by the Irish journalist and member of parliament Thomas Power O'Connor. The author became friendly with the American dancer Isadora Duncan towards the very end of her life, when she was penniless and alone, and in 1928, shortly after her death, wrote a memoir of his conversations with her entitled \\\"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\\\". Years later, he co-wrote the film script for the BBC TV film, Isadora\",\n \"title\": \"Sewell Stokes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1595130\",\n \"text\": \"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \\\"white collection\\\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Treacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"308666\",\n \"text\": \"at the waistline. Earrings (\\\"zaricillos\\\") are usually gold or coral. Slippers usually match the color of the \\\"pollera\\\". Hair is usually worn in a bun, held by three large gold combs that have pearls (\\\"tembleques\\\") worn like a crown. Quality \\\"pollera\\\" can cost up to $10,000, and may take a year to complete. Today, there are different types of \\\"polleras\\\"; the \\\"pollera de gala\\\" consists of a short-sleeved ruffle skirt blouse, two full-length skirts and a petticoat. Girls wear \\\"tembleques\\\" in their hair. Gold coins and jewelry are added to the outfit. The \\\"pollera montuna\\\" is a daily dress, with\",\n \"title\": \"Panama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1711696\",\n \"text\": \"In 1927, Isadora Duncan has become a legend as the innovator of modern dance, a temperamental bohemian, and an outspoken advocate of free love. Now past 40, she lives in poverty in a small hotel on the French Riviera with her companion Mary Estelle Dempsey/Mary Desti (named only as Mary in the film) and her secretary Roger, to whom she is dictating her memoirs. As a young girl in California, Isadora first demonstrates her disdain for accepted social standards by burning her parents' marriage certificate and pledging her dedication to the pursuit of art and beauty. In 1896, she performs\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1555127\",\n \"text\": \"1888 to French aristocrat Jean, Duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg. Son Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932), was married to Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\\\"Lillie\\\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951). Singer Island, Florida, was named for him. He was a close friend of the Palm Beach architect Addison Mizner. Paris had a son with Isadora Duncan, Patrick Singer, who died in 1913 in a drowning accident while a small child. Grandchildren include Daisy Fellowes, Mortimer Merritt Singer (b. New York City, ~1870; d. New York City ~1960,\",\n \"title\": \"Isaac Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7608625\",\n \"text\": \"events that followed it. Diana's death helped BBC News officials realise how important online news services were becoming, and a full online news service was launched on 4 November that year, alongside the launch of the BBC's rolling news channel BBC News 24 on 9 November. Death of Diana, Princess of Wales On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, France. Her companion, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes S280, Henri Paul, were pronounced dead at the scene.\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Diana, Princess of Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12933028\",\n \"text\": \"Recovery: five Norman Rockwell paintings worth $1 million from a farmhouse in Brazil. Looting of the Royal Tomb of the Lord of Sipán in Peru. Recovery: extremely rare 2,000-year-old golden Pre-Columbian piece of body armor known as a backflap, which was worn as battle-armor and rank-decoration by warrior-priests of the Moche civilization. The gold, copper, and silver backflap was recovered in October 1997 by FBI agents in a sting operation after it was offered for sale at $1.6 million. Recovery of Native American Apache medicine man Geronimo's eagle feather war bonnet valued at $1.2 million. Theft from the U.S. Naval\",\n \"title\": \"Robert King Wittman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17018049\",\n \"text\": \"Fauconnet (1882-1920) designed the invitation. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Hellenic evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests and 900 bottles of champagne were consumed until the first light of day. Isadora Duncan, a girl from California said to have posed for Eadweard Muybridge, placed an emphasis on \\\"evolutionary\\\" dance motion, insisting that each movement was born from the one that preceded it, that each movement gave rise to the next, and so on in organic succession. Her dancing defined the force of progress, change, abstraction and liberation. In France too Duncan delighted her audience. André Dunoyer\",\n \"title\": \"Dancer in a Café\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7758951\",\n \"text\": \"N'a Rien Perdu De Son Charme Ni Le Jardin De Son Éclat\\\", a work by French ballet legend Maurice Béjart which draws upon the AIDS crisis and the deaths of Freddie Mercury and the company's principal dancer Jorge Donn. Later in 1997, two close friends died: designer Gianni Versace was murdered; and Diana, Princess of Wales died in a Paris car crash on 31 August. In early September, he contacted his writing partner Bernie Taupin, asking him to revise the lyrics of his 1973 song \\\"Candle in the Wind\\\" to honour Diana, and Taupin rewrote the song accordingly. On 6\",\n \"title\": \"Elton John\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12727491\",\n \"text\": \"Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during the November 2008\",\n \"title\": \"Loumia Hiridjee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675903\",\n \"text\": \"and give the story a vivid sense of verisimilitude. The film won the Grand Award for Best Feature Film at the 1961 Mar del Plata International Film Festival. He later produced Anderson's \\\"This Sporting Life\\\" (1963) and directed \\\"Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment\\\" (1966) adapted by David Mercer from his 1962 television play. \\\"Isadora\\\" (1968), a biography of dancer Isadora Duncan, with a screenplay by Melvyn Bragg starred Vanessa Redgrave. In the following decade he made \\\"The Gambler\\\" (1974) and \\\"Who'll Stop the Rain\\\" (1978). \\\"The French Lieutenant's Woman\\\" (1981) was probably the most successful of his later\",\n \"title\": \"Karel Reisz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307748\",\n \"text\": \"meaning \\\"Polish-styled\\\". The most famous example is the \\\"robe à la polonaise\\\" or simply \\\"Polonaise\\\", a woman's garment with draped and swagged overskirt, worn over an underskirt or petticoat. Another notable example is the Witzchoura, a long mantle with collar and hood, which was possibly introduced by Napoleon's Polish mistress Maria Walewska. Established in 1999, the retail store Reserved is Poland's best clothing store chain, operating over 1,700 retail shops in 19 countries. In 2016 it was announced that Reserved is moving into a former BHS store at Oxford Street in London, one of the most prestigious and busiest shopping\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2656203\",\n \"text\": \"with several well-known designers, such as the legendary Vivienne Westwood. As a result, in 1984, Westwood asked Cox to design shoes for her \\\"Clint Eastwood\\\" collection. One of the shoes that Cox created incorporated a 4-inch platform that would become the prototype of a 9-inch pair later worn by supermodel Naomi Campbell, when she famously fell during a Westwood fashion show in Paris, France in 1993. In his second year of college Cox designed and handmade fluorescent fringed moccasins for the celebrated Body Map brand of David Holah and Stevie Stewart. Cox used to date Canadian journalist, entrepreneur, and magazine\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Cox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9157241\",\n \"text\": \"flounced skirts and high-necked blouses in traditional floral prints, worn with crocheted shawls. Laura Ashley started out running a small business in Wales in the mid-1960s and the company continued to expand until the accidental death of its owner in 1985. Laura Ashley was not the only designer to look nostalgically to the past. Fashions based on the 1920s, 30s, 40s, and 50s were popular throughout much of the decade, with Hollywood films like \\\"The Godfather\\\" and \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\", and numerous exhibitions on costume history at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York increasing their popularity. In Japan,\",\n \"title\": \"History of fashion design\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9990928\",\n \"text\": \"clothing took on symbolic meaning for later generations. Roman armour, particularly the muscle cuirass, has symbolized amazing power. In Europe during the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries CE), painters and sculptors sometimes depicted rulers wearing pseudo-Roman military attire, including the cuirass, military cloak, and sandals. Later, during the French Revolution, an effort was made to dress officials in uniforms based on the Roman toga, to symbolize the importance of citizenship to a republic. Adopted by the rank and file revolutionaries, the 18th-century CE liberty cap, a brimless, limp cap fitting snugly around the head, was based on a bonnet worn\",\n \"title\": \"Clothing in the ancient world\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9368633\",\n \"text\": \"her, shortly after her death, entitled \\\"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\\\". Two years after the first broadcast of the TV film, Vanessa Redgrave played the role of Isadora Duncan in the big-screen biopic \\\"Isadora\\\". Russell's biographer Joseph Lanza believes that \\\"of all his television work, \\\"Isadora\\\" is his most accomplished\\\". It explores his \\\"ongoing theme of art being a thing of both glory and vulgarity\\\" Bill Gibron from DVD Talk gave the film a very good review and stated: \\\"Herself trained as a dancer, Pickles lights up the screen when she's onstage, Duncan's inflated ego disappearing into a series of carefully\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15878240\",\n \"text\": \"and After\\\". David Weiss died on November 29, 2002 at a La Jolla Hospital. The cause was thrombophlebitis and complications from a fall. He was 93. In 1953 Weiss published his first novel, \\\"The Guilt Makers\\\", which won the $5,000 Frieder Literary Award for best novel on a Jewish theme published in America. This was followed in 1959 by \\\"The Spirit and the Flesh\\\" (inspired by the life of the dancer Isadora Duncan) and his most successful book \\\"Naked Came I\\\" in 1963. Although he wrote plays and a couple of contemporary set novels, Weiss’s speciality was biographical fiction –\",\n \"title\": \"David Weiss (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18705454\",\n \"text\": \"whip used in the 1981, 1984, and 1989 \\\"Indiana Jones\\\" movies, and Leonardo DiCaprio's \\\"Jack Dawson\\\" \\\"King of The World\\\" coat from \\\"Titanic\\\". In July 2013, the auction house presented a collection of Lucille Ball memorabilia as part of their second of two Drier Collection auctions. Ball's signature \\\"Lucy Ricardo\\\" polka dot dress designed by Elois Jenssen for the \\\"I Love Lucy\\\" television series secured $168,000.00, greatly exceeding its $60,000.00 projected pre-auction estimate. On June 18, 2011, Profiles in History launched the first of a series of auctions of Debbie Reynolds' collection of Hollywood memorabilia. In June 2011 the auction\",\n \"title\": \"Profiles in History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599316\",\n \"text\": \"been considered collectors items since the start of the 1990s, especially those designed by Clark/Birtwell. Pattie Boyd invoked the designer in a 2007 \\\"Daily Mail\\\" interview, when speaking of her and her then-husband George Harrison's darker days: \\\"at times I felt almost suicidal. I don't think I was ever in any real danger of killing myself but I got as far as working out how I would do it: put on a diaphanous Ossie Clark dress and throw myself off Beachy Head.\\\" Ossie Clark Raymond \\\"Ossie\\\" Clark (9 June 1942 – 6 August 1996) was an English fashion designer who\",\n \"title\": \"Ossie Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4055367\",\n \"text\": \"the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Sancy Diamond was found in Russia at Vasily Rudanovsky collection. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the Hope Diamond. The Hope is famously alleged to have been surrounded by bad luck. Marie Antoinette who supposedly wore it was beheaded (in fact, it was actually worn by her husband, Louis XVI, although he too was beheaded). Other owners and their families experienced suicides, marriage break-ups, bankruptcy, deaths in car crashes, falls off cliffs, revolutions, mental breakdowns, and deaths through drug overdoses. It was even tangentially\",\n \"title\": \"French Crown Jewels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3106187\",\n \"text\": \"her to New York City in his place when he'd been invited for a long-term visit to design for Broadway in 1917/18 and was infuriated that she'd become an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.) His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial. Though perhaps best known for freeing women from corsets (although he did not single-handedly accomplish this revolution) and for claiming authorship of the hobble skirt, harem pants, and \\\"lampshade\\\" tunic, Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his development of the dressmaking technique known as\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Poiret\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18346000\",\n \"text\": \"(it caused her to have psychiatric problems). Upon hearing this, Goedele angrily takes a blanket and wraps it around his neck. She then takes the quad-bike and drives his body into the forest. After putting the motorcycle against a tree, and wrapping a scarf she just knitted around his neck and into the spokes of the wheel, she turns on the ignition and opens full throttle: In episode seven we learned Goedele was fascinated by a film about Isadora Duncan. However, the two insurance agents have figured everything out and decide to confront the sisters. Mathias, one of the two\",\n \"title\": \"Clan (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19051498\",\n \"text\": \"not immediately successful. Eventually, whilst sharing a studio with the milliner Philip Treacy, Milner became principally a designer of wedding dresses. Her highest-profile wedding dress was a 1997 beaded lace gown worn by Estelle Skornik as 'Nicole' in the final instalment of the Papa & Nicole advertisements for Renault, which was estimated to have been seem by 23 million viewers. Renault subsequently donated the dress and accessories to the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another of Milner's wedding dresses, an ecclesiastical silk coatdress worn in 1998 by Selina Blow with a huge golden headdress by Treacy, was featured in the Museum's\",\n \"title\": \"Deborah Milner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1474188\",\n \"text\": \"the awards ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympics. Their actions were intended to symbolize Black Power. They were banned from the Olympics for life as a result of the incident. Yet another of the more infamous episodes involving a leather glove came during the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder case in which Simpson demonstrated that the glove purportedly used in the alleged murder was too small to fit his hand. Western lady's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths: wrist (\\\"matinee\\\"), elbow, and opera or full-length (over the elbow, reaching to the biceps). Satin and stretch satin are\",\n \"title\": \"Glove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2733364\",\n \"text\": \"with legends of the West, including “Buffalo Bill”, Calamity Jane, Will Rogers, and Annie Oakley. It is said that George Custer rode into the Battle of Little Big Horn wearing a Stetson. Later on, Western movie cowboys were quick to adopt the Stetson; many were drawn to the largest, most flamboyant styles available. Texans were known for their preference for the \\\"Ten Gallon\\\" model. According to Win Blevins' \\\"Dictionary of the American West\\\" (p388), the term \\\"ten-gallon\\\" has nothing to do with the hat's liquid capacity, but derives from the Spanish word \\\"galón\\\" (braid), ten indicating the number of braids\",\n \"title\": \"Stetson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4770912\",\n \"text\": \"Isabella Blow Isabella \\\"Issie\\\" Blow (19 November 1958 – 7 May 2007) was an English magazine editor. The muse of hat designer Philip Treacy, she is credited with discovering the models Stella Tennant and Sophie Dahl as well as the fashion designer Alexander McQueen. Born Isabella Delves Broughton in Marylebone, London, she was the eldest child of Major Sir Evelyn Delves Broughton, a military officer, and his second wife, Helen Mary Shore, a barrister. Sir Evelyn was the only son of Jock Delves Broughton; his sister, Rosamond, married Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat in 1938. Blow had two sisters, Julia\",\n \"title\": \"Isabella Blow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096083\",\n \"text\": \"generated to pay off their creditors. In statements made to the press, Fisher announced that his mother was \\\"heartbroken\\\" to have to auction off her collection, which was valued at $10.79 million in the bankruptcy filing. The collection was sold in a series of auctions from June to December 2011. On June 18, 2011, Marilyn Monroe's \\\"subway dress\\\", whose skirt is raised by the updraft of a passing subway train in \\\"The Seven Year Itch\\\", sold for $4.6 million, far in excess of pre-auction estimates of $1–2 million. Another Monroe dress, worn in \\\"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\\\", fetched $1.2 million; it\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12727492\",\n \"text\": \"Mumbai terrorist attacks. Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during\",\n \"title\": \"Loumia Hiridjee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18768657\",\n \"text\": \"account of abduction and escape, earning the headlines \\\"Cline Believes\\\". The description of the shoes when taken from McPherson was cataloged \\\"uppers showed slight wear and the soles were scuffed; leather in the insteps was bright and bore markings like grass stains.\\\" Cline, however, was quoted as stating to Ryan, \\\"You saw those shoes, the grass stains on the instep, what is so rare as a blade of grass on the desert in June?\\\" Lore developed of there being no grass in the desert and that McPherson's shoes and other garments from her desert trek were in pristine condition. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Reported kidnapping of Aimee Semple McPherson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3304303\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Necrophiliac Springtime\\\", was owned by Schiaparelli; the other two are \\\"The Dream Places A Hand on a Man's Shoulder\\\" and \\\"Three Young Surrealist Women Holding in Their Arms the Skins of an Orchestra\\\". Richard Martin saw the Tears Dress as a \\\"memento mori\\\" produced in response to the Spanish Civil War and the spread of Fascism, declaring that to \\\"tear the dress is to deny its customary decorum and utility, and to question the matter of concealment and revelation in the garment.\\\" He noted that even if the tears in the dress were mere ornament like slashing, the real tears\",\n \"title\": \"Elsa Schiaparelli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2332380\",\n \"text\": \"the slippers in the story were instead made of fur (French: \\\"vair\\\"), but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. Derek \\\"The Slipper Man\\\" Fan holds the Guinness World Records record for wearing a pair of dress slippers for 23 years straight as of June 30, 2007. A pair of ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" sold at Christie's in June 1988 for $165,000. The same pair was resold in May 2000 for $666,000. On both occasions they were the most expensive shoes from a film to be sold at auction. \\\"Grandpa's Slippers\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Slipper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9379401\",\n \"text\": \"cornette on 20 September 1964. The modern nurses' cap or bonnet was created following the cornette's appearance and it depicts the humanitarianism of Daughters of Charity in nursing. Cornette A cornette is a piece of female headwear. It is essentially a type of wimple consisting of a large, starched piece of white cloth that is folded upwards in such a way as to create the resemblance of horns () on the wearer's head. It was reported in \\\"The Times\\\" to have been \\\"in fashion among the Ladies of Paris\\\" in 1801, made of muslin or gauze and richly ornamented with\",\n \"title\": \"Cornette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4070343\",\n \"text\": \"in my brain, and I'm like, 'maybe I should have done a background vocal on that'. And then she comes in and happily does it, right?\\\", Madonna said. Orbit also recalled during an interview with \\\"Q\\\" magazine that Madonna recorded \\\"Swim\\\" the day her friend and fashion designer Gianni Versace was killed in Miami, Florida. He also commented that this is probably why the track has an emotional impact. According to spokesperson Liz Rosenberg, Madonna considered titling the album \\\"Mantra\\\", which she thought was a \\\"really cool title\\\". However, she changed the title to \\\"Ray of Light\\\", as her albums\",\n \"title\": \"Ray of Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4833385\",\n \"text\": \"movements but she wore a black sash and carried a black handbag as a variation to the informal black dress code. In March 2018, together with the Countess of Wessex, the Duchess hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace during 2018 London Fashion Week. The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duchess and her husband have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected, but the media has not always respected their wishes. In 2009, before her engagement to William,\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10250755\",\n \"text\": \"married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 21 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \\\"His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\\\" Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that\",\n \"title\": \"Coco Chanel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15566968\",\n \"text\": \"wedding to create another copy of the dress. Chinese dressmakers told news reporters they expected to have knock-offs of the dress available one week from the event; one expressed frustration that it was not leaked in advance so that they could have stock prepared earlier. Another suggested a £70 to £90 retail price. The choice of a dress from the fashion house of Alexander McQueen, who had committed suicide in 2010, led Hubert de Givenchy to state \\\"It's a lovely thought, a nice tribute.\\\" The dress along with other items pertaining to the Royal Wedding were exhibited at Buckingham Palace\",\n \"title\": \"Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10722025\",\n \"text\": \"years old. Mamie was born on February 12 1900, and she died at the age of 32. According to medical authorities at the time, Mamie Thurman's death resulted from her throat being slashed from ear to ear, after which she was shot twice in the left side of the head. The body was found in a patch of blackberries by a local boy, who then called the authorities. Found alongside the body were one shoe, a diamond engagement ring, and a silver wedding band, which ruled out robbery as the motive for her death. The other shoe and her purse,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamie Thurman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14154565\",\n \"text\": \"an animal skin around the shoulders, a hat made of palm fronds, and huarache sandals. If worn with a pre-Hispanic headdress and jewelry, it is called a traje de apache. A zapador is an outfit with a shirt, a short blue jacket, and red baggy pants and an embroidered apron-like garment. The wearer also has a hat and a mask with mustache and beard. \\\"Turco\\\" (Turkish) dress consists of a white shirt and pants, with a small blue vest, a turban with a peacock feather, and a mask with a mustache and beard. They can also have silk capes embroidered\",\n \"title\": \"Huejotzingo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6767912\",\n \"text\": \"her long, prettily arched neck revealed the bloody spot our eyes always sought in fearful anticipation. It was eternally there--the blood encrusted stab wound that had taken her life. Drops of her blood appeared still fresh on her neck and were caught in a gold chalice beside the pillow. \\\"We were enraptured at her dress--a prettier dress than any we had ever or would ever know, prettier than our first communion dresses, prettier even than any doll dress, trimmed in gold, with seed pearls and precious stones. Gold trim ran around her sleeves and down the panels of her skirt\",\n \"title\": \"Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18292728\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Somerville Philip Douglas Frank Somerville (12 February 1930 – 14 September 2014) was an English milliner – partly trained in Auckland – who had a salon in London. He is widely known for hats worn by the Queen – from whom he held a Royal Warrant – and Diana, Princess of Wales. He also created headgear worn by two James Bond villainesses. His obituary in \\\"The Sunday Times\\\" said of his influence on Princess Diana's fashion sense: \\\"he helped to mould her style – and with it the country's taste in hats\\\". The son of a shoe repairer, Philip\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Somerville\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13184353\",\n \"text\": \"Archduke Ferdinand was shot dead by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. On 31 October 1984 in New Delhi, Indian Prime Minister I. Gandhi was shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards. Almost 7 years later, her son R. Gandhi was killed by a Tamil suicide bomber. On 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas, US President Kennedy was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Infamous Assassinations Infamous Assassinations was a 2007 British documentary television series about high-profile murders and attempted murders of public figures. The series was narrated by actor Robert Powell. It is currently being shown on Yesterday. On 1 July 1934\",\n \"title\": \"Infamous Assassinations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10250802\",\n \"text\": \"went to bed early. She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. She died in her infamous style, announcing: \\\"You see, this is how you die.\\\" Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland. Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his\",\n \"title\": \"Coco Chanel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751154\",\n \"text\": \"Sawalha as Mohamed Al-Fayed, and Carlo Ferrante as Henri Paul, the driver of the car in which he, Diana, and Dodi were killed during a high-speed escape from paparazzi through the streets of Paris. The Halton House in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, UK, served as the backdrop for scenes taking place at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Other film locations included Hertfordshire, Paris (including the Pont de l'Alma Tunnel in which the car crashed) and Cannes. Diana: Last Days of a Princess Diana: Last Days of a Princess is a television movie broadcast in the United States by TLC on 12 August 2007\",\n \"title\": \"Diana: Last Days of a Princess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15517886\",\n \"text\": \"same for both sexes. It consisted of sandals of leatherwork, or for the priestly class, papyrus. Since Egyptians were usually barefoot, sandals were worn on special occasions or at times when their feet might get hurt. Clothing in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian clothes refers to clothing worn in ancient Egypt from the end of the Neolithic period (prior to 3100 BC) to the collapse of the Ptolemaic Kingdom with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. Egyptian clothing was filled with a variety of colors. Adorned with precious gems and jewels, the fashions of the ancient Egyptians were made for\",\n \"title\": \"Clothing in ancient Egypt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15427327\",\n \"text\": \"she was the means of bringing happiness to people in straitened circumstances.\\\" On 11 October 1940, several Messerschmitts were being chased over Kent in daylight by British fighter planes. The Messerschmitts dropped three bombs on six shops in Burgate, close to Canterbury Cathedral. At least six people were killed and more were injured; it took two days to dig out the dead from the debris. A furrier's received a direct hit, and Cissie was killed instantly while shopping for a fur rug as a wedding or birthday gift. She was identified by her jewellery, said to be a gift from\",\n \"title\": \"Lydia Cecilia Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12659856\",\n \"text\": \"Gucci exclusive. Later that year, in September, she fell in her high heels at the Rodarte show in New York. Then, a month later in Paris, she fainted at the Alexander McQueen show from wearing a very tight leather corset. Regardless of these two incidents, it did not affect her from booking more runways shows. Kershaw was one of new faces to appear on one of the fourteen covers of \\\"V magazine's\\\" Autumn issue. On 15 November 2008, in Miami, she made her international TV appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, modelling in the \\\"Pink Planet\\\" segment. Kershaw has\",\n \"title\": \"Abbey Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1750539\",\n \"text\": \"a leader of fashion, continually importing clothes from France. She often wore parti-coloured cottes (a type of tunic), gold or silver girdles into which a dagger was casually thrust, she favoured red silk damask, and decorations of gilt quatrefoil, and to cover her dark hair she wore jaunty pillbox caps. Eleanor introduced a new type of wimple to England, which was high, \\\"into which the head receded until the face seemed like a flower in an enveloping spathe\\\". She had developed a love for the songs of the troubadors as a child, and continued this interest. She bought many romantic\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor of Provence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19016514\",\n \"text\": \"Brittania Sportswear Ltd Brittania Sportswear Ltd was a Wyomissing, PA-based clothing company best known for women's jeans in the 1970s and 1980s. It is not to be confused with Britannia Clothing Company, a United Kingdom clothing company. Brittania Sportswear was launched in 1973 by Walter Schoenfeld in Seattle, WA It once reached sales of $300 million a year and was the country's top-selling blue jean. It plummeted into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1983 because of management problems and changes in fashion tastes. The company was eventually purchased in 1987 by Levi Strauss & Co.. It was sold to VF\",\n \"title\": \"Brittania Sportswear Ltd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7731187\",\n \"text\": \"the visard developed into a design without a mouth hole, the \\\"moretta\\\", and was gripped with a button between the teeth rather than a bead. The mask's prevention of speech was deliberate, intended to heighten the mystery of a masked woman even further. Visard A visard (also spelled vizard) is an oval mask of black velvet, worn by travelling women in the 16th century to protect their skin from sunburn. It was not held to the head by a fastening, but rather the wearer would clasp a bead attached to the interior of the mask between their teeth. The fashion\",\n \"title\": \"Visard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1567912\",\n \"text\": \"for mourning dates back at least to the Roman Empire, when the \\\"toga pulla\\\", made of dark-colored wool, was worn during mourning. Through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, distinctive mourning was worn for general as well as personal loss; after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots in France, Elizabeth I of England and her court are said to have dressed in full mourning to receive the French Ambassador. Women in mourning and widows wore distinctive black caps and veils, generally in a conservative version of the current fashion. In areas of Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Mexico, Portugal,\",\n \"title\": \"Mourning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9057807\",\n \"text\": \"the main building. Bin Laden was \\\"wearing the local loose-fitting tunic and pants known as a \\\"kurta paijama\\\"\\\", which were later found to have €500 and two phone numbers sewn into the fabric. Bin Laden peered through his bedroom door at the Americans advancing up the stairs, and then retreated into the room as the lead SEAL fired a shot or shots at him. Reports differ, though agree eventually he was hit by shots to the body and head. The initial shots either missed, hit him in the side, or hit him in the head. Robert J. O'Neill (U.S. Navy\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Osama bin Laden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5343361\",\n \"text\": \"academic hood is worn around the shoulders and down the back, along with a black tippet or scarf worn around the nape and hanging straight down in front. The hood and tippet were once a single garment called an almuce. (The tippet is not to be confused with the stole, which is also worn in a similar manner, but is not part of choir dress, being worn at the Eucharist and other sacramental services.) Some clergy also wear Geneva bands (or \\\"preaching tabs\\\") from their collars. Though not worn at service-time, the Canterbury cap is the traditional headgear of Church\",\n \"title\": \"Choir dress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398348\",\n \"text\": \"part of Augustin Daly's theater company in New York, but she soon became disillusioned with the form and craved a different environment with less of a hierarchy. Her father, along with his third wife and their daughter, died in 1898 when the British passenger steamer SS \\\"Mohegan\\\" ran aground off the coast of Cornwall. Duncan began her dancing career at a very early age by giving lessons in her home to neighbourhood children, and this continued through her teenage years. Her novel approach to dance was evident in these early classes, in which she \\\"followed [her] fantasy and improvised, teaching\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412460\",\n \"text\": \"a piece designed by the Irish milliner Philip Treacy. The unusual shape and colour caused quite a media stir and went on to become an internet phenomenon with its own Facebook page. Princess Beatrice used the publicity to auction it off on eBay, where it garnered 99,000 euros for charity. In 2012 Royal Ascot announced that women will have to wear hats, not fascinators, as part of a tightening of the dress code in Royal Ascot's Royal Enclosure. In previous years female racegoers were simply advised that \\\"many ladies wear hats.\\\" The term hatinator, which emerged in the early 2010s,\",\n \"title\": \"Fascinator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792434\",\n \"text\": \"Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isadora Duncan context: considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \\\"The New York Times\\\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \\\"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\\\" \\\"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in\\n\\nWhich item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isadora Duncan, Biggest Dancer in the World context: choreographed interpretations. Still, some might find the constant confrontations and shouting matches tiring. After all, Russell makes it clear that this was one artist who could have had it all had she just kept her mighty yap shut. Because she didn't, however, we see her downfall in all its brazen glory.\\\" Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by\\n\\ntitlecar CGSS context: by Lefebvre, it from Königsberg (today's Kalining 4700 of CGS andSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her in 1927 an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entang around the open-spoked whe and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGs) was sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \\\"S\\\" stood for surbaisse and the car lowered version of the CGS.\\n\\ntitle: Isadora Dun thisrassing, as it suggested that Faletto were to her hotel a tryst. Her silf ded around entangled around the-spokedels and rear, pulling the car and breaking her. Desti called to scarf almost the left hospital, she was dead \\\"The New York noted, \\\" a at \\\" to Nice was hurled in\\n Duncan of creator. both and traditionalality was and an her last2–: b stage, \\\"This is red! So am I!\\\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate\\n\\nWhich item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 509,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15239,\n \"ratio\": \"29.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":88,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":88,"string":"88"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Howard Bellamy","Bellamy Brothers","The Bellamy Brothers","David M. Bellamy","David Bellamy (singer)"],"string":"[\n \"Howard Bellamy\",\n \"Bellamy Brothers\",\n \"The Bellamy Brothers\",\n \"David M. Bellamy\",\n \"David Bellamy (singer)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bellamy Brothers"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4924626","text":"The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, a Number One single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"4924631","text":"Your Love Flow\", written by Diamond's roadie Larry Williams. Released in 1976, \"Let Your Love Flow\" was a No. 1 single on the United States pop charts, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although \"Let Your Love Flow\" was also a hit on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, the Bellamys' country music success was limited until 1979, when \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\" was released. The song, whose \"double entendre\" title was derived from a Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No.","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"4924643","text":"2016, the Bellamy Brothers partnered with the Susan G. Komen Foundation to release a video for \"Let Your Love Flow.\" They supported the foundation's breast cancer research by donating one dollar for every digital download of their 40 Year package. The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\"","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"11831022","text":"of others.\" If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \"The Two and Only\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \"Let Your Love Flow\". The title as shown on","title":"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me"},{"id":"11831017","text":"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \"The Two and Only\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \"Let Your Love Flow\". The title as shown on the original","title":"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me"},{"id":"10628215","text":"Let Your Love Flow \"Let Your Love Flow\" is a pop song written by Larry E. Williams which was recorded in the autumn of 1975 by country music duo the Bellamy Brothers for whom it afforded an international hit in 1976. The song's composer Larry E. Williams had been a roadie for Neil Diamond's live shows and \"Let Your Love Flow\" had been published by Bicycle Music who owned Diamond's own catalog having been founded by the singer - on Diamond's apparent disinterest in recording the song himself Howard Bellamy of the Bellamy Brothers has commented \"it really wasn't in","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628225","text":"Room at the Inn' of the HBO series \"The Leftovers\". \"Let Your Love Flow\" has been covered by numerous other artists, most notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 \"Honest Lullaby\" album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album \"The Greatest Hits Sessions\". \"\"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\"\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, spent six weeks at #1 in West Germany in 1976, immediately subsequent to the five-week #1 tenure of the Bellamy Brothers' original. Let Your Love Flow \"Let Your Love Flow\" is a pop song","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"20006914","text":"albums, in concerts and television appearances. In 1975, Beland left the band, citing Kristofferson's drinking issues as the main reason. Not long afterward, Beland was hired by emerging singer-songwriter, Kim Carnes. He played on her albums, \"St. Vincent's Court\" and \"Sailing\", as well as backing her on tour as an opening act for the pop star Neil Sedaka, who was enjoying a comeback at the time. Fortuitously, two brothers from Florida, Howard and David Bellamy, arrived in Los Angeles in 1976. They had just scored a massive hit with \"Let Your Love Flow\". New to the local scene, they hired","title":"John Beland"},{"id":"10628218","text":"with a resultant regional hit: \"Nothin' Heavy\", #77 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the autumn of 1975. David Bellamy's recording sessions featured members of Neil Diamond's band including drummer Dennis St John, and it was St John who recommended \"Let Your Love Flow\" to the Bellamys. Howard Bellamy recalls that Dennis St John \"one daycame over to our house and brought the demo of 'Let Your Love Flow' and said: 'Hey, this sounds like something you guys would do.'\" David Bellamy recalls St John mentioning the song as appropriate for the Bellamys to record, but that St John sent","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628220","text":"career.\" \"Let Your Love Flow\" reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 dated 1 May 1976, also crossing-over to the \"Billboard\" chart rankings for Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks with a peak of #2, and also for Hot Country Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): \"There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany\", and \"Let Your Love Flow\" would in fact debut at #22 on the","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"5362993","text":"Honest Lullaby Honest Lullaby is a 1979 album by Joan Baez. It would be her final album on CBS Records' Portrait imprint, and her last new studio album issued in the U.S. until 1987. The autobiographical title song was written for her son, Gabriel Harris, and was performed on \"The Muppet Show\" in 1980. In addition to her own compositions, the album contained work by Janis Ian and Jackson Browne. \"Let Your Love Flow\" was originally a 1976 hit for The Bellamy Brothers. In her 1987 memoir, \"And a Voice to Sing With\", Baez speculated that she was likely dropped","title":"Honest Lullaby"},{"id":"909897","text":"in late 1975. Ozarak Mountain Daredevils had hit single \"Jackie Blue\"(1975) and Belammy Brothers got hit \"Let Your Love Flow\"(1976). In 1979, the Southern rock Charlie Daniels Band moved to a more country direction, released a song with strong bluegrass influence, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", and the song crossed over and became a hit on the pop chart. Outside its handful of stars, country rock's greatest significance was on artists in other genres, including the Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Rolling Stones and George Harrison's solo work. It also played a part in the development of","title":"Country rock"},{"id":"2074244","text":"\"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart with their cross-over hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, also hail from Darby. Close friend Bobby Braddock, a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame with multiple number ones to his credit, was born in Lakeland, in Polk County, and grew up in nearby Auburndale. Kent Lavoie, better known by his stage name, Lobo, hit Number Five on the \"Billboard\" Pop chart in 1971 with the soft rock song \"Me and You and a Dog Named Boo\". He was born in Tallahassee and grew up in Winter Haven. While attending the University of South","title":"Music of Florida"},{"id":"10628223","text":"home on a waterslide, a metaphor for the ease with which the card may be used. The ad was first aired 25 October 2008, and two weeks later \"Let Your Love Flow\" re-entered the UK Top 100 singles chart dated 8 November 2008 at #48, with the track eventually peaking at #21 over a six-week tenure with subsequent UK chart tenures of five weeks in February/ March 2009 (peak #48) and three weeks that summer (#76). Speaking for the Bellamy Brothers, David Bellamy would state: \"We had no idea the song 'Let Your Love Flow' had been licensed to Barclay","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628224","text":"for an advertisement [until] after the single started climbing the charts in England. Any artist is always thrilled when one of your signature songs has longevity like this because it was thirty-two years ago when we first released the tune. We’ve always had such faithful fans in Europe, like we do in the United States, but with the single charting again we’re introducing our music to a whole new generation of music lovers.\" In other media, \"Let Your Love Flow\" was featured in the 1980 Tatum O'Neal film \"Little Darlings\", the 2008 period drama \"Swingtown,\" and season 2 episode 'No","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"11437271","text":"\"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" and \"Shadow Dancing\". The most successful Australian female artist of the decade, Olivia Newton-John, became a leading singer in the 1970s in both the popular and country genres and realized several number one hits, including the songs, \"Let Me Be There\" and \"I Honestly Love You\" for which she received three Grammys. Additional top music acts in Australia and New Zealand included: Little River Band, Sherbet, Skyhooks, John Paul Young, Marcia Hines, Jon English, Richard Clapton, Dragon, Hush and the Ted Mulry Gang. The Wailers, a band started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"7987021","text":"attack after a severe bout of pneumonia. The group consisted of a large number of singers of diverse ethnic origin, some of whom such as John Lawton also performed with other groups. Another member was Jürgen Drews, who later started a long-running solo career, starting with his 1976 hit in Germany, \"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\", a cover version of \"Let Your Love Flow\" by The Bellamy Brothers. Linda Thompson (born 21 September 1948 as Linda Übelherr), who had previously been a member of the Cornely Singers and Love Generation, was a member from 1973 to 1974, and later joined Silver","title":"Les Humphries Singers"},{"id":"10628222","text":"the British Isles the track achieved chart peaks of #7 in the UK and #3 in Ireland. \"Let Your Love Flow\" also reached #1 on the hit parade for South Africa, #2 in New Zealand and #6 in Australia. In 2008 and 2009 \"Let Your Love Flow\" enjoyed a UK chart renaissance due to the song's being featured in a television ad for Barclays promoting the bank's Barclaycard in its contactless format. Filmed in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the ad's focus was on an office clerk - played by Robert Wilfort - who utilizes his Barclaycard while traveling","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"4924636","text":"track was previously recorded on \"Native American\" in 1995. The album received two Dove Award nominations and a second gospel album, \"Pray for Me\", was released in 2012. They had many guest singers on this album. Their sister, Ginger, sang with them on the song \"Suppertime\" and Deborah Allen sang background vocals with Vicky Hampton on the album. Irish actor and musician Kieran McHugh played penny whistle for the song \"Hymn to Him\". In 2008, the song \"Let Your Love Flow\" was used in the Barclaycard advert for their new contactless cards. The song re-entered the UK singles chart at","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"10628221","text":"Dutch Top 30 chart dated 6 March 1976, the same date as the track's \"Billboard\" Top 40 debut at #38: the track would eventually peak at #6 on both the Dutch chart and Belgium's Flemish chart. In June and July 1976 \"Let Your Love Flow\" spent five weeks at #1 in Germany and also in Switzerland, while the track would be ranked at #1 on the monthly Austrian hit parades dated the 15th of August, September and October. \"Let Your Love Flow\" was afforded further European success with a seven-week tenure at #2 in both Norway and Sweden, while in","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"11772547","text":"in February to rise as high as #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on May 1, 1976. Although \"Right Back Where We Started From\" was held off from the top of that chart for two weeks (by the Bellamy Brothers' \"Let Your Love Flow\", then John Sebastian's \"Welcome Back\"), the single did reach #1 on the charts for the two other major US music industry journals, \"Cash Box\" and \"Record World\". On April 27, the single received gold certification for sales of a million units. \"Right Back Where We Started From\" also appeared on Billboard's Adult Contemporary and Black Singles","title":"Right Back Where We Started From"},{"id":"5471326","text":"starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime in May 2008. In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of the Bellamy Brothers 1970s song \"Let Your Love Flow\" and worked as an arranger and vocal coach on The Sing Off on NBC, alongside Deke Sharon. Haden played violin on \"Sentimental Tune\" by Tegan and Sara, off of their album \"Sainthood\" (released October 27, 2009). In 2011, Haden formed the group If By Yes with Yuka Honda, the culmination of an eight-year songwriting collaboration.","title":"Petra Haden"},{"id":"10934713","text":"on a few tracks on Neil Diamond's 1971 album \"Stones\"; \"Moods\" was his first full album with him, and he played on every Diamond album until 1987 and toured with him for 17 years. He also co-wrote with Diamond, including the up-tempo \"Forever in Blue Jeans\" from the 1978 album \"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\", which reached the Top 20. On 1975's \"Let Your Love Flow\" by The Bellamy Brothers, Bennett plays lead guitars. It also features in a UK Barclay's Bank commercial. The song was written by Larry Williams, a member of Neil Diamond's road crew. Formed in the","title":"Richard Bennett (guitarist)"},{"id":"10628217","text":"recording studio in Tampa when a demo of a song written by David: \"Spiders and Snakes\", was optioned for Jim Stafford whose 1973 recording became a million-selling hit single. On the recommendation of Stafford's producer Phil Gernhard the Bellamy Brothers relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a recording career: the duo initially stayed with Jim Stafford in the Hollywood house whose purchase Stafford's success with \"Spiders and Snakes\" had made possible and for a time Howard acted as Stafford's road manager while Gernhard arranged for David to record as a solo act for the Warner Bros Records affiliate Curb Records","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628216","text":"his [ie. Diamond's] vein\" - and according to Howard, Johnny Rivers had also passed on \"Let Your Love Flow\". The song as recorded by Gene Cotton was a single release in the autumn of 1975 making Cotton's version - featured on his 1976 album release \"For All the Young Writers\" - the earliest released version of \"Let Your Love Flow\" although it is unclear if Cotton's recording of song was made prior to that by the Bellamy Brothers. The Bellamy Brothers - siblings David and Howard Bellamy from Pasco County- had been working as session musicians at the Studio 70","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"8683564","text":"James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \"I'm Your Puppet\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \"Let Love Come Between Us\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \"Bobby Purify\" (Robert Lee Dickey) was replaced by a second \"Bobby Purify\" (Ben Moore) in the 1970s. The vocal duo of James Lee Purify (born May 12, 1944, Pensacola, Florida) and his cousin Robert Lee","title":"James & Bobby Purify"},{"id":"2450373","text":"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"5826921","text":"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit","title":"The Walker Brothers"},{"id":"18356688","text":"I wanted to do next and she told me to follow them.\" Instead of trying to match it with the current crop of electronic dance divas, Hines returned to the R & B sound which introduced her to the top of the Australian charts via her No. 2 hit single \"You\" in 1977. A deluxe version of the album was released in April 2018, featuring 6 of Hines' biggest hits. Hines did an in store appearance on 19 April at WOW Music store in Sydney Four promotional video clips have been released. \"Amazing\", \"Remedy\", \"Let Love Flow\" and \"Chase The","title":"Amazing (Marcia Hines album)"},{"id":"5786482","text":"John Farrar John Clifford Farrar ( ; born 8 November 1945) is an Australian music producer, songwriter, arranger, singer, and guitarist. As a musician, Farrar is a former member of several rock and roll groups including The Mustangs (1963–64), The Strangers (1964–70), Marvin, Welch & Farrar (1970–73), and The Shadows (1973–76); in 1980 he released a solo eponymous album. As a songwriter and producer, he worked with Olivia Newton-John from 1971 through 1989. He wrote her number-one hit singles: \"Have You Never Been Mellow\" (1975), \"You're the One That I Want\" (1978 duet with John Travolta), \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\"","title":"John Farrar"},{"id":"12565650","text":"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's Daughter\"","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11437038","text":"such as those of Virginia Woolf, Agatha Christie, and J. R. R. Tolkien. By 1975, the independence and freedom themes evolved into the swinging singles scene, with \"Looking for Mr. Goodbar\" by Judith Rossner at number four on the fiction top ten list. Sex hit the top of the non-fiction charts in 1970, with authors taking advantage of the lifted censorship laws on literature in the sixties. \"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)\" by David Reuben, M.D. took the number one spot, winning out over The \"New English Bible\" at number two, a","title":"Literature in the 1970s"},{"id":"2450321","text":"the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \"The Day the Music Died\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the breakup of Simon & Garfunkel. Ross, Simon and Art Garfunkel all continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade and beyond. Several of their songs are listed among the biggest hits of the 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge Over Troubled Water,\" Simon's solo hit \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover,\" and Ross' \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough.\" Country rock, formed from","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1970s"},{"id":"11437248","text":"Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb), who would become by far the most successful. Although she has recorded and/or performed traditional country, Gayle's primary style was country pop, and by forging her own path rather than mimicking her famous sister's style, she had several tremendously successful songs, most notably \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue.\" Lynn also recorded with Conway Twitty multiple times during the 1970s, and had five No. 1 singles together, including \"After the Fire Is Gone.\" Like Lynn, Twitty had family—in this case, his children—who also recorded and had songs make the top 40 of the","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"1325718","text":"Green was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. Green was recognized on December 7, 2014, as a Kennedy Center Honors recipient. Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \"Take Me to the River\", \"Tired of Being Alone\", \"I'm Still in Love with You\", \"Love and Happiness\", and his signature song, \"Let's Stay Together\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in","title":"Al Green"},{"id":"999905","text":"Hank Snow Clarence Eugene \"Hank\" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian-American country music artist. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, he recorded 140 albums and charted more than 85 singles on the \"Billboard\" country charts from 1950 until 1980. His number-one hits include the self-penned songs \"I'm Moving On\", \"The Golden Rocket\" and The Rhumba Boogie and famous versions of \"I Don't Hurt Anymore\", \"Let Me Go, Lover!\", \"I've Been Everywhere\", \"Hello Love\", as well as other top 10 hits. Snow was an accomplished songwriter whose clear, baritone voice expressed a wide","title":"Hank Snow"},{"id":"4973396","text":"In the U.S., the solo #1 single broke Elton John's \"Kiki jinx.\" After five number-one solo hits in America in the 1970s, John hit #1 in a duet with Kiki Dee with 1976's \"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\". From then until \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", John did not record a number-one single by himself and only had two chart toppers altogether. The first of those was 1986's \"That's What Friends Are For\", where he joined forces with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight, and Stevie Wonder to form a quartet known as Dionne & Friends which helped raise money for AIDS","title":"Candle in the Wind 1997"},{"id":"2808444","text":"the Godfather\". These recordings, along with his natural affinity for the music of the 1960s and early 1970s, combined to make him one of the premier easy listening singers of that era. In the UK, Williams continued to reach high chart status until 1978. The albums \"Dear Heart\" (1965), \"Love Andy\" (1967), \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (1970), \"Andy Williams Show\" (1970), \"Home Lovin' Man\" (No. 1, 1971), \"Solitaire\" (1973), \"The Way We Were\" (1974) and \"Reflections\" (1978) all reached the Top 10. Williams forged an indirect collaborative relationship with Henry Mancini, although they never recorded together. Both \"Moon River\"","title":"Andy Williams"},{"id":"1320601","text":"100 chart for 25 March 1978, five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time: \"Night Fever\", \"Stayin' Alive\", \"If I Can't Have You\", \"Emotion\" and \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\". Such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964, when the Beatles had all five of the top five American singles. Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number-one hits in the US, breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record. These songs were \"Stayin' Alive\", \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\", \"Night Fever\" and \"If I Can't","title":"Bee Gees"},{"id":"11437258","text":"known European groups ever, as well as one of the few groups from a non-English speaking country to gain international success with several back-to-back No. 1 albums and singles in most of the major music markets. \"Waterloo\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\", \"Dancing Queen\" and \"The Winner Takes It All are just some of ABBA's most popular and most successful songs. One of the first events of the 1970s was the break-up of The Beatles in the spring of 1970. Paul McCartney formed a new group, Wings, and continued to enjoy great mainstream success.","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"9665165","text":"Morgan Fisher Stephen Morgan Fisher (born 1 January 1950 in Mayfair, London) is an English keyboard player and composer, and is most known as a member of Mott the Hoople in the early 1970s. However, his career has covered a wide range of musical activities, and he is still active in the music industry. In recent years he has expanded into photography. From 1966 to 1970, Fisher played the organ with the soul/pop band, The Soul Survivors, who in 1967 renamed themselves Love Affair. They had a number one hit single in 1968 with \"Everlasting Love\", while Fisher was taking","title":"Morgan Fisher"},{"id":"5478254","text":"Marc Anthony Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \"Let It Roll\", \"Let the Rhythm Pump\", and \"H.O.U.S.E.\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \"Book of Love\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \"Book of Love\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little","title":"Doug Lazy"},{"id":"11205603","text":"Alabama. WACQ provides coverage to the Reeltown High School athletic teams, a commitment that began when WACQ signed on in 1979. The first song ever played on WACQ in 1979 was \"Let Your Love Flow,\" by The Bellamy Brothers. The first record was played by owner and general manager Fred Randall Hughey. Today, the Listen Live application on the website, wacqradio.com, as well as the TuneIn app available on smartphones and other devices, give WACQ an audience far beyond the Tallassee area it calls home. Weekday programming includes \"Way of the Cross\" with Brother Rick Dorley; \"What's Going On?\" with","title":"WACQ"},{"id":"11437232","text":"death of Buddy Holly, became one of popular music's most-recognized songs of the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \"The Day the Music Died\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the break-up of Simon & Garfunkel and The Beatles. All continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade. Some of their songs are that among the hits of the early 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge Over Troubled Water\", Simon's solo hit \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\", The Beatles \"Let","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"5478253","text":"Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \"Let It Roll\", \"Let the Rhythm Pump\", and \"H.O.U.S.E.\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \"Book of Love\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \"Book of Love\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little Louie &","title":"Doug Lazy"},{"id":"364634","text":"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing","title":"Simon & Garfunkel"},{"id":"2359221","text":"Mark Holden Mark Ronald Holden (born 27 April 1954) is an Australian singer, actor, TV personality, record producer, songwriter, and barrister. He was a pop star in the 1970s and had four top 20 hit singles, \"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again\" (May 1976), \"I Wanna Make You My Lady\" (September), \"Last Romance\" (November) and \"Reach Out for the One Who Loves You\" (October 1977). Holden regularly appeared on national pop music show, \"Countdown\". Holden is remembered for his clean-cut image, his white dinner suit and his penchant for handing out carnations to girls on the set of the popular","title":"Mark Holden"},{"id":"1325699","text":"Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \"Take Me to the River\", \"Tired of Being Alone\", \"I'm Still in Love with You\", \"Love and Happiness\", and his signature song, \"Let's Stay Together\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, Green was referred to on the museum's site as being \"one of the most gifted purveyors of soul music\". He has also been referred to","title":"Al Green"},{"id":"6193019","text":"had hits in the UK in the 1960s with songs such as \"So Much in Love\", a US chart topper and million-seller in 1963, \"Wonderful! Wonderful!\", a remake of the Johnny Mathis classic hit from 1957, \"Somewhere\", then in 1970s with \"You Little Trustmaker\" and \"Ms Grace\". The last of these became the group's biggest UK hit, reaching Number One in the UK Singles Chart in 1975, but barely dented the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, long after the success of \"So Much in Love\". \"Ms Grace\", while only charting modestly in the US, was and remains a regional hit with the","title":"The Tymes"},{"id":"2450336","text":"success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to bring back traditional honky-tonk sounds to the forefront. The debate continued into 1975, a year where six","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1970s"},{"id":"872550","text":"\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" was the biggest hit single for 1969. Later top 20 hits included 1970's \"One Less Bell to Answer\" (U.S. No. 2), 1971's \"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes\" (U.S. No. 19) and \"Never My Love\" (U.S. No. 12), 1972's \"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\" (U.S. No. 8) and \"If I Could Reach You\" (U.S. No. 10). The group had seven other top 40 hits, the last being 1973's \"Living Together, Growing Together\" (U.S. No. 32) from the film \"Lost Horizon\". The 5th Dimension performed \"Sweet Blindness\" on Frank Sinatra's 1968 TV special \"Francis","title":"The 5th Dimension"},{"id":"12565668","text":"had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"4942711","text":"the fifth most successful female country artist of the 1970s, according to Billboard Magazine, behind Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, and Lynn Anderson. For a better part of the 70s, Fargo stayed high on the charts with songs like \"It Do Feel Good,\" and \"Mr. Doodles.\" Fargo had another successful album with Dot in 1974, releasing \"Miss Donna Fargo\", which spawned three Top 10 hits, including \"You Can't Be a Beacon If Your Light Don't Shine.\" This song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1975, she released \"Whatever I Say Means I Love You\" (ABC/MCA),","title":"Donna Fargo"},{"id":"8683569","text":"to performing and recording. Under the name Bobby Purify, he released an album, \"Better to Have It\", produced by Dan Penn, in 2005. He later joined the gospel band Blind Boys of Alabama. James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \"I'm Your Puppet\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \"Let Love Come Between Us\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \"Bobby Purify\"","title":"James & Bobby Purify"},{"id":"7988359","text":"Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\" his 1981 #1 hit \"Fourteen Carat Mind,\" and his signature 1979 song \"Farewell Party.\" Watson's long career has notched five number ones, 23 top tens and over 76 charted singles. Watson was born in Palestine, Texas, in 1943. He began his music career in the 1960s, performing in local clubs at night while working in a Houston auto body shop during the day. He recorded for only a few small, regional record labels","title":"Gene Watson"},{"id":"6238750","text":"as \"Narvel the Marvel,\" continued to enjoy success throughout the 1970s. Included in his streak of hits was a remake of \"Lonely Teardrops\", which became his last top 10 hit in the summer of 1976; and a cover of Willie Nelson's \"Funny How Time Slips Away\". He also had a No. 14 country hit with \"Everlasting Love\" in 1979. Narvel Felts' pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He is married to the former Loretta Stanfield. Two children resulted from the marriage, but Felts lost his only son, Narvel Jr. (known as Bub)","title":"Narvel Felts"},{"id":"7988363","text":"in 2002 and inducted into the inaugural class of the Houston Music Hall of Fame in August 2013. In 2018 Watson received the \"Entertainer of the Year\" Award from the R.O.P.E. Awards, an honor he shared with singer, Jeannie Seely. It was the first time in the history of the Awards that there was a tie in any category. Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\" his 1981 #1 hit \"Fourteen Carat Mind,\" and his signature 1979 song \"Farewell Party.\"","title":"Gene Watson"},{"id":"19442822","text":"in 1966 that reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.<ref name=\"AllMusic (What Shape/T-Bones\">[ Billboard Singles], Allmusic.com</ref> The T-Bones membership eventually morphed into the successful soft rock trio, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, who recorded several albums and had major hits with \"Don't Pull Your Love\", which went to #4 on the Billobard charts in 1971 and \"\"Fallin' in Love\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds song)\", which became a #1 smash hit in 1975. Joe Frank and the Knights' work has come to attention of garage rock collectors and enthusiasts. \"Can't Find a Way\" is included on the \"Psychedelic States: Mississippi","title":"Joe Frank and the Knights"},{"id":"1566182","text":"city. The film was notable for having a contemporary pop soundtrack, with music by artists like Blondie, Rickie Lee Jones, Supertramp, The Cars, and Iain Matthews. The original video release—on blue box VHS and laserdisc—kept the soundtrack intact, however, many songs in the film such as Supertramp's \"School\", John Lennon's \"Oh My Love\" and The Bellamy Brothers' \"Let Your Love Flow\" were removed from the second round of home releases—VHS red box—due to licensing issues, and were replaced with sound-alikes. As of 2010, the film has not been released on DVD, but was briefly available for digital video rental on","title":"Little Darlings"},{"id":"7712173","text":"chart-topper of the 1970s. After a five-week stay at the top, it dropped to no.4, replaced by \"Wand'rin' Star\" by Lee Marvin. Whilst at no.1, Edison Lighthouse held off strong competition from Peter, Paul and Mary (\"Leaving on a Jet Plane\") and Canned Heat (\"Let's Work Together\"). Eventually, after a 12 week run, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" left the UK top 40 on 18th April 1970. In the US Billboard Hot 100 top 40 chart, Edison Lighthouse entered at no.28 on 28 February 1970. \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) reached a peak position of no.5 on 28","title":"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)"},{"id":"4275591","text":"Their third and final album was not commercially successful and they disbanded near the end of 1967. In 1970, Dunhill Records offered a recording contract to the newly formed 'Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds'. The following year \"Don't Pull Your Love\", arranged by Ben Benay, hit #1 on the Cash Box Top 100, peaked at #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, sold over one million US copies and was awarded a gold record by the R.I.A.A. in August 1971. A couple more singles, \"Annabella\" and \"Daisy Mae\", charted but two Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds albums and several other","title":"Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds"},{"id":"6649994","text":"William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \"Private Number\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \"Tryin' to Love Two\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \"A Tribute to a King\". As a songwriter, Bell co-authored the Chuck Jackson hit \"Any Other Way\"","title":"William Bell (singer)"},{"id":"13678968","text":"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"1536694","text":"Night)\" (1975). Valli's recording of the song \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" reached number two in 1967. \"You're Ready Now\", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number-one hits with the songs \"My Eyes Adored You\" (1974) and \"Grease\" (1978). Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio the original members of The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and","title":"Frankie Valli"},{"id":"6650002","text":"to 50 years of Stax Records synonymous with Southern Soul music. William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \"Private Number\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \"Tryin' to Love Two\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \"A Tribute to a King\". As","title":"William Bell (singer)"},{"id":"3256470","text":"and Kendrick Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \"The Way You Do The Things You Do\", \"Get Ready\", and \"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single","title":"Eddie Kendricks"},{"id":"8975413","text":"As evidence of the Gibb brothers' U.S. chart domination in 1978, atop the 4 March 1978 Hot 100 the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" was displaced by this song, which in turn was displaced two weeks later by the Bee Gees' \"Night Fever\", which in turn was displaced eight weeks later by Yvonne Elliman's \"If I Can't Have You\". Since Barry Gibb had a hand in writing all four of these songs, he became the only person in history to write four consecutive US number-one singles, a feat unmatched to this day. The song was released in February 1978 in Netherlands.","title":"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water"},{"id":"5561756","text":"Garth Porter Garth Ivan Richard Porter (born 24 September 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian multi-instrumental musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a member, on keyboards and backing vocals, of the pop group, Sherbet (1970–84), and co-wrote both of their number-one singles, \"Summer Love\" (March 1975) and \"Howzat\" (May 1976). Porter is a co-writer and producer for country music singer Lee Kernaghan. Garth Ivan Richard Porter was born on 24 September 1948 in Hamilton, New Zealand. His parents were farmers in the nearby rural area. He recalled that while growing up \"I learnt piano for about six months so","title":"Garth Porter"},{"id":"4515265","text":"and Hyslop joined The Skids, and McIsaac retired from the pop music scene. In the 1990s he formed the Billy McIsaac Band. The following is a sortable table of all songs by Arrows: Slik Slik were a Scottish pop group of the mid-1970s, most notable for their UK no. 1 hit \"Forever and Ever\" in 1976. Initially glam rock, the band later changed their style to soft rock/bubblegum. It was the first band with whom singer and guitarist Midge Ure began to experience musical success, before joining new wave band Ultravox. Slik were formed as the Glasgow based band 'Salvation'","title":"Slik"},{"id":"11437238","text":"theme song to the movie. Other family acts included Gladys Knight & the Pips who topped the charts with \"Midnight Train to Georgia\", Sly & the Family Stone who brought \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\" and \"Family Affair\" to the top spot. As well as The Staple Singers with \"I'll Take You There\" and \"Let's Do It Again\" theme song to a 1975 Sidney Poitier/Bill Cosby movie. The Sylvers with \"Boogie Fever\" and The Emotions with \"Best of My Love\". The Emotions were a girl group which were still popular in soul music, Honey Cone had a chart","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"11437245","text":"Denver's name) with a cigarette lighter were taken as a protest against the increasing pop style in country music (this despite Rich himself having made his name with songs that crossed over from country into the pop and adult contemporary charts). By the later half of the 1970s, Dolly Parton, a highly successful traditional-minded country artist since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to crossover to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit \"Here You Come Again\", which peaked at No. 1 country and No. 3 pop. Of her 25 career No. 1 hits, 11 of them came during","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"12729852","text":"2001. Side One Side Two Bonus tracks (2001 re-issue): Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \"We Don't Talk Anymore\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \"Congratulations\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \"Carrie\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued","title":"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile"},{"id":"2477770","text":"some of Sly Stone prior to There's a Riot Going On and other African-American artists of the 1970s in its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King is still possible, that the American Dream is a dream for all people.\" It made history as the only album to generate seven top-five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, surpassing Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\" (1982) and Bruce Springsteen's \"Born in the U.S.A.\" (1984), each having seven top ten hits. It is also the only album to achieve number one hits in three separate calendar years, with \"Miss You Much\" in 1989,","title":"Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814"},{"id":"6033530","text":"The overnight success and Fairweather Low's teen idol looks, as music journalist William Ruhlmann noted at Allmusic; \"... put his attractive face on the bedroom walls of teenage girls all over Britain\". The band split in two in 1970, with Fairweather Low leading Dennis Byron (drums), Blue Weaver (organ), Clive Taylor (bass) and Neil Jones (guitar) into a new band, Fair Weather. The band scored a UK Singles Chart No. 6 hit with \"Natural Sinner\" in July 1970, although the outfit's albums, \"Beginning From An End\" and \"Let Your Mind Roll On\", failed to chart. After twelve months Fairweather Low","title":"Andy Fairweather Low"},{"id":"1918954","text":"Vassy. They chalked up a string of hits on both the pop and country charts, including \"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\", \"But You Know I Love You\", \"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\", \"Tell It All, Brother\", \"Reuben James\", and \"Something's Burning\". When the First Edition disbanded in 1976, Rogers launched his solo career. He soon developed a more middle-of-the-road sound that sold to both pop and country audiences. He has charted more than 60 top 40 hit singles (including two number ones—\"Lady\" and \"Islands in the Stream\"). His music has also been","title":"Kenny Rogers"},{"id":"16399567","text":"recorded from 1970 to 1973 and had a number one hit record on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart with \"I Think I Love You\". The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit \"I Think I Love You\". The group was also nominated for the Best New Artist Grammy award in 1971. *\"Walking in the Rain\" was released only in the UK The Partridge Family discography This article presents the discography of all albums and singles released by the American pop rock group The Partridge Family. It includes eight","title":"The Partridge Family discography"},{"id":"1453944","text":"Hot 100 and, for one week in March, four of the top five songs were written by him. His songs were No. 1 for 27 out of 37 weeks from 24 December 1977 to 2 September 1978. Gibb also holds a very unusual record, in that he is the only songwriter in history to write four successive US number one hits: in 1978, the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" was replaced at number one by Andy Gibb's single, \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\", followed by the Bee Gees' \"Night Fever\" for their longest run, seven weeks. This was then replaced by","title":"Barry Gibb"},{"id":"3256450","text":"Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \"The Way You Do The Things You Do\", \"Get Ready\", and \"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single \"Keep On","title":"Eddie Kendricks"},{"id":"11437266","text":"Mungo Jerry, the Hollies and Rod Stewart. Some of the most successful singers and songwriters were Cat Stevens, Steve Winwood, and Elton John. In the late 1970s, many bands in the United Kingdom began experimenting with synthesizers, forming the new wave style known as synthpop. Major synthpop bands around this time included Gary Numan and Tubeway Army, the Buggles, the Human League, and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Other successful British new wave bands in the late 1970s included the Police, Echo & the Bunnymen, Adam and the Ants, Roxy Music, Squeeze, XTC, the Cure, the Stranglers, Joy Division and","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"2450342","text":"popular music's most successful artists died within six weeks of each other in 1977: Elvis Presley (on August 16) and Bing Crosby (on October 14). Presley—whose top 1970s hit was \"Burning Love\" in 1972— ranked among the top artists of the rock era, while Crosby was among the most successful pre-rock era artists. The early seventies also marked the deaths of rock legends Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix as well as the plane crash in 1977 in which three members of Lynyrd Skynyrd were killed. Music history of the United States in the 1970s Popular music of the","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1970s"},{"id":"163686","text":"song was number one in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and West Germany, and the combined sides topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the United States. In the 1970s Frank Sinatra recorded \"Something\" twice (1970 and 1979) and later dubbed it \"the greatest love song of the past fifty years\". Lennon considered it the best song on \"Abbey Road\", and it became the Beatles' second most covered song after \"Yesterday\". In May 1970 Harrison's \"For You Blue\" was coupled on a US single with McCartney's \"The Long and Winding Road\" and became Harrison's second chart-topper when the sides were listed","title":"George Harrison"},{"id":"11437237","text":"a repertoire of rhythm and blues, pop and later disco. The Jacksons — brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael — the first act in recording history to have their first four major label singles: \"I Want You Back\", \"ABC\", \"The Love You Save\", and \"I'll Be There\" reach the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The band served as the launching pad for the solo careers of their lead singers Jermaine and Michael, both had some solo success in the early part of the decade. Jermaine with top 10 hit \"Daddy's Home\" and Michael topped the charts with \"Ben\"","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"20805779","text":"Gates on guitar and Leon Russell playing Hammond organ. Some time after they ceased performing as The Avantis, they released \"Hot Rodders Choice\" on the Del-Fi label. Later they would go on to form Redbone. In 1970, Dan Hamilton along with Tommy Reynolds and Joe Frank Carollo, co-founded Hamilton Joe Frank & Reynolds. They had a million dollar smash hit with \"Don't Pull Your Love\". Dan Hamilton died on December 23, 1994 at the age of 48. Lolly Vegas died of Cancer on March 4th, 2010 in Reseda, California. He was 70 years of age. The Avantis The Avantis were","title":"The Avantis"},{"id":"1448689","text":"Make It Through the Night\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \"For the Good Times\" (Ray Price) won \"Song of the Year\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \"Me","title":"Kris Kristofferson"},{"id":"7712170","text":"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" is a popular song by \"one-hit wonder\" Edison Lighthouse. The single reached the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending on 31 January 1970, where it remained for a total of five weeks. It also became the first number one single of the 1970s (not counting Rolf Harris' \"Two Little Boys\" which was a holdover from 1969). \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" was written by Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason. Essentially, they were a studio group with prolific session singer Tony Burrows","title":"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)"},{"id":"11437257","text":"Heart\" (the latter a duet with Kiki Dee). Other European soft rock major artists of the decade included Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac and Joan Armatrading. (See the country music section of this article for more about country music that crossed over onto the pop charts.) One of the most successful European groups of the decade, and one of the best-selling acts of all time with 380 million records sold, was the quartet ABBA. The most successful Swedish group of all time, ABBA first found fame when they won the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. They became one of the most widely","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"11437243","text":"Murray and Campbell, several artists who were not initially marketed as country were enjoying crossover success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 1974, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"3906214","text":"album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"I Feel Fine\"","title":"A Hard Day's Night (song)"},{"id":"14438954","text":"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Andy Williams' Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released in early 1970 by Columbia Records. It was not, however, as its title might suggest, strictly a hit singles compilation, although some of his biggest songs since joining Columbia (such as the easy listening number ones \"Can't Get Used to Losing You\" and \"Happy Heart\") were included. A couple of selections (\"Born Free\" and \"More\") were never released as singles by Williams, and his signature song, \"Moon River\", was released in the 7-inch single format but only for jukeboxes.","title":"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits"},{"id":"2944358","text":"He got off in Memphis with her, rather than continue to his intended destination in Nashville. The two married in 1973 and recorded several duet albums, which sold well and earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1974 for \"From the Bottle to the Bottom\", and in 1976 for \"Lover Please\". Coolidge's greatest success on the pop charts came during 1977–1978 with four consecutive top 25 hits, remakes of Jackie Wilson's \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\", Boz Scaggs' \"We're All Alone\", the Temptations' \"The Way You","title":"Rita Coolidge"},{"id":"11437239","text":"topping hit with \"Want Ads\", as did Labelle with \"Lady Marmalade\" and A Taste of Honey with \"Boogie Oogie Oogie\". Other examples of the girl group were Love Unlimited and The Three Degrees who scored a number two pop hit with \"When Will I See You Again\" but topped the chart when they teamed with Mother, Sister, Father, Brother (MSFB) on the Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP). The Commodores were another group that played from a diverse repertoire, including R&B, funk, and pop. Lionel Richie, who went on to even greater success as a solo artist in the 1980s, fronted the","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"6389855","text":"at over three million copies. However, in later years the collection could not be considered a complete or definitive representation of Simon's best or most popular work because it did not include her major hits from the mid-1970s onward, such as \"Nobody Does It Better\", \"You Belong to Me\", \"Jesse\", \"Coming Around Again\" and \"Let the River Run\". The fact that Simon had changed record labels several times (moving from Elektra to Warner Brothers to Epic to Arista) made a more wide-ranging collection a difficult proposition. A live album, \"Greatest Hits Live\" (1988), went some way to rectifying this issue,","title":"The Best of Carly Simon"},{"id":"1755751","text":"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"12542219","text":"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta is the second full-length release by Motown recording artist Syreeta Wright, issued on the Motown label, in June 1974. The album has a rating of 4.5 out of 5 on Allmusic Three artists who performed on this album (Stevie Wonder, Deniece Williams, Michael Sembello) would all have Billboard number one songs (\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\", \"Let's Hear It for the Boy\", and \"Maniac\", respectively) within a year of each other, a decade after this album's release. Another artist on this album, Ollie Brown of Ollie & Jerry, would","title":"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta"},{"id":"12729847","text":"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \"We Don't Talk Anymore\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \"Congratulations\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \"Carrie\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued on sporadically for the next few months, with the","title":"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile"},{"id":"20118626","text":"film of the same name, starring Olivia Newton-John. In the 1970s, he co-wrote songs with Alan Bernstein for Engelbert Humperdinck, including \"After the Lovin'\" (1976) and \"This Moment in Time\" (1978), as well as Al Martino's \"The Next Hundred Years\" (1977). Adams died in 2017, aged 78, after a long illness. Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on","title":"Ritchie Adams"},{"id":"1506154","text":"Isles and Bobby Massey departed, leaving the group a trio. The remaining three original members, Eddie Levert, William Powell, and Walter Williams, soldiered on and Gamble & Huff, a team of producers and songwriters with whom the O'Jays had been working for several years, signed them to their Philadelphia International label. Suddenly, The O'Jays' fortunes changed and they finally scored with their first million-seller, \"Back Stabbers\", from the album of the same name. This album produced several more hit singles, including \"992 Arguments,\" \"Sunshine,\" \"Time To Get Down,\" and the #1 pop smash, \"Love Train\". During the remainder of the","title":"The O'Jays"},{"id":"11437229","text":"Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Marvin Gaye, Cat Stevens, James Taylor, Eric Clapton, Barry White, and Rod Stewart. Female soloists who epitomized the 1970s included Linda Ronstadt, Carly Simon, Roberta Flack, Donna Summer, Barbra Streisand, Rita Coolidge, Olivia Newton-John and Helen Reddy. Some of the most popular music acts of the day got their own network television variety shows, which were very popular in the 70s. Acts like Sonny & Cher, Glen Campbell, John Denver, Tony Orlando and Dawn, husband and wife team Captain & Tennille, brother and sister Donny & Marie Osmond. Soft rock was prominently featured on many Top","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"3901504","text":"Long John Baldry John William \"Long John\" Baldry (12 January 1941 – 21 July 2005) was an English-Canadian blues singer and a voice actor. He sang with many British musicians, with Rod Stewart and Elton John appearing in bands led by Baldry in the 1960s. He enjoyed pop success in the UK where \"Let the Heartaches Begin\" reached No. 1 in 1967 and in Australia where his duet with Kathi McDonald \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" reached number two in 1980. Baldry lived in Canada from the late 1970s until his death; there he continued to make records and do","title":"Long John Baldry"},{"id":"7449616","text":"Raymond Thompson Raymond Webster Thompson (born 5 April 1949) is a British-born Canadian/New Zealand screenwriter, composer and producer. Thompson was born in Redditch, Worcestershire and grew up in Ontario, after his parents emigrated to Canada. He studied drama at York University and embarked upon a successful career in the music industry as both a songwriter and musician. His groups include a Canadian duo called Stillwater, and his school band The Avengers, which evolved into Edison Lighthouse, who had the number one record \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\". Thompson published a novel in 1979, \"The Number to Call Is...\" before","title":"Raymond Thompson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4924626\",\n \"text\": \"The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" in 1976, a Number One single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4924631\",\n \"text\": \"Your Love Flow\\\", written by Diamond's roadie Larry Williams. Released in 1976, \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was a No. 1 single on the United States pop charts, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was also a hit on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, the Bellamys' country music success was limited until 1979, when \\\"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" was released. The song, whose \\\"double entendre\\\" title was derived from a Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No.\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4924643\",\n \"text\": \"2016, the Bellamy Brothers partnered with the Susan G. Komen Foundation to release a video for \\\"Let Your Love Flow.\\\" They supported the foundation's breast cancer research by donating one dollar for every digital download of their 40 Year package. The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11831022\",\n \"text\": \"of others.\\\" If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \\\"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \\\"The Two and Only\\\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \\\"Billboard magazine\\\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". The title as shown on\",\n \"title\": \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11831017\",\n \"text\": \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \\\"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \\\"The Two and Only\\\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \\\"Billboard magazine\\\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". The title as shown on the original\",\n \"title\": \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628215\",\n \"text\": \"Let Your Love Flow \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" is a pop song written by Larry E. Williams which was recorded in the autumn of 1975 by country music duo the Bellamy Brothers for whom it afforded an international hit in 1976. The song's composer Larry E. Williams had been a roadie for Neil Diamond's live shows and \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" had been published by Bicycle Music who owned Diamond's own catalog having been founded by the singer - on Diamond's apparent disinterest in recording the song himself Howard Bellamy of the Bellamy Brothers has commented \\\"it really wasn't in\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628225\",\n \"text\": \"Room at the Inn' of the HBO series \\\"The Leftovers\\\". \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" has been covered by numerous other artists, most notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 \\\"Honest Lullaby\\\" album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album \\\"The Greatest Hits Sessions\\\". \\\"\\\"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\\\"\\\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, spent six weeks at #1 in West Germany in 1976, immediately subsequent to the five-week #1 tenure of the Bellamy Brothers' original. Let Your Love Flow \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" is a pop song\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20006914\",\n \"text\": \"albums, in concerts and television appearances. In 1975, Beland left the band, citing Kristofferson's drinking issues as the main reason. Not long afterward, Beland was hired by emerging singer-songwriter, Kim Carnes. He played on her albums, \\\"St. Vincent's Court\\\" and \\\"Sailing\\\", as well as backing her on tour as an opening act for the pop star Neil Sedaka, who was enjoying a comeback at the time. Fortuitously, two brothers from Florida, Howard and David Bellamy, arrived in Los Angeles in 1976. They had just scored a massive hit with \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". New to the local scene, they hired\",\n \"title\": \"John Beland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628218\",\n \"text\": \"with a resultant regional hit: \\\"Nothin' Heavy\\\", #77 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the autumn of 1975. David Bellamy's recording sessions featured members of Neil Diamond's band including drummer Dennis St John, and it was St John who recommended \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" to the Bellamys. Howard Bellamy recalls that Dennis St John \\\"one daycame over to our house and brought the demo of 'Let Your Love Flow' and said: 'Hey, this sounds like something you guys would do.'\\\" David Bellamy recalls St John mentioning the song as appropriate for the Bellamys to record, but that St John sent\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628220\",\n \"text\": \"career.\\\" \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" reached #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 dated 1 May 1976, also crossing-over to the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart rankings for Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks with a peak of #2, and also for Hot Country Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): \\\"There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany\\\", and \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" would in fact debut at #22 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5362993\",\n \"text\": \"Honest Lullaby Honest Lullaby is a 1979 album by Joan Baez. It would be her final album on CBS Records' Portrait imprint, and her last new studio album issued in the U.S. until 1987. The autobiographical title song was written for her son, Gabriel Harris, and was performed on \\\"The Muppet Show\\\" in 1980. In addition to her own compositions, the album contained work by Janis Ian and Jackson Browne. \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was originally a 1976 hit for The Bellamy Brothers. In her 1987 memoir, \\\"And a Voice to Sing With\\\", Baez speculated that she was likely dropped\",\n \"title\": \"Honest Lullaby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"909897\",\n \"text\": \"in late 1975. Ozarak Mountain Daredevils had hit single \\\"Jackie Blue\\\"(1975) and Belammy Brothers got hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\"(1976). In 1979, the Southern rock Charlie Daniels Band moved to a more country direction, released a song with strong bluegrass influence, \\\"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\\\", and the song crossed over and became a hit on the pop chart. Outside its handful of stars, country rock's greatest significance was on artists in other genres, including the Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Rolling Stones and George Harrison's solo work. It also played a part in the development of\",\n \"title\": \"Country rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2074244\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart with their cross-over hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" in 1976, also hail from Darby. Close friend Bobby Braddock, a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame with multiple number ones to his credit, was born in Lakeland, in Polk County, and grew up in nearby Auburndale. Kent Lavoie, better known by his stage name, Lobo, hit Number Five on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Pop chart in 1971 with the soft rock song \\\"Me and You and a Dog Named Boo\\\". He was born in Tallahassee and grew up in Winter Haven. While attending the University of South\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628223\",\n \"text\": \"home on a waterslide, a metaphor for the ease with which the card may be used. The ad was first aired 25 October 2008, and two weeks later \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" re-entered the UK Top 100 singles chart dated 8 November 2008 at #48, with the track eventually peaking at #21 over a six-week tenure with subsequent UK chart tenures of five weeks in February/ March 2009 (peak #48) and three weeks that summer (#76). Speaking for the Bellamy Brothers, David Bellamy would state: \\\"We had no idea the song 'Let Your Love Flow' had been licensed to Barclay\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628224\",\n \"text\": \"for an advertisement [until] after the single started climbing the charts in England. Any artist is always thrilled when one of your signature songs has longevity like this because it was thirty-two years ago when we first released the tune. We’ve always had such faithful fans in Europe, like we do in the United States, but with the single charting again we’re introducing our music to a whole new generation of music lovers.\\\" In other media, \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was featured in the 1980 Tatum O'Neal film \\\"Little Darlings\\\", the 2008 period drama \\\"Swingtown,\\\" and season 2 episode 'No\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437271\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\\\" and \\\"Shadow Dancing\\\". The most successful Australian female artist of the decade, Olivia Newton-John, became a leading singer in the 1970s in both the popular and country genres and realized several number one hits, including the songs, \\\"Let Me Be There\\\" and \\\"I Honestly Love You\\\" for which she received three Grammys. Additional top music acts in Australia and New Zealand included: Little River Band, Sherbet, Skyhooks, John Paul Young, Marcia Hines, Jon English, Richard Clapton, Dragon, Hush and the Ted Mulry Gang. The Wailers, a band started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7987021\",\n \"text\": \"attack after a severe bout of pneumonia. The group consisted of a large number of singers of diverse ethnic origin, some of whom such as John Lawton also performed with other groups. Another member was Jürgen Drews, who later started a long-running solo career, starting with his 1976 hit in Germany, \\\"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\\\", a cover version of \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" by The Bellamy Brothers. Linda Thompson (born 21 September 1948 as Linda Übelherr), who had previously been a member of the Cornely Singers and Love Generation, was a member from 1973 to 1974, and later joined Silver\",\n \"title\": \"Les Humphries Singers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628222\",\n \"text\": \"the British Isles the track achieved chart peaks of #7 in the UK and #3 in Ireland. \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" also reached #1 on the hit parade for South Africa, #2 in New Zealand and #6 in Australia. In 2008 and 2009 \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" enjoyed a UK chart renaissance due to the song's being featured in a television ad for Barclays promoting the bank's Barclaycard in its contactless format. Filmed in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the ad's focus was on an office clerk - played by Robert Wilfort - who utilizes his Barclaycard while traveling\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4924636\",\n \"text\": \"track was previously recorded on \\\"Native American\\\" in 1995. The album received two Dove Award nominations and a second gospel album, \\\"Pray for Me\\\", was released in 2012. They had many guest singers on this album. Their sister, Ginger, sang with them on the song \\\"Suppertime\\\" and Deborah Allen sang background vocals with Vicky Hampton on the album. Irish actor and musician Kieran McHugh played penny whistle for the song \\\"Hymn to Him\\\". In 2008, the song \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was used in the Barclaycard advert for their new contactless cards. The song re-entered the UK singles chart at\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628221\",\n \"text\": \"Dutch Top 30 chart dated 6 March 1976, the same date as the track's \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 40 debut at #38: the track would eventually peak at #6 on both the Dutch chart and Belgium's Flemish chart. In June and July 1976 \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" spent five weeks at #1 in Germany and also in Switzerland, while the track would be ranked at #1 on the monthly Austrian hit parades dated the 15th of August, September and October. \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was afforded further European success with a seven-week tenure at #2 in both Norway and Sweden, while in\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11772547\",\n \"text\": \"in February to rise as high as #2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on May 1, 1976. Although \\\"Right Back Where We Started From\\\" was held off from the top of that chart for two weeks (by the Bellamy Brothers' \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\", then John Sebastian's \\\"Welcome Back\\\"), the single did reach #1 on the charts for the two other major US music industry journals, \\\"Cash Box\\\" and \\\"Record World\\\". On April 27, the single received gold certification for sales of a million units. \\\"Right Back Where We Started From\\\" also appeared on Billboard's Adult Contemporary and Black Singles\",\n \"title\": \"Right Back Where We Started From\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5471326\",\n \"text\": \"starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime in May 2008. In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of the Bellamy Brothers 1970s song \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" and worked as an arranger and vocal coach on The Sing Off on NBC, alongside Deke Sharon. Haden played violin on \\\"Sentimental Tune\\\" by Tegan and Sara, off of their album \\\"Sainthood\\\" (released October 27, 2009). In 2011, Haden formed the group If By Yes with Yuka Honda, the culmination of an eight-year songwriting collaboration.\",\n \"title\": \"Petra Haden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10934713\",\n \"text\": \"on a few tracks on Neil Diamond's 1971 album \\\"Stones\\\"; \\\"Moods\\\" was his first full album with him, and he played on every Diamond album until 1987 and toured with him for 17 years. He also co-wrote with Diamond, including the up-tempo \\\"Forever in Blue Jeans\\\" from the 1978 album \\\"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\\\", which reached the Top 20. On 1975's \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" by The Bellamy Brothers, Bennett plays lead guitars. It also features in a UK Barclay's Bank commercial. The song was written by Larry Williams, a member of Neil Diamond's road crew. Formed in the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Bennett (guitarist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628217\",\n \"text\": \"recording studio in Tampa when a demo of a song written by David: \\\"Spiders and Snakes\\\", was optioned for Jim Stafford whose 1973 recording became a million-selling hit single. On the recommendation of Stafford's producer Phil Gernhard the Bellamy Brothers relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a recording career: the duo initially stayed with Jim Stafford in the Hollywood house whose purchase Stafford's success with \\\"Spiders and Snakes\\\" had made possible and for a time Howard acted as Stafford's road manager while Gernhard arranged for David to record as a solo act for the Warner Bros Records affiliate Curb Records\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628216\",\n \"text\": \"his [ie. Diamond's] vein\\\" - and according to Howard, Johnny Rivers had also passed on \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". The song as recorded by Gene Cotton was a single release in the autumn of 1975 making Cotton's version - featured on his 1976 album release \\\"For All the Young Writers\\\" - the earliest released version of \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" although it is unclear if Cotton's recording of song was made prior to that by the Bellamy Brothers. The Bellamy Brothers - siblings David and Howard Bellamy from Pasco County- had been working as session musicians at the Studio 70\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8683564\",\n \"text\": \"James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \\\"I'm Your Puppet\\\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \\\"Let Love Come Between Us\\\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \\\"Bobby Purify\\\" (Robert Lee Dickey) was replaced by a second \\\"Bobby Purify\\\" (Ben Moore) in the 1970s. The vocal duo of James Lee Purify (born May 12, 1944, Pensacola, Florida) and his cousin Robert Lee\",\n \"title\": \"James & Bobby Purify\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450373\",\n \"text\": \"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5826921\",\n \"text\": \"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \\\"Make It Easy on Yourself\\\" and \\\"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\\\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit\",\n \"title\": \"The Walker Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18356688\",\n \"text\": \"I wanted to do next and she told me to follow them.\\\" Instead of trying to match it with the current crop of electronic dance divas, Hines returned to the R & B sound which introduced her to the top of the Australian charts via her No. 2 hit single \\\"You\\\" in 1977. A deluxe version of the album was released in April 2018, featuring 6 of Hines' biggest hits. Hines did an in store appearance on 19 April at WOW Music store in Sydney Four promotional video clips have been released. \\\"Amazing\\\", \\\"Remedy\\\", \\\"Let Love Flow\\\" and \\\"Chase The\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing (Marcia Hines album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5786482\",\n \"text\": \"John Farrar John Clifford Farrar ( ; born 8 November 1945) is an Australian music producer, songwriter, arranger, singer, and guitarist. As a musician, Farrar is a former member of several rock and roll groups including The Mustangs (1963–64), The Strangers (1964–70), Marvin, Welch & Farrar (1970–73), and The Shadows (1973–76); in 1980 he released a solo eponymous album. As a songwriter and producer, he worked with Olivia Newton-John from 1971 through 1989. He wrote her number-one hit singles: \\\"Have You Never Been Mellow\\\" (1975), \\\"You're the One That I Want\\\" (1978 duet with John Travolta), \\\"Hopelessly Devoted to You\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"John Farrar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565650\",\n \"text\": \"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's Daughter\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437038\",\n \"text\": \"such as those of Virginia Woolf, Agatha Christie, and J. R. R. Tolkien. By 1975, the independence and freedom themes evolved into the swinging singles scene, with \\\"Looking for Mr. Goodbar\\\" by Judith Rossner at number four on the fiction top ten list. Sex hit the top of the non-fiction charts in 1970, with authors taking advantage of the lifted censorship laws on literature in the sixties. \\\"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)\\\" by David Reuben, M.D. took the number one spot, winning out over The \\\"New English Bible\\\" at number two, a\",\n \"title\": \"Literature in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450321\",\n \"text\": \"the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \\\"The Day the Music Died\\\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the breakup of Simon & Garfunkel. Ross, Simon and Art Garfunkel all continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade and beyond. Several of their songs are listed among the biggest hits of the 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \\\"Bridge Over Troubled Water,\\\" Simon's solo hit \\\"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover,\\\" and Ross' \\\"Ain't No Mountain High Enough.\\\" Country rock, formed from\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437248\",\n \"text\": \"Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb), who would become by far the most successful. Although she has recorded and/or performed traditional country, Gayle's primary style was country pop, and by forging her own path rather than mimicking her famous sister's style, she had several tremendously successful songs, most notably \\\"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue.\\\" Lynn also recorded with Conway Twitty multiple times during the 1970s, and had five No. 1 singles together, including \\\"After the Fire Is Gone.\\\" Like Lynn, Twitty had family—in this case, his children—who also recorded and had songs make the top 40 of the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1325718\",\n \"text\": \"Green was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. Green was recognized on December 7, 2014, as a Kennedy Center Honors recipient. Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \\\"Take Me to the River\\\", \\\"Tired of Being Alone\\\", \\\"I'm Still in Love with You\\\", \\\"Love and Happiness\\\", and his signature song, \\\"Let's Stay Together\\\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in\",\n \"title\": \"Al Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"999905\",\n \"text\": \"Hank Snow Clarence Eugene \\\"Hank\\\" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian-American country music artist. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, he recorded 140 albums and charted more than 85 singles on the \\\"Billboard\\\" country charts from 1950 until 1980. His number-one hits include the self-penned songs \\\"I'm Moving On\\\", \\\"The Golden Rocket\\\" and The Rhumba Boogie and famous versions of \\\"I Don't Hurt Anymore\\\", \\\"Let Me Go, Lover!\\\", \\\"I've Been Everywhere\\\", \\\"Hello Love\\\", as well as other top 10 hits. Snow was an accomplished songwriter whose clear, baritone voice expressed a wide\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Snow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4973396\",\n \"text\": \"In the U.S., the solo #1 single broke Elton John's \\\"Kiki jinx.\\\" After five number-one solo hits in America in the 1970s, John hit #1 in a duet with Kiki Dee with 1976's \\\"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\\\". From then until \\\"Candle in the Wind 1997\\\", John did not record a number-one single by himself and only had two chart toppers altogether. The first of those was 1986's \\\"That's What Friends Are For\\\", where he joined forces with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight, and Stevie Wonder to form a quartet known as Dionne & Friends which helped raise money for AIDS\",\n \"title\": \"Candle in the Wind 1997\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2808444\",\n \"text\": \"the Godfather\\\". These recordings, along with his natural affinity for the music of the 1960s and early 1970s, combined to make him one of the premier easy listening singers of that era. In the UK, Williams continued to reach high chart status until 1978. The albums \\\"Dear Heart\\\" (1965), \\\"Love Andy\\\" (1967), \\\"Can't Help Falling in Love\\\" (1970), \\\"Andy Williams Show\\\" (1970), \\\"Home Lovin' Man\\\" (No. 1, 1971), \\\"Solitaire\\\" (1973), \\\"The Way We Were\\\" (1974) and \\\"Reflections\\\" (1978) all reached the Top 10. Williams forged an indirect collaborative relationship with Henry Mancini, although they never recorded together. Both \\\"Moon River\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320601\",\n \"text\": \"100 chart for 25 March 1978, five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time: \\\"Night Fever\\\", \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\", \\\"If I Can't Have You\\\", \\\"Emotion\\\" and \\\"Love Is Thicker Than Water\\\". Such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964, when the Beatles had all five of the top five American singles. Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number-one hits in the US, breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record. These songs were \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\", \\\"Love Is Thicker Than Water\\\", \\\"Night Fever\\\" and \\\"If I Can't\",\n \"title\": \"Bee Gees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437258\",\n \"text\": \"known European groups ever, as well as one of the few groups from a non-English speaking country to gain international success with several back-to-back No. 1 albums and singles in most of the major music markets. \\\"Waterloo\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\", \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\", \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" and \\\"The Winner Takes It All are just some of ABBA's most popular and most successful songs. One of the first events of the 1970s was the break-up of The Beatles in the spring of 1970. Paul McCartney formed a new group, Wings, and continued to enjoy great mainstream success.\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9665165\",\n \"text\": \"Morgan Fisher Stephen Morgan Fisher (born 1 January 1950 in Mayfair, London) is an English keyboard player and composer, and is most known as a member of Mott the Hoople in the early 1970s. However, his career has covered a wide range of musical activities, and he is still active in the music industry. In recent years he has expanded into photography. From 1966 to 1970, Fisher played the organ with the soul/pop band, The Soul Survivors, who in 1967 renamed themselves Love Affair. They had a number one hit single in 1968 with \\\"Everlasting Love\\\", while Fisher was taking\",\n \"title\": \"Morgan Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5478254\",\n \"text\": \"Marc Anthony Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \\\"Let It Roll\\\", \\\"Let the Rhythm Pump\\\", and \\\"H.O.U.S.E.\\\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \\\"Book of Love\\\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \\\"Book of Love\\\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Lazy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11205603\",\n \"text\": \"Alabama. WACQ provides coverage to the Reeltown High School athletic teams, a commitment that began when WACQ signed on in 1979. The first song ever played on WACQ in 1979 was \\\"Let Your Love Flow,\\\" by The Bellamy Brothers. The first record was played by owner and general manager Fred Randall Hughey. Today, the Listen Live application on the website, wacqradio.com, as well as the TuneIn app available on smartphones and other devices, give WACQ an audience far beyond the Tallassee area it calls home. Weekday programming includes \\\"Way of the Cross\\\" with Brother Rick Dorley; \\\"What's Going On?\\\" with\",\n \"title\": \"WACQ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437232\",\n \"text\": \"death of Buddy Holly, became one of popular music's most-recognized songs of the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \\\"The Day the Music Died\\\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the break-up of Simon & Garfunkel and The Beatles. All continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade. Some of their songs are that among the hits of the early 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \\\"Bridge Over Troubled Water\\\", Simon's solo hit \\\"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\\\", The Beatles \\\"Let\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5478253\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \\\"Let It Roll\\\", \\\"Let the Rhythm Pump\\\", and \\\"H.O.U.S.E.\\\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \\\"Book of Love\\\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \\\"Book of Love\\\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little Louie &\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Lazy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"364634\",\n \"text\": \"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1964), \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (1968), \\\"The Boxer\\\" (1969), and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Simon & Garfunkel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2359221\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Holden Mark Ronald Holden (born 27 April 1954) is an Australian singer, actor, TV personality, record producer, songwriter, and barrister. He was a pop star in the 1970s and had four top 20 hit singles, \\\"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again\\\" (May 1976), \\\"I Wanna Make You My Lady\\\" (September), \\\"Last Romance\\\" (November) and \\\"Reach Out for the One Who Loves You\\\" (October 1977). Holden regularly appeared on national pop music show, \\\"Countdown\\\". Holden is remembered for his clean-cut image, his white dinner suit and his penchant for handing out carnations to girls on the set of the popular\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1325699\",\n \"text\": \"Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \\\"Take Me to the River\\\", \\\"Tired of Being Alone\\\", \\\"I'm Still in Love with You\\\", \\\"Love and Happiness\\\", and his signature song, \\\"Let's Stay Together\\\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, Green was referred to on the museum's site as being \\\"one of the most gifted purveyors of soul music\\\". He has also been referred to\",\n \"title\": \"Al Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6193019\",\n \"text\": \"had hits in the UK in the 1960s with songs such as \\\"So Much in Love\\\", a US chart topper and million-seller in 1963, \\\"Wonderful! Wonderful!\\\", a remake of the Johnny Mathis classic hit from 1957, \\\"Somewhere\\\", then in 1970s with \\\"You Little Trustmaker\\\" and \\\"Ms Grace\\\". The last of these became the group's biggest UK hit, reaching Number One in the UK Singles Chart in 1975, but barely dented the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, long after the success of \\\"So Much in Love\\\". \\\"Ms Grace\\\", while only charting modestly in the US, was and remains a regional hit with the\",\n \"title\": \"The Tymes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450336\",\n \"text\": \"success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to bring back traditional honky-tonk sounds to the forefront. The debate continued into 1975, a year where six\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872550\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\\\" was the biggest hit single for 1969. Later top 20 hits included 1970's \\\"One Less Bell to Answer\\\" (U.S. No. 2), 1971's \\\"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes\\\" (U.S. No. 19) and \\\"Never My Love\\\" (U.S. No. 12), 1972's \\\"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\\\" (U.S. No. 8) and \\\"If I Could Reach You\\\" (U.S. No. 10). The group had seven other top 40 hits, the last being 1973's \\\"Living Together, Growing Together\\\" (U.S. No. 32) from the film \\\"Lost Horizon\\\". The 5th Dimension performed \\\"Sweet Blindness\\\" on Frank Sinatra's 1968 TV special \\\"Francis\",\n \"title\": \"The 5th Dimension\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565668\",\n \"text\": \"had two iconic music videos for \\\"Addicted to Love\\\" and \\\"Simply Irresistible\\\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \\\"You Win Again\\\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4942711\",\n \"text\": \"the fifth most successful female country artist of the 1970s, according to Billboard Magazine, behind Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, and Lynn Anderson. For a better part of the 70s, Fargo stayed high on the charts with songs like \\\"It Do Feel Good,\\\" and \\\"Mr. Doodles.\\\" Fargo had another successful album with Dot in 1974, releasing \\\"Miss Donna Fargo\\\", which spawned three Top 10 hits, including \\\"You Can't Be a Beacon If Your Light Don't Shine.\\\" This song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1975, she released \\\"Whatever I Say Means I Love You\\\" (ABC/MCA),\",\n \"title\": \"Donna Fargo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8683569\",\n \"text\": \"to performing and recording. Under the name Bobby Purify, he released an album, \\\"Better to Have It\\\", produced by Dan Penn, in 2005. He later joined the gospel band Blind Boys of Alabama. James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \\\"I'm Your Puppet\\\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \\\"Let Love Come Between Us\\\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \\\"Bobby Purify\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James & Bobby Purify\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7988359\",\n \"text\": \"Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \\\"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\\\" his 1981 #1 hit \\\"Fourteen Carat Mind,\\\" and his signature 1979 song \\\"Farewell Party.\\\" Watson's long career has notched five number ones, 23 top tens and over 76 charted singles. Watson was born in Palestine, Texas, in 1943. He began his music career in the 1960s, performing in local clubs at night while working in a Houston auto body shop during the day. He recorded for only a few small, regional record labels\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6238750\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"Narvel the Marvel,\\\" continued to enjoy success throughout the 1970s. Included in his streak of hits was a remake of \\\"Lonely Teardrops\\\", which became his last top 10 hit in the summer of 1976; and a cover of Willie Nelson's \\\"Funny How Time Slips Away\\\". He also had a No. 14 country hit with \\\"Everlasting Love\\\" in 1979. Narvel Felts' pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He is married to the former Loretta Stanfield. Two children resulted from the marriage, but Felts lost his only son, Narvel Jr. (known as Bub)\",\n \"title\": \"Narvel Felts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7988363\",\n \"text\": \"in 2002 and inducted into the inaugural class of the Houston Music Hall of Fame in August 2013. In 2018 Watson received the \\\"Entertainer of the Year\\\" Award from the R.O.P.E. Awards, an honor he shared with singer, Jeannie Seely. It was the first time in the history of the Awards that there was a tie in any category. Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \\\"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\\\" his 1981 #1 hit \\\"Fourteen Carat Mind,\\\" and his signature 1979 song \\\"Farewell Party.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19442822\",\n \"text\": \"in 1966 that reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.<ref name=\\\"AllMusic (What Shape/T-Bones\\\">[ Billboard Singles], Allmusic.com</ref> The T-Bones membership eventually morphed into the successful soft rock trio, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, who recorded several albums and had major hits with \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\", which went to #4 on the Billobard charts in 1971 and \\\"\\\"Fallin' in Love\\\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds song)\\\", which became a #1 smash hit in 1975. Joe Frank and the Knights' work has come to attention of garage rock collectors and enthusiasts. \\\"Can't Find a Way\\\" is included on the \\\"Psychedelic States: Mississippi\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Frank and the Knights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1566182\",\n \"text\": \"city. The film was notable for having a contemporary pop soundtrack, with music by artists like Blondie, Rickie Lee Jones, Supertramp, The Cars, and Iain Matthews. The original video release—on blue box VHS and laserdisc—kept the soundtrack intact, however, many songs in the film such as Supertramp's \\\"School\\\", John Lennon's \\\"Oh My Love\\\" and The Bellamy Brothers' \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" were removed from the second round of home releases—VHS red box—due to licensing issues, and were replaced with sound-alikes. As of 2010, the film has not been released on DVD, but was briefly available for digital video rental on\",\n \"title\": \"Little Darlings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7712173\",\n \"text\": \"chart-topper of the 1970s. After a five-week stay at the top, it dropped to no.4, replaced by \\\"Wand'rin' Star\\\" by Lee Marvin. Whilst at no.1, Edison Lighthouse held off strong competition from Peter, Paul and Mary (\\\"Leaving on a Jet Plane\\\") and Canned Heat (\\\"Let's Work Together\\\"). Eventually, after a 12 week run, \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" left the UK top 40 on 18th April 1970. In the US Billboard Hot 100 top 40 chart, Edison Lighthouse entered at no.28 on 28 February 1970. \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) reached a peak position of no.5 on 28\",\n \"title\": \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4275591\",\n \"text\": \"Their third and final album was not commercially successful and they disbanded near the end of 1967. In 1970, Dunhill Records offered a recording contract to the newly formed 'Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds'. The following year \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\", arranged by Ben Benay, hit #1 on the Cash Box Top 100, peaked at #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, sold over one million US copies and was awarded a gold record by the R.I.A.A. in August 1971. A couple more singles, \\\"Annabella\\\" and \\\"Daisy Mae\\\", charted but two Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds albums and several other\",\n \"title\": \"Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6649994\",\n \"text\": \"William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \\\"You Don't Miss Your Water\\\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \\\"Private Number\\\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \\\"Tryin' to Love Two\\\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \\\"A Tribute to a King\\\". As a songwriter, Bell co-authored the Chuck Jackson hit \\\"Any Other Way\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"William Bell (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678968\",\n \"text\": \"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \\\"Pop\\\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536694\",\n \"text\": \"Night)\\\" (1975). Valli's recording of the song \\\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\\\" reached number two in 1967. \\\"You're Ready Now\\\", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number-one hits with the songs \\\"My Eyes Adored You\\\" (1974) and \\\"Grease\\\" (1978). Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio the original members of The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and\",\n \"title\": \"Frankie Valli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6650002\",\n \"text\": \"to 50 years of Stax Records synonymous with Southern Soul music. William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \\\"You Don't Miss Your Water\\\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \\\"Private Number\\\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \\\"Tryin' to Love Two\\\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \\\"A Tribute to a King\\\". As\",\n \"title\": \"William Bell (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3256470\",\n \"text\": \"and Kendrick Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \\\"The Way You Do The Things You Do\\\", \\\"Get Ready\\\", and \\\"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\\\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single\",\n \"title\": \"Eddie Kendricks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8975413\",\n \"text\": \"As evidence of the Gibb brothers' U.S. chart domination in 1978, atop the 4 March 1978 Hot 100 the Bee Gees' \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\" was displaced by this song, which in turn was displaced two weeks later by the Bee Gees' \\\"Night Fever\\\", which in turn was displaced eight weeks later by Yvonne Elliman's \\\"If I Can't Have You\\\". Since Barry Gibb had a hand in writing all four of these songs, he became the only person in history to write four consecutive US number-one singles, a feat unmatched to this day. The song was released in February 1978 in Netherlands.\",\n \"title\": \"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5561756\",\n \"text\": \"Garth Porter Garth Ivan Richard Porter (born 24 September 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian multi-instrumental musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a member, on keyboards and backing vocals, of the pop group, Sherbet (1970–84), and co-wrote both of their number-one singles, \\\"Summer Love\\\" (March 1975) and \\\"Howzat\\\" (May 1976). Porter is a co-writer and producer for country music singer Lee Kernaghan. Garth Ivan Richard Porter was born on 24 September 1948 in Hamilton, New Zealand. His parents were farmers in the nearby rural area. He recalled that while growing up \\\"I learnt piano for about six months so\",\n \"title\": \"Garth Porter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515265\",\n \"text\": \"and Hyslop joined The Skids, and McIsaac retired from the pop music scene. In the 1990s he formed the Billy McIsaac Band. The following is a sortable table of all songs by Arrows: Slik Slik were a Scottish pop group of the mid-1970s, most notable for their UK no. 1 hit \\\"Forever and Ever\\\" in 1976. Initially glam rock, the band later changed their style to soft rock/bubblegum. It was the first band with whom singer and guitarist Midge Ure began to experience musical success, before joining new wave band Ultravox. Slik were formed as the Glasgow based band 'Salvation'\",\n \"title\": \"Slik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437238\",\n \"text\": \"theme song to the movie. Other family acts included Gladys Knight & the Pips who topped the charts with \\\"Midnight Train to Georgia\\\", Sly & the Family Stone who brought \\\"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\\\" and \\\"Family Affair\\\" to the top spot. As well as The Staple Singers with \\\"I'll Take You There\\\" and \\\"Let's Do It Again\\\" theme song to a 1975 Sidney Poitier/Bill Cosby movie. The Sylvers with \\\"Boogie Fever\\\" and The Emotions with \\\"Best of My Love\\\". The Emotions were a girl group which were still popular in soul music, Honey Cone had a chart\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437245\",\n \"text\": \"Denver's name) with a cigarette lighter were taken as a protest against the increasing pop style in country music (this despite Rich himself having made his name with songs that crossed over from country into the pop and adult contemporary charts). By the later half of the 1970s, Dolly Parton, a highly successful traditional-minded country artist since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to crossover to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit \\\"Here You Come Again\\\", which peaked at No. 1 country and No. 3 pop. Of her 25 career No. 1 hits, 11 of them came during\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12729852\",\n \"text\": \"2001. Side One Side Two Bonus tracks (2001 re-issue): Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \\\"Congratulations\\\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \\\"Carrie\\\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued\",\n \"title\": \"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2477770\",\n \"text\": \"some of Sly Stone prior to There's a Riot Going On and other African-American artists of the 1970s in its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King is still possible, that the American Dream is a dream for all people.\\\" It made history as the only album to generate seven top-five hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, surpassing Michael Jackson's \\\"Thriller\\\" (1982) and Bruce Springsteen's \\\"Born in the U.S.A.\\\" (1984), each having seven top ten hits. It is also the only album to achieve number one hits in three separate calendar years, with \\\"Miss You Much\\\" in 1989,\",\n \"title\": \"Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033530\",\n \"text\": \"The overnight success and Fairweather Low's teen idol looks, as music journalist William Ruhlmann noted at Allmusic; \\\"... put his attractive face on the bedroom walls of teenage girls all over Britain\\\". The band split in two in 1970, with Fairweather Low leading Dennis Byron (drums), Blue Weaver (organ), Clive Taylor (bass) and Neil Jones (guitar) into a new band, Fair Weather. The band scored a UK Singles Chart No. 6 hit with \\\"Natural Sinner\\\" in July 1970, although the outfit's albums, \\\"Beginning From An End\\\" and \\\"Let Your Mind Roll On\\\", failed to chart. After twelve months Fairweather Low\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Fairweather Low\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1918954\",\n \"text\": \"Vassy. They chalked up a string of hits on both the pop and country charts, including \\\"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\\\", \\\"But You Know I Love You\\\", \\\"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\\\", \\\"Tell It All, Brother\\\", \\\"Reuben James\\\", and \\\"Something's Burning\\\". When the First Edition disbanded in 1976, Rogers launched his solo career. He soon developed a more middle-of-the-road sound that sold to both pop and country audiences. He has charted more than 60 top 40 hit singles (including two number ones—\\\"Lady\\\" and \\\"Islands in the Stream\\\"). His music has also been\",\n \"title\": \"Kenny Rogers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16399567\",\n \"text\": \"recorded from 1970 to 1973 and had a number one hit record on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart with \\\"I Think I Love You\\\". The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit \\\"I Think I Love You\\\". The group was also nominated for the Best New Artist Grammy award in 1971. *\\\"Walking in the Rain\\\" was released only in the UK The Partridge Family discography This article presents the discography of all albums and singles released by the American pop rock group The Partridge Family. It includes eight\",\n \"title\": \"The Partridge Family discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1453944\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 and, for one week in March, four of the top five songs were written by him. His songs were No. 1 for 27 out of 37 weeks from 24 December 1977 to 2 September 1978. Gibb also holds a very unusual record, in that he is the only songwriter in history to write four successive US number one hits: in 1978, the Bee Gees' \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\" was replaced at number one by Andy Gibb's single, \\\"Love Is Thicker Than Water\\\", followed by the Bee Gees' \\\"Night Fever\\\" for their longest run, seven weeks. This was then replaced by\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Gibb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3256450\",\n \"text\": \"Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \\\"The Way You Do The Things You Do\\\", \\\"Get Ready\\\", and \\\"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\\\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single \\\"Keep On\",\n \"title\": \"Eddie Kendricks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437266\",\n \"text\": \"Mungo Jerry, the Hollies and Rod Stewart. Some of the most successful singers and songwriters were Cat Stevens, Steve Winwood, and Elton John. In the late 1970s, many bands in the United Kingdom began experimenting with synthesizers, forming the new wave style known as synthpop. Major synthpop bands around this time included Gary Numan and Tubeway Army, the Buggles, the Human League, and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Other successful British new wave bands in the late 1970s included the Police, Echo & the Bunnymen, Adam and the Ants, Roxy Music, Squeeze, XTC, the Cure, the Stranglers, Joy Division and\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450342\",\n \"text\": \"popular music's most successful artists died within six weeks of each other in 1977: Elvis Presley (on August 16) and Bing Crosby (on October 14). Presley—whose top 1970s hit was \\\"Burning Love\\\" in 1972— ranked among the top artists of the rock era, while Crosby was among the most successful pre-rock era artists. The early seventies also marked the deaths of rock legends Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix as well as the plane crash in 1977 in which three members of Lynyrd Skynyrd were killed. Music history of the United States in the 1970s Popular music of the\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"163686\",\n \"text\": \"song was number one in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and West Germany, and the combined sides topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in the United States. In the 1970s Frank Sinatra recorded \\\"Something\\\" twice (1970 and 1979) and later dubbed it \\\"the greatest love song of the past fifty years\\\". Lennon considered it the best song on \\\"Abbey Road\\\", and it became the Beatles' second most covered song after \\\"Yesterday\\\". In May 1970 Harrison's \\\"For You Blue\\\" was coupled on a US single with McCartney's \\\"The Long and Winding Road\\\" and became Harrison's second chart-topper when the sides were listed\",\n \"title\": \"George Harrison\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437237\",\n \"text\": \"a repertoire of rhythm and blues, pop and later disco. The Jacksons — brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael — the first act in recording history to have their first four major label singles: \\\"I Want You Back\\\", \\\"ABC\\\", \\\"The Love You Save\\\", and \\\"I'll Be There\\\" reach the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The band served as the launching pad for the solo careers of their lead singers Jermaine and Michael, both had some solo success in the early part of the decade. Jermaine with top 10 hit \\\"Daddy's Home\\\" and Michael topped the charts with \\\"Ben\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20805779\",\n \"text\": \"Gates on guitar and Leon Russell playing Hammond organ. Some time after they ceased performing as The Avantis, they released \\\"Hot Rodders Choice\\\" on the Del-Fi label. Later they would go on to form Redbone. In 1970, Dan Hamilton along with Tommy Reynolds and Joe Frank Carollo, co-founded Hamilton Joe Frank & Reynolds. They had a million dollar smash hit with \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\". Dan Hamilton died on December 23, 1994 at the age of 48. Lolly Vegas died of Cancer on March 4th, 2010 in Reseda, California. He was 70 years of age. The Avantis The Avantis were\",\n \"title\": \"The Avantis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1448689\",\n \"text\": \"Make It Through the Night\\\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \\\"For the Good Times\\\" (Ray Price) won \\\"Song of the Year\\\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \\\"Sunday Morning Coming Down\\\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \\\"Me\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Kristofferson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7712170\",\n \"text\": \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" is a popular song by \\\"one-hit wonder\\\" Edison Lighthouse. The single reached the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending on 31 January 1970, where it remained for a total of five weeks. It also became the first number one single of the 1970s (not counting Rolf Harris' \\\"Two Little Boys\\\" which was a holdover from 1969). \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" was written by Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason. Essentially, they were a studio group with prolific session singer Tony Burrows\",\n \"title\": \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437257\",\n \"text\": \"Heart\\\" (the latter a duet with Kiki Dee). Other European soft rock major artists of the decade included Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac and Joan Armatrading. (See the country music section of this article for more about country music that crossed over onto the pop charts.) One of the most successful European groups of the decade, and one of the best-selling acts of all time with 380 million records sold, was the quartet ABBA. The most successful Swedish group of all time, ABBA first found fame when they won the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. They became one of the most widely\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437243\",\n \"text\": \"Murray and Campbell, several artists who were not initially marketed as country were enjoying crossover success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 1974, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3906214\",\n \"text\": \"album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\", \\\"I Feel Fine\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"A Hard Day's Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14438954\",\n \"text\": \"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Andy Williams' Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released in early 1970 by Columbia Records. It was not, however, as its title might suggest, strictly a hit singles compilation, although some of his biggest songs since joining Columbia (such as the easy listening number ones \\\"Can't Get Used to Losing You\\\" and \\\"Happy Heart\\\") were included. A couple of selections (\\\"Born Free\\\" and \\\"More\\\") were never released as singles by Williams, and his signature song, \\\"Moon River\\\", was released in the 7-inch single format but only for jukeboxes.\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2944358\",\n \"text\": \"He got off in Memphis with her, rather than continue to his intended destination in Nashville. The two married in 1973 and recorded several duet albums, which sold well and earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1974 for \\\"From the Bottle to the Bottom\\\", and in 1976 for \\\"Lover Please\\\". Coolidge's greatest success on the pop charts came during 1977–1978 with four consecutive top 25 hits, remakes of Jackie Wilson's \\\"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\\\", Boz Scaggs' \\\"We're All Alone\\\", the Temptations' \\\"The Way You\",\n \"title\": \"Rita Coolidge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437239\",\n \"text\": \"topping hit with \\\"Want Ads\\\", as did Labelle with \\\"Lady Marmalade\\\" and A Taste of Honey with \\\"Boogie Oogie Oogie\\\". Other examples of the girl group were Love Unlimited and The Three Degrees who scored a number two pop hit with \\\"When Will I See You Again\\\" but topped the chart when they teamed with Mother, Sister, Father, Brother (MSFB) on the Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP). The Commodores were another group that played from a diverse repertoire, including R&B, funk, and pop. Lionel Richie, who went on to even greater success as a solo artist in the 1980s, fronted the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6389855\",\n \"text\": \"at over three million copies. However, in later years the collection could not be considered a complete or definitive representation of Simon's best or most popular work because it did not include her major hits from the mid-1970s onward, such as \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", \\\"You Belong to Me\\\", \\\"Jesse\\\", \\\"Coming Around Again\\\" and \\\"Let the River Run\\\". The fact that Simon had changed record labels several times (moving from Elektra to Warner Brothers to Epic to Arista) made a more wide-ranging collection a difficult proposition. A live album, \\\"Greatest Hits Live\\\" (1988), went some way to rectifying this issue,\",\n \"title\": \"The Best of Carly Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1755751\",\n \"text\": \"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \\\"Walk Through This World With Me\\\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \\\"Love Bug\\\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \\\"Things Have Gone to Pieces\\\", \\\"The Race Is On\\\", \\\"My Favorite Lies\\\", \\\"I'll Share My World with You\\\", \\\"Take Me\\\" (a\",\n \"title\": \"George Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12542219\",\n \"text\": \"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta is the second full-length release by Motown recording artist Syreeta Wright, issued on the Motown label, in June 1974. The album has a rating of 4.5 out of 5 on Allmusic Three artists who performed on this album (Stevie Wonder, Deniece Williams, Michael Sembello) would all have Billboard number one songs (\\\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\\\", \\\"Let's Hear It for the Boy\\\", and \\\"Maniac\\\", respectively) within a year of each other, a decade after this album's release. Another artist on this album, Ollie Brown of Ollie & Jerry, would\",\n \"title\": \"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12729847\",\n \"text\": \"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \\\"Congratulations\\\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \\\"Carrie\\\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued on sporadically for the next few months, with the\",\n \"title\": \"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20118626\",\n \"text\": \"film of the same name, starring Olivia Newton-John. In the 1970s, he co-wrote songs with Alan Bernstein for Engelbert Humperdinck, including \\\"After the Lovin'\\\" (1976) and \\\"This Moment in Time\\\" (1978), as well as Al Martino's \\\"The Next Hundred Years\\\" (1977). Adams died in 2017, aged 78, after a long illness. Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \\\"You Were Mine\\\", as well as on\",\n \"title\": \"Ritchie Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1506154\",\n \"text\": \"Isles and Bobby Massey departed, leaving the group a trio. The remaining three original members, Eddie Levert, William Powell, and Walter Williams, soldiered on and Gamble & Huff, a team of producers and songwriters with whom the O'Jays had been working for several years, signed them to their Philadelphia International label. Suddenly, The O'Jays' fortunes changed and they finally scored with their first million-seller, \\\"Back Stabbers\\\", from the album of the same name. This album produced several more hit singles, including \\\"992 Arguments,\\\" \\\"Sunshine,\\\" \\\"Time To Get Down,\\\" and the #1 pop smash, \\\"Love Train\\\". During the remainder of the\",\n \"title\": \"The O'Jays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437229\",\n \"text\": \"Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Marvin Gaye, Cat Stevens, James Taylor, Eric Clapton, Barry White, and Rod Stewart. Female soloists who epitomized the 1970s included Linda Ronstadt, Carly Simon, Roberta Flack, Donna Summer, Barbra Streisand, Rita Coolidge, Olivia Newton-John and Helen Reddy. Some of the most popular music acts of the day got their own network television variety shows, which were very popular in the 70s. Acts like Sonny & Cher, Glen Campbell, John Denver, Tony Orlando and Dawn, husband and wife team Captain & Tennille, brother and sister Donny & Marie Osmond. Soft rock was prominently featured on many Top\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3901504\",\n \"text\": \"Long John Baldry John William \\\"Long John\\\" Baldry (12 January 1941 – 21 July 2005) was an English-Canadian blues singer and a voice actor. He sang with many British musicians, with Rod Stewart and Elton John appearing in bands led by Baldry in the 1960s. He enjoyed pop success in the UK where \\\"Let the Heartaches Begin\\\" reached No. 1 in 1967 and in Australia where his duet with Kathi McDonald \\\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\\\" reached number two in 1980. Baldry lived in Canada from the late 1970s until his death; there he continued to make records and do\",\n \"title\": \"Long John Baldry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7449616\",\n \"text\": \"Raymond Thompson Raymond Webster Thompson (born 5 April 1949) is a British-born Canadian/New Zealand screenwriter, composer and producer. Thompson was born in Redditch, Worcestershire and grew up in Ontario, after his parents emigrated to Canada. He studied drama at York University and embarked upon a successful career in the music industry as both a songwriter and musician. His groups include a Canadian duo called Stillwater, and his school band The Avengers, which evolved into Edison Lighthouse, who had the number one record \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\". Thompson published a novel in 1979, \\\"The Number to Call Is...\\\" before\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond Thompson\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Bellamy Brothers context: The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" in 1976, a Number One single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country\\n\\nWho had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 206,\n \"origin_tokens\": 206,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Petra Haden context: starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime in May 2008. In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of the Bellamy Brothers 1970s song \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" and worked as an arranger and vocal coach on The Sing Off on NBC, alongside Deke Sharon. Haden played violin on \\\"Sentimental Tune\\\" by Tegan and Sara, off of their album \\\"Sainthood\\\" (released October 27, 2009). In 2011, Haden formed the group If By Yes with Yuka Honda, the culmination of an eight-year songwriting collaboration.\\n\\ntitle: The Bellamy Brothers context: Love Flow\\\", written Diamond'sie. Released 1976, \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" a No. single on the United States, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was also a hit on Hot Country & Tracks chart, Bellamys' music success until 1979, when \\\"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" was released, whose \\\"double entendre\\\" title was derived from Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No.\\n\\ntitle: 1970s in context: European groups ever well as of few groups from nonEnglish to gain international with-- 1 albums and singles in most of music markets \\\"Waterlooamma M\\\", \\\" a Chance on\\\",nowing Me, Knowing You\\\",Dancing\\\" andThe Winner T It just some AB' and most. of the events of the9s was the break-up of Beat in 170. McCart a W great: Let:.\\\" \\\"\\\" reached \\\"Bboard Hot0 dated also the rank a, and Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): \\\"There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany\\\", and \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" would in fact debut at #22 on the\\n\\nWho had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 517,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15238,\n \"ratio\": \"29.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":89,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":89,"string":"89"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Silver State","Nevada, United States","Sports in Nevada","Geography of Nevada","US-NV","Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867","Transportation in Nevada","The Sagebrush State","NV (state)","Education in Nevada","Religion in Nevada","Nevadian","36th State","The Battle Born State","Thirty-Sixth State","Nev.","Demographics of Nevada","Navada","Nevada Annulment","Nevada, USA","Climate of Nevada","Economy of Nevada","Thirty-sixth State","State of Nevada","Politics of Nevada","Nevadan","Silver state","Nevada (U.S. state)","The Silver State","Tikaboo Valley","Nevada (state)","Battle Born State","Transport in Nevada","Nevada"],"string":"[\n \"Silver State\",\n \"Nevada, United States\",\n \"Sports in Nevada\",\n \"Geography of Nevada\",\n \"US-NV\",\n \"Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867\",\n \"Transportation in Nevada\",\n \"The Sagebrush State\",\n \"NV (state)\",\n \"Education in Nevada\",\n \"Religion in Nevada\",\n \"Nevadian\",\n \"36th State\",\n \"The Battle Born State\",\n \"Thirty-Sixth State\",\n \"Nev.\",\n \"Demographics of Nevada\",\n \"Navada\",\n \"Nevada Annulment\",\n \"Nevada, USA\",\n \"Climate of Nevada\",\n \"Economy of Nevada\",\n \"Thirty-sixth State\",\n \"State of Nevada\",\n \"Politics of Nevada\",\n \"Nevadan\",\n \"Silver state\",\n \"Nevada (U.S. state)\",\n \"The Silver State\",\n \"Tikaboo Valley\",\n \"Nevada (state)\",\n \"Battle Born State\",\n \"Transport in Nevada\",\n \"Nevada\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Nevada"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15333163","text":"rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. In the 2008 documentary \"Tyson\", the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting. On October 16, 2009 on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", Tyson apologized to Holyfield. Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson. A book entitled","title":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II"},{"id":"7293488","text":"1996. In their 1997 rematch, Tyson bit a chunk from Holyfield's ear, resulting in his disqualification; Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year and he was fined US$3 million. Holyfield won two of the three title belts, but lost a final match in 1999 with WBC champion Lennox Lewis, who became undisputed champion. The last decade has witnessed a continued decline in the popularity of boxing in the United States, marked by a malaise in the heavyweight division and the increased competition in the Pay-Per-View market from MMA and its main promotion, the","title":"Professional boxing"},{"id":"17306523","text":"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha Mike Tyson and Francois Botha competed in a professional boxing match on January 16, 1999. Tyson won the match by knocking out Botha in the fifth round. After Tyson's controversial fight with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote","title":"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha"},{"id":"506738","text":"Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"506739","text":"not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998. During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of Michaels' stable, D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV. In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"18215765","text":"Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), he served as the Chairman of the Medical Advisory Board that made hepatitis testing mandatory in all athletes. He was part of the board that denied Mike Tyson his license for boxing in 2002. Before leaving the NSAC, Alamo sanctioned one of the largest bouts in boxing history, Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather. Alamo is the first person in Nevada history to have served on both the Gaming and Athletic Commission. In July 2014, Alamo was appointed by Governor Brian Sandoval to be chairman to the Nevada Gaming Commission. Tony Alamo, M.D. serves","title":"Antonio Alamo Jr."},{"id":"4346880","text":"Shannon Briggs Shannon Briggs (born December 4, 1971) is an American professional boxer. A twenty-year veteran of the sport, he is twice a former world heavyweight champion, having held the lineal title from 1997 to 1998, and the WBO title from 2006 to 2007. Born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, Briggs was homeless for a period in his childhood. In 1983, when Briggs was 12, he saw Mike Tyson in Bristol Park, Brooklyn, New York. Briggs' friends called out, \"Here comes Mike.\" Briggs said he was too scared to run and that seeing","title":"Shannon Briggs"},{"id":"15333162","text":"his championship and the incident with Tyson, Holyfield said he already forgave Tyson for biting him since he has 100% faith in God and Jesus. Nonetheless, Tyson was sentenced with a permanent suspension from boxing and his license cancelled indefinitely. Tyson was also fined $3,000,000 and had to serve a period of community service. After a year and an appeal in court, Tyson's license was reinstated. When Tyson and Holyfield retired from boxing they befriended each other and are now close friends today. The fight generated a total revenue of $180,000,000 ($), from live gate, pay-per-view, closed-circuit telecasts, foreign television","title":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II"},{"id":"8695401","text":"cost of supervised probation. Brown considered running for mayor of the District of Columbia in 1998, but he ultimately decided against it, saying his mother was adamantly against it. At the time, he was a lobbyist for Patton Boggs and president and chief executive of the Ronald H. Brown Foundation. From 1996 to 2005, Brown was vice chairman of the District of Columbia Boxing and Wrestling Commission. His efforts to bring a Mike Tyson-Lenox Lewis boxing match to the District were ultimately unsuccessful. In 2005, Brown's wages were garnished by a court for defaulting on payments on a lease of","title":"Michael A. Brown (Washington, D.C. politician)"},{"id":"12346875","text":"said \"it was brilliant to flatten one [a police officer] and get paid for it\". She currently resides in Bristol. The British Boxing Board of Control initially refused to grant Couch a professional licence on the sole ground that she was a woman, and argued that PMS made women too unstable to box. Claiming sexual discrimination and supported by the Equal Opportunities Commission, Couch managed to have this decision overturned by a tribunal in March 1998. However, some criticism followed as the British Medical Association called this result \"a demented extension of equal opportunities\". Couch would later seek the right","title":"Jane Couch"},{"id":"12346874","text":"Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\". At the age of 26 she saw a television documentary about women's boxing and decided to try it. In her first official fight, a Muay Thai match, she defeated a policewoman, about which she","title":"Jane Couch"},{"id":"4531306","text":"residents. He was also important in developing a fan base for local fighters including the then amateur Michael Carbajal and Yvonne Trevino. He has also written columns on the careers of Phoenix residents Jesús González, Vassiliy Jirov, and José Miguel Cotto, who is Puerto Rican. In 1998, Frauenheim was one of the first boxing writers in Arizona to announce that Mike Tyson had moved there. Frauenheim was one of the first writers to note that Julio César Chávez allegedly left Phoenix without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing Commission after his 2000 bout with Kostya Tszyu.","title":"Norm Frauenheim"},{"id":"262440","text":"by Republican Richard Nixon. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level \"Democratic\" party is actually a separate party, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties. The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party","title":"Minnesota"},{"id":"12346879","text":"in the 2012 Summer Olympics. In December 2009, Couch promoted a competition at the Marriott Hotel, Bristol. Couch also has her own YouTube channel which features regular interviews with people involved in boxing. Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\". At","title":"Jane Couch"},{"id":"1810118","text":"news to the Bowe, and explained to the media at the time 'The heavyweight champion was very moved by the story and having lost a brother and a sister earlier in life, decided to make a financial contribution to the family of Mr. Yap.\" Bowe authorized her to fly to the Philippines and try to locate the man's family, make a contribution to their expenses, and also provide funds to support the Philippine boxing Team training for the Olympics (in the name of the deceased). Bowe was convicted of the February 1998 kidnapping of his estranged wife Judy, and their","title":"Riddick Bowe"},{"id":"5274033","text":"a type of plate. The State of Maryland was going to revoke permission for use of the Confederate flag from a certain plate by the Sons of Confederate Veterans, but a court ruled that the only way the state could do that was to revoke permission on all specialty plates. All U.S. states offer specialized license plates for licensed amateur radio operators, in many cases at no extra charge or at a discount compared to standard vanity plates. In some states statutes regarding amateur radio plates where enacted decades prior to vanity plate programs. Among the stated reasons in various","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the United States"},{"id":"506771","text":"film \"Nine Legends\" where he discussed his time involved in WWE. Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues: The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded Tyson an honorary doctorate in humane letters: \"Mike demonstrates that hard work, determination and perseverance can enable one to overcome any obstacles.\" Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"924625","text":"Graciano Rocchigiani from Germany and the former champion Michael Nunn to fill the vacancy, sanctioning it as a world championship match. On 21 March 1998, Rocchigiani won the fight and a WBC belt; in the subsequent WBC rankings, he was listed as \"Light-Heavyweight World Champion\". Jones, however, had a change of heart and asked if the WBC would reinstate him as the champion. In a move that violated nearly a dozen of its own regulations, the WBC granted the reinstatement. Rocchigiani received a letter from the WBC advising that the publication of his name as champion was a typographical error,","title":"World Boxing Council"},{"id":"9022537","text":"his career in public relations and worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C. From 1966 to 1975 he served as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. In this role, he generated controversy when he suspended the boxing license of Muhammad Ali for refusing to be drafted into the Army. In 1972, he changed the policy on access for women sports journalists, permitting them to occupy seats reserved for the press and to enter dressing rooms provided that male athletes were properly attired. He died in Boca Raton, Florida on January 25, 1982. He was cremated, and his ashes","title":"Edwin B. Dooley"},{"id":"2302737","text":"an uphill battle in a state that has not elected a Democrat statewide since 1994, as George W. Bush's landslide re-election as governor in 1998 had helped carry Republicans into all the other statewide offices. In the August 2006 Rasmussen poll, Hutchison led her opponent by 30 percentage points — 61 to 31. The Survey USA Poll, which is not a head-to-head matchup, but only lists approval ratings of incumbents, found Hutchison with a 61 percent approval rating. The Zogby poll, in contrast, showed a closer result, but still showed Hutchison with a 18.9 percent lead. The authors stated \"...Republican","title":"Kay Bailey Hutchison"},{"id":"20085125","text":"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his antisemitic and racist","title":"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois"},{"id":"6604213","text":"more so. Rapper-activists Flavor Flav and Chuck D are assassinated on August 11, 1998 in Columbus, Georgia by a psychotic off-duty policeman. Their untimely deaths are commemorated in a national holiday called \"Chuck D Day\", celebrated on the first Monday in August. World politics are dominated by the Second Cold War, which is a three-way deadlock between the North American Confederation, China, and the European Community. In 2003 the United States has annexed most of Canada as the 51st through 58th states and Puerto Rico and Cuba are absorbed as the 59th and 60th States. Quebec separatists managed to form","title":"Underground (role-playing game)"},{"id":"5274036","text":"all of Florida's specialty plates until it was overtaken by a plate to support the critically endangered Florida panther. In 2006, it was outsold by a plate for the University of Florida. Florida currently offers 122 specialty plates, more than any other state, while other states offer only a few. There also exist standard-issue specialty plates. For instance, a number of states issued plates recognizing the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976. Several states have also issued plates commemorating milestones in their own state, such as when, in 1998, Alaska celebrated the Centennial of the Klondike Gold Rush with new license plates","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the United States"},{"id":"8236608","text":"1998 United States gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 3, 1998 in 36 states and two territories. Going into the election 24 of the seats were held by Republicans, 11 by Democrats, and one by an Independent. The elections changed the national balance of power by the loss of one Republican and the gain of one Independent, although it shifted in nine states. Democrats gained open seats in California and Iowa and defeated incumbents Fob James of Alabama and David Beasley of South Carolina, while Republicans won open seats in Colorado, Florida, Nebraska, and Nevada and","title":"1998 United States gubernatorial elections"},{"id":"8184771","text":"Court then agreed to a negotiated 18-month suspension of his law license (165 VT 598). In ratifying the suspension, the Supreme Court noted that Illuzzi had been guilty of five prior disciplinary offenses. As of February 9, 1998, Attorney Illuzzi had completed all requirements for reinstatement of his license to practice law, including successful completion of an ethics course and support from other lawyers and judges. However, the Court refused to sign the two-sentence reinstatement order until July 28, 1998. Three days later, the state's largest newspaper, The Burlington Free Press, editorialized that Illuzzi was being unfairly treated by the","title":"Vincent Illuzzi"},{"id":"8220216","text":"District of New York and the Central District of California, this Court holds that Plaintiff is precluded from re-litigating the issue of its ownership of copyrights based on the 1998 Agreement...\" The judge held that SLMI owned no valid copyright, and disallowed their further amending their claims. Disney then sued SLMI for almost $500,000 in legal fees, of which they were granted $239,941. SLMI appealed the decision against them in the Colorado case (which appeal, if effective, would have also cancelled the $239,941 judgment against them), and sold a license to the Marvel character \"Spider-man\" to the American Musical Theater","title":"Stan Lee Media"},{"id":"5868649","text":"was retired in 1998 after Hartman's death. In addition to McClure, Hartman also provided the voice of the cable guy. The character Drederick Tatum, one of the boxers in the boxing match Homer and his friends watch, also makes his first appearance on the show in this episode. His physical appearance was based on the American boxer Mike Tyson, and he was named after a real boxer \"Simpsons\" writer George Meyer had seen. The scene in which Homer stands in front of and is struck by the cable man's truck resembles a scene in Alfred Hitchcock's film \"North by Northwest\".","title":"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment"},{"id":"15008044","text":"was approved in a popular referendum on November 3, 1998. The amendment passed with 68% in favor and 32% opposed. The Alaska Civil Liberties Union attempted to prevent the referendum from proceeding, but in August 1998 the Alaska Superior Court held that the proposed referendum and accompanying ballot description were legally permissible. In August 1994, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, a same-sex male couple, filed an application for a marriage license which was denied by the Alaska Office of Vital Statistics. They filed suit in the Alaska Superior Court, arguing that their rights to privacy and equal protectionboth of which","title":"Same-sex marriage in Alaska"},{"id":"8532068","text":"relations and public affairs firm of Fleishman-Hillard as Senior Vice-President and Partner. At an early age, with his parents (Russell and Anna Thomas), brother (Lloyd) and sister (Marilyn Brazell), he developed a passion for horse racing. His passion never diminished, and he became the major force for re-establishing the racing industry in California, as we know it today. He authored and provided dynamic leadership in achieving license fee reduction in 1998, which greatly benefited all segments of the industry and kept California competitive with other states. Ken was the author of the bill that authorized satellite wagering in California in","title":"Kenneth L. Maddy"},{"id":"5217187","text":"his 2018 season early with subsequent hip surgery in August 2018 due to an injury he sustained during his Madrid final retirement earlier in May 2018, which would have elevated the Bryan brothers as the oldest players back to the top of the men's doubles ranking if they were victorious. Bob Bryan's recovery is expected to take about 6 months, which has led to his brother Mike's rare and uncertain search for other partners to play with in his absence. He finished the year as the no. 1 ranked singles player in the nation in 1998 after winning the clay","title":"Bob Bryan"},{"id":"17446755","text":"these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony offense. Tattooing was legalized in New York City in 1997, in Massachusetts in 2000 and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006. Tattoo artists and people with tattoos vary widely in their preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first 24 hours while others suggest removing temporary bandaging","title":"Process of tattooing"},{"id":"11507500","text":"came from the Upstate, was a face of the New New South, and opposed to pork barrel spending. Hollings viciously attacked Inglis on the campaign trail as a \"goddamn skunk\" and when Inglis requested that Hollings sign a pledge for campaign courtesy, Hollings replied that Inglis could \"kiss his fanny.\" Inglis tried to tie Hollings to President Clinton, who had been tainted by the Lewinsky scandal. Ultimately, Hollings won the race for four crucial reasons. First, Inglis refused to accept PAC donations which allowed Hollings to enjoy a huge financial advantage and blanket the state with his television advertisements. Secondly,","title":"1998 United States Senate election in South Carolina"},{"id":"14335339","text":"over Millner four years prior, which was in part due to the unpopularity and controversy of Mitch Skandalakis, the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Georgia. 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who","title":"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election"},{"id":"4793674","text":"The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over one million copies in the United States. Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2.297 million digital copies in the US as of November 2016. In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line \"son of a bitch\" was uncensored. This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998. It spent","title":"The Devil Went Down to Georgia"},{"id":"16123960","text":"state likewise recognizes a Georgia license.\" The states recognized under reciprocity include: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. A non-resident of Georgia to whom has been issued a firearm license by a state listed above may carry a firearm while in Georgia in accordance with Georgia law. This includes non-residents under the age of 21. South Carolina H3799 was signed by Gov Haley on June 3, 2016,","title":"Gun laws in Georgia"},{"id":"785291","text":"vice president. The NRA focused its attention on the gun control policies of the Clinton Administration. Knox again lost power in 1997, as he lost reelection to a coalition of moderate leaders who supported movie star Charlton Heston, despite Heston's past support of gun control legislation. In 1994, the NRA unsuccessfully opposed the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB), but successfully lobbied for the ban's 2004 expiration. Heston was elected president in 1998 and became a highly visible spokesman for the organization. In an effort to improve the NRA's image, Heston presented himself as the voice of reason in contrast to","title":"National Rifle Association"},{"id":"2300313","text":"records to the public over three decades earlier: If members of the public desire incident reports and investigative files, they normally have to sue to obtain them, cases sometimes costing $25,000 or more. Media law experts were amazed after learning Montgomery County's sheriff released non-public investigative files from 1998 with just a records request. \"That is unusual,\" said Mike Merriam, media lawyer for the Kansas Press Association. \"They have denied releasing records routinely over and over and over again.\" Brownback's campaign capitalized on the 16-year-old incident. Brownback was reelected with a plurality, defeating Davis by a 3.69 percent margin. His","title":"Sam Brownback"},{"id":"9080598","text":"'Don't get in my way.'\" The result was laws, or the lack thereof, that permitted persons to carry firearms openly, known as \"open carry\", often without any permit required, in 22 states by 1998. Laws that permitted persons to carry concealed handguns, sometimes termed a \"concealed handgun license\", \"CHL\", or \"concealed pistol license\", \"CPL\" in some jurisdictions instead of \"CCW\", existed in 34 states in the U.S. by 2004. Since then, the number of states with CCW laws has increased; , all 50 states have some form of CCW laws on the books. Economist John Lott has argued that right-to-carry","title":"Gun violence in the United States"},{"id":"3966478","text":"election he competed in as a Republican. He beat Democrat Clayton Suddith, an army veteran and former Franklin County Commissioner. Incumbent Republican Frank Murkowski easily won re-election to a fourth term against Democratic nominee Joseph Sonneman, a perennial candidate, earning nearly 75% of the vote. Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a third term over Democratic attorney Ed Ranger. Incumbent Dale Bumpers retired. U.S. Representative Blanche Lincoln won the open seat. Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term. Although the race was predicted to be fairly close, Boxer still defeated Fong by a ten-point margin. Boxer","title":"1998 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"9550534","text":"Doug Friedline Douglas Friedline (19572006) was a Minnesota-born political campaign director in the United States. Friedline worked exclusively with independent and third party candidates with the goal of breaking the two party oligopoly in American politics. Friedline gained most of his notoriety during the 1998 election of his home state in which he helped then professional wrestler Jesse Ventura become governor of Minnesota. Doug Friedline is best known for his unorthodox and often irreverent style of advertising. In 1998 Friedline used action figures to represent candidate Jesse Ventura in a number of television spots. In radio ads Ventura was cast","title":"Doug Friedline"},{"id":"15744457","text":"similar licensing requirements (subject to frequent review and revision), which, as of March 2016, includes: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Many of these states reciprocate and accept a Wyoming permit as valid, however this is a frequently changing and often unspecified distinction. Independent confirmation by directly contacting the attorney general of the state in question is recommended. Effective July 2011, Wyoming became","title":"Gun laws in Wyoming"},{"id":"503737","text":"marriages and that the statutes were constitutional because they served the public interest by promoting \"the link between procreation and child rearing\". She disagreed with the defendants' contention that \"history and tradition\" justify the state's interest in preserving marriage. The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the Vermont Supreme Court. On November 3, 1998, voters in Alaska and Hawaii approved referendums in opposition to same-sex marriage.Two weeks later, on the eve of oral arguments in \"Baker\" before the Vermont Supreme Court, Tracey Conaty of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said \"Right now Vermont, in many ways, is our biggest","title":"Baker v. Vermont"},{"id":"20085136","text":"Judge Joan Lefkow. Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his","title":"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois"},{"id":"18725302","text":"permit holders. The number of concealed-carry permit-holders in Florida went up during Bush's tenure, and Florida has more concealed carry license holders than any other state, partially as a result of the new laws, a fact which Bush has touted while campaigning in 2015. In 2005, as governor, Bush signed the \"stand-your-ground law\" on the use of deadly force. In 1998, while running for governor, Bush supported a Florida law requiring background checks for firearms purchased at gun shows (such checks are not required by federal law). In June 2015, following the Charleston church killings, he rejected calls for stricter","title":"Political positions of Jeb Bush"},{"id":"9919175","text":"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and the most recent election in which an Alaskan governor was re-elected. Incumbent Democratic governor Tony Knowles was up for re-election. On the Republican side, three major candidates jockeyed for the nomination:","title":"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election"},{"id":"247656","text":"official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse. The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise. Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest","title":"Maryland"},{"id":"15285438","text":"part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented); two large additions to Nevada, which became a state in 1864, were made in 1866 and 1867. However, there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes. One notable example is the case \"New Jersey v. New York\", in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states","title":"Admission to the Union"},{"id":"506709","text":"was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times. He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered there by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer. Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato. Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior. He would later be awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"11798406","text":"wing amateur boxers such as national contender Jeffery Page from Andover, Kansas and numerous other amateurs in a team known as Wichita Hard Hitters. Also for a short period he coached the Golden Glove champion Charles Ellis through a short but explosive professional career. |- Ross Puritty Ross Puritty (born December 18, 1966 in Norman, Oklahoma) is a retired heavyweight professional boxer. A high-level journeyman and occasional heavyweight contender, Puritty is best remembered for his shocking upset of Wladimir Klitschko in 1998 that won him the WBC international Heavyweight title, as well as for fighting former World Boxing Organization's world","title":"Ross Puritty"},{"id":"12692214","text":"the states’ effort to reform the sweepstakes industry to better protect consumers, especially the elderly. He was voted one of the top lawyers in Indiana by Indianapolis Monthly magazine and, more recently, one of California’s \"Superlawyers\" by Los Angeles and Law & Politics magazines. As Marion County Prosecutor he led the investigation and prosecution of the former heavyweight boxing champion, Mike Tyson. Other major prosecutions include U.S. v. Althea Flynt (wife of Hustler Magazine publisher; assault). Modisett was Chairman of the Governor’s Commission for a Drug-Free Indiana (1989–2000), and the Governor’s Council of Impaired and Dangerous Driving (1989–2000). He also","title":"Jeff Modisett"},{"id":"1017512","text":"has held its annual Oktoberfest. The Big Bear Lake Oktoberfest also sports the highest Biergarten in the U.S. (in elevation). Big Bear Lake was incorporated as a city on November 28, 1980. During the 1990s, the city became famous as a training spot for boxing champions. Oscar de la Hoya, Mike Tyson, Fernando Vargas, Gennady Golovkin, and Shane Mosley are among the famous boxers who have trained at Big Bear. In February 2013, a major manhunt occurred in the Big Bear Lake area to find Christopher Dorner, who by that point had killed three people. A standoff ended in nearby","title":"Big Bear Lake, California"},{"id":"791316","text":"Obama to issue a pardon. In 2016, another petition for Johnson's pardon was issued by McCain, King, Senator Harry Reid and Congressman Gregory Meeks to President Obama, marking the 70th anniversary since the boxer's death. This time citing a provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act, signed by the president in December 2015, in which Congress expressed that this boxing great should receive a posthumous pardon, and a vote by the United States Commission on Civil Rights passed unanimously a week earlier in June 2016 to \"right this century-old wrong.\" Mike Tyson, Harry Reid and John McCain lent their support","title":"Jack Johnson (boxer)"},{"id":"18996490","text":"Evening Bulletin\", James King of William, died in the Montgomery Block, having been shot by James P. Casey, a city supervisor who felt slighted by King's anti-corruption crusading journalism. The building survived the 1906 earthquake and fire. The Montgomery Block was demolished in 1959, even though a preservation movement had begun to emerge in San Francisco. It was replaced by a parking lot and later, the Transamerica Pyramid. The building is remembered for its historic importance as a bohemian center of the city. At his inauguration as Poet Laureate of San Francisco in 1998, Lawrence Ferlinghetti mentioned \"the classic old","title":"Montgomery Block"},{"id":"506752","text":"going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed\", explained Tyson about the reasons for his \"comeback\". A 1998 ranking of \"The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time\" by \"Ring\" magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box office attraction. According to Douglas Quenqua of \"The New York Times\", \"The [1990s] began with Mike Tyson, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"6310486","text":"treated as an offence under the common law, which is in many states supplemented by legislation (see Bishop, \"Amer. Crim. Law,\" 8th ed. 1892, vol. i. s. 542, vol. ii. ss. 303-305; California Penal Code, s. 302; \"Revised Laws of Massachusetts\", 1902, chap. 212, s. 30.). In 1998, Peter Tatchell of OutRage! was prosecuted for interrupting the Archbishop of Canterbury's Easter sermon with a short gay rights speech. The 1860 legislation (which transferred jurisdiction away from the ecclesiastic courts) was used to try him; his defense focused on the Human Rights Act 1998. He was convicted and fined £18.60 (referring","title":"Brawling (legal definition)"},{"id":"6380417","text":"Armed Crime\", which increased sentences for felons caught using or possessing weapons. In 1998, State Representative Scott Smith and conservative activist Tim Eyman launched Initiative 200, which attempted to prohibit affirmative action preferences. The campaign was soon handed over to Carlson. Within three months, the initiative received enough signatures to qualify for the ballot, and in November 1998, voters approved it overwhelmingly, 58%-42% partly due to its language. \"(1) The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public","title":"John Carlson (radio host)"},{"id":"19488370","text":"special prosecutor in the rape case of boxer Mike Tyson. He has also served as a CBS News legal analyst. Garrison debuted on Indianapolis news/talk station WIBC on June 2, 1997, and his show became syndicated statewide on Network Indiana on January 3, 2000 in replacement of Mike Pence, who would later become Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. In April 2017, Garrison announced his retirement from radio, with his final show taking place on June 9. Greg Garrison (attorney) James Gregory Garrison (born 1948) is an American attorney and radio host. Garrison was born in","title":"Greg Garrison (attorney)"},{"id":"1328695","text":"Cope, who won the 1990 Daytona 500 in a surprise victory after Dale Earnhardt blew a tire on the last lap (though he later won a second Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race that season at Dover International Speedway); Buster Douglas, who was the first boxer to ever knock Mike Tyson out; and Jimmy Glass, a goalkeeper, who is remembered for scoring a goal in the last seconds of the final day of 1998–99 English Third Division that kept his club in The Football League. His subsequently released biography was titled \"One-Hit Wonder\". Some athletes have become remembered for a","title":"One-hit wonder"},{"id":"10716701","text":"program \"\"Get Down With It\"\" on a Public-access television cable TV channel. He interviewed guests such as Tiny Tim and Whoopi Goldberg. In the ensuing years, Ray cultivated an extremely unusual career in Minneapolis as a flamboyantly dressed advertising pitchman. In a 2009 interview, Ray addressed his career-long phenomenon of being famous for being famous by saying \"I'm like Paris with a pretty tan,\" referring to Paris Hilton. Fancy Ray ran for the office of Minnesota state governor in 1998 under the People's Champion banner. This election was famously won by Jesse Ventura, a professional wrestler, minor screen actor, and","title":"Fancy Ray"},{"id":"18363573","text":"Paul Davis, the Democratic minority leader of the Kansas House of Representatives. Davis was endorsed by over 100 former and current Kansas Republican officials who criticized Brownback's leadership. He managed to defeat Davis by 3.69 percent, (a decline from the more than 30% margin in his first Governor's race victory) thanks at least in part to effective campaign ads attacking Davis for his brief detention during a 1998 police raid of a strip club. Brownback's popularity continued to suffer in Kansas after his re-election as governor. Three separate polls between November 2015 and September 2016 ranked Brownback as the nation's","title":"Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117"},{"id":"9194438","text":"The progressive Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, formed in 1920, provided three governors, four United States senators, and eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the 1920s until its merger with the Democratic Party in 1944. The moderate Reform Party was able to elect the former mayor of Brooklyn Park, and former professional wrestler, Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Minnesota branch of the Reform party split off from the national party due to unhappiness about Pat Buchanan's influence in the party, and was renamed the Independence Party. The Independence Party had been able to sustain sufficient support","title":"Politics of Minnesota"},{"id":"4815226","text":"Ken Bradshaw Ken Bradshaw (born October 4, 1952) is an American professional surfer and winner of the 1982 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship. Bradshaw was born in Houston, Texas. On January 28, 1998, Ken Bradshaw successfully towed into, and rode, a wave with a face generally accepted among surf authorities as about . The site was Outside Log Cabins, an outer reef on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii. This wave was his second of the day at about 11:30am. The ride lasted about 30 seconds. There is a poster by the photographer \"Hank\" of Bradshaw riding a 60+ footer","title":"Ken Bradshaw"},{"id":"13028116","text":"them to participate more fully and effectively in the democratic process. Thirty - one states currently have adopted legislation similar to the English Language Unity Act. Alabama (1990) Alaska (1998) Arizona (2006) Arkansas (1987) California (1986) Colorado (1988) Florida (1988) Georgia (1986 & 1996) Hawaii (1978) Idaho (2007) Illinois (1969) Indiana (1984) Iowa (2002) Kansas (2007) Kentucky (1984) Louisiana (1812) Massachusetts (1975) Mississippi (1987) Missouri (1998 & 2008) Montana (1995) Nebraska (1920) New Hampshire (1995) North Carolina (1987) North Dakota (1987) Oklahoma (2010) South Carolina (1987) South Dakota (1995) Tennessee (1984) Utah (2000) Virginia (1981 & 1996) Wyoming (1996). English","title":"English Language Unity Act"},{"id":"5547649","text":"The Parent Trap (1998 film) The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 film of the same name and an adaptation of Erich Kästner's German novel \"Lottie and Lisa\" (\"Das doppelte Lottchen\"). Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her film debut) as both twins, Hallie Parker and Annie James, who are fortuitously reunited at summer camp after being separated at birth.","title":"The Parent Trap (1998 film)"},{"id":"9761128","text":"digits. This occurred between 1994 and 1998, and was done progressively to ensure as little inconvenience and confusion as possible. The gradual change was also to avoid number clashes, a situation where two subscribers in two completely different locations have technically the same telephone number if dialled in their entirety. The first numbers to be converted to eight digits were numbers in the 99x xxxx and 99 xxxx ranges in the suburb of Mona Vale in Sydney, which all became 999x xxxx or 9999 xxxx on 25 July 1994. The final codes changed to eight digits were the Queensland (070),","title":"Former Australian dialling codes"},{"id":"16159358","text":"Handgun License by requesting a hearing before the Department of Public Safety within 35 days of receipt of an Order of Denial for a CHL. An unfavorable ruling on the appeal by the DPS may be further appealed through the New Mexico courts. New Mexico currently recognizes concealed carry permits from or has reciprocal agreements with the following states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. New Mexico does not issue CCW permits to non-residents, except for Active","title":"Gun laws in New Mexico"},{"id":"2619947","text":"South Carolina Chamber of Commerce named Hodges \"Legislator of the Year\" in 1993, and the National Federation of Independent Business bestowed Hodges with its \"Guardian of Small Business\" award. While serving in the state legislature, Hodges also worked as general counsel for The Springs Company. Hodges entered the 1998 gubernatorial election in South Carolina an underdog but took advantage of controversy and missteps by incumbent Republican governor David Beasley, namely Beasley's indecisiveness on allowing a Confederate flag to fly at the state capitol and call to eliminate video poker. Donations from video gambling interests helped Hodges narrow a near million-dollar","title":"Jim Hodges"},{"id":"506755","text":"his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona. Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. Tyson has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts. On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"281616","text":"Fitness rejected Hale's application for a license to practice law. Hale appealed, and a hearing was held on April 10, 1999. On June 30, 1999, a Hearing Panel of the Committee refused to certify that Hale had the requisite moral character and fitness to practice law in Illinois. Attorney Glenn Greenwald represented Hale in a failed federal lawsuit to overturn the licensing decision. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois concluded it did not have jurisdiction to review an earlier decision of the Illinois Supreme Court upholding the license denial. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld","title":"Matthew F. Hale"},{"id":"6907590","text":"distinctive calls such as KH6xxx which used to be exclusively in Hawaii, may be assigned to license holders on the US mainland. However, those licensees with KH6, KL7, KP4, etc., call signs must have been living (or had a mailing address) in Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico when they received those call signs. A newly licensed amateur will always receive a call sign from the district in which he or she lives. For instance, a newly licensed Technician from New England would receive a call sign of the form KC1xxx. The amateur may thereafter apply for a specific or specialized","title":"Amateur radio licensing in the United States"},{"id":"15333152","text":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \"The Sound and the Fury\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \"The Bite Fight\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The referee officiating the fight was","title":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II"},{"id":"14335338","text":"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who had run for Governor and the United States Senate in the previous four years, won the nomination of the Republican Party. In the general election, Barnes was able to defeat Millner by a margin of victory larger than Governor Miller's victory","title":"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election"},{"id":"1526497","text":"a television movie based upon the life of Mike Tyson. Douglas was portrayed by actor Duane Davis. Douglas is one of the few non-students to be honored by Ohio State University with the opportunity to dot the \"i\" during the performance of the Script Ohio by The Ohio State University Marching Band. Buster Douglas James \"Buster\" Douglas (born April 7, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1990, and 1996 to 1999. He is best known for his stunning upset of Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo to win the undisputed heavyweight title.","title":"Buster Douglas"},{"id":"5758939","text":"nearly two-to-one margin. Marty was one of seven DFLers who entered the 1998 gubernatorial campaign, but he dropped out of the race without filing for office. Eventually the party nominated state Attorney General Hubert H. \"Skip\" Humphrey III. In an upset, the Reform Party nominee, former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura, won the election. On December 22, 2008, Marty announced that he had launched an exploratory campaign for governor after encouragement from health care reformers. He made a formal announcement several months later. On February 2, 2010, Marty finished in fourth place in a precinct caucus straw poll with 9.5% of","title":"John Marty"},{"id":"9919178","text":"the widest margin in Alaska history until 2010. This was also the first time since 1970 that any candidate won an outright majority of the vote in an Alaska gubernatorial election. 1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and","title":"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election"},{"id":"20940731","text":"Donald Trump's assertions of generosity toward charities.\"<ref name=\"Pulitzer_4/10/2017\"></ref> In 1996, Trump claimed he wagered $1 million on 20-to-1 odds in a Las Vegas heavyweight title boxing match between Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson. The Las Vegas Sun reported that \"while everyone is careful not to call Trump a liar,\" no one in a position to know about such a sizable wager was aware of it. A 1998 \"New York Observer\" article entitled \"Tricky Donald Trump Beats Jerry Nadler in Game of Politics\" reported that \"Nadler flatly calls Mr. Trump a 'liar',\" quoting Nadler stating, \"Trump got $6 million [in federal","title":"Veracity of statements by Donald Trump"},{"id":"10630585","text":"colleges reportedly offered her sports scholarships while she was still a pupil at St Killian's. However, she opted instead to attend UCD. Although UCD is well known for sports scholarships, Taylor qualified via her Leaving Cert results. However, as Taylor's sporting career began to take off, she chose not to complete her studies at UCD. Taylor first began boxing in 1998, aged 11. Her father coached her and her two older brothers, Lee and Peter, at St Fergal's Boxing Club, which operated out of a former boathouse in Bray. At 15, she fought the first officially sanctioned female boxing match","title":"Katie Taylor"},{"id":"11191688","text":"Sergeant on the day that he was awarded the GC. He retired from the police force in April 1962 after nearly 26 years of service. He ran a tobacco/sweet shop before selling the business to set up his own private investigations agency. Fairfax Investigators Ltd, which proved a success, was sold in 1980. He retired to Dorset, where he was an active Freemason. Fairfax was a boxer in his youth, and in retirement became a boxing judge. Frederick Fairfax died in Yeovil on 23 February 1998, just a few months before Bentley was pardoned of murdering Police Constable Miles. Fred","title":"Fred Fairfax"},{"id":"506741","text":"probation along with undergoing 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee when he went down and said that he was unable to continue. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest. In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first match was staged at the MEN Arena at Manchester, England against","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"13890066","text":"older son Matthew was beaten and pistol whipped in Laramie, Wyoming. Matthew Shepard died six days later at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado on October 12, 1998 at age 21. It was widely reported by mass media that it was due to him being gay. The incident became one of the defining cases of hate-crimes and was cited for passing hate-crime legislation. In response, Judy Shepard created the Matthew Shepard Foundation. The foundation's purpose is to advance \"social justice, diversity awareness and education, and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people\". She is the founding president","title":"Judy Shepard"},{"id":"6652301","text":"time. (Being a lawyer in Louisiana, or anywhere in the United States, is not simply a matter of having a law degree, although that is usually a prerequisite, but of being licensed to practice law, which almost always requires passing a bar examination. On April 9, 1998, he did become licensed to practice law. He has his own law firm in Baton Rouge, and handles a variety of matters. Fields is credited with the original version of a quotation that became popular following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election. At the \"State of the Black Union 2008\" symposium","title":"Cleo Fields"},{"id":"13005696","text":"and professional wrestling promoter, ran as an independent. Wales legally changed his name to Outlaw Josey Wales in 1998. He had run for mayor before in 1999, having received 19,741 votes, around 10%. Wale's platform included increasing the pay of police officers, making it illegal to drive while using a cellphone, and stricter enforcement of carpool lanes. White served his third term as mayor and as ineligible for re-election in the 2009 mayoral elections. Ulman would run again that year, but received only 1% of the vote. She ran again in 2011, receiving 1,882 votes. 2007 Houston mayoral election The","title":"2007 Houston mayoral election"},{"id":"8628107","text":"the attorney general provides help – especially in death-penalty cases – and defends convictions in the appellate courts. Myers had been vigorous in efforts against sexual assault – largely by promoting improved training for police, prosecutors and professionals who treat medical and psychological effects – and for improved restitution for crime victims generally. Although Myers was not among the half dozen attorneys general negotiating directly with tobacco industry – Washington state's Christine Gregoire, now governor, was one of them – Oregon received a larger share of the 1998 national tobacco settlement than most other states as a result of the","title":"Hardy Myers"},{"id":"9479095","text":"\"Alaska’s denial of the benefits and dignity of marriage for them only perpetuates this discrimination without legitimate grounds.” Burgess also barred Alaska from refusing to acknowledge lawful same-sex marriages conducted in other states. In 1995 two men, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, relying on the then-gender-neutral marriage code of Alaska submitted an application for a marriage license to the Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics, Third Judicial District at Anchorage, which was denied despite satisfying all of the requirements of the state with the exception of being of the same gender. In the wake of the Hawaii Supreme Court's decision in","title":"Alaska Ballot Measure 2 (1998)"},{"id":"11516899","text":"up for election in 2004, a crowded field developed in the Republican primary. Furthermore, the Republicans were motivated by having President Bush at the top of the ticket enabling them to ride his coattails to victory. Former Governor David Beasley, from the Pee Dee, entered the race and quickly emerged as the frontrunner because of his support from the evangelical voters. However, during his term as governor from 1994 to 1998 he had greatly angered the electorate by proposing to remove the Confederate Naval Jack from the dome of the statehouse and by being against the adoption of a state","title":"2004 United States Senate election in South Carolina"},{"id":"18829282","text":"Fairbank's movies around 1920, married and kept company with several actresses, and later raised prize race horses. Benjamin was born on September 7, 1898 (or, in 1899, according to the U.S. Federal Census of 1900) in Portland, Oregon to German immigrants, Isaac and Goldie Benjamin. His father opened a clothing store in downtown Portland. When he was four his family moved to Spokane, Washington. Leaving home at a young age, Benjamin took an early job as a stable boy in Allentown, Idaho, and tried to make a living as a jockey, but seemed to have more talent as a boxer.","title":"Joe Benjamin (boxer)"},{"id":"11936732","text":"Snorg Tees SnorgTees is an American company based in the US state of Georgia, specialising in T-shirt designs that reference popular culture or make humorous assertions about the wearer. Auburn student Alice Fraasa became a minor internet celebrity after modelling for the company's online advertisements. The company was started during 2004 by two brothers in Atlanta, Georgia. Matt Walls is the president of the company, and his brother Bryan Walls is in charge of the designs. The business grew rapidly, becoming profitable within a year, and earning SnorgTees the number 6 rank on the Bulldog 100, which is a list","title":"Snorg Tees"},{"id":"936470","text":"The film, \"300\", inspired the commercial, which featured the Mexican champions battling giants and other large creatures. In early 2011, De La Hoya visited U.S. military personnel in Kuwait and Iraq under the auspices of the USO, holding boxing clinics and greeting the troops. De La Hoya has spoken about his intention to run for President against Donald Trump in the 2020 election. In 1998, at age 23, he was accused of rape. Mexican authorities investigated, with no charges filed, and De La Hoya maintained his innocence. A lawsuit was then filed in San Bernardino, California County Superior Court, alleging","title":"Oscar De La Hoya"},{"id":"1587533","text":"formerly owned by ex-boxer Mike Tyson, listing it for sale at $18.5 million to move closer to his son (who lives on Long Island with his ex-girlfriend). The mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut declared October 12, 2007 \"50 Cent Curtis Jackson Day\", honoring the rapper with a proclamation and a key to the city. One of Jackson's New York homes, purchased in January 2007 for $2.4 million and the center of a lawsuit between Jackson and Shaniqua Tompkins, caught fire on May 31, 2008 while he was filming in Louisiana. In December 2008, he told the Canadian press that he had","title":"50 Cent"},{"id":"9636838","text":"1998 Northern Territory referendum A referendum was held in the Northern Territory on Saturday, 3 October 1998, to decide whether the Territory should become a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Country Liberal Party government, and its federal counterpart, supported the Yes case. The opposition Labor Party supported the No case. The referendum was narrowly defeated, 51.9% to 48.1%. The \"Yes\" case received 44,702 votes, the \"No\" case 48,241. There were 1068 informal ballots. The result was widely interpreted as a personal rebuke to then Chief Minister Shane Stone. Polls suggest that most Territorians continue to support statehood for","title":"1998 Northern Territory referendum"},{"id":"506731","text":"and Buster Mathis Jr.. Tyson's first comeback fight grossed more than US$96 million worldwide, including a United States record $63 million for PPV television. The viewing of the fight was purchased by 1.52 million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records. The 89-second fight elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up \"tomato cans\" to ensure easy victories for his return. \"TV Guide\" included the Tyson-McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998. Tyson regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title against Frank Bruno in March 1996. It was","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"18374642","text":"the Adelaide Football Club was born. The fallout from the failed bid resulted in some calling for Port Adelaide to be expelled from the SANFL. However, Port Adelaide continued to compete and continued to dominate. The Magpies followed their triple triumphs from 1988 to 1990 with a premiership in 1992 and three in a row again from 1994 to 1996, then again in 1998 and 1999. In 1994, the AFL announced it would award a second AFL licence to a South Australian club. Adelaide's Channel 7 broadcaster ran a phone poll asking whether Port Adelaide should get the second licence","title":"Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry"},{"id":"16691346","text":"have executive orders prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on \"sexual orientation\" only: Alaska, Arizona, and Missouri. The remaining states do not offer any type of discrimination protections for the LGBT community, although some cities and localities have passed their own ordinances within these states. 1972: although the first local protections were enacted this year in Michigan (in East Lansing and Ann Arbor). 1973: District of Columbia: 1975: Pennsylvania: 1979: California: 1982: Wisconsin: 1983: New York: 1985: New Mexico: 1987: Oregon: 1988: Oregon: 1989: Massachusetts: 1990: Colorado: 1991: Connecticut: 1992: California: 1993: Minnesota: 1995: Maryland: 1996: Illinois: 1998: New Hampshire:","title":"LGBT employment discrimination in the United States"},{"id":"15362826","text":"full statehood. Voters supported continuation of the Commonwealth option, which received 48% of the votes. In 1998, the NPP Governor Pedro Rosselló carried out a non-binding plebiscite on political status, in which voters were asked to choose from one of four political status options (statehood, free association, commonwealth, or independence) or a fifth one, \"none of the above\". The Popular Democratic Party led a campaign to boycott the plebiscite, calling on the electorate to vote for the \"none of the above\" option. The boycott was successful, as the \"none of the above\" choice garnered more votes than any of the","title":"Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)"},{"id":"3005011","text":"1998 about 97 percent of the population could receive the channel. On 2 October 1996, TV3 announced a reshuffling of its broadcast frequencies to enable it to launch a new network, to be called TV4 Network Limited, on the VHF band. TV4, which started on 29 June 1997, is a free-to-air network aimed at a younger audience than TV3. The launch was considered successful, with high brand recognition and ratings significantly higher than MTV, TV4's television rival. TV4's opening broadcast was the controversial Tyson–Holyfield boxing rematch. In April 1997 CanWest purchased Westpac's 48 percent shareholding in TV3, taking CanWest's stake","title":"Three (TV channel)"},{"id":"8775414","text":"boxing industry, especially if it does not regulate any other sport. In May 2016, a bill was introduced to Congress by Markwayne Mullin, a politician and former mixed martial artist, to extend the Ali Act to mixed martial arts. Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and","title":"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act"},{"id":"506700","text":"Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout or stoppage, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after stopping Trevor Berbick in the second round, and added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987.","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"8301934","text":"On 27 November 1998, Boucher was acquitted of ordering the murder of the two prison guards in 1997, and afterwards became a folk-hero in Quebec, with people in the poor neighborhood of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in Montreal cheering Boucher and his fellow Angels as they rode their Harley-Davidson motorcycles down the streets like it was a royal procession. On the night of 27 November 1998, to celebrate his acquittal, Boucher attended a boxing match in Verdun with his fellow Nomads, with the audience cheering him as he took his seat and hundreds of people lining up to get his autograph. Boucher become","title":"Quebec Biker War"},{"id":"19731056","text":"at Minnesota’s Mayo Clinic as a prerequisite to being granted a boxing license. Ali checked into the clinic on July 23, 1980. His neurological exam was conducted by Dr. Frank Howard, whose report contained the following information: Ali showed a slight degree of missing when he tried to touch his finger to his nose, he had difficulty in coordinating the muscles used in speaking, and he did not hop on one foot with expected agility. However, Dr. Howard determined that there were no specific findings to prohibit Ali from fighting. The Mayo Clinic report was forwarded to the Nevada State","title":"Muhammad Ali vs. Larry Holmes"},{"id":"8775412","text":"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry (See 114 Stat. 321(3)(2000)). The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act by expanding upon legislation against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, as well as additional amendments. The Act was enacted in response","title":"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15333163\",\n \"text\": \"rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. In the 2008 documentary \\\"Tyson\\\", the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting. On October 16, 2009 on \\\"The Oprah Winfrey Show\\\", Tyson apologized to Holyfield. Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson. A book entitled\",\n \"title\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7293488\",\n \"text\": \"1996. In their 1997 rematch, Tyson bit a chunk from Holyfield's ear, resulting in his disqualification; Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year and he was fined US$3 million. Holyfield won two of the three title belts, but lost a final match in 1999 with WBC champion Lennox Lewis, who became undisputed champion. The last decade has witnessed a continued decline in the popularity of boxing in the United States, marked by a malaise in the heavyweight division and the increased competition in the Pay-Per-View market from MMA and its main promotion, the\",\n \"title\": \"Professional boxing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17306523\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha Mike Tyson and Francois Botha competed in a professional boxing match on January 16, 1999. Tyson won the match by knocking out Botha in the fifth round. After Tyson's controversial fight with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506738\",\n \"text\": \"Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506739\",\n \"text\": \"not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998. During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of Michaels' stable, D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV. In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18215765\",\n \"text\": \"Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), he served as the Chairman of the Medical Advisory Board that made hepatitis testing mandatory in all athletes. He was part of the board that denied Mike Tyson his license for boxing in 2002. Before leaving the NSAC, Alamo sanctioned one of the largest bouts in boxing history, Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather. Alamo is the first person in Nevada history to have served on both the Gaming and Athletic Commission. In July 2014, Alamo was appointed by Governor Brian Sandoval to be chairman to the Nevada Gaming Commission. Tony Alamo, M.D. serves\",\n \"title\": \"Antonio Alamo Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4346880\",\n \"text\": \"Shannon Briggs Shannon Briggs (born December 4, 1971) is an American professional boxer. A twenty-year veteran of the sport, he is twice a former world heavyweight champion, having held the lineal title from 1997 to 1998, and the WBO title from 2006 to 2007. Born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, Briggs was homeless for a period in his childhood. In 1983, when Briggs was 12, he saw Mike Tyson in Bristol Park, Brooklyn, New York. Briggs' friends called out, \\\"Here comes Mike.\\\" Briggs said he was too scared to run and that seeing\",\n \"title\": \"Shannon Briggs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15333162\",\n \"text\": \"his championship and the incident with Tyson, Holyfield said he already forgave Tyson for biting him since he has 100% faith in God and Jesus. Nonetheless, Tyson was sentenced with a permanent suspension from boxing and his license cancelled indefinitely. Tyson was also fined $3,000,000 and had to serve a period of community service. After a year and an appeal in court, Tyson's license was reinstated. When Tyson and Holyfield retired from boxing they befriended each other and are now close friends today. The fight generated a total revenue of $180,000,000 ($), from live gate, pay-per-view, closed-circuit telecasts, foreign television\",\n \"title\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8695401\",\n \"text\": \"cost of supervised probation. Brown considered running for mayor of the District of Columbia in 1998, but he ultimately decided against it, saying his mother was adamantly against it. At the time, he was a lobbyist for Patton Boggs and president and chief executive of the Ronald H. Brown Foundation. From 1996 to 2005, Brown was vice chairman of the District of Columbia Boxing and Wrestling Commission. His efforts to bring a Mike Tyson-Lenox Lewis boxing match to the District were ultimately unsuccessful. In 2005, Brown's wages were garnished by a court for defaulting on payments on a lease of\",\n \"title\": \"Michael A. Brown (Washington, D.C. politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346875\",\n \"text\": \"said \\\"it was brilliant to flatten one [a police officer] and get paid for it\\\". She currently resides in Bristol. The British Boxing Board of Control initially refused to grant Couch a professional licence on the sole ground that she was a woman, and argued that PMS made women too unstable to box. Claiming sexual discrimination and supported by the Equal Opportunities Commission, Couch managed to have this decision overturned by a tribunal in March 1998. However, some criticism followed as the British Medical Association called this result \\\"a demented extension of equal opportunities\\\". Couch would later seek the right\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Couch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346874\",\n \"text\": \"Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \\\"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\\\". At the age of 26 she saw a television documentary about women's boxing and decided to try it. In her first official fight, a Muay Thai match, she defeated a policewoman, about which she\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Couch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4531306\",\n \"text\": \"residents. He was also important in developing a fan base for local fighters including the then amateur Michael Carbajal and Yvonne Trevino. He has also written columns on the careers of Phoenix residents Jesús González, Vassiliy Jirov, and José Miguel Cotto, who is Puerto Rican. In 1998, Frauenheim was one of the first boxing writers in Arizona to announce that Mike Tyson had moved there. Frauenheim was one of the first writers to note that Julio César Chávez allegedly left Phoenix without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing Commission after his 2000 bout with Kostya Tszyu.\",\n \"title\": \"Norm Frauenheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262440\",\n \"text\": \"by Republican Richard Nixon. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level \\\"Democratic\\\" party is actually a separate party, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties. The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party\",\n \"title\": \"Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346879\",\n \"text\": \"in the 2012 Summer Olympics. In December 2009, Couch promoted a competition at the Marriott Hotel, Bristol. Couch also has her own YouTube channel which features regular interviews with people involved in boxing. Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \\\"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\\\". At\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Couch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1810118\",\n \"text\": \"news to the Bowe, and explained to the media at the time 'The heavyweight champion was very moved by the story and having lost a brother and a sister earlier in life, decided to make a financial contribution to the family of Mr. Yap.\\\" Bowe authorized her to fly to the Philippines and try to locate the man's family, make a contribution to their expenses, and also provide funds to support the Philippine boxing Team training for the Olympics (in the name of the deceased). Bowe was convicted of the February 1998 kidnapping of his estranged wife Judy, and their\",\n \"title\": \"Riddick Bowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5274033\",\n \"text\": \"a type of plate. The State of Maryland was going to revoke permission for use of the Confederate flag from a certain plate by the Sons of Confederate Veterans, but a court ruled that the only way the state could do that was to revoke permission on all specialty plates. All U.S. states offer specialized license plates for licensed amateur radio operators, in many cases at no extra charge or at a discount compared to standard vanity plates. In some states statutes regarding amateur radio plates where enacted decades prior to vanity plate programs. Among the stated reasons in various\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506771\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"Nine Legends\\\" where he discussed his time involved in WWE. Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues: The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded Tyson an honorary doctorate in humane letters: \\\"Mike demonstrates that hard work, determination and perseverance can enable one to overcome any obstacles.\\\" Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"924625\",\n \"text\": \"Graciano Rocchigiani from Germany and the former champion Michael Nunn to fill the vacancy, sanctioning it as a world championship match. On 21 March 1998, Rocchigiani won the fight and a WBC belt; in the subsequent WBC rankings, he was listed as \\\"Light-Heavyweight World Champion\\\". Jones, however, had a change of heart and asked if the WBC would reinstate him as the champion. In a move that violated nearly a dozen of its own regulations, the WBC granted the reinstatement. Rocchigiani received a letter from the WBC advising that the publication of his name as champion was a typographical error,\",\n \"title\": \"World Boxing Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9022537\",\n \"text\": \"his career in public relations and worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C. From 1966 to 1975 he served as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. In this role, he generated controversy when he suspended the boxing license of Muhammad Ali for refusing to be drafted into the Army. In 1972, he changed the policy on access for women sports journalists, permitting them to occupy seats reserved for the press and to enter dressing rooms provided that male athletes were properly attired. He died in Boca Raton, Florida on January 25, 1982. He was cremated, and his ashes\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin B. Dooley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2302737\",\n \"text\": \"an uphill battle in a state that has not elected a Democrat statewide since 1994, as George W. Bush's landslide re-election as governor in 1998 had helped carry Republicans into all the other statewide offices. In the August 2006 Rasmussen poll, Hutchison led her opponent by 30 percentage points — 61 to 31. The Survey USA Poll, which is not a head-to-head matchup, but only lists approval ratings of incumbents, found Hutchison with a 61 percent approval rating. The Zogby poll, in contrast, showed a closer result, but still showed Hutchison with a 18.9 percent lead. The authors stated \\\"...Republican\",\n \"title\": \"Kay Bailey Hutchison\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085125\",\n \"text\": \"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his antisemitic and racist\",\n \"title\": \"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6604213\",\n \"text\": \"more so. Rapper-activists Flavor Flav and Chuck D are assassinated on August 11, 1998 in Columbus, Georgia by a psychotic off-duty policeman. Their untimely deaths are commemorated in a national holiday called \\\"Chuck D Day\\\", celebrated on the first Monday in August. World politics are dominated by the Second Cold War, which is a three-way deadlock between the North American Confederation, China, and the European Community. In 2003 the United States has annexed most of Canada as the 51st through 58th states and Puerto Rico and Cuba are absorbed as the 59th and 60th States. Quebec separatists managed to form\",\n \"title\": \"Underground (role-playing game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5274036\",\n \"text\": \"all of Florida's specialty plates until it was overtaken by a plate to support the critically endangered Florida panther. In 2006, it was outsold by a plate for the University of Florida. Florida currently offers 122 specialty plates, more than any other state, while other states offer only a few. There also exist standard-issue specialty plates. For instance, a number of states issued plates recognizing the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976. Several states have also issued plates commemorating milestones in their own state, such as when, in 1998, Alaska celebrated the Centennial of the Klondike Gold Rush with new license plates\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8236608\",\n \"text\": \"1998 United States gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 3, 1998 in 36 states and two territories. Going into the election 24 of the seats were held by Republicans, 11 by Democrats, and one by an Independent. The elections changed the national balance of power by the loss of one Republican and the gain of one Independent, although it shifted in nine states. Democrats gained open seats in California and Iowa and defeated incumbents Fob James of Alabama and David Beasley of South Carolina, while Republicans won open seats in Colorado, Florida, Nebraska, and Nevada and\",\n \"title\": \"1998 United States gubernatorial elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8184771\",\n \"text\": \"Court then agreed to a negotiated 18-month suspension of his law license (165 VT 598). In ratifying the suspension, the Supreme Court noted that Illuzzi had been guilty of five prior disciplinary offenses. As of February 9, 1998, Attorney Illuzzi had completed all requirements for reinstatement of his license to practice law, including successful completion of an ethics course and support from other lawyers and judges. However, the Court refused to sign the two-sentence reinstatement order until July 28, 1998. Three days later, the state's largest newspaper, The Burlington Free Press, editorialized that Illuzzi was being unfairly treated by the\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Illuzzi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8220216\",\n \"text\": \"District of New York and the Central District of California, this Court holds that Plaintiff is precluded from re-litigating the issue of its ownership of copyrights based on the 1998 Agreement...\\\" The judge held that SLMI owned no valid copyright, and disallowed their further amending their claims. Disney then sued SLMI for almost $500,000 in legal fees, of which they were granted $239,941. SLMI appealed the decision against them in the Colorado case (which appeal, if effective, would have also cancelled the $239,941 judgment against them), and sold a license to the Marvel character \\\"Spider-man\\\" to the American Musical Theater\",\n \"title\": \"Stan Lee Media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5868649\",\n \"text\": \"was retired in 1998 after Hartman's death. In addition to McClure, Hartman also provided the voice of the cable guy. The character Drederick Tatum, one of the boxers in the boxing match Homer and his friends watch, also makes his first appearance on the show in this episode. His physical appearance was based on the American boxer Mike Tyson, and he was named after a real boxer \\\"Simpsons\\\" writer George Meyer had seen. The scene in which Homer stands in front of and is struck by the cable man's truck resembles a scene in Alfred Hitchcock's film \\\"North by Northwest\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15008044\",\n \"text\": \"was approved in a popular referendum on November 3, 1998. The amendment passed with 68% in favor and 32% opposed. The Alaska Civil Liberties Union attempted to prevent the referendum from proceeding, but in August 1998 the Alaska Superior Court held that the proposed referendum and accompanying ballot description were legally permissible. In August 1994, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, a same-sex male couple, filed an application for a marriage license which was denied by the Alaska Office of Vital Statistics. They filed suit in the Alaska Superior Court, arguing that their rights to privacy and equal protectionboth of which\",\n \"title\": \"Same-sex marriage in Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8532068\",\n \"text\": \"relations and public affairs firm of Fleishman-Hillard as Senior Vice-President and Partner. At an early age, with his parents (Russell and Anna Thomas), brother (Lloyd) and sister (Marilyn Brazell), he developed a passion for horse racing. His passion never diminished, and he became the major force for re-establishing the racing industry in California, as we know it today. He authored and provided dynamic leadership in achieving license fee reduction in 1998, which greatly benefited all segments of the industry and kept California competitive with other states. Ken was the author of the bill that authorized satellite wagering in California in\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth L. Maddy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5217187\",\n \"text\": \"his 2018 season early with subsequent hip surgery in August 2018 due to an injury he sustained during his Madrid final retirement earlier in May 2018, which would have elevated the Bryan brothers as the oldest players back to the top of the men's doubles ranking if they were victorious. Bob Bryan's recovery is expected to take about 6 months, which has led to his brother Mike's rare and uncertain search for other partners to play with in his absence. He finished the year as the no. 1 ranked singles player in the nation in 1998 after winning the clay\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Bryan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17446755\",\n \"text\": \"these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony offense. Tattooing was legalized in New York City in 1997, in Massachusetts in 2000 and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006. Tattoo artists and people with tattoos vary widely in their preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first 24 hours while others suggest removing temporary bandaging\",\n \"title\": \"Process of tattooing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11507500\",\n \"text\": \"came from the Upstate, was a face of the New New South, and opposed to pork barrel spending. Hollings viciously attacked Inglis on the campaign trail as a \\\"goddamn skunk\\\" and when Inglis requested that Hollings sign a pledge for campaign courtesy, Hollings replied that Inglis could \\\"kiss his fanny.\\\" Inglis tried to tie Hollings to President Clinton, who had been tainted by the Lewinsky scandal. Ultimately, Hollings won the race for four crucial reasons. First, Inglis refused to accept PAC donations which allowed Hollings to enjoy a huge financial advantage and blanket the state with his television advertisements. Secondly,\",\n \"title\": \"1998 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14335339\",\n \"text\": \"over Millner four years prior, which was in part due to the unpopularity and controversy of Mitch Skandalakis, the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Georgia. 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4793674\",\n \"text\": \"The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over one million copies in the United States. Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2.297 million digital copies in the US as of November 2016. In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line \\\"son of a bitch\\\" was uncensored. This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998. It spent\",\n \"title\": \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16123960\",\n \"text\": \"state likewise recognizes a Georgia license.\\\" The states recognized under reciprocity include: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. A non-resident of Georgia to whom has been issued a firearm license by a state listed above may carry a firearm while in Georgia in accordance with Georgia law. This includes non-residents under the age of 21. South Carolina H3799 was signed by Gov Haley on June 3, 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"785291\",\n \"text\": \"vice president. The NRA focused its attention on the gun control policies of the Clinton Administration. Knox again lost power in 1997, as he lost reelection to a coalition of moderate leaders who supported movie star Charlton Heston, despite Heston's past support of gun control legislation. In 1994, the NRA unsuccessfully opposed the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB), but successfully lobbied for the ban's 2004 expiration. Heston was elected president in 1998 and became a highly visible spokesman for the organization. In an effort to improve the NRA's image, Heston presented himself as the voice of reason in contrast to\",\n \"title\": \"National Rifle Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2300313\",\n \"text\": \"records to the public over three decades earlier: If members of the public desire incident reports and investigative files, they normally have to sue to obtain them, cases sometimes costing $25,000 or more. Media law experts were amazed after learning Montgomery County's sheriff released non-public investigative files from 1998 with just a records request. \\\"That is unusual,\\\" said Mike Merriam, media lawyer for the Kansas Press Association. \\\"They have denied releasing records routinely over and over and over again.\\\" Brownback's campaign capitalized on the 16-year-old incident. Brownback was reelected with a plurality, defeating Davis by a 3.69 percent margin. His\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Brownback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9080598\",\n \"text\": \"'Don't get in my way.'\\\" The result was laws, or the lack thereof, that permitted persons to carry firearms openly, known as \\\"open carry\\\", often without any permit required, in 22 states by 1998. Laws that permitted persons to carry concealed handguns, sometimes termed a \\\"concealed handgun license\\\", \\\"CHL\\\", or \\\"concealed pistol license\\\", \\\"CPL\\\" in some jurisdictions instead of \\\"CCW\\\", existed in 34 states in the U.S. by 2004. Since then, the number of states with CCW laws has increased; , all 50 states have some form of CCW laws on the books. Economist John Lott has argued that right-to-carry\",\n \"title\": \"Gun violence in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3966478\",\n \"text\": \"election he competed in as a Republican. He beat Democrat Clayton Suddith, an army veteran and former Franklin County Commissioner. Incumbent Republican Frank Murkowski easily won re-election to a fourth term against Democratic nominee Joseph Sonneman, a perennial candidate, earning nearly 75% of the vote. Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a third term over Democratic attorney Ed Ranger. Incumbent Dale Bumpers retired. U.S. Representative Blanche Lincoln won the open seat. Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term. Although the race was predicted to be fairly close, Boxer still defeated Fong by a ten-point margin. Boxer\",\n \"title\": \"1998 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9550534\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Friedline Douglas Friedline (19572006) was a Minnesota-born political campaign director in the United States. Friedline worked exclusively with independent and third party candidates with the goal of breaking the two party oligopoly in American politics. Friedline gained most of his notoriety during the 1998 election of his home state in which he helped then professional wrestler Jesse Ventura become governor of Minnesota. Doug Friedline is best known for his unorthodox and often irreverent style of advertising. In 1998 Friedline used action figures to represent candidate Jesse Ventura in a number of television spots. In radio ads Ventura was cast\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Friedline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15744457\",\n \"text\": \"similar licensing requirements (subject to frequent review and revision), which, as of March 2016, includes: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Many of these states reciprocate and accept a Wyoming permit as valid, however this is a frequently changing and often unspecified distinction. Independent confirmation by directly contacting the attorney general of the state in question is recommended. Effective July 2011, Wyoming became\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in Wyoming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503737\",\n \"text\": \"marriages and that the statutes were constitutional because they served the public interest by promoting \\\"the link between procreation and child rearing\\\". She disagreed with the defendants' contention that \\\"history and tradition\\\" justify the state's interest in preserving marriage. The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the Vermont Supreme Court. On November 3, 1998, voters in Alaska and Hawaii approved referendums in opposition to same-sex marriage.Two weeks later, on the eve of oral arguments in \\\"Baker\\\" before the Vermont Supreme Court, Tracey Conaty of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said \\\"Right now Vermont, in many ways, is our biggest\",\n \"title\": \"Baker v. Vermont\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085136\",\n \"text\": \"Judge Joan Lefkow. Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his\",\n \"title\": \"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18725302\",\n \"text\": \"permit holders. The number of concealed-carry permit-holders in Florida went up during Bush's tenure, and Florida has more concealed carry license holders than any other state, partially as a result of the new laws, a fact which Bush has touted while campaigning in 2015. In 2005, as governor, Bush signed the \\\"stand-your-ground law\\\" on the use of deadly force. In 1998, while running for governor, Bush supported a Florida law requiring background checks for firearms purchased at gun shows (such checks are not required by federal law). In June 2015, following the Charleston church killings, he rejected calls for stricter\",\n \"title\": \"Political positions of Jeb Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9919175\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and the most recent election in which an Alaskan governor was re-elected. Incumbent Democratic governor Tony Knowles was up for re-election. On the Republican side, three major candidates jockeyed for the nomination:\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"247656\",\n \"text\": \"official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse. The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise. Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest\",\n \"title\": \"Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15285438\",\n \"text\": \"part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented); two large additions to Nevada, which became a state in 1864, were made in 1866 and 1867. However, there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes. One notable example is the case \\\"New Jersey v. New York\\\", in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states\",\n \"title\": \"Admission to the Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506709\",\n \"text\": \"was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times. He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered there by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer. Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato. Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior. He would later be awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11798406\",\n \"text\": \"wing amateur boxers such as national contender Jeffery Page from Andover, Kansas and numerous other amateurs in a team known as Wichita Hard Hitters. Also for a short period he coached the Golden Glove champion Charles Ellis through a short but explosive professional career. |- Ross Puritty Ross Puritty (born December 18, 1966 in Norman, Oklahoma) is a retired heavyweight professional boxer. A high-level journeyman and occasional heavyweight contender, Puritty is best remembered for his shocking upset of Wladimir Klitschko in 1998 that won him the WBC international Heavyweight title, as well as for fighting former World Boxing Organization's world\",\n \"title\": \"Ross Puritty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12692214\",\n \"text\": \"the states’ effort to reform the sweepstakes industry to better protect consumers, especially the elderly. He was voted one of the top lawyers in Indiana by Indianapolis Monthly magazine and, more recently, one of California’s \\\"Superlawyers\\\" by Los Angeles and Law & Politics magazines. As Marion County Prosecutor he led the investigation and prosecution of the former heavyweight boxing champion, Mike Tyson. Other major prosecutions include U.S. v. Althea Flynt (wife of Hustler Magazine publisher; assault). Modisett was Chairman of the Governor’s Commission for a Drug-Free Indiana (1989–2000), and the Governor’s Council of Impaired and Dangerous Driving (1989–2000). He also\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Modisett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1017512\",\n \"text\": \"has held its annual Oktoberfest. The Big Bear Lake Oktoberfest also sports the highest Biergarten in the U.S. (in elevation). Big Bear Lake was incorporated as a city on November 28, 1980. During the 1990s, the city became famous as a training spot for boxing champions. Oscar de la Hoya, Mike Tyson, Fernando Vargas, Gennady Golovkin, and Shane Mosley are among the famous boxers who have trained at Big Bear. In February 2013, a major manhunt occurred in the Big Bear Lake area to find Christopher Dorner, who by that point had killed three people. A standoff ended in nearby\",\n \"title\": \"Big Bear Lake, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"791316\",\n \"text\": \"Obama to issue a pardon. In 2016, another petition for Johnson's pardon was issued by McCain, King, Senator Harry Reid and Congressman Gregory Meeks to President Obama, marking the 70th anniversary since the boxer's death. This time citing a provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act, signed by the president in December 2015, in which Congress expressed that this boxing great should receive a posthumous pardon, and a vote by the United States Commission on Civil Rights passed unanimously a week earlier in June 2016 to \\\"right this century-old wrong.\\\" Mike Tyson, Harry Reid and John McCain lent their support\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Johnson (boxer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18996490\",\n \"text\": \"Evening Bulletin\\\", James King of William, died in the Montgomery Block, having been shot by James P. Casey, a city supervisor who felt slighted by King's anti-corruption crusading journalism. The building survived the 1906 earthquake and fire. The Montgomery Block was demolished in 1959, even though a preservation movement had begun to emerge in San Francisco. It was replaced by a parking lot and later, the Transamerica Pyramid. The building is remembered for its historic importance as a bohemian center of the city. At his inauguration as Poet Laureate of San Francisco in 1998, Lawrence Ferlinghetti mentioned \\\"the classic old\",\n \"title\": \"Montgomery Block\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506752\",\n \"text\": \"going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed\\\", explained Tyson about the reasons for his \\\"comeback\\\". A 1998 ranking of \\\"The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time\\\" by \\\"Ring\\\" magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box office attraction. According to Douglas Quenqua of \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"The [1990s] began with Mike Tyson, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6310486\",\n \"text\": \"treated as an offence under the common law, which is in many states supplemented by legislation (see Bishop, \\\"Amer. Crim. Law,\\\" 8th ed. 1892, vol. i. s. 542, vol. ii. ss. 303-305; California Penal Code, s. 302; \\\"Revised Laws of Massachusetts\\\", 1902, chap. 212, s. 30.). In 1998, Peter Tatchell of OutRage! was prosecuted for interrupting the Archbishop of Canterbury's Easter sermon with a short gay rights speech. The 1860 legislation (which transferred jurisdiction away from the ecclesiastic courts) was used to try him; his defense focused on the Human Rights Act 1998. He was convicted and fined £18.60 (referring\",\n \"title\": \"Brawling (legal definition)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6380417\",\n \"text\": \"Armed Crime\\\", which increased sentences for felons caught using or possessing weapons. In 1998, State Representative Scott Smith and conservative activist Tim Eyman launched Initiative 200, which attempted to prohibit affirmative action preferences. The campaign was soon handed over to Carlson. Within three months, the initiative received enough signatures to qualify for the ballot, and in November 1998, voters approved it overwhelmingly, 58%-42% partly due to its language. \\\"(1) The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public\",\n \"title\": \"John Carlson (radio host)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19488370\",\n \"text\": \"special prosecutor in the rape case of boxer Mike Tyson. He has also served as a CBS News legal analyst. Garrison debuted on Indianapolis news/talk station WIBC on June 2, 1997, and his show became syndicated statewide on Network Indiana on January 3, 2000 in replacement of Mike Pence, who would later become Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. In April 2017, Garrison announced his retirement from radio, with his final show taking place on June 9. Greg Garrison (attorney) James Gregory Garrison (born 1948) is an American attorney and radio host. Garrison was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Greg Garrison (attorney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1328695\",\n \"text\": \"Cope, who won the 1990 Daytona 500 in a surprise victory after Dale Earnhardt blew a tire on the last lap (though he later won a second Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race that season at Dover International Speedway); Buster Douglas, who was the first boxer to ever knock Mike Tyson out; and Jimmy Glass, a goalkeeper, who is remembered for scoring a goal in the last seconds of the final day of 1998–99 English Third Division that kept his club in The Football League. His subsequently released biography was titled \\\"One-Hit Wonder\\\". Some athletes have become remembered for a\",\n \"title\": \"One-hit wonder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10716701\",\n \"text\": \"program \\\"\\\"Get Down With It\\\"\\\" on a Public-access television cable TV channel. He interviewed guests such as Tiny Tim and Whoopi Goldberg. In the ensuing years, Ray cultivated an extremely unusual career in Minneapolis as a flamboyantly dressed advertising pitchman. In a 2009 interview, Ray addressed his career-long phenomenon of being famous for being famous by saying \\\"I'm like Paris with a pretty tan,\\\" referring to Paris Hilton. Fancy Ray ran for the office of Minnesota state governor in 1998 under the People's Champion banner. This election was famously won by Jesse Ventura, a professional wrestler, minor screen actor, and\",\n \"title\": \"Fancy Ray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18363573\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Davis, the Democratic minority leader of the Kansas House of Representatives. Davis was endorsed by over 100 former and current Kansas Republican officials who criticized Brownback's leadership. He managed to defeat Davis by 3.69 percent, (a decline from the more than 30% margin in his first Governor's race victory) thanks at least in part to effective campaign ads attacking Davis for his brief detention during a 1998 police raid of a strip club. Brownback's popularity continued to suffer in Kansas after his re-election as governor. Three separate polls between November 2015 and September 2016 ranked Brownback as the nation's\",\n \"title\": \"Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9194438\",\n \"text\": \"The progressive Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, formed in 1920, provided three governors, four United States senators, and eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the 1920s until its merger with the Democratic Party in 1944. The moderate Reform Party was able to elect the former mayor of Brooklyn Park, and former professional wrestler, Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Minnesota branch of the Reform party split off from the national party due to unhappiness about Pat Buchanan's influence in the party, and was renamed the Independence Party. The Independence Party had been able to sustain sufficient support\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4815226\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Bradshaw Ken Bradshaw (born October 4, 1952) is an American professional surfer and winner of the 1982 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship. Bradshaw was born in Houston, Texas. On January 28, 1998, Ken Bradshaw successfully towed into, and rode, a wave with a face generally accepted among surf authorities as about . The site was Outside Log Cabins, an outer reef on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii. This wave was his second of the day at about 11:30am. The ride lasted about 30 seconds. There is a poster by the photographer \\\"Hank\\\" of Bradshaw riding a 60+ footer\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Bradshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13028116\",\n \"text\": \"them to participate more fully and effectively in the democratic process. Thirty - one states currently have adopted legislation similar to the English Language Unity Act. Alabama (1990) Alaska (1998) Arizona (2006) Arkansas (1987) California (1986) Colorado (1988) Florida (1988) Georgia (1986 & 1996) Hawaii (1978) Idaho (2007) Illinois (1969) Indiana (1984) Iowa (2002) Kansas (2007) Kentucky (1984) Louisiana (1812) Massachusetts (1975) Mississippi (1987) Missouri (1998 & 2008) Montana (1995) Nebraska (1920) New Hampshire (1995) North Carolina (1987) North Dakota (1987) Oklahoma (2010) South Carolina (1987) South Dakota (1995) Tennessee (1984) Utah (2000) Virginia (1981 & 1996) Wyoming (1996). English\",\n \"title\": \"English Language Unity Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5547649\",\n \"text\": \"The Parent Trap (1998 film) The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 film of the same name and an adaptation of Erich Kästner's German novel \\\"Lottie and Lisa\\\" (\\\"Das doppelte Lottchen\\\"). Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her film debut) as both twins, Hallie Parker and Annie James, who are fortuitously reunited at summer camp after being separated at birth.\",\n \"title\": \"The Parent Trap (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9761128\",\n \"text\": \"digits. This occurred between 1994 and 1998, and was done progressively to ensure as little inconvenience and confusion as possible. The gradual change was also to avoid number clashes, a situation where two subscribers in two completely different locations have technically the same telephone number if dialled in their entirety. The first numbers to be converted to eight digits were numbers in the 99x xxxx and 99 xxxx ranges in the suburb of Mona Vale in Sydney, which all became 999x xxxx or 9999 xxxx on 25 July 1994. The final codes changed to eight digits were the Queensland (070),\",\n \"title\": \"Former Australian dialling codes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16159358\",\n \"text\": \"Handgun License by requesting a hearing before the Department of Public Safety within 35 days of receipt of an Order of Denial for a CHL. An unfavorable ruling on the appeal by the DPS may be further appealed through the New Mexico courts. New Mexico currently recognizes concealed carry permits from or has reciprocal agreements with the following states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. New Mexico does not issue CCW permits to non-residents, except for Active\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in New Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2619947\",\n \"text\": \"South Carolina Chamber of Commerce named Hodges \\\"Legislator of the Year\\\" in 1993, and the National Federation of Independent Business bestowed Hodges with its \\\"Guardian of Small Business\\\" award. While serving in the state legislature, Hodges also worked as general counsel for The Springs Company. Hodges entered the 1998 gubernatorial election in South Carolina an underdog but took advantage of controversy and missteps by incumbent Republican governor David Beasley, namely Beasley's indecisiveness on allowing a Confederate flag to fly at the state capitol and call to eliminate video poker. Donations from video gambling interests helped Hodges narrow a near million-dollar\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Hodges\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506755\",\n \"text\": \"his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona. Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. Tyson has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts. On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"281616\",\n \"text\": \"Fitness rejected Hale's application for a license to practice law. Hale appealed, and a hearing was held on April 10, 1999. On June 30, 1999, a Hearing Panel of the Committee refused to certify that Hale had the requisite moral character and fitness to practice law in Illinois. Attorney Glenn Greenwald represented Hale in a failed federal lawsuit to overturn the licensing decision. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois concluded it did not have jurisdiction to review an earlier decision of the Illinois Supreme Court upholding the license denial. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld\",\n \"title\": \"Matthew F. Hale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6907590\",\n \"text\": \"distinctive calls such as KH6xxx which used to be exclusively in Hawaii, may be assigned to license holders on the US mainland. However, those licensees with KH6, KL7, KP4, etc., call signs must have been living (or had a mailing address) in Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico when they received those call signs. A newly licensed amateur will always receive a call sign from the district in which he or she lives. For instance, a newly licensed Technician from New England would receive a call sign of the form KC1xxx. The amateur may thereafter apply for a specific or specialized\",\n \"title\": \"Amateur radio licensing in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15333152\",\n \"text\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \\\"The Sound and the Fury\\\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \\\"The Bite Fight\\\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The referee officiating the fight was\",\n \"title\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14335338\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who had run for Governor and the United States Senate in the previous four years, won the nomination of the Republican Party. In the general election, Barnes was able to defeat Millner by a margin of victory larger than Governor Miller's victory\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1526497\",\n \"text\": \"a television movie based upon the life of Mike Tyson. Douglas was portrayed by actor Duane Davis. Douglas is one of the few non-students to be honored by Ohio State University with the opportunity to dot the \\\"i\\\" during the performance of the Script Ohio by The Ohio State University Marching Band. Buster Douglas James \\\"Buster\\\" Douglas (born April 7, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1990, and 1996 to 1999. He is best known for his stunning upset of Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo to win the undisputed heavyweight title.\",\n \"title\": \"Buster Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5758939\",\n \"text\": \"nearly two-to-one margin. Marty was one of seven DFLers who entered the 1998 gubernatorial campaign, but he dropped out of the race without filing for office. Eventually the party nominated state Attorney General Hubert H. \\\"Skip\\\" Humphrey III. In an upset, the Reform Party nominee, former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura, won the election. On December 22, 2008, Marty announced that he had launched an exploratory campaign for governor after encouragement from health care reformers. He made a formal announcement several months later. On February 2, 2010, Marty finished in fourth place in a precinct caucus straw poll with 9.5% of\",\n \"title\": \"John Marty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9919178\",\n \"text\": \"the widest margin in Alaska history until 2010. This was also the first time since 1970 that any candidate won an outright majority of the vote in an Alaska gubernatorial election. 1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20940731\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Trump's assertions of generosity toward charities.\\\"<ref name=\\\"Pulitzer_4/10/2017\\\"></ref> In 1996, Trump claimed he wagered $1 million on 20-to-1 odds in a Las Vegas heavyweight title boxing match between Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson. The Las Vegas Sun reported that \\\"while everyone is careful not to call Trump a liar,\\\" no one in a position to know about such a sizable wager was aware of it. A 1998 \\\"New York Observer\\\" article entitled \\\"Tricky Donald Trump Beats Jerry Nadler in Game of Politics\\\" reported that \\\"Nadler flatly calls Mr. Trump a 'liar',\\\" quoting Nadler stating, \\\"Trump got $6 million [in federal\",\n \"title\": \"Veracity of statements by Donald Trump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10630585\",\n \"text\": \"colleges reportedly offered her sports scholarships while she was still a pupil at St Killian's. However, she opted instead to attend UCD. Although UCD is well known for sports scholarships, Taylor qualified via her Leaving Cert results. However, as Taylor's sporting career began to take off, she chose not to complete her studies at UCD. Taylor first began boxing in 1998, aged 11. Her father coached her and her two older brothers, Lee and Peter, at St Fergal's Boxing Club, which operated out of a former boathouse in Bray. At 15, she fought the first officially sanctioned female boxing match\",\n \"title\": \"Katie Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11191688\",\n \"text\": \"Sergeant on the day that he was awarded the GC. He retired from the police force in April 1962 after nearly 26 years of service. He ran a tobacco/sweet shop before selling the business to set up his own private investigations agency. Fairfax Investigators Ltd, which proved a success, was sold in 1980. He retired to Dorset, where he was an active Freemason. Fairfax was a boxer in his youth, and in retirement became a boxing judge. Frederick Fairfax died in Yeovil on 23 February 1998, just a few months before Bentley was pardoned of murdering Police Constable Miles. Fred\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Fairfax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506741\",\n \"text\": \"probation along with undergoing 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee when he went down and said that he was unable to continue. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest. In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first match was staged at the MEN Arena at Manchester, England against\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13890066\",\n \"text\": \"older son Matthew was beaten and pistol whipped in Laramie, Wyoming. Matthew Shepard died six days later at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado on October 12, 1998 at age 21. It was widely reported by mass media that it was due to him being gay. The incident became one of the defining cases of hate-crimes and was cited for passing hate-crime legislation. In response, Judy Shepard created the Matthew Shepard Foundation. The foundation's purpose is to advance \\\"social justice, diversity awareness and education, and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people\\\". She is the founding president\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Shepard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652301\",\n \"text\": \"time. (Being a lawyer in Louisiana, or anywhere in the United States, is not simply a matter of having a law degree, although that is usually a prerequisite, but of being licensed to practice law, which almost always requires passing a bar examination. On April 9, 1998, he did become licensed to practice law. He has his own law firm in Baton Rouge, and handles a variety of matters. Fields is credited with the original version of a quotation that became popular following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election. At the \\\"State of the Black Union 2008\\\" symposium\",\n \"title\": \"Cleo Fields\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13005696\",\n \"text\": \"and professional wrestling promoter, ran as an independent. Wales legally changed his name to Outlaw Josey Wales in 1998. He had run for mayor before in 1999, having received 19,741 votes, around 10%. Wale's platform included increasing the pay of police officers, making it illegal to drive while using a cellphone, and stricter enforcement of carpool lanes. White served his third term as mayor and as ineligible for re-election in the 2009 mayoral elections. Ulman would run again that year, but received only 1% of the vote. She ran again in 2011, receiving 1,882 votes. 2007 Houston mayoral election The\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Houston mayoral election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8628107\",\n \"text\": \"the attorney general provides help – especially in death-penalty cases – and defends convictions in the appellate courts. Myers had been vigorous in efforts against sexual assault – largely by promoting improved training for police, prosecutors and professionals who treat medical and psychological effects – and for improved restitution for crime victims generally. Although Myers was not among the half dozen attorneys general negotiating directly with tobacco industry – Washington state's Christine Gregoire, now governor, was one of them – Oregon received a larger share of the 1998 national tobacco settlement than most other states as a result of the\",\n \"title\": \"Hardy Myers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9479095\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Alaska’s denial of the benefits and dignity of marriage for them only perpetuates this discrimination without legitimate grounds.” Burgess also barred Alaska from refusing to acknowledge lawful same-sex marriages conducted in other states. In 1995 two men, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, relying on the then-gender-neutral marriage code of Alaska submitted an application for a marriage license to the Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics, Third Judicial District at Anchorage, which was denied despite satisfying all of the requirements of the state with the exception of being of the same gender. In the wake of the Hawaii Supreme Court's decision in\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Ballot Measure 2 (1998)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11516899\",\n \"text\": \"up for election in 2004, a crowded field developed in the Republican primary. Furthermore, the Republicans were motivated by having President Bush at the top of the ticket enabling them to ride his coattails to victory. Former Governor David Beasley, from the Pee Dee, entered the race and quickly emerged as the frontrunner because of his support from the evangelical voters. However, during his term as governor from 1994 to 1998 he had greatly angered the electorate by proposing to remove the Confederate Naval Jack from the dome of the statehouse and by being against the adoption of a state\",\n \"title\": \"2004 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18829282\",\n \"text\": \"Fairbank's movies around 1920, married and kept company with several actresses, and later raised prize race horses. Benjamin was born on September 7, 1898 (or, in 1899, according to the U.S. Federal Census of 1900) in Portland, Oregon to German immigrants, Isaac and Goldie Benjamin. His father opened a clothing store in downtown Portland. When he was four his family moved to Spokane, Washington. Leaving home at a young age, Benjamin took an early job as a stable boy in Allentown, Idaho, and tried to make a living as a jockey, but seemed to have more talent as a boxer.\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Benjamin (boxer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11936732\",\n \"text\": \"Snorg Tees SnorgTees is an American company based in the US state of Georgia, specialising in T-shirt designs that reference popular culture or make humorous assertions about the wearer. Auburn student Alice Fraasa became a minor internet celebrity after modelling for the company's online advertisements. The company was started during 2004 by two brothers in Atlanta, Georgia. Matt Walls is the president of the company, and his brother Bryan Walls is in charge of the designs. The business grew rapidly, becoming profitable within a year, and earning SnorgTees the number 6 rank on the Bulldog 100, which is a list\",\n \"title\": \"Snorg Tees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936470\",\n \"text\": \"The film, \\\"300\\\", inspired the commercial, which featured the Mexican champions battling giants and other large creatures. In early 2011, De La Hoya visited U.S. military personnel in Kuwait and Iraq under the auspices of the USO, holding boxing clinics and greeting the troops. De La Hoya has spoken about his intention to run for President against Donald Trump in the 2020 election. In 1998, at age 23, he was accused of rape. Mexican authorities investigated, with no charges filed, and De La Hoya maintained his innocence. A lawsuit was then filed in San Bernardino, California County Superior Court, alleging\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar De La Hoya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587533\",\n \"text\": \"formerly owned by ex-boxer Mike Tyson, listing it for sale at $18.5 million to move closer to his son (who lives on Long Island with his ex-girlfriend). The mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut declared October 12, 2007 \\\"50 Cent Curtis Jackson Day\\\", honoring the rapper with a proclamation and a key to the city. One of Jackson's New York homes, purchased in January 2007 for $2.4 million and the center of a lawsuit between Jackson and Shaniqua Tompkins, caught fire on May 31, 2008 while he was filming in Louisiana. In December 2008, he told the Canadian press that he had\",\n \"title\": \"50 Cent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9636838\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Northern Territory referendum A referendum was held in the Northern Territory on Saturday, 3 October 1998, to decide whether the Territory should become a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Country Liberal Party government, and its federal counterpart, supported the Yes case. The opposition Labor Party supported the No case. The referendum was narrowly defeated, 51.9% to 48.1%. The \\\"Yes\\\" case received 44,702 votes, the \\\"No\\\" case 48,241. There were 1068 informal ballots. The result was widely interpreted as a personal rebuke to then Chief Minister Shane Stone. Polls suggest that most Territorians continue to support statehood for\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Northern Territory referendum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506731\",\n \"text\": \"and Buster Mathis Jr.. Tyson's first comeback fight grossed more than US$96 million worldwide, including a United States record $63 million for PPV television. The viewing of the fight was purchased by 1.52 million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records. The 89-second fight elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up \\\"tomato cans\\\" to ensure easy victories for his return. \\\"TV Guide\\\" included the Tyson-McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998. Tyson regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title against Frank Bruno in March 1996. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18374642\",\n \"text\": \"the Adelaide Football Club was born. The fallout from the failed bid resulted in some calling for Port Adelaide to be expelled from the SANFL. However, Port Adelaide continued to compete and continued to dominate. The Magpies followed their triple triumphs from 1988 to 1990 with a premiership in 1992 and three in a row again from 1994 to 1996, then again in 1998 and 1999. In 1994, the AFL announced it would award a second AFL licence to a South Australian club. Adelaide's Channel 7 broadcaster ran a phone poll asking whether Port Adelaide should get the second licence\",\n \"title\": \"Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16691346\",\n \"text\": \"have executive orders prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on \\\"sexual orientation\\\" only: Alaska, Arizona, and Missouri. The remaining states do not offer any type of discrimination protections for the LGBT community, although some cities and localities have passed their own ordinances within these states. 1972: although the first local protections were enacted this year in Michigan (in East Lansing and Ann Arbor). 1973: District of Columbia: 1975: Pennsylvania: 1979: California: 1982: Wisconsin: 1983: New York: 1985: New Mexico: 1987: Oregon: 1988: Oregon: 1989: Massachusetts: 1990: Colorado: 1991: Connecticut: 1992: California: 1993: Minnesota: 1995: Maryland: 1996: Illinois: 1998: New Hampshire:\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT employment discrimination in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15362826\",\n \"text\": \"full statehood. Voters supported continuation of the Commonwealth option, which received 48% of the votes. In 1998, the NPP Governor Pedro Rosselló carried out a non-binding plebiscite on political status, in which voters were asked to choose from one of four political status options (statehood, free association, commonwealth, or independence) or a fifth one, \\\"none of the above\\\". The Popular Democratic Party led a campaign to boycott the plebiscite, calling on the electorate to vote for the \\\"none of the above\\\" option. The boycott was successful, as the \\\"none of the above\\\" choice garnered more votes than any of the\",\n \"title\": \"Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005011\",\n \"text\": \"1998 about 97 percent of the population could receive the channel. On 2 October 1996, TV3 announced a reshuffling of its broadcast frequencies to enable it to launch a new network, to be called TV4 Network Limited, on the VHF band. TV4, which started on 29 June 1997, is a free-to-air network aimed at a younger audience than TV3. The launch was considered successful, with high brand recognition and ratings significantly higher than MTV, TV4's television rival. TV4's opening broadcast was the controversial Tyson–Holyfield boxing rematch. In April 1997 CanWest purchased Westpac's 48 percent shareholding in TV3, taking CanWest's stake\",\n \"title\": \"Three (TV channel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8775414\",\n \"text\": \"boxing industry, especially if it does not regulate any other sport. In May 2016, a bill was introduced to Congress by Markwayne Mullin, a politician and former mixed martial artist, to extend the Ali Act to mixed martial arts. Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and\",\n \"title\": \"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506700\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout or stoppage, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after stopping Trevor Berbick in the second round, and added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987.\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8301934\",\n \"text\": \"On 27 November 1998, Boucher was acquitted of ordering the murder of the two prison guards in 1997, and afterwards became a folk-hero in Quebec, with people in the poor neighborhood of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in Montreal cheering Boucher and his fellow Angels as they rode their Harley-Davidson motorcycles down the streets like it was a royal procession. On the night of 27 November 1998, to celebrate his acquittal, Boucher attended a boxing match in Verdun with his fellow Nomads, with the audience cheering him as he took his seat and hundreds of people lining up to get his autograph. Boucher become\",\n \"title\": \"Quebec Biker War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19731056\",\n \"text\": \"at Minnesota’s Mayo Clinic as a prerequisite to being granted a boxing license. Ali checked into the clinic on July 23, 1980. His neurological exam was conducted by Dr. Frank Howard, whose report contained the following information: Ali showed a slight degree of missing when he tried to touch his finger to his nose, he had difficulty in coordinating the muscles used in speaking, and he did not hop on one foot with expected agility. However, Dr. Howard determined that there were no specific findings to prohibit Ali from fighting. The Mayo Clinic report was forwarded to the Nevada State\",\n \"title\": \"Muhammad Ali vs. Larry Holmes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8775412\",\n \"text\": \"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry (See 114 Stat. 321(3)(2000)). The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act by expanding upon legislation against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, as well as additional amendments. The Act was enacted in response\",\n \"title\": \"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II context: rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. In the 2008 documentary \\\"Tyson\\\", the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting. On October 16, 2009 on \\\"The Oprah Winfrey Show\\\", Tyson apologized to Holyfield. Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson. A book entitled\\n\\nWhich state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 202,\n \"origin_tokens\": 203,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Mike Tyson context: Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was\\n\\ntitle Norm Frauen context: residents. He was a fan for local figh including the then amateur Carbajal Yv Trev. He columns on the careers of Phoenix Jes González, Vassiliy Jirov, Miguel Cotto, is Puerto Rican. In 1998,heim was one of the boxing writers in Arizona announce that Mike Tyson moved Frauenheim one first writers note Julio César Chávez allegedly without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing his200 bout with Kostya Tszyu.title Ev vs. Mike Ton context: his championship and the Tyson, Holy said forgaveon biting him has 0 in God and. Noneless, Tys sent with permanent suspension box and his licenseleddef also fined $,00,0 had serve. and an appealons license. T anding befriended other and The fight a of $80,00), live-, closed-uit foreigntitle:.:onaa a match 9ons with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote\\n\\nWhich state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 460,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14330,\n \"ratio\": \"31.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":90,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":90,"string":"90"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Neil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Corean","Koreans (disambiguation)","Korean (disambiguation)","Koreang","Korean","Korea'ng"],"string":"[\n \"Corean\",\n \"Koreans (disambiguation)\",\n \"Korean (disambiguation)\",\n \"Koreang\",\n \"Korean\",\n \"Korea'ng\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Korean"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"290612","text":"Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"16944211","text":"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) RV \"Neil Armstrong\" (AGOR-27) is the designation for a new oceanographic research ship, first of the s, to be owned by the United States Navy and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 24, 2012 that the research vessel was to be named after Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the Moon and a former naval aviator who served in the Korean War. The ship was ordered in May 2010 as a replacement for , operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution since 1970. The ship was","title":"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27)"},{"id":"7287311","text":"the first Navy squadron to enter the jet age with delivery of the North American FJ-1 Fury; the squadron used this fighter to conduct the USN's first operational all-jet aircraft carrier landing at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard . After transitioning to the Grumman F9F-2 Panther, VF-51 became the first squadron to take jets into combat and score the first air-to-air kills in the Korean War. Future astronaut and first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, was also a Naval Aviator in VF-51 during this period. During the Vietnam War, VF-51 was the first squadron to evaluate","title":"VF-51"},{"id":"290622","text":"and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on two days later. On June 28, 1951, \"Essex\" had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July. On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin.","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"290624","text":"parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"15036112","text":"Tom Neil Thomas Francis \"Ginger\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in aircraft as a child and also played cricket and football for local teams. His family moved to Manchester when he was 16, and he attended Eccles Secondary (grammar) School where he was awarded an art prize","title":"Tom Neil"},{"id":"871630","text":"the antiwar [[America First Committee]], which opposed American aid to Britain in its war against Germany, and resigned his commission in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] in 1941 after President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly rebuked him for his views. Nevertheless, he publicly supported the U.S. war effort after the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] and flew fifty combat missions in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of World War II as a civilian consultant, though Roosevelt refused to reinstate his Air Corps colonel's commission. In his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh and his","title":"Charles Lindbergh"},{"id":"753810","text":"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and","title":"Buzz Aldrin"},{"id":"3255509","text":"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands's former military role in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, three modern F-16 jet fighters and a World War II Spitfire performed a missing man formation during his funeral. On May 25, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Air Force performed the flypast at the funeral of World War II resistance fighter Gunnar Sønsteby, Norway's most highly decorated citizen. The missing man formation was flown at a family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio on 31 August 2012 in honour of former American astronaut, US Navy pilot, and test pilot Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on","title":"Missing man formation"},{"id":"2706834","text":"to be beyond repair. Williams' victories were even more notable in that all four MiGs were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots: Russian sources confirmed Williams' claims, 40 years later, stating that the pilots lost were Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov. Future astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the war, even ejecting from one of the aircraft when it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley, in 1951. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox all-star baseball player Ted Williams also flew the F9F as Marine Corps pilots. Panthers were","title":"Grumman F9F Panther"},{"id":"265782","text":"also excluded civilian NASA X-15 pilot Neil Armstrong, though he had been selected by the US Air Force in 1958 for its Man In Space Soonest program, which was replaced by Mercury. Although Armstrong had been a combat-experienced NAP during the Korean War, he left active duty in 1952. Armstrong became NASA's first civilian astronaut in 1962 when he was selected for NASA's second group, and became the first man on the Moon in 1969. It was further stipulated that candidates should be between 25 and 40 years old, no taller than , and hold a college degree in a","title":"Project Mercury"},{"id":"2743361","text":"While \"ace\" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories. There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars. They were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"17869199","text":"Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \"Rutland of Jutland\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He later worked for the Japanese and was interned by the British authorities during the Second World War. He joined the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1901. He was graded as Flight Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in December 1914, awarded his aviator's certificate by the Royal Aero Club on 26","title":"Frederick Rutland"},{"id":"290625","text":"40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois,","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"290702","text":"Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink.\" It prompted many responses, including the Twitter hashtag \"#WinkAtTheMoon\". Buzz Aldrin called Armstrong \"a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew\", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019. Michael Collins said, \"He was the best, and I will miss","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"5980540","text":"Leefe Robinson William Leefe Robinson VC (14 July 1895 – 31 December 1918) was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person to be awarded the VC for action in the UK. His action marked a turning point in the war against the airship menace, and caused the German airship bombing campaign to falter. In the three","title":"Leefe Robinson"},{"id":"290701","text":"will never be forgotten.\" Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a \"reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"13783023","text":"Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy commanding officer of the 2d Air Division in Vietnam and the 13th Air Force","title":"Charles Bond (pilot)"},{"id":"13783033","text":"Tigers. Bond died at an assisted-living facility in Dallas from the effects of dementia. Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy","title":"Charles Bond (pilot)"},{"id":"290613","text":"anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run, and was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"15036119","text":"and Hurricanes seen in British skies since the Second World War. The formation consisted of 40 aircraft and flew a route around southern England in the areas which saw the most aerial activity during the war. Tom Neil Thomas Francis \"Ginger\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in","title":"Tom Neil"},{"id":"16589079","text":"Konstantin Krasavin Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Alekseyevich Krasavin () (May 20, 1917 – January 1988) was a Russian flying ace and fighter pilot of the Great Patriotic War, during which he flew for the Soviet air forces. He is credited with 376 sorties, 106 dogfights and 21 kills between 1941 and 1945 on the Eastern Front, piloting the Yakovlev Yak-3, the Lavochkin La-5, the Yakovlev Yak-7 and the Hawker Hurricane during which time he held the rank of Major. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union along with the Order of Lenin for military valour in 1946","title":"Konstantin Krasavin"},{"id":"1371212","text":"and her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. George H. W. Bush became the U.S. Navy's youngest pilot when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS \"George H.W. Bush\" is","title":"USS George H.W. Bush"},{"id":"15452987","text":"Lawrence Jenkins Lawrence L. \"Larry\" Jenkins (January 29, 1924 – May 28, 2017) was a B-17 co-pilot during World War II who spent over ten months as a prisoner of war. His exploits were chronicled, along with those of his friend and fellow POW Jack Curtis, in the 2007 book, \"Eagles' Wings, An Uncommon Story of World War II\", by Andrew Layton. On the United States' entry into World War II, Jenkins enlisted in the US Army Air Corps. After an initial assignment as a sheet-metal smith, he was accepted into the Aviation Cadet Program, and learned to fly the","title":"Lawrence Jenkins"},{"id":"15776066","text":"on 19 April 1983. Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air","title":"Robert MacIntyre Gordon"},{"id":"2229006","text":"into law by President Barack Obama on July 25, 2014. Note: the rank indicated is the highest held by the individual. Note: Although astronaut Neil Armstrong's achievements as an aviator and an astronaut more than exceeded the requirements for the DFC, he was ineligible for the DFC as he was a civilian for his entire career with NASA. Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) The Distinguished Flying Cross is a military decoration awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces who distinguishes himself in support of operations by \"heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an","title":"Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)"},{"id":"8201899","text":"1956 as a reporter. After his retirement he moved to Corfu where he spent the rest of his life, continuing to write until well into his nineties. He was the last surviving British flying ace of World War I. George Bernard Shaw wrote of Lewis: \"This prince of pilots has had a charmed life in every sense of the word. He is a thinker, a master of words and a bit of a poet.\" Cecil Arthur Lewis Cecil Arthur Lewis (29 March 1898 – 27 January 1997) was a British fighter pilot who flew in World War I. He went","title":"Cecil Arthur Lewis"},{"id":"1696341","text":"splashdown north of Puerto Rico. \"Essex\" was the main vessel on which future \"Apollo 11\" astronaut Neil Armstrong served during the Korean War. \"Essex\" was decommissioned on 30June 1969 at Boston Navy Yard. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1June 1973 and sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) for scrapping on 1June 1975. \"Essex\" was scrapped at Kearny, New Jersey. USS Essex (CV-9) USS \"Essex\" (CV/CVA/CVS-9) was an aircraft carrier and the lead ship of the 24-ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth US Navy ship","title":"USS Essex (CV-9)"},{"id":"7577866","text":"to war a 42-year-old pilot named Charles Lindbergh. All but disgraced by his pro-German comments and behavior before World War II, the legendary but tainted Lindbergh had previously been denied returning to the Army Air Corps when he had volunteered after Pearl Harbor. Now in his role as civilian test pilot for United Aircraft, Lindbergh convinced Wood that he could properly test the company's new Vought F4U Corsair fighter planes only by flying them in actual combat conditions. Wood agreed, Lindbergh was soon cleared, and he quickly head off to the Solomon Islands. where he would fly 50 combat missions.","title":"Louis E. Woods"},{"id":"5259972","text":"a woman in his mouth. He eventually joined the war as a squadron pilot in the Royal Air Force, flying the Tiger Moth, Gloster Gladiator, and Hawker Hurricane. He was among the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion, taking part in the air for the Battle of Athens on 20 April 1941. In one of his accounts, he described a crash in the Western Desert, which hurt his head and brought him several other problems during his days in Greece. After the country fell to the Nazis, he went to the Middle East to fight","title":"Going Solo"},{"id":"2772596","text":"Pappy Boyington Gregory \"Pappy\" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross. Boyington was initially a US Marine Corps aviator with the Pacific fleet before being recruited by the legendary \"Flying Tigers\" (1st American Volunteer Group) in the Republic of China Air Force in Burma at the end of 1941 and part of 1942, during the military conflict between China and Japan, and the beginning of World War II. In September","title":"Pappy Boyington"},{"id":"17769114","text":"James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the New Guinea campaign of the South West Pacific","title":"James P. Hagerstrom"},{"id":"14145034","text":"Army. Rechkalov went on to become a Major General of Aviation in the Soviet Air Force (VVS) in 1959. He wrote two books about his wartime experiences - \"Dymnoe Nebo Voiny\" ('The Smoking Skies of War') and \"V Nebe Moldavii\" ('In Moldavian Skies'). Rechkalov lived in Moscow until his death on 20 December 1990. Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He","title":"Grigoriy Rechkalov"},{"id":"1830552","text":"right leg was amputated. He died of natural causes on 14 February 2010 at his Caribbean home in Grand Cayman, survived by both sons. During the Second World War, Francis volunteered, hoping to join the cavalry. Instead, he served in the Royal Air Force, working as ground crew and later piloting fighter and bomber aircraft, including the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, and the Wellington and Lancaster bombers. He said in an interview that he spent much of his six years in the Air Force in Africa. After leaving the RAF in 1946, Francis became a highly successful jockey, reaching celebrity","title":"Dick Francis"},{"id":"15066121","text":"Frederick Higginson Wing Commander Frederick \"Taffy\" Higginson, (17 February 1913 – 12 February 2003) was a fighter ace of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Higginson was part of the deployment which went to Dunkirk in 1940, where he became an ace within the first six months of the war. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal and commissioned as a flight lieutenant, by the time he was shot down over Lille in 1941, he had reached a tally of 15 victories. After capture, escape to Vichy France, recapture, he returned to England via Monte Carlo and Spain. Returning","title":"Frederick Higginson"},{"id":"15738096","text":"Oscar Randolph Fladmark Oscar Randolph Fladmark, Jr. (June 23, 1922 – July 27, 1955) was an American fighter pilot who flew 164 \"no-injury\" combat missions in World War II and the Korean War. Fladmark received the Distinguished Flying Cross during his military career. Just a few years after the Korean War, Major Fladmark, at 33 years of age, was in an automobile accident near Yuma, Arizona, on July 27, 1955, and died while being flown to the San Diego Naval Hospital. Fladmark was born in Moe Township, Lincoln County, South Dakota, on June 23, 1922. His father, Oscar C. Fladmark,","title":"Oscar Randolph Fladmark"},{"id":"13911415","text":"decorations with supporting documentation were sold for £12,650 at Warwick and Warwick auction house in England in 1989. Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the","title":"Arthur Spurling"},{"id":"3375091","text":"by Colonel John W. Mitchell, who had led the mission to shoot down Admiral Yamamoto in World War II. On his return to the United States, Gabreski received the key to the city from San Francisco Mayor Elmer E. Robinson and was given a ticker-tape parade up Market Street on June 17. Gabreski's 6½ MiG-15 kill credits make him one of seven U.S. pilots to become an ace in more than one war (the others being Whisner, Colonel Harrison Thyng, Colonel James P. Hagerstrom, Colonel Vermont Garrison, Major George A. Davis, Jr., and U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel John F.","title":"Gabby Gabreski"},{"id":"1647866","text":"and against \"Luftwaffe\" bombers. The South African ace Marmaduke \"Pat\" Pattle (who served with the RAF), claimed 15 kills in Gladiators during the North African and Greek Campaigns, making him the highest-scoring RAF biplane ace of the war. The 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War was unique in that the RAF and Royal Iraqi Air Force, used the Gladiator as their main fighter. Gladiators also saw action against the Vichy French in Syria. A stock of 18 Sea Gladiators from 802 Naval Air Squadron had been delivered by HMS \"Glorious\", in early 1940. Three were later shipped out to take part in the","title":"Gloster Gladiator"},{"id":"3105067","text":"was future astronaut Buzz Aldrin. The two remained longlife friends. He is a combat veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam Wars as a fighter pilot. During the Korean War, he flew 62 combat missions in the F-86 Sabre and shot down one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. During the Vietnam War, Johnson flew the F-4 Phantom II. On April 16, 1966, while flying his 25th combat mission in Vietnam, he was shot down over North Vietnam and suffered a broken arm and back. He was a prisoner of war for nearly seven years, including 42 months in solitary confinement. During this period,","title":"Sam Johnson"},{"id":"12136507","text":"fluid stages of the First World War the Royal Navy Air Service Armoured Car Section was formed with armed and armoured touring cars to find and pick up aircrew who had been forced down. When trench warfare made this impossible the cars were transferred to other theatres, most notably the Middle East. In 1915, during the First World War, Squadron Commander Richard Bell-Davies of the British Royal Naval Air Service performed the first combat search and rescue by aircraft in history. He used his single-seat aeroplane to rescue his wingman who had been shot down in Bulgaria. His Victoria Cross","title":"Combat search and rescue"},{"id":"9341116","text":"Dogfights (TV series) Dogfights is a military aviation themed TV series depicting historical re-enactments of air-to-air combat that took place in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, as well as smaller conflicts such as the Gulf War and the Six-Day War. The program consists of former fighter pilots sharing their stories of actual dogfights in which they took part, combined with computer-generated imagery (CGI) to give the viewer a better perspective of what it is like to engage in aerial combat. \"Dogfights \" originally aired on the History Channel from November 2006 to","title":"Dogfights (TV series)"},{"id":"9936101","text":"Donald Blakeslee Donald James Matthew Blakeslee (September 11, 1917 – September 3, 2008) was an officer in the United States Air Force, whose aviation career began as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force flying Spitfire fighter aircraft during World War II. He then became a member of the Royal Air Force Eagle squadrons, before transferring to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. He flew more combat missions against the Luftwaffe than any other American fighter pilot, and by the end of the war was a flying ace credited with 15.5 aerial victories. Blakeslee was born in","title":"Donald Blakeslee"},{"id":"17794973","text":"Robin Hooper Sir Robin William John Hooper (26 July 1914 – 14 June 1989) was an English Royal Air Force pilot and diplomat. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II and later became the British Ambassador to Greece. Hooper was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he became a member of the Oxford University Air Squadron. On the night of 16/17 November 1943, Flight Lieutenant Hooper, took off in Westland Lysander ‘MA-D’ from RAF Tangmere, with Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents in the rear cockpit, for a field in France. The outward flight was uneventful, but","title":"Robin Hooper"},{"id":"3436430","text":"of Stalingrad and Kursk. Because of his extraordinary skill, Shostakov was chosen for the most secret and dangerous tests and new aircraft for the Soviet Union. This included being the first pilot to test fly the Mig 15. The Soviet state controlled news media greatly publicized this and certain other missions of his such as his aerial battles against the U.S. Air Force over MiG Alley during the Korean War. As a result, Shostakov was decorated as a hero of the Soviet Union. Shostakov was also successful in his private life, having married the equally famous ballerina Natalie (familiarly known","title":"Red Guardian"},{"id":"9629194","text":"Keith Rosenkranz Keith Rosenkranz is a retired American fighter pilot and author. As a captain in the United States Air Force, he flew 30 missions in an F-16 Fighting Falcon during the Persian Gulf War. He later wrote a book about his experiences in the war, titled \"Vipers in the Storm: Diary of a Gulf War Fighter Pilot\", which included a foreword from Vice President Dick Cheney. Rosenkranz was interviewed twice by CNN prior to the Iraq War. After nearly nine years, he left the military and became a longtime Delta Air Lines pilot (for 17 years as of 2009).","title":"Keith Rosenkranz"},{"id":"13911405","text":"Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC) and the Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA), were mobilised. Although required to fulfill their","title":"Arthur Spurling"},{"id":"11844753","text":"Kenneth L. Reusser Kenneth L. Reusser ( – ) was a United States Marine Corps aviator who was considered the most decorated Marine Aviator, having flown 253 combat missions, earning 59 medals, including two Navy Crosses while flying in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He is the only aviator to survive being shot down in all three wars. Reusser was born in 1920, the son of a minister. He enjoyed racing motorcycles, the winnings from which helped him to pay for college and eventually earn a pilot's license just prior to World War II. Reusser","title":"Kenneth L. Reusser"},{"id":"15776064","text":"Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air Force as 204 Squadron.","title":"Robert MacIntyre Gordon"},{"id":"12373458","text":"War is considered to have started on 28 June 1914 and ended 11 November 1918, while the Second World War is considered to have started on 1 September 1939 and ended 14 August 1945. uss kitty hawk citation 1980-1981 Timeline for aircraft carrier service Aircraft carriers have their origins during the days of World War I. The earliest experiments consisted of fitting temporary \"flying off\" platforms to the gun turrets of the warships of several nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom. The first ship to be modified with a permanent flight deck was the battlecruiser , which","title":"Timeline for aircraft carrier service"},{"id":"2406581","text":"a square and a subway station are named in his honour. He wrote several books about his wartime experiences, none of which appear to be translated into English. He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series, \"The Unknown War \", specifically episode 9, entitled \"War In The Air\", and, at the beginning and end of the episode, he spoke to the host and narrator, Burt Lancaster. There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin. A legendary wartime Pokryshkin In The Sky(1945) and far lesser known Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin(1985) . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter,","title":"Alexander Pokryshkin"},{"id":"14921316","text":"Charles Edmonds Air Vice Marshal Charles Humphrey Kingsman Edmonds, (20 April 1891 – 26 September 1954) was air officer of the Royal Air Force (RAF). He first served in the Royal Navy and was a naval aviator during the First World War, taking part in the Cuxhaven Raid in December 1914; and while serving in the Gallipoli Campaign (1915) he was the first man to sink an enemy ship from an aircraft, using a torpedo. In the interbellum he remained in the RAF, becoming a senior staff officer during World War II. Edmonds was one of four children born to","title":"Charles Edmonds"},{"id":"12842201","text":"In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions, in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act. Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million), in almost every theatre of the war, and by war's end the country had the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force","title":"British Empire in World War II"},{"id":"17869207","text":"Harbor. This was discovered when Japan's cyphers were broken. MI6 discovered that Rutland had come to the attention of the US authorities. He returned to Britain on 5 October 1941 and on 16 December 1941 he was interned under Defence Regulation 18B \"by reason of alleged hostile associations\". Rutland committed suicide in 1949. Notes References Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \"Rutland of Jutland\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He","title":"Frederick Rutland"},{"id":"17301288","text":"the Soviet Union): one for drunkenness and lack of discipline, the other for failure to pay for membership fees. In 1935, Leonid Khrushchev enrolled in the Balashov Pilot School of the Civil Air Fleet, graduating in 1937. In 1938, he returned to work as a flight instructor. In 1940, he joined the Soviet Air Force as a fighter pilot. During World War II, Khrushchev was part of the 134th Bomber Aviation Regiment, 46th Air Division, stationed in the Andreapol, Kalinin Oblast. He saw action in the Winter War against Finland, in which he completed over thirty combat missions and bombed","title":"Leonid Khrushchev"},{"id":"5500592","text":"without access to petroleum. In November 1940, American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan, set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan, known as the Flying Tigers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941. However, they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government. The Soviet","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"5054478","text":"Daniel J. Miller Lt. Colonel Daniel J. Miller (March 13, 1924-September 1, 2006) was a United States Air Force officer who served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He served as a navigator for bombers in World War II, and as a helicopter pilot assigned largely to rescue missions in Korea and Vietnam. In Korea he made a number of notable rescues and was awarded a Silver Star and a Cheney Award. In between wars he served as an instructor, frequently flying fighter planes. Daniel J. Miller was born in Stony Point, New York on","title":"Daniel J. Miller"},{"id":"2743377","text":"reconnaissance aircraft, observers/gunners in two-seater fighters such as the early Bristol F.2b, and airborne weapons officers in aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists. Charles George Gass, who tallied 39 victories, was the highest scoring observer ace in World War I. In World War II, United States Army Air Forces B-17 tail gunner S/Sgt. Michael Arooth (379th Bomb Group) was credited with 17 victories. The Royal Air Force's","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"55042","text":"photographs revealing the extent of their activities on the wreck of . The last surviving veteran of the battle, Henry Allingham, a British RAF (originally RNAS) airman, died on 18 July 2009, aged 113, by which time he was the oldest documented man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of the whole war. Also among the combatants was the then 20-year-old Prince Albert, serving as a junior officer aboard HMS \"Collingwood\". He was second in the line to the throne, but would become king as George VI following his brother Edward's abdication in 1936. In 2013,","title":"Battle of Jutland"},{"id":"15962991","text":"was credited with 15 air victories, and was also shot down twice. Promoted to Polkovnik (Colonel), Shchukin graduated from the Air Academy in 1956 and became an aviation advisor in Egypt and North Vietnam in the 1960s. He retired in 1977. Lev Schukin Lev Kirillovich Schukin (Lev K. Schukin) (born October 29, 1923 - May 2, 2009) was a MiG-15 pilot of the Soviet Union. He was a participant of World War II. He was also a flying ace during the Korean war. Serving with the 18th GIAP (of the 303rd IAD) on his first combat sortie on 1 June","title":"Lev Schukin"},{"id":"6935865","text":"in his honor. In 1989 he was in the first class of inductees to the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. Robert Lee Scott Jr. Robert Lee Scott Jr. (12 April 1908 – 27 February 2006) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a flying ace of World War II, credited with shooting down 13 Japanese aircraft. Scott is best known for his memoir, \"God is My Co-Pilot\" (1943), about his exploits in World War II with the Flying Tigers and the United States Army Air Forces in China and Burma. The book was adapted as a","title":"Robert Lee Scott Jr."},{"id":"10439068","text":"his first combat mission on July 2, while escorting a B-29 to Kyushu. A \"flying ace\" or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term \"ace in a day\" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. Since World War I, a number of pilots have been honored as \"Ace in a Day\". The last \"Ace in a Day\" for the United States in World War II was 1st Lt. Oscar Francis Perdomo. Perdomo was a first","title":"Oscar F. Perdomo"},{"id":"15643490","text":"William H. Farrow Wing Commander William Hastings Farrow (30 March 1893 – 11 July 1946) was a British World War I flying ace credited with 10 aerial victories. He would pursue a military career well into the 1920s before resigning in 1926. Like many World War I aces, he returned to the military for World War II, and was honoured by induction into the Order of the British Empire. Farrow was serving as a corporal in the Royal Engineers, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps on 3 June 1916. On 28 July 1916","title":"William H. Farrow"},{"id":"15271020","text":"was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio. He also served as a consultant to the 2012 George Lucas film, \"Red Tails\". Charles McGee (pilot) Charles E. McGee (born December 7, 1919) is a retired African-American fighter pilot who was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a career officer in the United States Air Force for 30 years who flew a total of 409 combat missions in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. McGee was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 7, 1919, to Lewis Allen and Ruth Elizabeth Lewis McGee who died shortly after the","title":"Charles McGee (pilot)"},{"id":"6990079","text":"the United States Army, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937. Eisenhower returned to the United States in late December 1939 and","title":"Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower"},{"id":"7529835","text":"Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937, first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in the early months of the Sino-Japanese War. Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) but nicknamed the \"Flying Tigers\", this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority. As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese. The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each, the AVG's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941, twelve days after","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7479374","text":"Hermann Graf Hermann Graf (24 October 1912 – 4 November 1988) was a German \"Luftwaffe\" World War II fighter ace. He served on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. He became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 aerial victories—that is, 200 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. In about 830 combat missions, he claimed a total of 212 aerial victories, almost all of which were achieved on the Eastern Front. Graf, a pre-war football player and glider pilot, he joined the \"Luftwaffe\" and started flight training in 1936. He was initially selected","title":"Hermann Graf"},{"id":"17769160","text":"received numerous awards and decorations for his services: James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the","title":"James P. Hagerstrom"},{"id":"11204041","text":"culture, there is a long history of considering certain types of suicides honorable, especially during military service. For example, seppuku was the use of a short sword for practiced mainly by samurai (warriors) to avoid dishonor, such as after defeat in battle or as an act of protest against the government. Kamikaze was the method of flying a plane into the enemy used during World War II. Banzai charges were human wave attacks used during the Pacific War. There has been a rapid increase in suicides since the 1990s. For example, 1998 saw a 34.7% increase over the previous year.","title":"Suicide in Japan"},{"id":"3550310","text":"Eagle Squadrons The Eagle Squadrons were three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF), formed with volunteer pilots from the United States during the early days of World War II (circa 1940), prior to America's entry into the war in December 1941. Before America's entry into the War, many US recruits simply crossed the border and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to learn to fly and fight. Many early recruits had originally gone to Europe to fight for Finland against the Soviets in the Winter War. Some of the recruits were men rejected by the USAAF as","title":"Eagle Squadrons"},{"id":"8603719","text":"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov or Iwan Smirnoff (; January 30, 1895 – October 28, 1956) was a Russian World War I flying ace and naturalized Dutch aviator who pioneered the Europe to South East Asia routes. He was born to a poor peasant family, but through courage and good fortune managed to become an officer in the Imperial Russian Air Service. After surviving extremely dangerous infantry combat, he trained as a pilot, and was subsequently credited with 11 aerial victories during World War I. When the October Revolution ended his participation in the war, he deserted and became","title":"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov"},{"id":"548261","text":"but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film \"Sergeant York\", Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee","title":"Gary Cooper"},{"id":"6531913","text":"Pat Pattle Marmaduke Thomas St John Pattle, (3 July 1914 – 20 April 1941), usually known as Pat Pattle, was a South African-born Second World War fighter pilot and flying ace (an aviator credited with the destruction of five or more enemy aircraft in aerial combat) of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Pattle applied to join the South African Air Force at 18, but was rejected. He travelled to the United Kingdom and joined the RAF in 1936 on a Short Service Commission. Pattle was a pilot by 1937 and was posted to No. 80 Squadron based in Egypt upon","title":"Pat Pattle"},{"id":"3550331","text":"to the Mustang resulted in a rapid turnover of airplanes, with the former Eagle squadrons flying their first Mustang mission on Thursday, 24 February 1944. Flt Lt Charles A. Cook Jr. was a member of 133 Squadron. Shot down in September 1942, he was a prisoner of war at Stalag Luft III until 1945 and was a member of what was known as \"The Long March\", when German forces decided to empty the Allied POW camps in the face of the Soviet advance. British composer Kenneth J. Alford wrote a march, \"Eagle Squadron\", in honour of the pilots of the","title":"Eagle Squadrons"},{"id":"14027840","text":"7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets, with a density that sometimes reached 100–150 tons/ sq kilometer. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and during the period within which the predecessor U.S. Army Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave command of the Navy to an aviator, Admiral Ernest King, with a mandate for an aviation-oriented war in the Pacific. FDR allowed King to build up land-based naval and Marine aviation, and seize control of the long-range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic. Roosevelt basically agreed","title":"Air warfare of World War II"},{"id":"7384478","text":"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda","title":"The Last Enemy (autobiography)"},{"id":"7384482","text":"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda","title":"The Last Enemy (autobiography)"},{"id":"2743362","text":"was the supply of \"volunteer\" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians. The Soviet Volunteer Group began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces. The Flying Tigers were American military pilots recruited sub rosa to aid the Chinese Nationalists. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941. In World War II many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"20705116","text":"of the war. Ivan Babak Ivan Ilyich Babak (, ; 26 July 1919–24 June 2001) was a Ukrainian Soviet Air Forces captain, flying ace, and a Hero of the Soviet Union. A schoolteacher, Babak joined the Red Army before Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began, and completed pilot training in 1942, after which he flew the Yakovlev Yak-1 and later the Bell P-39 Airacobra. He distinguished himself in the air battles over the Kuban bridgehead in April 1943 and was credited with eighteen aerial victories when he received the title Hero of the Soviet Union on","title":"Ivan Babak"},{"id":"229224","text":"Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951; for the next year-and-a-half stretch of the war, aerial warfare continued. Unlike the Vietnam War, in which the Soviet Union only officially sent \"advisers\", in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a \"casus belli\" that the","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"10972630","text":"Teddy Shapou Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt Shapou ( – ) was an American fighter pilot of World War II. Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1919 to Lebanese-American parents, he grew up in New Bern, North Carolina with his three sisters. He first attended North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, then transferred to Georgetown College in Kentucky to be closer to his future wife. He starred in football and baseball, and studied zoology and botany before dropping out to join the United States Army Air Forces. In a War Department document dated September 26, 1941, he is listed as a","title":"Teddy Shapou"},{"id":"2743353","text":"the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era. For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources. World War I introduced","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"7274342","text":"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China. The war, by some seen as the start of World War II, ended when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. By the end of July 1937, fighting had escalated into a full-scale war and both countries deployed their air forces, ground troops, and warships into combat. Japanese heavy bombers also extensively bombed Chinese factories, airfields and conducted the first major air-raids against civilian targets in the war. At","title":"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War"},{"id":"13491305","text":"Charles Donald Albury Charles Donald Albury (October 12, 1920 – May 23, 2009) was an American military aviator who participated in both atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He co-piloted the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber known as the \"Bockscar\" during the mission which dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The bombing of Nagasaki killed an estimated 40,000 people instantly, and led to Japan's unconditional surrender on August 14, 1945, ending World War II. Albury was born in 1920 at his parents' home in Miami, Florida. The Miami Police Department building currently stands","title":"Charles Donald Albury"},{"id":"14145027","text":"Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He scored 56 confirmed personal victories and 5 additional shared victories in air combat. He is the third highest scoring Soviet pilot in World War II. He was born on 9 February 1920 in Khudyakovo into a peasant family. After graduation from school, he joined the Army in 1938, and in 1939 graduated from Perm","title":"Grigoriy Rechkalov"},{"id":"7486981","text":"radio; the Russians have observed what happened and something special seems to have happened... From the Russian radio-messages, we discover that this was a very famous Soviet fighter pilot, more than once appointed as Hero of the Soviet Union. I should give him credit: he was a good pilot. His 26 victories in World War II raised his career total to 65, including shared. His decorations included Hero of the Soviet Union, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, and Order of the Patriotic War. According to research by Tomas Polak and Christopher Shores, Shestakov rates as The Soviet","title":"Lev Shestakov"},{"id":"4111186","text":"Avenue; the official name for this junction is \"Polish War Memorial\". A large memorial to Polish Air Force squadrons in the war is situated on the floor of the north aisle of the reconstructed Wren church, St Clement Danes, London. The Polish-American fighter ace Francis S. \"Gabby\" Gabreski flew his first combat missions attached to a Polish RAF squadron. King George VI, on visiting a Polish squadron, asked a Polish airman what was the toughest thing he had to deal with in the war. The reply was \"King's Regulations...\" When the Polish RAF squadrons were formed, a series of badges","title":"Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain"},{"id":"1562478","text":"Leonard Cheshire Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire, (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot and group captain during the Second World War, and a philanthropist. Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot was the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war. After the war he founded a hospice that grew into the charity Leonard Cheshire","title":"Leonard Cheshire"},{"id":"871627","text":"Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the [[Orteig Prize]]: making a nonstop flight from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], to [[Paris]], France. Lindbergh covered the -hour, flight alone in a single-engine purpose-built [[Ryan Airline Company|Ryan]] [[monoplane]], the \"[[Spirit of St. Louis]]\". This was not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first flight between North America and","title":"Charles Lindbergh"},{"id":"17365323","text":"Herbert O. Fisher Herbert O. Fisher (March 6, 1909 – July 29, 1990) was an American test pilot and an aviation executive, overseeing aviation projects at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. He worked for the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. Fisher flew as a pilot for over 50 years, racking up 19,351 accident and violation free hours. During World War II Fisher was sent to the China-Burma-India theater to train the Flying Tigers as a civilian. He flew many combat missions and was awarded the Air Medal by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Disproving the public perception of the heroic test","title":"Herbert O. Fisher"},{"id":"23146","text":"ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armoured cruisers. Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the First and Second Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902),the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921); the First (1914–1918) and Second World Wars (1939–1945) and the First Indochina War (1946–1954). The most intensive use of armoured trains was during the Russian Civil War (1918–1920). Armoured cars saw use during World wars 1 and 2. During the Second Boer War on 15 November 1899, Winston Churchill, then a war-correspondent, was travelling on board","title":"Armour"},{"id":"17540381","text":"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm, (23 November 1911 – 7 December 1994) was a British night fighter pilot, flying ace—a title awarded to a pilot credited with shooting down at least five enemy aircraft in aerial combat—and a highly decorated British airman of the Second World War. As a Beaufighter night-fighter pilot between 13 March and 9 July 1941, he was credited with seven aerial victories, one probable and one damaged. Chisholm had been a night fighter pilot with No. 604 Squadron RAF, flying the Bristol Beaufighter. During the war, he had been credited with seven night","title":"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm"},{"id":"7274344","text":"in China's war against Japan, the best known in the West being the American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers, which under General Chennault achieved considerable success against the Japanese from late 1941 to mid-1942. At the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War/War of Resistance/WWII in July 1937, the Chinese Air Force had 645 combat aircraft, of which about 300 were fighter planes. Japan had 1,530 army and navy aircraft, of which about 400 were deployed in China. From 1941, many Chinese combat aircraft were US models, and the Chinese pilots were mostly trained by US or US trained","title":"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War"},{"id":"11783825","text":"Chindit Memorial, and the Battle of Britain Monument. Fleet Air Arm Memorial The Fleet Air Arm Memorial, sometimes known as Daedalus, is a war memorial in London, commemorating the service of the Royal Naval Air Service and the Fleet Air Arm from their establishments in 1914 and 1924 respectively, in the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War, including over 6,000 killed in all conflicts. The service of the Fleet Air Arm is also commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, at the former base of the Fleet Air","title":"Fleet Air Arm Memorial"},{"id":"13804681","text":"first American flying ace of World War II, with eight victories. He was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Air Medal. In September 1939, war broke out in Europe following the German invasion of Poland. The U.S. officially remained neutral, but Americans became involved in combat while serving in other countries' militaries in units such as the Flying Tigers in China and the Eagle Squadrons that served with the Royal Air Force shortly after the Battle of Britain; U.S. forces also provided logistic support through the cash and carry program, and by undertaking convoy escort duties in the","title":"Military history of Asian Americans"},{"id":"13740654","text":"(1922), and (1927). With these developments, the need for specialized aircraft adapted for takeoffs and landings from the flight decks of those ships became recognized. The significance of air power grew between the wars, driven by the increased range, carrying power, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft, until it became impossible to disregard its importance during World War II, following the loss of many warships to aircraft, including the sinking of \"Prince of Wales\" and \"Repulse\", the Battle of Taranto, the Attack on Pearl Harbor and numerous other incidents. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance.","title":"Carrier-based aircraft"},{"id":"1635544","text":"72,000 tons and mounted guns. The victory of the Royal Navy at the Battle of Taranto was a pivotal point as this was the first true demonstration of naval air power. Following 7 December 1941 when the United States came into World War II, the sinkings of the British battleships HMS \"Prince of Wales\" and HMS \"Repulse\" marked the end of the battleship era. Aircraft and their transportation, the aircraft carrier, came to the fore. During the Pacific War of World War II, battleships and cruisers spent most of their time bombarding shore positions, while the carriers and their airplanes","title":"Naval warfare"},{"id":"13825016","text":"from the Russian Empire Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Ivan Orlov (aviator) Podporuchik Ivan Aleksandrovich Orlov (19 January 1895 – 4 July 1917) was a Russian flying ace during World War I. He was a prewar flier, having built both gliders and an airplane, and having earned pilot's license no. 229 just prior to start of the war. He volunteered his experience and his personal airplane to his country's military service. His experience and his valor made him both a mentor and leader of less experienced pilots, as Orlov rose to command the 7th \"Aviatsionniy Ostryad Istrebitelei\" (7th","title":"Ivan Orlov (aviator)"},{"id":"1422052","text":"the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy uses ship names without article, except for USS \"The Sullivans\", named for the five Sullivan brothers, all lost at sea during World War II. Its British equivalent (\"the HMS \"Flattop\"\") is also discouraged, since \"the Her Majesty's Ship\" would be grammatically incorrect. Yugoslavia war navy had strict naming rules and ships prefix that was driven by order by President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1969. After dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia new state Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continued same naming convention for War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces from 1992","title":"Ship prefix"},{"id":"16218860","text":"Nikolay Karabulin Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karabulin (; 1918–1943) was a Soviet World War II Il-2 pilot and commanding officer of a ground-attack group whose pilots destroyed twenty enemy aircraft in a raid on a German airbase during the Battle of Moscow on 16 September 1941. Lieutenant Karabulin was badly injured when his cockpit was hit by enemy anti-aircraft fire, but successfully landed his Il-2 on friendly territory. He was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 12 April 1942. Nikolay Karabulin was born in the village of Tarkhanovka in 1918 and worked as a factory electrician at","title":"Nikolay Karabulin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"290612\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16944211\",\n \"text\": \"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) RV \\\"Neil Armstrong\\\" (AGOR-27) is the designation for a new oceanographic research ship, first of the s, to be owned by the United States Navy and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 24, 2012 that the research vessel was to be named after Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the Moon and a former naval aviator who served in the Korean War. The ship was ordered in May 2010 as a replacement for , operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution since 1970. The ship was\",\n \"title\": \"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7287311\",\n \"text\": \"the first Navy squadron to enter the jet age with delivery of the North American FJ-1 Fury; the squadron used this fighter to conduct the USN's first operational all-jet aircraft carrier landing at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard . After transitioning to the Grumman F9F-2 Panther, VF-51 became the first squadron to take jets into combat and score the first air-to-air kills in the Korean War. Future astronaut and first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, was also a Naval Aviator in VF-51 during this period. During the Vietnam War, VF-51 was the first squadron to evaluate\",\n \"title\": \"VF-51\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290622\",\n \"text\": \"and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on two days later. On June 28, 1951, \\\"Essex\\\" had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July. On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin.\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290624\",\n \"text\": \"parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \\\"125122\\\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \\\"Essex\\\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15036112\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Neil Thomas Francis \\\"Ginger\\\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in aircraft as a child and also played cricket and football for local teams. His family moved to Manchester when he was 16, and he attended Eccles Secondary (grammar) School where he was awarded an art prize\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Neil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"871630\",\n \"text\": \"the antiwar [[America First Committee]], which opposed American aid to Britain in its war against Germany, and resigned his commission in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] in 1941 after President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly rebuked him for his views. Nevertheless, he publicly supported the U.S. war effort after the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] and flew fifty combat missions in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of World War II as a civilian consultant, though Roosevelt refused to reinstate his Air Corps colonel's commission. In his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh and his\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Lindbergh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"753810\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Aldrin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3255509\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands's former military role in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, three modern F-16 jet fighters and a World War II Spitfire performed a missing man formation during his funeral. On May 25, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Air Force performed the flypast at the funeral of World War II resistance fighter Gunnar Sønsteby, Norway's most highly decorated citizen. The missing man formation was flown at a family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio on 31 August 2012 in honour of former American astronaut, US Navy pilot, and test pilot Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on\",\n \"title\": \"Missing man formation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2706834\",\n \"text\": \"to be beyond repair. Williams' victories were even more notable in that all four MiGs were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots: Russian sources confirmed Williams' claims, 40 years later, stating that the pilots lost were Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov. Future astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the war, even ejecting from one of the aircraft when it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley, in 1951. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox all-star baseball player Ted Williams also flew the F9F as Marine Corps pilots. Panthers were\",\n \"title\": \"Grumman F9F Panther\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265782\",\n \"text\": \"also excluded civilian NASA X-15 pilot Neil Armstrong, though he had been selected by the US Air Force in 1958 for its Man In Space Soonest program, which was replaced by Mercury. Although Armstrong had been a combat-experienced NAP during the Korean War, he left active duty in 1952. Armstrong became NASA's first civilian astronaut in 1962 when he was selected for NASA's second group, and became the first man on the Moon in 1969. It was further stipulated that candidates should be between 25 and 40 years old, no taller than , and hold a college degree in a\",\n \"title\": \"Project Mercury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743361\",\n \"text\": \"While \\\"ace\\\" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories. There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars. They were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17869199\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \\\"Rutland of Jutland\\\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He later worked for the Japanese and was interned by the British authorities during the Second World War. He joined the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1901. He was graded as Flight Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in December 1914, awarded his aviator's certificate by the Royal Aero Club on 26\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Rutland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290625\",\n \"text\": \"40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \\\"Essex\\\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois,\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290702\",\n \"text\": \"Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink.\\\" It prompted many responses, including the Twitter hashtag \\\"#WinkAtTheMoon\\\". Buzz Aldrin called Armstrong \\\"a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew\\\", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019. Michael Collins said, \\\"He was the best, and I will miss\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5980540\",\n \"text\": \"Leefe Robinson William Leefe Robinson VC (14 July 1895 – 31 December 1918) was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person to be awarded the VC for action in the UK. His action marked a turning point in the war against the airship menace, and caused the German airship bombing campaign to falter. In the three\",\n \"title\": \"Leefe Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290701\",\n \"text\": \"will never be forgotten.\\\" Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a \\\"reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13783023\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy commanding officer of the 2d Air Division in Vietnam and the 13th Air Force\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Bond (pilot)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13783033\",\n \"text\": \"Tigers. Bond died at an assisted-living facility in Dallas from the effects of dementia. Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Bond (pilot)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290613\",\n \"text\": \"anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run, and was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15036119\",\n \"text\": \"and Hurricanes seen in British skies since the Second World War. The formation consisted of 40 aircraft and flew a route around southern England in the areas which saw the most aerial activity during the war. Tom Neil Thomas Francis \\\"Ginger\\\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Neil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16589079\",\n \"text\": \"Konstantin Krasavin Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Alekseyevich Krasavin () (May 20, 1917 – January 1988) was a Russian flying ace and fighter pilot of the Great Patriotic War, during which he flew for the Soviet air forces. He is credited with 376 sorties, 106 dogfights and 21 kills between 1941 and 1945 on the Eastern Front, piloting the Yakovlev Yak-3, the Lavochkin La-5, the Yakovlev Yak-7 and the Hawker Hurricane during which time he held the rank of Major. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union along with the Order of Lenin for military valour in 1946\",\n \"title\": \"Konstantin Krasavin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1371212\",\n \"text\": \"and her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. George H. W. Bush became the U.S. Navy's youngest pilot when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS \\\"George H.W. Bush\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"USS George H.W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15452987\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrence Jenkins Lawrence L. \\\"Larry\\\" Jenkins (January 29, 1924 – May 28, 2017) was a B-17 co-pilot during World War II who spent over ten months as a prisoner of war. His exploits were chronicled, along with those of his friend and fellow POW Jack Curtis, in the 2007 book, \\\"Eagles' Wings, An Uncommon Story of World War II\\\", by Andrew Layton. On the United States' entry into World War II, Jenkins enlisted in the US Army Air Corps. After an initial assignment as a sheet-metal smith, he was accepted into the Aviation Cadet Program, and learned to fly the\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrence Jenkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15776066\",\n \"text\": \"on 19 April 1983. Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air\",\n \"title\": \"Robert MacIntyre Gordon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2229006\",\n \"text\": \"into law by President Barack Obama on July 25, 2014. Note: the rank indicated is the highest held by the individual. Note: Although astronaut Neil Armstrong's achievements as an aviator and an astronaut more than exceeded the requirements for the DFC, he was ineligible for the DFC as he was a civilian for his entire career with NASA. Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) The Distinguished Flying Cross is a military decoration awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces who distinguishes himself in support of operations by \\\"heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an\",\n \"title\": \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8201899\",\n \"text\": \"1956 as a reporter. After his retirement he moved to Corfu where he spent the rest of his life, continuing to write until well into his nineties. He was the last surviving British flying ace of World War I. George Bernard Shaw wrote of Lewis: \\\"This prince of pilots has had a charmed life in every sense of the word. He is a thinker, a master of words and a bit of a poet.\\\" Cecil Arthur Lewis Cecil Arthur Lewis (29 March 1898 – 27 January 1997) was a British fighter pilot who flew in World War I. He went\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Arthur Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1696341\",\n \"text\": \"splashdown north of Puerto Rico. \\\"Essex\\\" was the main vessel on which future \\\"Apollo 11\\\" astronaut Neil Armstrong served during the Korean War. \\\"Essex\\\" was decommissioned on 30June 1969 at Boston Navy Yard. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1June 1973 and sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) for scrapping on 1June 1975. \\\"Essex\\\" was scrapped at Kearny, New Jersey. USS Essex (CV-9) USS \\\"Essex\\\" (CV/CVA/CVS-9) was an aircraft carrier and the lead ship of the 24-ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth US Navy ship\",\n \"title\": \"USS Essex (CV-9)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7577866\",\n \"text\": \"to war a 42-year-old pilot named Charles Lindbergh. All but disgraced by his pro-German comments and behavior before World War II, the legendary but tainted Lindbergh had previously been denied returning to the Army Air Corps when he had volunteered after Pearl Harbor. Now in his role as civilian test pilot for United Aircraft, Lindbergh convinced Wood that he could properly test the company's new Vought F4U Corsair fighter planes only by flying them in actual combat conditions. Wood agreed, Lindbergh was soon cleared, and he quickly head off to the Solomon Islands. where he would fly 50 combat missions.\",\n \"title\": \"Louis E. Woods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5259972\",\n \"text\": \"a woman in his mouth. He eventually joined the war as a squadron pilot in the Royal Air Force, flying the Tiger Moth, Gloster Gladiator, and Hawker Hurricane. He was among the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion, taking part in the air for the Battle of Athens on 20 April 1941. In one of his accounts, he described a crash in the Western Desert, which hurt his head and brought him several other problems during his days in Greece. After the country fell to the Nazis, he went to the Middle East to fight\",\n \"title\": \"Going Solo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2772596\",\n \"text\": \"Pappy Boyington Gregory \\\"Pappy\\\" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross. Boyington was initially a US Marine Corps aviator with the Pacific fleet before being recruited by the legendary \\\"Flying Tigers\\\" (1st American Volunteer Group) in the Republic of China Air Force in Burma at the end of 1941 and part of 1942, during the military conflict between China and Japan, and the beginning of World War II. In September\",\n \"title\": \"Pappy Boyington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17769114\",\n \"text\": \"James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the New Guinea campaign of the South West Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"James P. Hagerstrom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14145034\",\n \"text\": \"Army. Rechkalov went on to become a Major General of Aviation in the Soviet Air Force (VVS) in 1959. He wrote two books about his wartime experiences - \\\"Dymnoe Nebo Voiny\\\" ('The Smoking Skies of War') and \\\"V Nebe Moldavii\\\" ('In Moldavian Skies'). Rechkalov lived in Moscow until his death on 20 December 1990. Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He\",\n \"title\": \"Grigoriy Rechkalov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1830552\",\n \"text\": \"right leg was amputated. He died of natural causes on 14 February 2010 at his Caribbean home in Grand Cayman, survived by both sons. During the Second World War, Francis volunteered, hoping to join the cavalry. Instead, he served in the Royal Air Force, working as ground crew and later piloting fighter and bomber aircraft, including the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, and the Wellington and Lancaster bombers. He said in an interview that he spent much of his six years in the Air Force in Africa. After leaving the RAF in 1946, Francis became a highly successful jockey, reaching celebrity\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Francis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15066121\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick Higginson Wing Commander Frederick \\\"Taffy\\\" Higginson, (17 February 1913 – 12 February 2003) was a fighter ace of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Higginson was part of the deployment which went to Dunkirk in 1940, where he became an ace within the first six months of the war. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal and commissioned as a flight lieutenant, by the time he was shot down over Lille in 1941, he had reached a tally of 15 victories. After capture, escape to Vichy France, recapture, he returned to England via Monte Carlo and Spain. Returning\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Higginson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15738096\",\n \"text\": \"Oscar Randolph Fladmark Oscar Randolph Fladmark, Jr. (June 23, 1922 – July 27, 1955) was an American fighter pilot who flew 164 \\\"no-injury\\\" combat missions in World War II and the Korean War. Fladmark received the Distinguished Flying Cross during his military career. Just a few years after the Korean War, Major Fladmark, at 33 years of age, was in an automobile accident near Yuma, Arizona, on July 27, 1955, and died while being flown to the San Diego Naval Hospital. Fladmark was born in Moe Township, Lincoln County, South Dakota, on June 23, 1922. His father, Oscar C. Fladmark,\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar Randolph Fladmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13911415\",\n \"text\": \"decorations with supporting documentation were sold for £12,650 at Warwick and Warwick auction house in England in 1989. Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Spurling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3375091\",\n \"text\": \"by Colonel John W. Mitchell, who had led the mission to shoot down Admiral Yamamoto in World War II. On his return to the United States, Gabreski received the key to the city from San Francisco Mayor Elmer E. Robinson and was given a ticker-tape parade up Market Street on June 17. Gabreski's 6½ MiG-15 kill credits make him one of seven U.S. pilots to become an ace in more than one war (the others being Whisner, Colonel Harrison Thyng, Colonel James P. Hagerstrom, Colonel Vermont Garrison, Major George A. Davis, Jr., and U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel John F.\",\n \"title\": \"Gabby Gabreski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1647866\",\n \"text\": \"and against \\\"Luftwaffe\\\" bombers. The South African ace Marmaduke \\\"Pat\\\" Pattle (who served with the RAF), claimed 15 kills in Gladiators during the North African and Greek Campaigns, making him the highest-scoring RAF biplane ace of the war. The 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War was unique in that the RAF and Royal Iraqi Air Force, used the Gladiator as their main fighter. Gladiators also saw action against the Vichy French in Syria. A stock of 18 Sea Gladiators from 802 Naval Air Squadron had been delivered by HMS \\\"Glorious\\\", in early 1940. Three were later shipped out to take part in the\",\n \"title\": \"Gloster Gladiator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3105067\",\n \"text\": \"was future astronaut Buzz Aldrin. The two remained longlife friends. He is a combat veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam Wars as a fighter pilot. During the Korean War, he flew 62 combat missions in the F-86 Sabre and shot down one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. During the Vietnam War, Johnson flew the F-4 Phantom II. On April 16, 1966, while flying his 25th combat mission in Vietnam, he was shot down over North Vietnam and suffered a broken arm and back. He was a prisoner of war for nearly seven years, including 42 months in solitary confinement. During this period,\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12136507\",\n \"text\": \"fluid stages of the First World War the Royal Navy Air Service Armoured Car Section was formed with armed and armoured touring cars to find and pick up aircrew who had been forced down. When trench warfare made this impossible the cars were transferred to other theatres, most notably the Middle East. In 1915, during the First World War, Squadron Commander Richard Bell-Davies of the British Royal Naval Air Service performed the first combat search and rescue by aircraft in history. He used his single-seat aeroplane to rescue his wingman who had been shot down in Bulgaria. His Victoria Cross\",\n \"title\": \"Combat search and rescue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9341116\",\n \"text\": \"Dogfights (TV series) Dogfights is a military aviation themed TV series depicting historical re-enactments of air-to-air combat that took place in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, as well as smaller conflicts such as the Gulf War and the Six-Day War. The program consists of former fighter pilots sharing their stories of actual dogfights in which they took part, combined with computer-generated imagery (CGI) to give the viewer a better perspective of what it is like to engage in aerial combat. \\\"Dogfights \\\" originally aired on the History Channel from November 2006 to\",\n \"title\": \"Dogfights (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9936101\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Blakeslee Donald James Matthew Blakeslee (September 11, 1917 – September 3, 2008) was an officer in the United States Air Force, whose aviation career began as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force flying Spitfire fighter aircraft during World War II. He then became a member of the Royal Air Force Eagle squadrons, before transferring to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. He flew more combat missions against the Luftwaffe than any other American fighter pilot, and by the end of the war was a flying ace credited with 15.5 aerial victories. Blakeslee was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Blakeslee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17794973\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hooper Sir Robin William John Hooper (26 July 1914 – 14 June 1989) was an English Royal Air Force pilot and diplomat. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II and later became the British Ambassador to Greece. Hooper was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he became a member of the Oxford University Air Squadron. On the night of 16/17 November 1943, Flight Lieutenant Hooper, took off in Westland Lysander ‘MA-D’ from RAF Tangmere, with Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents in the rear cockpit, for a field in France. The outward flight was uneventful, but\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3436430\",\n \"text\": \"of Stalingrad and Kursk. Because of his extraordinary skill, Shostakov was chosen for the most secret and dangerous tests and new aircraft for the Soviet Union. This included being the first pilot to test fly the Mig 15. The Soviet state controlled news media greatly publicized this and certain other missions of his such as his aerial battles against the U.S. Air Force over MiG Alley during the Korean War. As a result, Shostakov was decorated as a hero of the Soviet Union. Shostakov was also successful in his private life, having married the equally famous ballerina Natalie (familiarly known\",\n \"title\": \"Red Guardian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9629194\",\n \"text\": \"Keith Rosenkranz Keith Rosenkranz is a retired American fighter pilot and author. As a captain in the United States Air Force, he flew 30 missions in an F-16 Fighting Falcon during the Persian Gulf War. He later wrote a book about his experiences in the war, titled \\\"Vipers in the Storm: Diary of a Gulf War Fighter Pilot\\\", which included a foreword from Vice President Dick Cheney. Rosenkranz was interviewed twice by CNN prior to the Iraq War. After nearly nine years, he left the military and became a longtime Delta Air Lines pilot (for 17 years as of 2009).\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Rosenkranz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13911405\",\n \"text\": \"Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC) and the Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA), were mobilised. Although required to fulfill their\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Spurling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11844753\",\n \"text\": \"Kenneth L. Reusser Kenneth L. Reusser ( – ) was a United States Marine Corps aviator who was considered the most decorated Marine Aviator, having flown 253 combat missions, earning 59 medals, including two Navy Crosses while flying in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He is the only aviator to survive being shot down in all three wars. Reusser was born in 1920, the son of a minister. He enjoyed racing motorcycles, the winnings from which helped him to pay for college and eventually earn a pilot's license just prior to World War II. Reusser\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth L. Reusser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15776064\",\n \"text\": \"Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air Force as 204 Squadron.\",\n \"title\": \"Robert MacIntyre Gordon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12373458\",\n \"text\": \"War is considered to have started on 28 June 1914 and ended 11 November 1918, while the Second World War is considered to have started on 1 September 1939 and ended 14 August 1945. uss kitty hawk citation 1980-1981 Timeline for aircraft carrier service Aircraft carriers have their origins during the days of World War I. The earliest experiments consisted of fitting temporary \\\"flying off\\\" platforms to the gun turrets of the warships of several nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom. The first ship to be modified with a permanent flight deck was the battlecruiser , which\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline for aircraft carrier service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2406581\",\n \"text\": \"a square and a subway station are named in his honour. He wrote several books about his wartime experiences, none of which appear to be translated into English. He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series, \\\"The Unknown War \\\", specifically episode 9, entitled \\\"War In The Air\\\", and, at the beginning and end of the episode, he spoke to the host and narrator, Burt Lancaster. There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin. A legendary wartime Pokryshkin In The Sky(1945) and far lesser known Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin(1985) . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter,\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Pokryshkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14921316\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Edmonds Air Vice Marshal Charles Humphrey Kingsman Edmonds, (20 April 1891 – 26 September 1954) was air officer of the Royal Air Force (RAF). He first served in the Royal Navy and was a naval aviator during the First World War, taking part in the Cuxhaven Raid in December 1914; and while serving in the Gallipoli Campaign (1915) he was the first man to sink an enemy ship from an aircraft, using a torpedo. In the interbellum he remained in the RAF, becoming a senior staff officer during World War II. Edmonds was one of four children born to\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Edmonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12842201\",\n \"text\": \"In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions, in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act. Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million), in almost every theatre of the war, and by war's end the country had the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force\",\n \"title\": \"British Empire in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17869207\",\n \"text\": \"Harbor. This was discovered when Japan's cyphers were broken. MI6 discovered that Rutland had come to the attention of the US authorities. He returned to Britain on 5 October 1941 and on 16 December 1941 he was interned under Defence Regulation 18B \\\"by reason of alleged hostile associations\\\". Rutland committed suicide in 1949. Notes References Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \\\"Rutland of Jutland\\\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Rutland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17301288\",\n \"text\": \"the Soviet Union): one for drunkenness and lack of discipline, the other for failure to pay for membership fees. In 1935, Leonid Khrushchev enrolled in the Balashov Pilot School of the Civil Air Fleet, graduating in 1937. In 1938, he returned to work as a flight instructor. In 1940, he joined the Soviet Air Force as a fighter pilot. During World War II, Khrushchev was part of the 134th Bomber Aviation Regiment, 46th Air Division, stationed in the Andreapol, Kalinin Oblast. He saw action in the Winter War against Finland, in which he completed over thirty combat missions and bombed\",\n \"title\": \"Leonid Khrushchev\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500592\",\n \"text\": \"without access to petroleum. In November 1940, American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan, set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan, known as the Flying Tigers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941. However, they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government. The Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5054478\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel J. Miller Lt. Colonel Daniel J. Miller (March 13, 1924-September 1, 2006) was a United States Air Force officer who served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He served as a navigator for bombers in World War II, and as a helicopter pilot assigned largely to rescue missions in Korea and Vietnam. In Korea he made a number of notable rescues and was awarded a Silver Star and a Cheney Award. In between wars he served as an instructor, frequently flying fighter planes. Daniel J. Miller was born in Stony Point, New York on\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel J. Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743377\",\n \"text\": \"reconnaissance aircraft, observers/gunners in two-seater fighters such as the early Bristol F.2b, and airborne weapons officers in aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists. Charles George Gass, who tallied 39 victories, was the highest scoring observer ace in World War I. In World War II, United States Army Air Forces B-17 tail gunner S/Sgt. Michael Arooth (379th Bomb Group) was credited with 17 victories. The Royal Air Force's\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"55042\",\n \"text\": \"photographs revealing the extent of their activities on the wreck of . The last surviving veteran of the battle, Henry Allingham, a British RAF (originally RNAS) airman, died on 18 July 2009, aged 113, by which time he was the oldest documented man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of the whole war. Also among the combatants was the then 20-year-old Prince Albert, serving as a junior officer aboard HMS \\\"Collingwood\\\". He was second in the line to the throne, but would become king as George VI following his brother Edward's abdication in 1936. In 2013,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jutland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15962991\",\n \"text\": \"was credited with 15 air victories, and was also shot down twice. Promoted to Polkovnik (Colonel), Shchukin graduated from the Air Academy in 1956 and became an aviation advisor in Egypt and North Vietnam in the 1960s. He retired in 1977. Lev Schukin Lev Kirillovich Schukin (Lev K. Schukin) (born October 29, 1923 - May 2, 2009) was a MiG-15 pilot of the Soviet Union. He was a participant of World War II. He was also a flying ace during the Korean war. Serving with the 18th GIAP (of the 303rd IAD) on his first combat sortie on 1 June\",\n \"title\": \"Lev Schukin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6935865\",\n \"text\": \"in his honor. In 1989 he was in the first class of inductees to the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. Robert Lee Scott Jr. Robert Lee Scott Jr. (12 April 1908 – 27 February 2006) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a flying ace of World War II, credited with shooting down 13 Japanese aircraft. Scott is best known for his memoir, \\\"God is My Co-Pilot\\\" (1943), about his exploits in World War II with the Flying Tigers and the United States Army Air Forces in China and Burma. The book was adapted as a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Lee Scott Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10439068\",\n \"text\": \"his first combat mission on July 2, while escorting a B-29 to Kyushu. A \\\"flying ace\\\" or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term \\\"ace in a day\\\" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. Since World War I, a number of pilots have been honored as \\\"Ace in a Day\\\". The last \\\"Ace in a Day\\\" for the United States in World War II was 1st Lt. Oscar Francis Perdomo. Perdomo was a first\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar F. Perdomo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15643490\",\n \"text\": \"William H. Farrow Wing Commander William Hastings Farrow (30 March 1893 – 11 July 1946) was a British World War I flying ace credited with 10 aerial victories. He would pursue a military career well into the 1920s before resigning in 1926. Like many World War I aces, he returned to the military for World War II, and was honoured by induction into the Order of the British Empire. Farrow was serving as a corporal in the Royal Engineers, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps on 3 June 1916. On 28 July 1916\",\n \"title\": \"William H. Farrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15271020\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio. He also served as a consultant to the 2012 George Lucas film, \\\"Red Tails\\\". Charles McGee (pilot) Charles E. McGee (born December 7, 1919) is a retired African-American fighter pilot who was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a career officer in the United States Air Force for 30 years who flew a total of 409 combat missions in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. McGee was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 7, 1919, to Lewis Allen and Ruth Elizabeth Lewis McGee who died shortly after the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles McGee (pilot)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6990079\",\n \"text\": \"the United States Army, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937. Eisenhower returned to the United States in late December 1939 and\",\n \"title\": \"Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529835\",\n \"text\": \"Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937, first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in the early months of the Sino-Japanese War. Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) but nicknamed the \\\"Flying Tigers\\\", this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority. As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese. The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each, the AVG's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941, twelve days after\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7479374\",\n \"text\": \"Hermann Graf Hermann Graf (24 October 1912 – 4 November 1988) was a German \\\"Luftwaffe\\\" World War II fighter ace. He served on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. He became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 aerial victories—that is, 200 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. In about 830 combat missions, he claimed a total of 212 aerial victories, almost all of which were achieved on the Eastern Front. Graf, a pre-war football player and glider pilot, he joined the \\\"Luftwaffe\\\" and started flight training in 1936. He was initially selected\",\n \"title\": \"Hermann Graf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17769160\",\n \"text\": \"received numerous awards and decorations for his services: James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the\",\n \"title\": \"James P. Hagerstrom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11204041\",\n \"text\": \"culture, there is a long history of considering certain types of suicides honorable, especially during military service. For example, seppuku was the use of a short sword for practiced mainly by samurai (warriors) to avoid dishonor, such as after defeat in battle or as an act of protest against the government. Kamikaze was the method of flying a plane into the enemy used during World War II. Banzai charges were human wave attacks used during the Pacific War. There has been a rapid increase in suicides since the 1990s. For example, 1998 saw a 34.7% increase over the previous year.\",\n \"title\": \"Suicide in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3550310\",\n \"text\": \"Eagle Squadrons The Eagle Squadrons were three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF), formed with volunteer pilots from the United States during the early days of World War II (circa 1940), prior to America's entry into the war in December 1941. Before America's entry into the War, many US recruits simply crossed the border and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to learn to fly and fight. Many early recruits had originally gone to Europe to fight for Finland against the Soviets in the Winter War. Some of the recruits were men rejected by the USAAF as\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Squadrons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8603719\",\n \"text\": \"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov or Iwan Smirnoff (; January 30, 1895 – October 28, 1956) was a Russian World War I flying ace and naturalized Dutch aviator who pioneered the Europe to South East Asia routes. He was born to a poor peasant family, but through courage and good fortune managed to become an officer in the Imperial Russian Air Service. After surviving extremely dangerous infantry combat, he trained as a pilot, and was subsequently credited with 11 aerial victories during World War I. When the October Revolution ended his participation in the war, he deserted and became\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"548261\",\n \"text\": \"but a veritable tiger when aroused.\\\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film \\\"Sergeant York\\\", Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6531913\",\n \"text\": \"Pat Pattle Marmaduke Thomas St John Pattle, (3 July 1914 – 20 April 1941), usually known as Pat Pattle, was a South African-born Second World War fighter pilot and flying ace (an aviator credited with the destruction of five or more enemy aircraft in aerial combat) of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Pattle applied to join the South African Air Force at 18, but was rejected. He travelled to the United Kingdom and joined the RAF in 1936 on a Short Service Commission. Pattle was a pilot by 1937 and was posted to No. 80 Squadron based in Egypt upon\",\n \"title\": \"Pat Pattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3550331\",\n \"text\": \"to the Mustang resulted in a rapid turnover of airplanes, with the former Eagle squadrons flying their first Mustang mission on Thursday, 24 February 1944. Flt Lt Charles A. Cook Jr. was a member of 133 Squadron. Shot down in September 1942, he was a prisoner of war at Stalag Luft III until 1945 and was a member of what was known as \\\"The Long March\\\", when German forces decided to empty the Allied POW camps in the face of the Soviet advance. British composer Kenneth J. Alford wrote a march, \\\"Eagle Squadron\\\", in honour of the pilots of the\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Squadrons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14027840\",\n \"text\": \"7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets, with a density that sometimes reached 100–150 tons/ sq kilometer. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and during the period within which the predecessor U.S. Army Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave command of the Navy to an aviator, Admiral Ernest King, with a mandate for an aviation-oriented war in the Pacific. FDR allowed King to build up land-based naval and Marine aviation, and seize control of the long-range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic. Roosevelt basically agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Air warfare of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7384478\",\n \"text\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda\",\n \"title\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7384482\",\n \"text\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda\",\n \"title\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743362\",\n \"text\": \"was the supply of \\\"volunteer\\\" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians. The Soviet Volunteer Group began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces. The Flying Tigers were American military pilots recruited sub rosa to aid the Chinese Nationalists. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941. In World War II many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20705116\",\n \"text\": \"of the war. Ivan Babak Ivan Ilyich Babak (, ; 26 July 1919–24 June 2001) was a Ukrainian Soviet Air Forces captain, flying ace, and a Hero of the Soviet Union. A schoolteacher, Babak joined the Red Army before Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began, and completed pilot training in 1942, after which he flew the Yakovlev Yak-1 and later the Bell P-39 Airacobra. He distinguished himself in the air battles over the Kuban bridgehead in April 1943 and was credited with eighteen aerial victories when he received the title Hero of the Soviet Union on\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Babak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229224\",\n \"text\": \"Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951; for the next year-and-a-half stretch of the war, aerial warfare continued. Unlike the Vietnam War, in which the Soviet Union only officially sent \\\"advisers\\\", in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a \\\"casus belli\\\" that the\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10972630\",\n \"text\": \"Teddy Shapou Theodore \\\"Teddy\\\" Roosevelt Shapou ( – ) was an American fighter pilot of World War II. Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1919 to Lebanese-American parents, he grew up in New Bern, North Carolina with his three sisters. He first attended North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, then transferred to Georgetown College in Kentucky to be closer to his future wife. He starred in football and baseball, and studied zoology and botany before dropping out to join the United States Army Air Forces. In a War Department document dated September 26, 1941, he is listed as a\",\n \"title\": \"Teddy Shapou\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743353\",\n \"text\": \"the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era. For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources. World War I introduced\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7274342\",\n \"text\": \"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China. The war, by some seen as the start of World War II, ended when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. By the end of July 1937, fighting had escalated into a full-scale war and both countries deployed their air forces, ground troops, and warships into combat. Japanese heavy bombers also extensively bombed Chinese factories, airfields and conducted the first major air-raids against civilian targets in the war. At\",\n \"title\": \"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13491305\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Donald Albury Charles Donald Albury (October 12, 1920 – May 23, 2009) was an American military aviator who participated in both atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He co-piloted the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber known as the \\\"Bockscar\\\" during the mission which dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The bombing of Nagasaki killed an estimated 40,000 people instantly, and led to Japan's unconditional surrender on August 14, 1945, ending World War II. Albury was born in 1920 at his parents' home in Miami, Florida. The Miami Police Department building currently stands\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Donald Albury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14145027\",\n \"text\": \"Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He scored 56 confirmed personal victories and 5 additional shared victories in air combat. He is the third highest scoring Soviet pilot in World War II. He was born on 9 February 1920 in Khudyakovo into a peasant family. After graduation from school, he joined the Army in 1938, and in 1939 graduated from Perm\",\n \"title\": \"Grigoriy Rechkalov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7486981\",\n \"text\": \"radio; the Russians have observed what happened and something special seems to have happened... From the Russian radio-messages, we discover that this was a very famous Soviet fighter pilot, more than once appointed as Hero of the Soviet Union. I should give him credit: he was a good pilot. His 26 victories in World War II raised his career total to 65, including shared. His decorations included Hero of the Soviet Union, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, and Order of the Patriotic War. According to research by Tomas Polak and Christopher Shores, Shestakov rates as The Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"Lev Shestakov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4111186\",\n \"text\": \"Avenue; the official name for this junction is \\\"Polish War Memorial\\\". A large memorial to Polish Air Force squadrons in the war is situated on the floor of the north aisle of the reconstructed Wren church, St Clement Danes, London. The Polish-American fighter ace Francis S. \\\"Gabby\\\" Gabreski flew his first combat missions attached to a Polish RAF squadron. King George VI, on visiting a Polish squadron, asked a Polish airman what was the toughest thing he had to deal with in the war. The reply was \\\"King's Regulations...\\\" When the Polish RAF squadrons were formed, a series of badges\",\n \"title\": \"Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562478\",\n \"text\": \"Leonard Cheshire Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire, (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot and group captain during the Second World War, and a philanthropist. Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot was the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war. After the war he founded a hospice that grew into the charity Leonard Cheshire\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Cheshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"871627\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the [[Orteig Prize]]: making a nonstop flight from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], to [[Paris]], France. Lindbergh covered the -hour, flight alone in a single-engine purpose-built [[Ryan Airline Company|Ryan]] [[monoplane]], the \\\"[[Spirit of St. Louis]]\\\". This was not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first flight between North America and\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Lindbergh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17365323\",\n \"text\": \"Herbert O. Fisher Herbert O. Fisher (March 6, 1909 – July 29, 1990) was an American test pilot and an aviation executive, overseeing aviation projects at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. He worked for the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. Fisher flew as a pilot for over 50 years, racking up 19,351 accident and violation free hours. During World War II Fisher was sent to the China-Burma-India theater to train the Flying Tigers as a civilian. He flew many combat missions and was awarded the Air Medal by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Disproving the public perception of the heroic test\",\n \"title\": \"Herbert O. Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"23146\",\n \"text\": \"ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armoured cruisers. Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the First and Second Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902),the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921); the First (1914–1918) and Second World Wars (1939–1945) and the First Indochina War (1946–1954). The most intensive use of armoured trains was during the Russian Civil War (1918–1920). Armoured cars saw use during World wars 1 and 2. During the Second Boer War on 15 November 1899, Winston Churchill, then a war-correspondent, was travelling on board\",\n \"title\": \"Armour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17540381\",\n \"text\": \"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm, (23 November 1911 – 7 December 1994) was a British night fighter pilot, flying ace—a title awarded to a pilot credited with shooting down at least five enemy aircraft in aerial combat—and a highly decorated British airman of the Second World War. As a Beaufighter night-fighter pilot between 13 March and 9 July 1941, he was credited with seven aerial victories, one probable and one damaged. Chisholm had been a night fighter pilot with No. 604 Squadron RAF, flying the Bristol Beaufighter. During the war, he had been credited with seven night\",\n \"title\": \"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7274344\",\n \"text\": \"in China's war against Japan, the best known in the West being the American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers, which under General Chennault achieved considerable success against the Japanese from late 1941 to mid-1942. At the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War/War of Resistance/WWII in July 1937, the Chinese Air Force had 645 combat aircraft, of which about 300 were fighter planes. Japan had 1,530 army and navy aircraft, of which about 400 were deployed in China. From 1941, many Chinese combat aircraft were US models, and the Chinese pilots were mostly trained by US or US trained\",\n \"title\": \"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11783825\",\n \"text\": \"Chindit Memorial, and the Battle of Britain Monument. Fleet Air Arm Memorial The Fleet Air Arm Memorial, sometimes known as Daedalus, is a war memorial in London, commemorating the service of the Royal Naval Air Service and the Fleet Air Arm from their establishments in 1914 and 1924 respectively, in the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War, including over 6,000 killed in all conflicts. The service of the Fleet Air Arm is also commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, at the former base of the Fleet Air\",\n \"title\": \"Fleet Air Arm Memorial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13804681\",\n \"text\": \"first American flying ace of World War II, with eight victories. He was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Air Medal. In September 1939, war broke out in Europe following the German invasion of Poland. The U.S. officially remained neutral, but Americans became involved in combat while serving in other countries' militaries in units such as the Flying Tigers in China and the Eagle Squadrons that served with the Royal Air Force shortly after the Battle of Britain; U.S. forces also provided logistic support through the cash and carry program, and by undertaking convoy escort duties in the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of Asian Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13740654\",\n \"text\": \"(1922), and (1927). With these developments, the need for specialized aircraft adapted for takeoffs and landings from the flight decks of those ships became recognized. The significance of air power grew between the wars, driven by the increased range, carrying power, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft, until it became impossible to disregard its importance during World War II, following the loss of many warships to aircraft, including the sinking of \\\"Prince of Wales\\\" and \\\"Repulse\\\", the Battle of Taranto, the Attack on Pearl Harbor and numerous other incidents. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance.\",\n \"title\": \"Carrier-based aircraft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1635544\",\n \"text\": \"72,000 tons and mounted guns. The victory of the Royal Navy at the Battle of Taranto was a pivotal point as this was the first true demonstration of naval air power. Following 7 December 1941 when the United States came into World War II, the sinkings of the British battleships HMS \\\"Prince of Wales\\\" and HMS \\\"Repulse\\\" marked the end of the battleship era. Aircraft and their transportation, the aircraft carrier, came to the fore. During the Pacific War of World War II, battleships and cruisers spent most of their time bombarding shore positions, while the carriers and their airplanes\",\n \"title\": \"Naval warfare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13825016\",\n \"text\": \"from the Russian Empire Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Ivan Orlov (aviator) Podporuchik Ivan Aleksandrovich Orlov (19 January 1895 – 4 July 1917) was a Russian flying ace during World War I. He was a prewar flier, having built both gliders and an airplane, and having earned pilot's license no. 229 just prior to start of the war. He volunteered his experience and his personal airplane to his country's military service. His experience and his valor made him both a mentor and leader of less experienced pilots, as Orlov rose to command the 7th \\\"Aviatsionniy Ostryad Istrebitelei\\\" (7th\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Orlov (aviator)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422052\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy uses ship names without article, except for USS \\\"The Sullivans\\\", named for the five Sullivan brothers, all lost at sea during World War II. Its British equivalent (\\\"the HMS \\\"Flattop\\\"\\\") is also discouraged, since \\\"the Her Majesty's Ship\\\" would be grammatically incorrect. Yugoslavia war navy had strict naming rules and ships prefix that was driven by order by President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1969. After dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia new state Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continued same naming convention for War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces from 1992\",\n \"title\": \"Ship prefix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16218860\",\n \"text\": \"Nikolay Karabulin Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karabulin (; 1918–1943) was a Soviet World War II Il-2 pilot and commanding officer of a ground-attack group whose pilots destroyed twenty enemy aircraft in a raid on a German airbase during the Battle of Moscow on 16 September 1941. Lieutenant Karabulin was badly injured when his cockpit was hit by enemy anti-aircraft fire, but successfully landed his Il-2 on friendly territory. He was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 12 April 1942. Nikolay Karabulin was born in the village of Tarkhanovka in 1918 and worked as a factory electrician at\",\n \"title\": \"Nikolay Karabulin\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Neil Armstrong context: Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by\\n\\nNeil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Neil Armstrong context: and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on two days later. On June 28, 1951, \\\"Essex\\\" had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July. On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin.\\n\\ntitleuzz Ald context: Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin; born Edwin Eugene Ald Jr.; January 20, 193) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. lunar module pilot the Apollo 11 mission, he mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point New York, in 1951 with degree in mechanical engineering. He commission in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War flew 66 combat missions and\\n\\ntitleenkranz Keith Rosenk Keith Rosz a American fighter and. As States, flew0 in-16ing Fal during the Gulf War He book about the, titledipers the Storm Diary of Gulf Fighter Pil\\\", included a foreword from Vice Chen Rosenkraned twice by the Iraq War. years military and became longtime Lines1 of 20title:: Neilstrong2onaut Moon professor studied engineeringition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by\\n\\nNeil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 470,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14431,\n \"ratio\": \"30.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":91,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":91,"string":"91"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Nickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Warner Amex"],"string":"[\n \"Warner Amex\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Warner Amex"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"3133722","text":"Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was","title":"The Movie Channel"},{"id":"1360352","text":"Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"13812359","text":"putting them over rival companies such as HBO. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979 (as the first ever all children's network) on Warner Cable's system in Buffalo, New York. It quickly expanded its audience reach, first to other Warner Cable systems across the country, and eventually to other cable providers. It was distributed via satellite on RCA Satcom-1, which went into orbit one week earlier on March 26 – originally transmitted on transponder space purchased from televangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. Despite its prior history on the QUBE system under the Pinwheel name, Nickelodeon has designated 1979 as the","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"2151844","text":"paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional","title":"American Express"},{"id":"3133723","text":"folded into a separate jointly owned unit, the Warner Cable Corporation). Warner-Amex executive John A. Schneider served as the company's president; other Warner-Amex staff that manned Star/The Movie Channel's initial management team included executive vice president John Lack, programming chief Robert Pittman, and Fred Seibert, who was in charge of developing on-air promotions. On December 1, 1979, the network was relaunched as The Movie Channel; the first feature film to be broadcast on the relaunched service was the 1953 comedy \"Roman Holiday\". On January 1, 1980, TMC discontinued its time-lease arrangement with Nickelodeon (then a sister network under the Warner,","title":"The Movie Channel"},{"id":"3133721","text":"January 1, 1979, Star Channel became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, becoming the third premium service to be distributed nationally through such a transmission method (after HBO, which was uplinked to satellite in September 1975, and Showtime, which was uplinked in March 1978). In April of that year, it began to share channel and transponder space with Warner-Amex's newly launched children's network, Nickelodeon (an outgrowth of the company's former Pinwheel programming service); this resulted in the latter service switching to an encrypted signal during the regularly scheduled network transition at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific","title":"The Movie Channel"},{"id":"4647379","text":"nationwide outlets. Star Channel began by satellite in January 1979 and was renamed The Movie Channel by the end of the year. Pinwheel became Nickelodeon in April 1979. In 1980, Warner-Amex formed a joint venture with Cablevision's Rainbow Media division to launch Bravo, a cable network indicated to arts and films, it was launched in December 1, 1980, however, it was sold to Rainbow Media in 1984 following Warner-Amex's sale to Viacom. Lack had worked in sales at CBS Radio (in fact, it was he who suggested Schneider to Warner chief Ross) and had an idea of cable programming as","title":"Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment"},{"id":"13812357","text":"History of Nickelodeon Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is part of the Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents. Nickelodeon's history dates back to December 1, 1977, when QUBE, the first two-way major market interactive cable television system was launched in Columbus, Ohio by Warner Cable, the parent company of Dimension Pictures. One of the ten \"community\"","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"10100368","text":"company with Radio Caroline in 1978, was relaunched from its own vessel, MV \"Magdalena\" on 1 July 1979, although this only lasted until 21 September 1979 when the MV Magdalena stranded during a Force 8 gale at the shore of Goeree. It was not until 1999 that Van Landschoot admitted the open secret that he had been involved with the relaunch of his former rival station, again aimed at the promotion of his Carnaby clothing and boutiques, and records of artists he was managing at the time: Dream Express, its offspring L.B.S., Luke and Puzzle. In 1980 he established a","title":"Radio Atlantis"},{"id":"1360353","text":"expanded to other cable providers nationwide. It was initially commercial-free and remained without advertising until 1984. Warner sold Nickelodeon, along with its sister networks MTV and VH1, to Viacom in 1986. , the channel is available to about 92.056 million households (79.086% of households with TV) in the United States. The channel's name comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Its history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Under the name Pinwheel Network, the C-3 cable channel carried \"Pinwheel\" daily from 7:00","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"821113","text":"Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \"Pulp Fiction\" was released. The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney until September 30, 2005, when they left the company and founded a","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"3592188","text":"Pinwheel (TV series) Pinwheel is a children's television show. It was originally broadcast on channel C-3 of Warner Cable's interactive system QUBE in Columbus, Ohio. However, the show began airing on the Nickelodeon network, from December 1977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) until 1990. \"Pinwheel\" was the flagship program of C-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio, in the earliest days of cable television broadcasting. C-3 soon changed its name to Pinwheel. In 1979, Warner Cable purchased the Sat-1 communications satellite from Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker and rebranded the Pinwheel Channel as Nickelodeon, where it reformatted \"Pinwheel\" as hour-long","title":"Pinwheel (TV series)"},{"id":"13812361","text":"service, the network ran interstitials between programs, consisting of a male mime doing tricks in front of a black background. At the time of its launch, Nickelodeon's programming aired for thirteen hours each weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. and for fourteen hours on weekends from 8:00 a.m. to midnight Eastern and Pacific Time. Premium cable network Star Channel (which later relaunched as The Movie Channel in November 1979) would take over the channel space after Nickelodeon's broadcast day ended. New shows were added to the lineup in 1980, including \"Dusty's Treehouse\", \"First Row Features\", \"Special Delivery\", \"What Will","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"1360354","text":"a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984. Nickelodeon's schedule currently consists largely of original series aimed at children, pre-teens and young teenagers, including animated series (such as \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", \"ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks\", \"The Loud House\", \"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\", and \"The Adventures of Kid Danger\"), to live-action comedy and action series (such as \"Power Rangers Ninja Steel\", \"The Thundermans\", \"Henry Danger\", \"Game Shakers\", \"School of Rock\", along with the month-long","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"8837316","text":"The Ladd Company The Ladd Company was an American film production company founded by Alan Ladd, Jr., Jay Kanter, and Gareth Wigan in 1979. In 1979, the three founders were executives with 20th Century Fox — Ladd was the president — when they announced their intention to leave the company when their contracts expired in December 1980 and form a new production company to be financed by Warner Bros. (Ladd had reportedly been quarreling with other Fox senior executives.) Fox subsequently cut their contracts short, ending on October 1, 1979. The day after the contracts expired, the trio placed ads","title":"The Ladd Company"},{"id":"2781293","text":"with HBO's The Comedy Channel the following year, became fully owned by Viacom in 2003.<br> Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons once more in 2009.<br> Channel was originally known Pinwheel until 1979 when it was rebranded as Nickelodeon.<br> Channel was originally known MTV Hits until 2016 when it was rebranded as NickMusic.<br> Channel was originally known as The 90's Are All That until 2015 and The Splat until 2017.<br> Formerly on NickToons until February 11,","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"19576073","text":"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over","title":"Toytown Stores"},{"id":"19576071","text":"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over","title":"Toytown Stores"},{"id":"17328641","text":"News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the old News Corporation's broadcasting and media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation, with the new News Corp being an entirely new company","title":"News Corp"},{"id":"847395","text":"Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs","title":"Pixar"},{"id":"5770149","text":"she went to work for an architectural firm in Philadelphia. Eventually, she earned a Master of Science degree in Elementary Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1980, Laybourne signed on as program manager at the year-old network, where she initiated the focus-group approach to programming. Laybourne was one of the first people to focus on television programming for kids. She spent 15 years at Nickelodeon, taking over the management of the network, and started accepting advertising for the network, in 1984. Laybourne and her team were responsible for creating and building the Nickelodeon brand, launching Nick at Nite and","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"16945154","text":"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \"new\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"2781291","text":"Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel (TMC). Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining 34% interest in","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"12423735","text":"cable channels at the time), including 10 pay-per-view movie channels (a then-new feature for cable TV); 10 broadcast channels (from Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Canton, Akron, and Cleveland); and 10 community channels. These community channels included one dedicated to a single show: \"Pinwheel\", which would go on to air on Nickelodeon from the latter's launch in 1979; Sight on Sound, a predecessor to MTV; a weather channel; a learning channel; and a channel filled with locally produced programs that showed off QUBE's interactivity. The first QUBE box was issued as a test for 4 months to the family of Mr. and","title":"QUBE"},{"id":"821137","text":"here. Miramax Television is the television production division tasked with producing TV shows based on the existing Miramax films library and original concepts. Its projects include: Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \"Pulp Fiction\" was released. The Weinsteins","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"4932828","text":"the number of channels that could be carried on a single system at the time (prior to upgrades that led to the advent of digital cable in the 1990s); however in those cases, providers switched between continuously-running channel feeds between dayparts. Prior to the launch of Nick at Nite, Nickelodeon carried The Movie Channel (from 1979 to 1981), BET (from 1980 to 1981), the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) (from 1981 to 1984) and ARTS' successor A&E (from 1984 to 1985) over its channel space; each one (except for ARTS, which merged with The Entertainment Channel to form A&E) eventually","title":"Late night television in the United States"},{"id":"2374416","text":"Warner Communications Warner Communications, Inc. was an American entertainment company established in 1972 from the entertainment assets of Kinney National Company, which were spun off due to a financial scandal over its parking operations (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name. It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Music Group and, though Warner Cable, Dimension Pictures. It also owned DC Comics and \"Mad\" magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984. In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite","title":"Warner Communications"},{"id":"5770150","text":"expanding the network by establishing it in other countries, developing theme parks and creating Nickelodeon magazine, movie, toy and publishing divisions. Under her leadership, Nickelodeon became the top-rated 24-hour cable programming service and won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, CableACE Awards and Parents' Choice Awards. The network had a 40% profit margin and explosive growth every year. Laybourne built Nickelodeon into the first global television network to profit from selling advertising targeted towards children. Her programming approach, which made a point of talking to children as equals, built the tiny cable network, which had only five employees in 1980, into an","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"2475883","text":"century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons, after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio. (The US had at","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"13691889","text":"which cost more than $100,000. Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \"The Dark Crystal\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such","title":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop"},{"id":"17328649","text":"a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. On June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million The company consists primarily of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, and includes: News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the","title":"News Corp"},{"id":"2340634","text":"New York. During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons. Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by","title":"Independent film"},{"id":"3184493","text":"Nord in San Francisco, United States. Peter S. Beagle's book \"The Last Unicorn\" was made into an animated film of the same name in 1982, based on a screenplay written by Beagle himself. In 1979, Beagle had a contract with ITC Entertainment, which entitled Beagle to 5% of the net profits in the animated property, and 5% of the gross revenues from any film-related merchandising. Since 1999 this film has been controlled by a British company, Granada Media International (a subsidiary of ITV plc). From 2003 through 2011, Beagle was involved in a financial dispute with Granada over nonpayment of","title":"Peter S. Beagle"},{"id":"1360383","text":"some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey. Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"12802302","text":"Bob Pittman commissioned Geraldine Laybourne, who served as general manager of Nickelodeon at the time, to develop programming to fill the vacated time period. Laybourne asked programming and branding consultants Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, founders of Fred/Alan Inc. (who launched successful branding campaigns for MTV when it launched in 1981, and for Nickelodeon in 1984), to come up with programming ideas. Seibert and Goodman came up with the idea to launch a nighttime block of classic television series, modeled after the \"Greatest Hits of All Time\" oldies radio format, after being presented with over 200 episodes of the 1950s","title":"Alpha Repertory Television Service"},{"id":"872225","text":"The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks. In 1976, the Turner–owned WTCG originated the \"superstation\" concept, transmitting via satellite to cable systems nationwide and pioneering the basic cable business model. WTCG was renamed WTBS in 1979 (it is now Meredith-owned WPCH). In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari, Inc. to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success,","title":"WarnerMedia"},{"id":"1495154","text":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a 5.5% stake in Columbia Pictures. He then announced on November 20, to launch a tender offer to acquire another 20% for the studio. On December 14, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising not to go beyond 25% or seeking control for at least three years. On January 15, 1979, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Kerkorian, to block him from holding stake in Columbia, while controlling MGM. On February 19, 1979, Columbia Pictures Television acquired TOY Productions; the production company founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in","title":"Columbia Pictures"},{"id":"13632469","text":"Year\" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War. The paper also won \"Columnist of the Year\" three years' running from 2002 to 2004: Zoë Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004). In 1979, following a letter in \"The Daily Telegraph\" and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded. In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal. In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for","title":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"id":"5407564","text":"amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life. People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out. And they all wanted to hear about working with him. After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing before returning with \"Saint Jack\" (1979). The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute \"Director's Cut\" in black and white. \"There's nothing to distract you,\" said Bogdanovich, \"Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the","title":"Nickelodeon (film)"},{"id":"4694974","text":"factory was founded in the Finnish town of Salo. The factory later changed its name to Salora and specialised in shortwave radios, televisions and radio-phones. In 1979, when Salora and Nokia founded a joint company named Mobira, the manufacturing of mobile phones started in Salo. After some time working with in conjunction with Nokia, Jorma Nieminen (who was at the time heading Nokia's mobile phone section) and two colleagues parted ways with Nokia, and decided to start their own company, called Benefon, in 1988. In 2004, facing financial difficulties, Benefon entered bankruptcy protection and launched a re-organisation program. Benefon's efforts","title":"Twig Com"},{"id":"13691886","text":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \"The Dark Crystal\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such as \"Labyrinth\" and \"The Storyteller.\"","title":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop"},{"id":"10641107","text":"when it bought into Trans-Pacific Credit Pte Ltd in 1982. Metro Holdings also co-founded luxury brand retailer chain, The Hour Glass in 1979. The company also started a subsidiary company, Transmarco in 1978 as a distribution marketing company for luxury brands. The Metro group’s key businesses today focuses primarily on property investments in China, Japan and UK and retail properties in China and Indonesia. Metro Private Limited as the retail branch of Metro Holdings Limited also went into specialty retailing and ventured into many retail formats. Metro Pte Ltd initiated a joint venture with Toys ‘R’ Us Inc in 1984","title":"Metro (department store)"},{"id":"2179868","text":"units). With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by \"Variety\"; however, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" does not yet recognize the company as a major. The Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they sold control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company, continuing to run the studio in quasi-independent fashion under the Disney umbrella. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, which is used by The Weinstein","title":"Major film studio"},{"id":"1268584","text":"effects for a relatively low price. The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race turned out to be Pixar. It originated in 1979 when George Lucas' Lucasfilm was able to recruit Edwin Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, John Lasseter, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the Walt Disney Company for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee","title":"Modern animation in the United States"},{"id":"2781297","text":"most concern to investors. The three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets. Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"2859817","text":"The lukewarm reception of Disney's heavily computer-themed \"Tron\" did little to buoy the group's confidence in their ultimate success. CGL was not working in a field without competition. George Lucas also realized the potential gains from computer animation, and in 1979, he created a new department of Lucasfilm which had the same goals as CGL, but ensured that movie industry professionals had a hand in the production. As Lucasfilm began headhunting for the best talent in the industry, many individuals struggling on \"The Works\" felt that Lucasfilm was a company more likely to succeed and abandoned NYIT. The Cornell University","title":"The Works (film)"},{"id":"11992710","text":"Day\", which opened in 2007. By the next year, the pictures were hosted online and became a popular discovery of several online blogs. Livingston was a member of Chris Wangro's circus troupe The Janus Circus founded by Wangro at Bard College with other Bard Alumni including Zeena Parkins. He also worked as a cinematographer and editor of music videos for MTV, as well as working on advertisements with Nike. In 1979, Livingston received a Polaroid camera and after a few weeks noticed that he was taking about one photo a day, which subsequently evolved into the Polaroid a Day project.","title":"Jamie Livingston"},{"id":"3921661","text":"Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an online video, film and music store in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland operated by Hilco Ireland. The company original was Ireland's largest chain of DVD/Blu-ray rental stores and entertainment retailing company, founded in 1979 by Richard Murphy. It was previously operated by US company Blockbuster. Starting in 2013, 26 stores in Ireland were trading as HMV/Xtra-vision, offering many of the same items as the bigger HMV stores. On 27 January 2016, Xtra-vision was liquidated and ceased trading. The company now operates as an online business and operates rental vending machines across the Republic of","title":"Xtra-vision"},{"id":"17920810","text":"artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences. Pixar Photoscience Team The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the","title":"Pixar Photoscience Team"},{"id":"2881796","text":"the book \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down. \"The Secret of NIMH\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney,","title":"The Secret of NIMH"},{"id":"3991949","text":"of fraud and misuse of shareholder’s funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. Since Long’s vision for the future of the TM Companies did not match that of Shamrock’s management, he resigned on December 31, 1979. Under various ownerships since 1980, today TM Studios/Productions continues to provide commercial production services to the broadcast industry. Long founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion,","title":"Jim Long"},{"id":"838965","text":"could buy his own ticket punch for \"a school project\", he was able to ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in a dumpster next to the bus company garage. Social engineering later became his primary method of obtaining information, including usernames and passwords and modem phone numbers. Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC's computer network","title":"Kevin Mitnick"},{"id":"1483316","text":"an occasional network. In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979. In the fall of 1981 Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show \"Quiz Kids\" for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982 Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc. Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn","title":"Norman Lear"},{"id":"11139746","text":"countries and scored several hit singles, including \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" (number three in the UK in 1979). The band's second album, \"Do It Yourself\", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the","title":"The Blockheads"},{"id":"12423739","text":"was $875 million. Warner Cable brought in American Express as an investor, and the two companies formed Warner-Amex Cable Communications with a stellar board of directors, including American Express chairman Jim Robinson and President Lou Gerstner, and the former head of Shearson/American Express, Sanford Weill. Warner bought out American Express after the latter made an offer to buy Warner's position, leading to conflicts between the two companies. By this time, MTV and Nickelodeon became meaningful endeavors in their own right under the leadership of Bob Pittman and Geraldine Laybourne respectively. Through the early 1980s, QUBE was either up and running","title":"QUBE"},{"id":"13812365","text":"at one point finishing dead last among all U.S. cable channels. After firing its management staff, MTV Networks president Bob Pittman turned to Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, who created MTV's iconic IDs a few years earlier, to reinvigorate Nickelodeon, leading to what many believe to be the channel's \"golden age\". Seibert and Goodman's company, Fred/Alan Inc., teamed up with Tom Corey and Scott Nash of the advertising firm Corey McPherson Nash to rebrand the network. The \"pinball\" logo was replaced with a new one featuring varied orange backgrounds (most notably a \"splat\" design) with the \"Nickelodeon\" name overlaid in","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"13812358","text":"channels that were offered at no additional charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3, which exclusively carried Pinwheel each day from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series \"The Electric Company\" and included \"Pinwheel\" (one of Nickelodeon's earliest series, which spun off from the C-3 service). Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. As the company saw it, having a commercial-free children's channel would prove useful in franchising its cable systems across the country, with that advantage","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"2129644","text":"retired and in 1977 was informed (erroneously) that he had cancer. During his retirement period he spent a short time (the fall of 1978 and spring of 1979) teaching a noncredit seminar on the music industry and arts management at Yale University, where he featured classroom guests Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. In 1980 a new medical diagnosis revealed the error in the original diagnosis and Geffen was given a clean bill of health, whereupon he decided to return to working in the entertainment industry. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records and recruited Warner Bros. Records exec Ed Rosenblatt as","title":"David Geffen"},{"id":"2544969","text":"to New York City and working for several different labels, he set up a company called Tommy Hill in 1979, forming a design team at the age of 28. One of his first clients was Jordache Jeans, and as Hilfiger's company expanded beyond denim he spent time in India, learning more about his trade: \"I would sit in the factory with my pile of sketches and watch them being made, tweaking as I went. There’s no better design school in the world.\" In 1981 he founded the company 20th Century Survival, and the following year he founded Click Point, which","title":"Tommy Hilfiger"},{"id":"2191399","text":"toy products and comic books, would not happen again for some 25 years until Spümcø was founded and would eventually make history as the first animation studio of its kind. The company was officially founded in 1989 as a small office facility in the heart of Hollywood, by a small group of cartoonists, disappointed in the state of animation during the 1980s. John Kricfalusi, Lynne Naylor, Bob Camp and Jim Smith, who all co-founded the company, were cartoonists who were either laid off by animation companies, or willingly decided to quit. A few short months later, Nickelodeon announced that they","title":"Spümcø"},{"id":"522569","text":"The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \"The Age of Plastic\", in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \"Drama\" in the process. Following a","title":"The Buggles"},{"id":"2470232","text":"Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by the American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It was founded in 1978, by Mel and Patricia Ziegler with the name \"Banana Republic Travel & Safari Clothing Company\", with a safari theme; in 1983, Gap purchased the company, changed the name to simply \"Banana Republic\", and gave it a more upscale image. In late 2016, the brand announced Olivia Palermo as its first women's global style ambassador. The original Banana Republic was founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The couple were known for acquiring interesting clothing items","title":"Banana Republic"},{"id":"1505855","text":"Industrial Light & Magic Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film \"Star Wars\". It is also the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt","title":"Industrial Light & Magic"},{"id":"5188634","text":"Special Olympics Great Britain Special Olympics Great Britain is a sporting organisation for children and adults with intellectual disabilities that operates in England, Scotland and Wales. It is part of the global Special Olympics movement. Initially known as Special Olympics UK, it was founded in 1978 by Chris Maloney MBE and at the time, was one of the first European programmes of the international Special Olympics movement. Special Olympics GB was established on August 8, 1979, the year Great Britain made its début at the Special Olympics World Games in Brockport, United States. Special Olympics GB creates opportunities for children","title":"Special Olympics Great Britain"},{"id":"17197177","text":"and Professional Publishing. In 1986, she joined her husband, Kurt Andersen, Graydon Carter, and Thomas Philips as part of the team founding \"Spy\" magazine. In 1990 she joined Gerry Laybourne as executive vice-president and worldwide creative director for the cable TV channels Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite, where she conceived and launched \"Nickelodeon Magazine\", as well as launching Nickelodeon's toy and consumer product business. In the early 2000s, she became a columnist for \"Fast Company\", Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and has also written for \"The New York Times\", \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"Time\". Among other publications, she blogs regularly","title":"Anne Kreamer"},{"id":"6514376","text":"found more than 1,000 km from his home and where he was last seen in Botswana. Author Geoff Elliott wrote a book about the disappearance. During 1979, Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for Ansett Transport Industries but was defeated by Rupert Murdoch and roadfreight group TNT. However, a profit of $11 million was made by Bell for future bids. Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for \"The Times\" in 1980, and at the same time launched a new Perth newspaper, the \"Western Mail\", challenging the Herald & Weekly Times group which owned \"The West Australian\". By the end of","title":"Robert Holmes à Court"},{"id":"5054857","text":"subsequently shortened to its abbreviation DFA. In 2004, DFA Records forced the Canadian duo Death From Above to change their name to Death from Above 1979. Murphy explained his side of the story in a 2005 interview with Pitchfork Media: We knew about them for a long time, the name thing wasn't a big deal. It wasn't until they signed to a major label, which wouldn't release the record until we signed off on the name. That's how this all came about... [Parent company of Death From Above 1979's label, Vice] Atlantic's not gonna release a record by a band","title":"DFA Records"},{"id":"240452","text":"will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. In 1979, George Lucas wanted to explore other areas of entertainment, and created the Lucasfilm Computer Division in 1979, which included a department for computer games (the Games Group) and another for graphics. The graphics department was spun off into its own corporation in 1982, ultimately becoming Pixar. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game group's founding, to produce video games. Though the group had spun out of Lucasfilm, the video game development license for Lucasfilm's \"Star Wars\" were held","title":"LucasArts"},{"id":"13812364","text":"Channel. Around that time, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a loss of $10 million by 1984. The network had lacked successful programs (shows on the network that failed to gain traction during its first few years included \"Against the Odds\" and \"Going Great\"), which stagnated viewership,","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"11370001","text":"Bill Rasmussen William F. Rasmussen, also known as Bill Rasmussen (born 1932) is a former Sports Director, and one of the founders of ESPN, along with Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan. Rasmussen served as the first president and CEO of ESPN. ESPN was founded on July 14, 1978, and was launched on September 7, 1979. Bill Rasmussen was born in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Gage Park High School. He received a scholarship to attend DePauw University in Indiana, where he met his future wife Mickey. After college, he was a supply officer in the US Air Force. He played","title":"Bill Rasmussen"},{"id":"5770157","text":"is a writer and producer for television series such as \"Arrested Development,\" \"Cougar Town,\" \"The Michael J. Fox Show,\" and \"Grandfathered\" with John Stamos. They have four grandchildren. Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children,","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"13656644","text":"son, and just \"two suitcases.\" He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc. Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied \"of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope.\" He took time outside of his job to work at","title":"Yury Verlinsky"},{"id":"490450","text":"Activision Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher. It was founded on October 1, 1979 and was the world's first independent developer and distributor of video games for gaming consoles. Its first products were cartridges for the Atari 2600 video console system published from July 1980 for the US market and from August 1981 for the international market (UK). As of January 2017, Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top publisher for 2016 in the United States. Its parent company is Activision Blizzard, formed from the merger of","title":"Activision"},{"id":"2943689","text":"properties such as \"Care Bears,\" \"Topsy and Tim,\" \"The Get Along Gang,\" \"Popples,\" and \"Holly Hobbie.\" American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters. Founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving I. Stone (Sapirstein's oldest son, who changed his surname to Stone) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company full-time upon leaving high school. He was succeeded as CEO by","title":"American Greetings"},{"id":"5770148","text":"Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children, born to a former radio writer/actress and community organizer and a stock broker. Laybourne earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History from Vassar College. After graduation,","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"2374417","text":"Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks (now known as Viacom Media Networks). In 1982, Warner purchased Popular Library from CBS Publications. In 1987, it was announced that Warner Communications and Time Inc. were to merge, although it took two years for the merger to take place. The merged company, Time Warner, was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and renamed WarnerMedia. The Warner Communications name was still credited on releases from Elektra","title":"Warner Communications"},{"id":"4770732","text":"VLSI Technology VLSI Technology, Inc., was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom Integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose, California, US. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. VLSI was acquired in June 1999, for about $1 billion by Philips Electronics and is today a part of the Philips spin-off NXP Semiconductors. The company was founded in 1979, by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor","title":"VLSI Technology"},{"id":"6439009","text":"to serve the needs of Simpsons-Sears. In 1971, the complex was connected to the department store chain's new head office building at 222 Jarvis Street. In January 1979, the venerable Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) bought Simpsons Limited in a hostile takeover, following a stalled (by the Foreign Investment Review Agency) and subsequently failed merger attempt between Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears. Simpsons-Sears continued to operate on its own, out from under its former parent, until 1984, when its name was changed to Sears Canada Inc. In 1991, HBC retired the Simpson's brand, either merging the remaining (Toronto-area) stores into the Bay banner","title":"Merchandise Building"},{"id":"2078794","text":"Sanctuary Records Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest independent music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owners of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs. The company was formed in 1979 by Rod Smallwood and Andy Taylor, who had first met as undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later organized dance events for students together. In 1979, they discovered Iron Maiden in a","title":"Sanctuary Records"},{"id":"835999","text":"trade magazine \"Cablevision\". It was a time of rapid growth in the number of cable television channels available in the United States, and Lamb envisioned a cable-industry financed nonprofit network for televising sessions of the U.S. Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several cable executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979, and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19, 1979,","title":"C-SPAN"},{"id":"15152611","text":"Scenic & Wildlife Attractions, Town of Smithville, NJ recreated historic settlement and the Silver Springs Bottled Water Co. under president Walter Schwartz. ABC Motion Pictures was a theatrical movie subsidiary of ABC formed in May 1979. A cable division was started in July 1979 which was incorporated as ABC Video Enterprises, Inc. (AVE) by March 25, 1980. ABC announced ARTS in December 1980 to be launched on April 5, 1981 sharing Nickelodeon's channel at night. ABC and the Hearst Corporation in January 1981 formed a joint venture, Hearst/ABC Video Services, to provide programming to ARTS and launch BETA, a women's","title":"American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres"},{"id":"995704","text":"(1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. \"Superman\", released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1979. Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 \"King Kong\" had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they would rule. It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to","title":"B movie"},{"id":"16003182","text":"History of ESPN ESPN is an American-based global cable and satellite television channel that focuses on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports highlight and talk shows, and other original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.","title":"History of ESPN"},{"id":"2177792","text":"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member","title":"Turner Broadcasting System"},{"id":"821114","text":"new studio, The Weinstein Company. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony NorthStar, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, and Qatar Investment Authority, in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year ownership of the studio. In 2016, ownership of the company was transferred to the beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York, in 1979, and was named by combining the first names of their parents Miriam and Max. It was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The company's first major success came when the","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"16945175","text":"TV. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the new News Corp and is not a part of 21st Century Fox. 21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"2991541","text":"the remaining 60%. The station was originally going to broadcast on UHF channel 45, but instead moved to channel 47 for technical reasons. The station first signed on the air on September 3, 1979, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week, as a multicultural independent station under the brand name \"MTV\" (for \"Multilingual Television\"); that branding was dropped in 1981 to avoid confusion with the upstart American MTV cable network. (The channel even broadcast a program called \"Video Singles\", as of 1983.) In August 1980, the channel became the first in Canada to adopt a 24-hour, 7-day a","title":"CFMT-DT"},{"id":"5197463","text":"(although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure). ODEON Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. ODEON publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, \"Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation\", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek. The name \"Nickelodeon\" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905. However, the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the owner for the longest period in","title":"Odeon Cinemas"},{"id":"7960258","text":"of TVX and bought the group under its corporate umbrella, rechristening the company as the Paramount Stations Group. In 1994, Viacom acquired the stations as part of its purchase of Paramount Pictures. Notes: TVX Broadcast Group The TVX Broadcast Group was an American media company that owned a group of UHF television stations during the 1980s. Originally known as the Television Corporation, the company was headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, and was founded by a group of Norfolk-area businessmen led by Timothy McDonald. TVX began with a start-up television station, WTVZ, in 1979. Despite the group's name, it never held any","title":"TVX Broadcast Group"},{"id":"4955066","text":"to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'. After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members. Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's","title":"FOREST"},{"id":"13812360","text":"year of the channel's official launch. Initial programming on Nickelodeon included \"Video Comic Book\", \"Pinwheel\" (which was reformatted as a daily hour-long series that ran in a three- to five-hour block format, and was a precursor to the Nick Jr. block that replaced it in 1988), \"America Goes Bananaz\", \"Nickel Flicks\", and \"By the Way\". The network's original logo incorporated a man looking into a Nickelodeon machine that was placed in the \"N\" in the wordmark; this was replaced the following year by another wordmark with the \"Nickelodeon\" text in Pinwheel's logo typeface. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a commercial-free","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"16044191","text":"their portfolio included the opening titles for \"Saturday Night Live\" and \"National Geographic Explorer\", branding for Nickelodeon, HA!, Lifetime, and Myers Rum, and tons of commercials and music videos. Charlex Charlex (also known as CHRLX since 1998) is an American animation studio set in New York City that has created and produced commercials and animation for decades. Charlie Levi and Alex Weil set up Charlex in 1979 to support their rock band and to work on commercials. When the band folded, Levi and Weil began working there full-time. In 1984, they directed a music video for The Cars, \"You Might","title":"Charlex"},{"id":"522594","text":"Jack Woolley. The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \"The Age of Plastic\", in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \"Drama\" in the process.","title":"The Buggles"},{"id":"16819195","text":"the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \"imaginative and witty.\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns,","title":"M & Co. (design firm)"},{"id":"18361274","text":"David Thieme David Thieme (born in 1942) is an American designer, son of the artist and designer Anthony Thieme. He is best known for having been the former owner of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the company that sponsored Team Lotus, between 1979 and 1981, and also the official entry for Porsche in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans. Thieme studied industrial design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. In 1973 he used the money that he had achieved with his work as a designer and founded Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, an oil trading company. Based in a room","title":"David Thieme"},{"id":"6887709","text":"conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make a difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer, was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky's","title":"Monster Cable"},{"id":"17867603","text":"Back in London, in 1984, she met Mark Britton and they paired up to form the comedy duo \"Nickelodeon\". Today Krissie Illing lives in Vaour in southern France with her husband Chris Adams, himself a British juggling artist. They have two children. \"Wilma\" and \"William\" were created in 1984, two burlesque characters that under the name of \"Nickelodeon\". They were a success right from the start, both with audiences and critics, and won the Street Entertainer of the Year Award (London) in 1985 A recording of this event was broadcast on Channel 4. Their first full-length show \"Did you see","title":"Krissie Illing"},{"id":"8966915","text":"British children's magazine \"Finding Out\". In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and alone for the first time in her life. Their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the entire business enterprise previously shared with her sister, and managed to honour all of their outstanding commissions. She had to master the techniques for drawing and painting animals, particularly horses, which had been the specialty of her sister. Eventually she became so adept that she","title":"Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone"},{"id":"14701461","text":"Scott Squires Scott Squires (born 1956) is a visual effects supervisor and director. His first film project was \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", where he developed the Cloud Tank Effect. In 1979 Squires, Hoyt Yeatman, Rocco Gioffre, Fred Iguchi, Tom Hollister and Bob Hollister co-founded Dream Quest Images, a visual effects house, which was later purchased by Disney. Squires was president of Dream Quest and left in 1985 to work for Industrial Light and Magic. Squires worked as visual effects supervisor and commercial director at ILM for 20 years and is now a freelance director and visual effects supervisor.","title":"Scott Squires"},{"id":"16819193","text":"M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \"imaginative and witty.\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns, and Marlene McCarty. Kalman's wife, Maira, was heavily involved in the organization and was","title":"M & Co. (design firm)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3133722\",\n \"text\": \"Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360352\",\n \"text\": \"Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812359\",\n \"text\": \"putting them over rival companies such as HBO. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979 (as the first ever all children's network) on Warner Cable's system in Buffalo, New York. It quickly expanded its audience reach, first to other Warner Cable systems across the country, and eventually to other cable providers. It was distributed via satellite on RCA Satcom-1, which went into orbit one week earlier on March 26 – originally transmitted on transponder space purchased from televangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. Despite its prior history on the QUBE system under the Pinwheel name, Nickelodeon has designated 1979 as the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151844\",\n \"text\": \"paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3133723\",\n \"text\": \"folded into a separate jointly owned unit, the Warner Cable Corporation). Warner-Amex executive John A. Schneider served as the company's president; other Warner-Amex staff that manned Star/The Movie Channel's initial management team included executive vice president John Lack, programming chief Robert Pittman, and Fred Seibert, who was in charge of developing on-air promotions. On December 1, 1979, the network was relaunched as The Movie Channel; the first feature film to be broadcast on the relaunched service was the 1953 comedy \\\"Roman Holiday\\\". On January 1, 1980, TMC discontinued its time-lease arrangement with Nickelodeon (then a sister network under the Warner,\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3133721\",\n \"text\": \"January 1, 1979, Star Channel became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, becoming the third premium service to be distributed nationally through such a transmission method (after HBO, which was uplinked to satellite in September 1975, and Showtime, which was uplinked in March 1978). In April of that year, it began to share channel and transponder space with Warner-Amex's newly launched children's network, Nickelodeon (an outgrowth of the company's former Pinwheel programming service); this resulted in the latter service switching to an encrypted signal during the regularly scheduled network transition at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4647379\",\n \"text\": \"nationwide outlets. Star Channel began by satellite in January 1979 and was renamed The Movie Channel by the end of the year. Pinwheel became Nickelodeon in April 1979. In 1980, Warner-Amex formed a joint venture with Cablevision's Rainbow Media division to launch Bravo, a cable network indicated to arts and films, it was launched in December 1, 1980, however, it was sold to Rainbow Media in 1984 following Warner-Amex's sale to Viacom. Lack had worked in sales at CBS Radio (in fact, it was he who suggested Schneider to Warner chief Ross) and had an idea of cable programming as\",\n \"title\": \"Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812357\",\n \"text\": \"History of Nickelodeon Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is part of the Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents. Nickelodeon's history dates back to December 1, 1977, when QUBE, the first two-way major market interactive cable television system was launched in Columbus, Ohio by Warner Cable, the parent company of Dimension Pictures. One of the ten \\\"community\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10100368\",\n \"text\": \"company with Radio Caroline in 1978, was relaunched from its own vessel, MV \\\"Magdalena\\\" on 1 July 1979, although this only lasted until 21 September 1979 when the MV Magdalena stranded during a Force 8 gale at the shore of Goeree. It was not until 1999 that Van Landschoot admitted the open secret that he had been involved with the relaunch of his former rival station, again aimed at the promotion of his Carnaby clothing and boutiques, and records of artists he was managing at the time: Dream Express, its offspring L.B.S., Luke and Puzzle. In 1980 he established a\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Atlantis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360353\",\n \"text\": \"expanded to other cable providers nationwide. It was initially commercial-free and remained without advertising until 1984. Warner sold Nickelodeon, along with its sister networks MTV and VH1, to Viacom in 1986. , the channel is available to about 92.056 million households (79.086% of households with TV) in the United States. The channel's name comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Its history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Under the name Pinwheel Network, the C-3 cable channel carried \\\"Pinwheel\\\" daily from 7:00\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821113\",\n \"text\": \"Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \\\"Pulp Fiction\\\" was released. The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney until September 30, 2005, when they left the company and founded a\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3592188\",\n \"text\": \"Pinwheel (TV series) Pinwheel is a children's television show. It was originally broadcast on channel C-3 of Warner Cable's interactive system QUBE in Columbus, Ohio. However, the show began airing on the Nickelodeon network, from December 1977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) until 1990. \\\"Pinwheel\\\" was the flagship program of C-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio, in the earliest days of cable television broadcasting. C-3 soon changed its name to Pinwheel. In 1979, Warner Cable purchased the Sat-1 communications satellite from Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker and rebranded the Pinwheel Channel as Nickelodeon, where it reformatted \\\"Pinwheel\\\" as hour-long\",\n \"title\": \"Pinwheel (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812361\",\n \"text\": \"service, the network ran interstitials between programs, consisting of a male mime doing tricks in front of a black background. At the time of its launch, Nickelodeon's programming aired for thirteen hours each weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. and for fourteen hours on weekends from 8:00 a.m. to midnight Eastern and Pacific Time. Premium cable network Star Channel (which later relaunched as The Movie Channel in November 1979) would take over the channel space after Nickelodeon's broadcast day ended. New shows were added to the lineup in 1980, including \\\"Dusty's Treehouse\\\", \\\"First Row Features\\\", \\\"Special Delivery\\\", \\\"What Will\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360354\",\n \"text\": \"a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984. Nickelodeon's schedule currently consists largely of original series aimed at children, pre-teens and young teenagers, including animated series (such as \\\"SpongeBob SquarePants\\\", \\\"ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks\\\", \\\"The Loud House\\\", \\\"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Kid Danger\\\"), to live-action comedy and action series (such as \\\"Power Rangers Ninja Steel\\\", \\\"The Thundermans\\\", \\\"Henry Danger\\\", \\\"Game Shakers\\\", \\\"School of Rock\\\", along with the month-long\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837316\",\n \"text\": \"The Ladd Company The Ladd Company was an American film production company founded by Alan Ladd, Jr., Jay Kanter, and Gareth Wigan in 1979. In 1979, the three founders were executives with 20th Century Fox — Ladd was the president — when they announced their intention to leave the company when their contracts expired in December 1980 and form a new production company to be financed by Warner Bros. (Ladd had reportedly been quarreling with other Fox senior executives.) Fox subsequently cut their contracts short, ending on October 1, 1979. The day after the contracts expired, the trio placed ads\",\n \"title\": \"The Ladd Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781293\",\n \"text\": \"with HBO's The Comedy Channel the following year, became fully owned by Viacom in 2003.<br> Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons once more in 2009.<br> Channel was originally known Pinwheel until 1979 when it was rebranded as Nickelodeon.<br> Channel was originally known MTV Hits until 2016 when it was rebranded as NickMusic.<br> Channel was originally known as The 90's Are All That until 2015 and The Splat until 2017.<br> Formerly on NickToons until February 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576073\",\n \"text\": \"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over\",\n \"title\": \"Toytown Stores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576071\",\n \"text\": \"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over\",\n \"title\": \"Toytown Stores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17328641\",\n \"text\": \"News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the old News Corporation's broadcasting and media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation, with the new News Corp being an entirely new company\",\n \"title\": \"News Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"847395\",\n \"text\": \"Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs\",\n \"title\": \"Pixar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770149\",\n \"text\": \"she went to work for an architectural firm in Philadelphia. Eventually, she earned a Master of Science degree in Elementary Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1980, Laybourne signed on as program manager at the year-old network, where she initiated the focus-group approach to programming. Laybourne was one of the first people to focus on television programming for kids. She spent 15 years at Nickelodeon, taking over the management of the network, and started accepting advertising for the network, in 1984. Laybourne and her team were responsible for creating and building the Nickelodeon brand, launching Nick at Nite and\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945154\",\n \"text\": \"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \\\"new\\\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781291\",\n \"text\": \"Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel (TMC). Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining 34% interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12423735\",\n \"text\": \"cable channels at the time), including 10 pay-per-view movie channels (a then-new feature for cable TV); 10 broadcast channels (from Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Canton, Akron, and Cleveland); and 10 community channels. These community channels included one dedicated to a single show: \\\"Pinwheel\\\", which would go on to air on Nickelodeon from the latter's launch in 1979; Sight on Sound, a predecessor to MTV; a weather channel; a learning channel; and a channel filled with locally produced programs that showed off QUBE's interactivity. The first QUBE box was issued as a test for 4 months to the family of Mr. and\",\n \"title\": \"QUBE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821137\",\n \"text\": \"here. Miramax Television is the television production division tasked with producing TV shows based on the existing Miramax films library and original concepts. Its projects include: Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \\\"Pulp Fiction\\\" was released. The Weinsteins\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4932828\",\n \"text\": \"the number of channels that could be carried on a single system at the time (prior to upgrades that led to the advent of digital cable in the 1990s); however in those cases, providers switched between continuously-running channel feeds between dayparts. Prior to the launch of Nick at Nite, Nickelodeon carried The Movie Channel (from 1979 to 1981), BET (from 1980 to 1981), the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) (from 1981 to 1984) and ARTS' successor A&E (from 1984 to 1985) over its channel space; each one (except for ARTS, which merged with The Entertainment Channel to form A&E) eventually\",\n \"title\": \"Late night television in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2374416\",\n \"text\": \"Warner Communications Warner Communications, Inc. was an American entertainment company established in 1972 from the entertainment assets of Kinney National Company, which were spun off due to a financial scandal over its parking operations (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name. It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Music Group and, though Warner Cable, Dimension Pictures. It also owned DC Comics and \\\"Mad\\\" magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984. In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Communications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770150\",\n \"text\": \"expanding the network by establishing it in other countries, developing theme parks and creating Nickelodeon magazine, movie, toy and publishing divisions. Under her leadership, Nickelodeon became the top-rated 24-hour cable programming service and won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, CableACE Awards and Parents' Choice Awards. The network had a 40% profit margin and explosive growth every year. Laybourne built Nickelodeon into the first global television network to profit from selling advertising targeted towards children. Her programming approach, which made a point of talking to children as equals, built the tiny cable network, which had only five employees in 1980, into an\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475883\",\n \"text\": \"century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons, after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio. (The US had at\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691889\",\n \"text\": \"which cost more than $100,000. Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \\\"The Dark Crystal\\\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17328649\",\n \"text\": \"a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. On June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million The company consists primarily of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, and includes: News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the\",\n \"title\": \"News Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2340634\",\n \"text\": \"New York. During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons. Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by\",\n \"title\": \"Independent film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3184493\",\n \"text\": \"Nord in San Francisco, United States. Peter S. Beagle's book \\\"The Last Unicorn\\\" was made into an animated film of the same name in 1982, based on a screenplay written by Beagle himself. In 1979, Beagle had a contract with ITC Entertainment, which entitled Beagle to 5% of the net profits in the animated property, and 5% of the gross revenues from any film-related merchandising. Since 1999 this film has been controlled by a British company, Granada Media International (a subsidiary of ITV plc). From 2003 through 2011, Beagle was involved in a financial dispute with Granada over nonpayment of\",\n \"title\": \"Peter S. Beagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360383\",\n \"text\": \"some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey. Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12802302\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Pittman commissioned Geraldine Laybourne, who served as general manager of Nickelodeon at the time, to develop programming to fill the vacated time period. Laybourne asked programming and branding consultants Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, founders of Fred/Alan Inc. (who launched successful branding campaigns for MTV when it launched in 1981, and for Nickelodeon in 1984), to come up with programming ideas. Seibert and Goodman came up with the idea to launch a nighttime block of classic television series, modeled after the \\\"Greatest Hits of All Time\\\" oldies radio format, after being presented with over 200 episodes of the 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Alpha Repertory Television Service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872225\",\n \"text\": \"The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks. In 1976, the Turner–owned WTCG originated the \\\"superstation\\\" concept, transmitting via satellite to cable systems nationwide and pioneering the basic cable business model. WTCG was renamed WTBS in 1979 (it is now Meredith-owned WPCH). In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari, Inc. to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success,\",\n \"title\": \"WarnerMedia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1495154\",\n \"text\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a 5.5% stake in Columbia Pictures. He then announced on November 20, to launch a tender offer to acquire another 20% for the studio. On December 14, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising not to go beyond 25% or seeking control for at least three years. On January 15, 1979, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Kerkorian, to block him from holding stake in Columbia, while controlling MGM. On February 19, 1979, Columbia Pictures Television acquired TOY Productions; the production company founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in\",\n \"title\": \"Columbia Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13632469\",\n \"text\": \"Year\\\" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War. The paper also won \\\"Columnist of the Year\\\" three years' running from 2002 to 2004: Zoë Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004). In 1979, following a letter in \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded. In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal. In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for\",\n \"title\": \"The Daily Telegraph\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5407564\",\n \"text\": \"amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life. People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out. And they all wanted to hear about working with him. After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing before returning with \\\"Saint Jack\\\" (1979). The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute \\\"Director's Cut\\\" in black and white. \\\"There's nothing to distract you,\\\" said Bogdanovich, \\\"Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4694974\",\n \"text\": \"factory was founded in the Finnish town of Salo. The factory later changed its name to Salora and specialised in shortwave radios, televisions and radio-phones. In 1979, when Salora and Nokia founded a joint company named Mobira, the manufacturing of mobile phones started in Salo. After some time working with in conjunction with Nokia, Jorma Nieminen (who was at the time heading Nokia's mobile phone section) and two colleagues parted ways with Nokia, and decided to start their own company, called Benefon, in 1988. In 2004, facing financial difficulties, Benefon entered bankruptcy protection and launched a re-organisation program. Benefon's efforts\",\n \"title\": \"Twig Com\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691886\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \\\"The Dark Crystal\\\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such as \\\"Labyrinth\\\" and \\\"The Storyteller.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10641107\",\n \"text\": \"when it bought into Trans-Pacific Credit Pte Ltd in 1982. Metro Holdings also co-founded luxury brand retailer chain, The Hour Glass in 1979. The company also started a subsidiary company, Transmarco in 1978 as a distribution marketing company for luxury brands. The Metro group’s key businesses today focuses primarily on property investments in China, Japan and UK and retail properties in China and Indonesia. Metro Private Limited as the retail branch of Metro Holdings Limited also went into specialty retailing and ventured into many retail formats. Metro Pte Ltd initiated a joint venture with Toys ‘R’ Us Inc in 1984\",\n \"title\": \"Metro (department store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2179868\",\n \"text\": \"units). With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by \\\"Variety\\\"; however, \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" does not yet recognize the company as a major. The Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they sold control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company, continuing to run the studio in quasi-independent fashion under the Disney umbrella. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, which is used by The Weinstein\",\n \"title\": \"Major film studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268584\",\n \"text\": \"effects for a relatively low price. The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race turned out to be Pixar. It originated in 1979 when George Lucas' Lucasfilm was able to recruit Edwin Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, John Lasseter, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the Walt Disney Company for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee\",\n \"title\": \"Modern animation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781297\",\n \"text\": \"most concern to investors. The three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets. Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2859817\",\n \"text\": \"The lukewarm reception of Disney's heavily computer-themed \\\"Tron\\\" did little to buoy the group's confidence in their ultimate success. CGL was not working in a field without competition. George Lucas also realized the potential gains from computer animation, and in 1979, he created a new department of Lucasfilm which had the same goals as CGL, but ensured that movie industry professionals had a hand in the production. As Lucasfilm began headhunting for the best talent in the industry, many individuals struggling on \\\"The Works\\\" felt that Lucasfilm was a company more likely to succeed and abandoned NYIT. The Cornell University\",\n \"title\": \"The Works (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11992710\",\n \"text\": \"Day\\\", which opened in 2007. By the next year, the pictures were hosted online and became a popular discovery of several online blogs. Livingston was a member of Chris Wangro's circus troupe The Janus Circus founded by Wangro at Bard College with other Bard Alumni including Zeena Parkins. He also worked as a cinematographer and editor of music videos for MTV, as well as working on advertisements with Nike. In 1979, Livingston received a Polaroid camera and after a few weeks noticed that he was taking about one photo a day, which subsequently evolved into the Polaroid a Day project.\",\n \"title\": \"Jamie Livingston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3921661\",\n \"text\": \"Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an online video, film and music store in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland operated by Hilco Ireland. The company original was Ireland's largest chain of DVD/Blu-ray rental stores and entertainment retailing company, founded in 1979 by Richard Murphy. It was previously operated by US company Blockbuster. Starting in 2013, 26 stores in Ireland were trading as HMV/Xtra-vision, offering many of the same items as the bigger HMV stores. On 27 January 2016, Xtra-vision was liquidated and ceased trading. The company now operates as an online business and operates rental vending machines across the Republic of\",\n \"title\": \"Xtra-vision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17920810\",\n \"text\": \"artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences. Pixar Photoscience Team The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the\",\n \"title\": \"Pixar Photoscience Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2881796\",\n \"text\": \"the book \\\"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\\\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down. \\\"The Secret of NIMH\\\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney,\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret of NIMH\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3991949\",\n \"text\": \"of fraud and misuse of shareholder’s funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. Since Long’s vision for the future of the TM Companies did not match that of Shamrock’s management, he resigned on December 31, 1979. Under various ownerships since 1980, today TM Studios/Productions continues to provide commercial production services to the broadcast industry. Long founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion,\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838965\",\n \"text\": \"could buy his own ticket punch for \\\"a school project\\\", he was able to ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in a dumpster next to the bus company garage. Social engineering later became his primary method of obtaining information, including usernames and passwords and modem phone numbers. Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC's computer network\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Mitnick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483316\",\n \"text\": \"an occasional network. In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979. In the fall of 1981 Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show \\\"Quiz Kids\\\" for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982 Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc. Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Lear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11139746\",\n \"text\": \"countries and scored several hit singles, including \\\"What a Waste\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\" (number three in the UK in 1979). The band's second album, \\\"Do It Yourself\\\", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Blockheads\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12423739\",\n \"text\": \"was $875 million. Warner Cable brought in American Express as an investor, and the two companies formed Warner-Amex Cable Communications with a stellar board of directors, including American Express chairman Jim Robinson and President Lou Gerstner, and the former head of Shearson/American Express, Sanford Weill. Warner bought out American Express after the latter made an offer to buy Warner's position, leading to conflicts between the two companies. By this time, MTV and Nickelodeon became meaningful endeavors in their own right under the leadership of Bob Pittman and Geraldine Laybourne respectively. Through the early 1980s, QUBE was either up and running\",\n \"title\": \"QUBE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812365\",\n \"text\": \"at one point finishing dead last among all U.S. cable channels. After firing its management staff, MTV Networks president Bob Pittman turned to Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, who created MTV's iconic IDs a few years earlier, to reinvigorate Nickelodeon, leading to what many believe to be the channel's \\\"golden age\\\". Seibert and Goodman's company, Fred/Alan Inc., teamed up with Tom Corey and Scott Nash of the advertising firm Corey McPherson Nash to rebrand the network. The \\\"pinball\\\" logo was replaced with a new one featuring varied orange backgrounds (most notably a \\\"splat\\\" design) with the \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" name overlaid in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812358\",\n \"text\": \"channels that were offered at no additional charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3, which exclusively carried Pinwheel each day from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series \\\"The Electric Company\\\" and included \\\"Pinwheel\\\" (one of Nickelodeon's earliest series, which spun off from the C-3 service). Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. As the company saw it, having a commercial-free children's channel would prove useful in franchising its cable systems across the country, with that advantage\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2129644\",\n \"text\": \"retired and in 1977 was informed (erroneously) that he had cancer. During his retirement period he spent a short time (the fall of 1978 and spring of 1979) teaching a noncredit seminar on the music industry and arts management at Yale University, where he featured classroom guests Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. In 1980 a new medical diagnosis revealed the error in the original diagnosis and Geffen was given a clean bill of health, whereupon he decided to return to working in the entertainment industry. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records and recruited Warner Bros. Records exec Ed Rosenblatt as\",\n \"title\": \"David Geffen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2544969\",\n \"text\": \"to New York City and working for several different labels, he set up a company called Tommy Hill in 1979, forming a design team at the age of 28. One of his first clients was Jordache Jeans, and as Hilfiger's company expanded beyond denim he spent time in India, learning more about his trade: \\\"I would sit in the factory with my pile of sketches and watch them being made, tweaking as I went. There’s no better design school in the world.\\\" In 1981 he founded the company 20th Century Survival, and the following year he founded Click Point, which\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Hilfiger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2191399\",\n \"text\": \"toy products and comic books, would not happen again for some 25 years until Spümcø was founded and would eventually make history as the first animation studio of its kind. The company was officially founded in 1989 as a small office facility in the heart of Hollywood, by a small group of cartoonists, disappointed in the state of animation during the 1980s. John Kricfalusi, Lynne Naylor, Bob Camp and Jim Smith, who all co-founded the company, were cartoonists who were either laid off by animation companies, or willingly decided to quit. A few short months later, Nickelodeon announced that they\",\n \"title\": \"Spümcø\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"522569\",\n \"text\": \"The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \\\"The Age of Plastic\\\", in January 1980 with \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \\\"Drama\\\" in the process. Following a\",\n \"title\": \"The Buggles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2470232\",\n \"text\": \"Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by the American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It was founded in 1978, by Mel and Patricia Ziegler with the name \\\"Banana Republic Travel & Safari Clothing Company\\\", with a safari theme; in 1983, Gap purchased the company, changed the name to simply \\\"Banana Republic\\\", and gave it a more upscale image. In late 2016, the brand announced Olivia Palermo as its first women's global style ambassador. The original Banana Republic was founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The couple were known for acquiring interesting clothing items\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505855\",\n \"text\": \"Industrial Light & Magic Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film \\\"Star Wars\\\". It is also the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt\",\n \"title\": \"Industrial Light & Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5188634\",\n \"text\": \"Special Olympics Great Britain Special Olympics Great Britain is a sporting organisation for children and adults with intellectual disabilities that operates in England, Scotland and Wales. It is part of the global Special Olympics movement. Initially known as Special Olympics UK, it was founded in 1978 by Chris Maloney MBE and at the time, was one of the first European programmes of the international Special Olympics movement. Special Olympics GB was established on August 8, 1979, the year Great Britain made its début at the Special Olympics World Games in Brockport, United States. Special Olympics GB creates opportunities for children\",\n \"title\": \"Special Olympics Great Britain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17197177\",\n \"text\": \"and Professional Publishing. In 1986, she joined her husband, Kurt Andersen, Graydon Carter, and Thomas Philips as part of the team founding \\\"Spy\\\" magazine. In 1990 she joined Gerry Laybourne as executive vice-president and worldwide creative director for the cable TV channels Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite, where she conceived and launched \\\"Nickelodeon Magazine\\\", as well as launching Nickelodeon's toy and consumer product business. In the early 2000s, she became a columnist for \\\"Fast Company\\\", Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and has also written for \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" and \\\"Time\\\". Among other publications, she blogs regularly\",\n \"title\": \"Anne Kreamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6514376\",\n \"text\": \"found more than 1,000 km from his home and where he was last seen in Botswana. Author Geoff Elliott wrote a book about the disappearance. During 1979, Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for Ansett Transport Industries but was defeated by Rupert Murdoch and roadfreight group TNT. However, a profit of $11 million was made by Bell for future bids. Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for \\\"The Times\\\" in 1980, and at the same time launched a new Perth newspaper, the \\\"Western Mail\\\", challenging the Herald & Weekly Times group which owned \\\"The West Australian\\\". By the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Holmes à Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5054857\",\n \"text\": \"subsequently shortened to its abbreviation DFA. In 2004, DFA Records forced the Canadian duo Death From Above to change their name to Death from Above 1979. Murphy explained his side of the story in a 2005 interview with Pitchfork Media: We knew about them for a long time, the name thing wasn't a big deal. It wasn't until they signed to a major label, which wouldn't release the record until we signed off on the name. That's how this all came about... [Parent company of Death From Above 1979's label, Vice] Atlantic's not gonna release a record by a band\",\n \"title\": \"DFA Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"240452\",\n \"text\": \"will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. In 1979, George Lucas wanted to explore other areas of entertainment, and created the Lucasfilm Computer Division in 1979, which included a department for computer games (the Games Group) and another for graphics. The graphics department was spun off into its own corporation in 1982, ultimately becoming Pixar. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game group's founding, to produce video games. Though the group had spun out of Lucasfilm, the video game development license for Lucasfilm's \\\"Star Wars\\\" were held\",\n \"title\": \"LucasArts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812364\",\n \"text\": \"Channel. Around that time, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a loss of $10 million by 1984. The network had lacked successful programs (shows on the network that failed to gain traction during its first few years included \\\"Against the Odds\\\" and \\\"Going Great\\\"), which stagnated viewership,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11370001\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Rasmussen William F. Rasmussen, also known as Bill Rasmussen (born 1932) is a former Sports Director, and one of the founders of ESPN, along with Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan. Rasmussen served as the first president and CEO of ESPN. ESPN was founded on July 14, 1978, and was launched on September 7, 1979. Bill Rasmussen was born in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Gage Park High School. He received a scholarship to attend DePauw University in Indiana, where he met his future wife Mickey. After college, he was a supply officer in the US Air Force. He played\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Rasmussen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770157\",\n \"text\": \"is a writer and producer for television series such as \\\"Arrested Development,\\\" \\\"Cougar Town,\\\" \\\"The Michael J. Fox Show,\\\" and \\\"Grandfathered\\\" with John Stamos. They have four grandchildren. Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children,\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13656644\",\n \"text\": \"son, and just \\\"two suitcases.\\\" He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc. Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied \\\"of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope.\\\" He took time outside of his job to work at\",\n \"title\": \"Yury Verlinsky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"490450\",\n \"text\": \"Activision Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher. It was founded on October 1, 1979 and was the world's first independent developer and distributor of video games for gaming consoles. Its first products were cartridges for the Atari 2600 video console system published from July 1980 for the US market and from August 1981 for the international market (UK). As of January 2017, Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top publisher for 2016 in the United States. Its parent company is Activision Blizzard, formed from the merger of\",\n \"title\": \"Activision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2943689\",\n \"text\": \"properties such as \\\"Care Bears,\\\" \\\"Topsy and Tim,\\\" \\\"The Get Along Gang,\\\" \\\"Popples,\\\" and \\\"Holly Hobbie.\\\" American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters. Founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving I. Stone (Sapirstein's oldest son, who changed his surname to Stone) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company full-time upon leaving high school. He was succeeded as CEO by\",\n \"title\": \"American Greetings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770148\",\n \"text\": \"Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children, born to a former radio writer/actress and community organizer and a stock broker. Laybourne earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History from Vassar College. After graduation,\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2374417\",\n \"text\": \"Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks (now known as Viacom Media Networks). In 1982, Warner purchased Popular Library from CBS Publications. In 1987, it was announced that Warner Communications and Time Inc. were to merge, although it took two years for the merger to take place. The merged company, Time Warner, was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and renamed WarnerMedia. The Warner Communications name was still credited on releases from Elektra\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Communications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4770732\",\n \"text\": \"VLSI Technology VLSI Technology, Inc., was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom Integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose, California, US. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. VLSI was acquired in June 1999, for about $1 billion by Philips Electronics and is today a part of the Philips spin-off NXP Semiconductors. The company was founded in 1979, by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor\",\n \"title\": \"VLSI Technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6439009\",\n \"text\": \"to serve the needs of Simpsons-Sears. In 1971, the complex was connected to the department store chain's new head office building at 222 Jarvis Street. In January 1979, the venerable Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) bought Simpsons Limited in a hostile takeover, following a stalled (by the Foreign Investment Review Agency) and subsequently failed merger attempt between Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears. Simpsons-Sears continued to operate on its own, out from under its former parent, until 1984, when its name was changed to Sears Canada Inc. In 1991, HBC retired the Simpson's brand, either merging the remaining (Toronto-area) stores into the Bay banner\",\n \"title\": \"Merchandise Building\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2078794\",\n \"text\": \"Sanctuary Records Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest independent music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owners of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs. The company was formed in 1979 by Rod Smallwood and Andy Taylor, who had first met as undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later organized dance events for students together. In 1979, they discovered Iron Maiden in a\",\n \"title\": \"Sanctuary Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"835999\",\n \"text\": \"trade magazine \\\"Cablevision\\\". It was a time of rapid growth in the number of cable television channels available in the United States, and Lamb envisioned a cable-industry financed nonprofit network for televising sessions of the U.S. Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several cable executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979, and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19, 1979,\",\n \"title\": \"C-SPAN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15152611\",\n \"text\": \"Scenic & Wildlife Attractions, Town of Smithville, NJ recreated historic settlement and the Silver Springs Bottled Water Co. under president Walter Schwartz. ABC Motion Pictures was a theatrical movie subsidiary of ABC formed in May 1979. A cable division was started in July 1979 which was incorporated as ABC Video Enterprises, Inc. (AVE) by March 25, 1980. ABC announced ARTS in December 1980 to be launched on April 5, 1981 sharing Nickelodeon's channel at night. ABC and the Hearst Corporation in January 1981 formed a joint venture, Hearst/ABC Video Services, to provide programming to ARTS and launch BETA, a women's\",\n \"title\": \"American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"995704\",\n \"text\": \"(1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. \\\"Superman\\\", released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1979. Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 \\\"King Kong\\\" had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they would rule. It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to\",\n \"title\": \"B movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16003182\",\n \"text\": \"History of ESPN ESPN is an American-based global cable and satellite television channel that focuses on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports highlight and talk shows, and other original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.\",\n \"title\": \"History of ESPN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2177792\",\n \"text\": \"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member\",\n \"title\": \"Turner Broadcasting System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821114\",\n \"text\": \"new studio, The Weinstein Company. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony NorthStar, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, and Qatar Investment Authority, in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year ownership of the studio. In 2016, ownership of the company was transferred to the beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York, in 1979, and was named by combining the first names of their parents Miriam and Max. It was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The company's first major success came when the\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945175\",\n \"text\": \"TV. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the new News Corp and is not a part of 21st Century Fox. 21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991541\",\n \"text\": \"the remaining 60%. The station was originally going to broadcast on UHF channel 45, but instead moved to channel 47 for technical reasons. The station first signed on the air on September 3, 1979, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week, as a multicultural independent station under the brand name \\\"MTV\\\" (for \\\"Multilingual Television\\\"); that branding was dropped in 1981 to avoid confusion with the upstart American MTV cable network. (The channel even broadcast a program called \\\"Video Singles\\\", as of 1983.) In August 1980, the channel became the first in Canada to adopt a 24-hour, 7-day a\",\n \"title\": \"CFMT-DT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197463\",\n \"text\": \"(although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure). ODEON Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. ODEON publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, \\\"Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation\\\", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek. The name \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905. However, the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the owner for the longest period in\",\n \"title\": \"Odeon Cinemas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7960258\",\n \"text\": \"of TVX and bought the group under its corporate umbrella, rechristening the company as the Paramount Stations Group. In 1994, Viacom acquired the stations as part of its purchase of Paramount Pictures. Notes: TVX Broadcast Group The TVX Broadcast Group was an American media company that owned a group of UHF television stations during the 1980s. Originally known as the Television Corporation, the company was headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, and was founded by a group of Norfolk-area businessmen led by Timothy McDonald. TVX began with a start-up television station, WTVZ, in 1979. Despite the group's name, it never held any\",\n \"title\": \"TVX Broadcast Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955066\",\n \"text\": \"to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'. After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members. Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's\",\n \"title\": \"FOREST\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812360\",\n \"text\": \"year of the channel's official launch. Initial programming on Nickelodeon included \\\"Video Comic Book\\\", \\\"Pinwheel\\\" (which was reformatted as a daily hour-long series that ran in a three- to five-hour block format, and was a precursor to the Nick Jr. block that replaced it in 1988), \\\"America Goes Bananaz\\\", \\\"Nickel Flicks\\\", and \\\"By the Way\\\". The network's original logo incorporated a man looking into a Nickelodeon machine that was placed in the \\\"N\\\" in the wordmark; this was replaced the following year by another wordmark with the \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" text in Pinwheel's logo typeface. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a commercial-free\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16044191\",\n \"text\": \"their portfolio included the opening titles for \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" and \\\"National Geographic Explorer\\\", branding for Nickelodeon, HA!, Lifetime, and Myers Rum, and tons of commercials and music videos. Charlex Charlex (also known as CHRLX since 1998) is an American animation studio set in New York City that has created and produced commercials and animation for decades. Charlie Levi and Alex Weil set up Charlex in 1979 to support their rock band and to work on commercials. When the band folded, Levi and Weil began working there full-time. In 1984, they directed a music video for The Cars, \\\"You Might\",\n \"title\": \"Charlex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"522594\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Woolley. The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \\\"The Age of Plastic\\\", in January 1980 with \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \\\"Drama\\\" in the process.\",\n \"title\": \"The Buggles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16819195\",\n \"text\": \"the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \\\"imaginative and witty.\\\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns,\",\n \"title\": \"M & Co. (design firm)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18361274\",\n \"text\": \"David Thieme David Thieme (born in 1942) is an American designer, son of the artist and designer Anthony Thieme. He is best known for having been the former owner of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the company that sponsored Team Lotus, between 1979 and 1981, and also the official entry for Porsche in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans. Thieme studied industrial design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. In 1973 he used the money that he had achieved with his work as a designer and founded Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, an oil trading company. Based in a room\",\n \"title\": \"David Thieme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6887709\",\n \"text\": \"conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make a difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer, was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky's\",\n \"title\": \"Monster Cable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17867603\",\n \"text\": \"Back in London, in 1984, she met Mark Britton and they paired up to form the comedy duo \\\"Nickelodeon\\\". Today Krissie Illing lives in Vaour in southern France with her husband Chris Adams, himself a British juggling artist. They have two children. \\\"Wilma\\\" and \\\"William\\\" were created in 1984, two burlesque characters that under the name of \\\"Nickelodeon\\\". They were a success right from the start, both with audiences and critics, and won the Street Entertainer of the Year Award (London) in 1985 A recording of this event was broadcast on Channel 4. Their first full-length show \\\"Did you see\",\n \"title\": \"Krissie Illing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8966915\",\n \"text\": \"British children's magazine \\\"Finding Out\\\". In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and alone for the first time in her life. Their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the entire business enterprise previously shared with her sister, and managed to honour all of their outstanding commissions. She had to master the techniques for drawing and painting animals, particularly horses, which had been the specialty of her sister. Eventually she became so adept that she\",\n \"title\": \"Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14701461\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Squires Scott Squires (born 1956) is a visual effects supervisor and director. His first film project was \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", where he developed the Cloud Tank Effect. In 1979 Squires, Hoyt Yeatman, Rocco Gioffre, Fred Iguchi, Tom Hollister and Bob Hollister co-founded Dream Quest Images, a visual effects house, which was later purchased by Disney. Squires was president of Dream Quest and left in 1985 to work for Industrial Light and Magic. Squires worked as visual effects supervisor and commercial director at ILM for 20 years and is now a freelance director and visual effects supervisor.\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Squires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16819193\",\n \"text\": \"M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \\\"imaginative and witty.\\\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns, and Marlene McCarty. Kalman's wife, Maira, was heavily involved in the organization and was\",\n \"title\": \"M & Co. (design firm)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Movie Channel context: Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was\\n\\nNickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Nickelodeon context: Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and\\n\\ntitle: Pinw ( series) context: Pinwheel (TV series Pinw a children's show. It was originally broadcast on C-3 of Warner Cable' interactive system QUBE in Columbus, However, the show began airing on Nickelodeon network from December 977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) 190 \\\"Pinwheel\\\" was the flagship program of-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio the earliest days of cable broadcasting. C- changed its name Pinw. In 179, Warner Cable purchased the- communications satellite from Jim Tammy Faye Bakker rebrand Pinwheel Channel Nickelode where it reformatted \\\"Pinwheel as hour-long\\n: Geraldine Lay: the establish it in,ks and creating Nickely and. Under leadershipon top-ated 24-hour programming and won Awards,odyable Awards and' Awards. had4 profitive yearbourne built Nickon into the profit fromed towards children programming approach, made a point to children as, which five in 19\\n: History ofNN is television channel sports and and, and original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.\\n\\nNickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 516,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14475,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":92,"string":"92"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Radium","Radium (Ra)","Ra-226","Element 88"],"string":"[\n \"Radium\",\n \"Radium (Ra)\",\n \"Ra-226\",\n \"Element 88\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Radium"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4465576","text":"element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram","title":"History of chemistry"},{"id":"313421","text":"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \"radio-tellurium\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"345264","text":"seventh of a gram of radium. One kilogram of the Earth's crust contains about 900 picograms of radium, and one liter of sea water contains about 89 femtograms of radium. Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898, in a uraninite (pitchblende) sample. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They separated out an element similar to bismuth from pitchblende in July 1898, that turned out to be polonium. They then separated out a radioactive mixture consisting mostly of two","title":"Radium"},{"id":"278892","text":"doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"278891","text":"was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \"polonium\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \"radium\", from the Latin word for \"ray\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \"radioactivity\". To prove their discoveries beyond any","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"15136004","text":"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring","title":"Chemistry: A Volatile History"},{"id":"313420","text":"years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron. Tentatively called \"radium F\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"18786402","text":"studying the fluorescence of uranium salts, discovered radioactivity in 1896, and in 1903 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery. Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Marie Curie (1867-1934) jointly carried on Becquerel's work, discovering radium and polonium (1898). They jointly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie became the first female professor at the University of Paris and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. She was the first woman to be buried in the Panthéon. The neon light was used for the first time in Paris on 3 December 1910 in the Grand","title":"Paris in the Belle Époque"},{"id":"2145202","text":"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903.","title":"ESPCI Paris"},{"id":"313412","text":"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"6103505","text":"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the \"Elizabeth Kenny Institute\" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a","title":"St. Paul's Convent School"},{"id":"72997","text":"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.","title":"Chalcogen"},{"id":"1615158","text":"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \"radioactivity\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium","title":"Radioactive decay"},{"id":"1533347","text":"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays","title":"Period 6 element"},{"id":"278893","text":"crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"3567506","text":"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it","title":"Trivial name"},{"id":"69547","text":"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947","title":"Curium"},{"id":"11547999","text":"Uranium tile Uranium tiles have been used in the ceramics industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust. Not long after Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium salts, Madame Curie discovered both polonium and radium as two new radioactive elements also present with uranium. The relatively high specific activity and moderate half-life of 1,600 years of Ra-226, the main radioisotope of radium found in uranium ore, made for a material which when mixed with a phosphor allowed for a glow-in-the-dark substance. Thus, in addition to its medical usage,","title":"Uranium tile"},{"id":"278920","text":"two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"598551","text":"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and","title":"Age of the Earth"},{"id":"278903","text":"her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"366813","text":"American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of Nobel Prize–winning scientist Marie Curie (1867–1934), who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases. Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy","title":"Radiation therapy"},{"id":"4465577","text":"of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. While it took three years for them to isolate radium, they were never able to isolate polonium. Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, Curie oversaw the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the","title":"History of chemistry"},{"id":"3332058","text":"their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains. In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \"the girl with radium eyes\". During the trip Ève and Irène","title":"Ève Curie"},{"id":"645575","text":"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. \"When","title":"Henri Becquerel"},{"id":"69540","text":"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of","title":"Curium"},{"id":"12658367","text":"former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar. The Ore Mountains (; ) in southern East Germany at the border with the Czech Republic are closely connected to the history of uranium exploitation. The metal was discovered in a sample from a silver mine in the mountain range, and uranium was produced first as a by-product in the early 19th century and later as a main product from the 1890s on. The chemists Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the elements Radium and Polonium in pitchblende tailings from a Czech uranium mine","title":"Wismut (mining company)"},{"id":"324247","text":"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the","title":"Pierre Curie"},{"id":"278871","text":"them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 \"polonium\", after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, \"née\" Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"278927","text":"the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"73000","text":"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words \"oxy genes\", meaning \"acid-forming\". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word \"sulfurium\" or the Sanskrit word \"sulvere\"; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word \"telus\", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for","title":"Chalcogen"},{"id":"18723811","text":"the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her \"discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas","title":"Women in chemistry"},{"id":"278870","text":"theory of \"radioactivity\" (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"10756651","text":"for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium. Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures,","title":"Uranium ore"},{"id":"252646","text":"does not match that now known for \"hafnium\". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945.","title":"Metal"},{"id":"721385","text":"technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure. Both would eventually die from the consequences of accumulated radiation exposure over their professional life. After the war, Irène returned to Paris to study at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. The institute was completed in 1914 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium)","title":"Irène Joliot-Curie"},{"id":"51439","text":"its small rest mass. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in","title":"Beta decay"},{"id":"18651066","text":"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"1820371","text":"more powerful fusion weapons known as \"hydrogen bombs\". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about","title":"History of nuclear weapons"},{"id":"278890","text":"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: \"The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.\" She later would recall how she felt \"a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible.\" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"69546","text":"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their","title":"Curium"},{"id":"10921124","text":"originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen. After irradiating frogs and insects with X-rays in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also \"affect the living function\". At the same time, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the radioactive polonium and radium later used to treat cancer. The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. In 1927 Hermann","title":"Radiobiology"},{"id":"19616880","text":"in their 1939 treatment of the mechanism of nuclear fission. The first attempt to discover spontaneous fission in uranium was made by Willard Libby, but he failed to detect it. It had been observed in Britain by Frisch and Titterton, and independently in the Soviet Union by Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak in 1940; the latter are generally credited with the discovery. Compton had also heard from the French physicist Pierre Auger that Frédéric Joliot-Curie had detected what might have been spontaneous fission in polonium. If true, it might preclude the use of polonium in the neutron initiators; if true","title":"Project Y"},{"id":"45717","text":"and curium honored scientists Marie and Pierre Curie as the lanthanide above it, gadolinium, was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin. Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: \"It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.\" This tradition ended on berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered","title":"Berkelium"},{"id":"1883369","text":"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie","title":"André-Louis Debierne"},{"id":"9152251","text":"Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5 metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized which subsequently beta-decayed to form this new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented its discovery being announced until 1948. Plutonium is the","title":"Plutonium"},{"id":"69543","text":"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is","title":"Curium"},{"id":"5754907","text":"Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of \"platinum\" and \"Ural\"), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word \"polia\", meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later). However, the quantity of the metals was too small to isolate, and Osann eventually withdrew his discovery claims. It was up to the Russian","title":"Gottfried Osann"},{"id":"278921","text":"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"313413","text":"and sources of neutrons and alpha particles. This radioactivity makes polonium dangerously toxic. Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, Pb. A milligram (5 curies) of Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of Po emit a blue glow which is caused by ionisation of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"18651065","text":"Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California) was a chemist at the University of Chicago who co-discovered the elements curium (1944) and americium (1944–1945). Later he worked at UCLA and at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory in California. He also worked on niobium and nuclear spectroscopy. James was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy, University of Chicago, the team headed by Glenn T. Seaborg. The laboratory had large amounts of plutonium (discovered in 1940–41) that was being produced in Hanford Site to make nuclear weapons. This allowed","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"4254828","text":"227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down. At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world. The first radon spa","title":"Jáchymov"},{"id":"401229","text":"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.","title":"Synthetic element"},{"id":"576618","text":"original title) was published in the \"Proceedings of the Royal Society\" in the issue of 24 March 1905 (76 A, pages 115-117). It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. In May 1905, Ramsay wrote to Ernest Rutherford: \"Hahn is a capital fellow and has done his work admirably. I am sure that you would enjoy having him to work with you.\" Rutherford agreed and, from September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked in his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada where he discovered thorium C (later identified as polonium-212),","title":"Otto Hahn"},{"id":"313441","text":"isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. It has also been suggested that Irène Joliot-Curie was the first person to die from the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed to polonium in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench. In 1956, she died from leukemia. According to the 2008 book \"The Bomb in the Basement\", several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 were caused by Po. A leak was discovered at a Weizmann Institute laboratory in 1957. Traces of Po were found on the hands","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"313447","text":"radioactive noble gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. As early as the 1920s Antoine Lacassagne, using polonium provided by his colleague Marie Curie, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in liver, kidney, and testes. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"28517","text":"(1827). Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail by in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium. Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971","title":"Actinide"},{"id":"11393088","text":"from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor. Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945","title":"Norman Feather"},{"id":"324246","text":"effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. Curie worked with his wife in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term \"radioactivity\", and were pioneers in","title":"Pierre Curie"},{"id":"10210013","text":"dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about . Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore. The first of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first batch was processed by 8 December, which made of polonium available for experiments a week later. Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon","title":"Dayton Project"},{"id":"9232","text":"the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in \"group IA\". Later the group's name was changed to \"group 1\" in 1988. The trivial name \"alkali metals\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. However, Perey","title":"Alkali metal"},{"id":"345265","text":"components: compounds of barium, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave carmine spectral lines that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except that they were more insoluble. This made it possible for the Curies to separate out the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word \"radium\", formed in Modern Latin from \"radius\"","title":"Radium"},{"id":"14748029","text":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum, which is sponsored by the Polish Chemical Society, is the only biographical museum in the world devoted to the discoverer of polonium and radium. The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (\"ulica Freta 16\") in Warsaw's \"New Town\" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born. Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved","title":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum"},{"id":"313449","text":"decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s. Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published. Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood. Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"482505","text":"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word \"radius\", meaning \"ray\", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the","title":"Alkaline earth metal"},{"id":"1375874","text":"elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in an article entitled \"Radioactive Element 93\" in the \"Physical Review\" on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on \"neptunium\", since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel","title":"Edwin McMillan"},{"id":"433633","text":"Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction: Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious","title":"Uranium"},{"id":"1621260","text":"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements","title":"Period 7 element"},{"id":"2229272","text":"treat leukemia. Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal \"Nature\", after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for X-ray, Henri Becquerel for radioactive uranium salts, and Marie Curie (mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term \"radioactivity.\" Taro Takemi studied the application of nuclear physics to medicine","title":"Nuclear medicine"},{"id":"135050","text":"recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life. Eka-caesium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by","title":"Francium"},{"id":"175502","text":"the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on \"celtium\" in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy. The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of \"celtium\",","title":"Hafnium"},{"id":"1533307","text":"period 6 other metals are incredibly toxic, such as thallium. Period 6 contains the last stable element, lead. All subsequent elements in the periodic table are radioactive. After bismuth, which has a half-life or more than 10 years, polonium, astatine, and radon are some of the shortest-lived and rarest elements known; less than a gram of astatine is estimated to exist on earth at any given time. Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes","title":"Period 6 element"},{"id":"2073037","text":"it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it \"emanium\" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different","title":"Group 3 element"},{"id":"313411","text":"Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce.","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"1490164","text":"with no electric charge. Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it. Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of","title":"James Chadwick"},{"id":"313448","text":"sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example. Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"11393085","text":"1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford. His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles. In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975). Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932. Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in","title":"Norman Feather"},{"id":"20071747","text":"the Harvard School of Public Health, from 1962–1966. She received additional training in radiation biology from the Argonne National Laboratory, in Illinois, in the summer of 1963. While at HSPH, Hunt tested a cigarette butt for radiation, on a hunch. She discovered high levels of Polonium-201, a radioactive element, and launched an investigation alongside colleague Edward P. Radford. The pair published their findings, titled \"Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes\" in \"Science\". The article came out on January 17, 1964––just six days after the surgeon general's report on the dangers of smoking was released. In 1964, Hunt was elected to","title":"Vilma Rose Hunt"},{"id":"15136010","text":"with one extra proton than uranium: element 93. Indeed, Fermi discovered elements he did not recognise. He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, decided to investigate Fermi's bold claim. Unfortunately for Fermi, they quickly disproved his assertion; one of the elements produced was barium, which, with 56 protons, was nowhere near the 92 protons the","title":"Chemistry: A Volatile History"},{"id":"4033406","text":"in several rumors were true, as Arafat was in good health until he suddenly fell ill on 12 October 2004. Tests carried out by the \"Institut de Radiophysique\" (Institute of Radiation Physics) at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland found traces of polonium, a rare, highly radioactive element, on Arafat's personal belongings, which suggested that there was a high level of polonium inside his body when he died. The lethal element was found in quantities much higher than could occur naturally, and further, that 60%–80% of that polonium (depending on the item being tested) had not come from natural sources.","title":"Cause of Yasser Arafat's death"},{"id":"7879442","text":"a half-life of 6 hours. Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay. It is the decay of the element Polonium discovered by Marie Curie, with mass number 210. The isotope Po is the penultimate member of the uranium-radium-decay series; it decays into a stable lead-isotope with a half-life of 138 days. In almost all cases, the decay is via the emission of an alpha particle of 5.305 MeV. Only in one case of 100000, an alpha particle of lower energy appears; in this case, the decay leads to an excited level of Pb, which then decays to","title":"Decay scheme"},{"id":"2121286","text":"Marguerite Perey Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975. Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial","title":"Marguerite Perey"},{"id":"13743483","text":"Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain","title":"Alice Leigh-Smith"},{"id":"10411","text":"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name \"dakin\" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,","title":"Astatine"},{"id":"125679","text":"which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \"Uranium X\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie. In 1903, they published their \"Law of Radioactive Change,\" to account for all their experiments. Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.","title":"Ernest Rutherford"},{"id":"165485","text":"element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth","title":"Halogen"},{"id":"13811931","text":"University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate the new element from the waste of uranium production in the chemical plant E. de Haën in Hanover. By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He","title":"Friedrich Oskar Giesel"},{"id":"350096","text":"a month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity. Alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899. Rutherford used a generic pitchblende radioactive source and determined that the rays produced by the source had differing penetrations in materials. One","title":"Radiation"},{"id":"540423","text":"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4","title":"Uraninite"},{"id":"69043","text":"always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \"known\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and","title":"Chemical element"},{"id":"311753","text":"it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016. The first 94 elements occur naturally; the remaining 24, americium","title":"Periodic table"},{"id":"3219856","text":"it. Bretscher even devised a chemical method to separate. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory also in 1940. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element 93 and plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, using a cyclotron rather than a reactor at the","title":"Tube Alloys"},{"id":"173895","text":"and Pierre coined the term \"radioactivity\" to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel's forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. Rutherford identified and named two types of radioactivity and in 1911 interpreted experimental evidence as showing that the atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Classical theory, however, predicted that this structure should be unstable. Classical theory had also failed to explain successfully two other experimental results that appeared in the late 19th century. One of","title":"History of physics"},{"id":"722636","text":"elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry. Livermorium Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute","title":"Livermorium"},{"id":"18651067","text":"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"135052","text":"Perey named the new isotope \"actinium-K\" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name \"catium\" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of \"cat\" rather than \"cation\"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested \"francium\", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium","title":"Francium"},{"id":"19670403","text":"recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Victorium Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.","title":"Victorium"},{"id":"1815931","text":"these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of energy, the uranium generated rays which could blacken (or \"fog\") the photographic plate, radioactivity was discovered. Marie Curie (working in Paris) and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore. They used radiometric methods to identify which stream the radioactivity was in after each chemical separation; they separated the uranium ore into each of the different chemical elements that were known at the time, and measured the radioactivity","title":"Nuclear chemistry"},{"id":"2121287","text":"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named \"francium\" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue","title":"Marguerite Perey"},{"id":"13743479","text":"Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain to","title":"Alice Leigh-Smith"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4465576\",\n \"text\": \"element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram\",\n \"title\": \"History of chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313421\",\n \"text\": \"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \\\"radio-tellurium\\\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"345264\",\n \"text\": \"seventh of a gram of radium. One kilogram of the Earth's crust contains about 900 picograms of radium, and one liter of sea water contains about 89 femtograms of radium. Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898, in a uraninite (pitchblende) sample. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They separated out an element similar to bismuth from pitchblende in July 1898, that turned out to be polonium. They then separated out a radioactive mixture consisting mostly of two\",\n \"title\": \"Radium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278892\",\n \"text\": \"doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278891\",\n \"text\": \"was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \\\"polonium\\\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \\\"radium\\\", from the Latin word for \\\"ray\\\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \\\"radioactivity\\\". To prove their discoveries beyond any\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15136004\",\n \"text\": \"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistry: A Volatile History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313420\",\n \"text\": \"years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron. Tentatively called \\\"radium F\\\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18786402\",\n \"text\": \"studying the fluorescence of uranium salts, discovered radioactivity in 1896, and in 1903 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery. Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Marie Curie (1867-1934) jointly carried on Becquerel's work, discovering radium and polonium (1898). They jointly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie became the first female professor at the University of Paris and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. She was the first woman to be buried in the Panthéon. The neon light was used for the first time in Paris on 3 December 1910 in the Grand\",\n \"title\": \"Paris in the Belle Époque\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2145202\",\n \"text\": \"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903.\",\n \"title\": \"ESPCI Paris\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313412\",\n \"text\": \"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6103505\",\n \"text\": \"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the \\\"Elizabeth Kenny Institute\\\" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a\",\n \"title\": \"St. Paul's Convent School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72997\",\n \"text\": \"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.\",\n \"title\": \"Chalcogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1615158\",\n \"text\": \"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium\",\n \"title\": \"Radioactive decay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1533347\",\n \"text\": \"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays\",\n \"title\": \"Period 6 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278893\",\n \"text\": \"crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3567506\",\n \"text\": \"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it\",\n \"title\": \"Trivial name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69547\",\n \"text\": \"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11547999\",\n \"text\": \"Uranium tile Uranium tiles have been used in the ceramics industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust. Not long after Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium salts, Madame Curie discovered both polonium and radium as two new radioactive elements also present with uranium. The relatively high specific activity and moderate half-life of 1,600 years of Ra-226, the main radioisotope of radium found in uranium ore, made for a material which when mixed with a phosphor allowed for a glow-in-the-dark substance. Thus, in addition to its medical usage,\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium tile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278920\",\n \"text\": \"two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"598551\",\n \"text\": \"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and\",\n \"title\": \"Age of the Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278903\",\n \"text\": \"her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \\\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\\\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"366813\",\n \"text\": \"American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of Nobel Prize–winning scientist Marie Curie (1867–1934), who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases. Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy\",\n \"title\": \"Radiation therapy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4465577\",\n \"text\": \"of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. While it took three years for them to isolate radium, they were never able to isolate polonium. Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, Curie oversaw the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the\",\n \"title\": \"History of chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3332058\",\n \"text\": \"their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains. In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \\\"the girl with radium eyes\\\". During the trip Ève and Irène\",\n \"title\": \"Ève Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"645575\",\n \"text\": \"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. \\\"When\",\n \"title\": \"Henri Becquerel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69540\",\n \"text\": \"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12658367\",\n \"text\": \"former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar. The Ore Mountains (; ) in southern East Germany at the border with the Czech Republic are closely connected to the history of uranium exploitation. The metal was discovered in a sample from a silver mine in the mountain range, and uranium was produced first as a by-product in the early 19th century and later as a main product from the 1890s on. The chemists Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the elements Radium and Polonium in pitchblende tailings from a Czech uranium mine\",\n \"title\": \"Wismut (mining company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"324247\",\n \"text\": \"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278871\",\n \"text\": \"them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 \\\"polonium\\\", after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, \\\"née\\\" Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278927\",\n \"text\": \"the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"73000\",\n \"text\": \"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words \\\"oxy genes\\\", meaning \\\"acid-forming\\\". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word \\\"sulfurium\\\" or the Sanskrit word \\\"sulvere\\\"; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word \\\"telus\\\", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for\",\n \"title\": \"Chalcogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18723811\",\n \"text\": \"the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her \\\"discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\\\" Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Women in chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278870\",\n \"text\": \"theory of \\\"radioactivity\\\" (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10756651\",\n \"text\": \"for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium. Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures,\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium ore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252646\",\n \"text\": \"does not match that now known for \\\"hafnium\\\". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721385\",\n \"text\": \"technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure. Both would eventually die from the consequences of accumulated radiation exposure over their professional life. After the war, Irène returned to Paris to study at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. The institute was completed in 1914 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium)\",\n \"title\": \"Irène Joliot-Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"51439\",\n \"text\": \"its small rest mass. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in\",\n \"title\": \"Beta decay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651066\",\n \"text\": \"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1820371\",\n \"text\": \"more powerful fusion weapons known as \\\"hydrogen bombs\\\". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about\",\n \"title\": \"History of nuclear weapons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278890\",\n \"text\": \"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: \\\"The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.\\\" She later would recall how she felt \\\"a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible.\\\" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69546\",\n \"text\": \"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10921124\",\n \"text\": \"originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen. After irradiating frogs and insects with X-rays in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also \\\"affect the living function\\\". At the same time, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the radioactive polonium and radium later used to treat cancer. The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. In 1927 Hermann\",\n \"title\": \"Radiobiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19616880\",\n \"text\": \"in their 1939 treatment of the mechanism of nuclear fission. The first attempt to discover spontaneous fission in uranium was made by Willard Libby, but he failed to detect it. It had been observed in Britain by Frisch and Titterton, and independently in the Soviet Union by Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak in 1940; the latter are generally credited with the discovery. Compton had also heard from the French physicist Pierre Auger that Frédéric Joliot-Curie had detected what might have been spontaneous fission in polonium. If true, it might preclude the use of polonium in the neutron initiators; if true\",\n \"title\": \"Project Y\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45717\",\n \"text\": \"and curium honored scientists Marie and Pierre Curie as the lanthanide above it, gadolinium, was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin. Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: \\\"It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.\\\" This tradition ended on berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered\",\n \"title\": \"Berkelium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1883369\",\n \"text\": \"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie\",\n \"title\": \"André-Louis Debierne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9152251\",\n \"text\": \"Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5 metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized which subsequently beta-decayed to form this new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented its discovery being announced until 1948. Plutonium is the\",\n \"title\": \"Plutonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69543\",\n \"text\": \"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5754907\",\n \"text\": \"Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of \\\"platinum\\\" and \\\"Ural\\\"), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word \\\"polia\\\", meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later). However, the quantity of the metals was too small to isolate, and Osann eventually withdrew his discovery claims. It was up to the Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Gottfried Osann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278921\",\n \"text\": \"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313413\",\n \"text\": \"and sources of neutrons and alpha particles. This radioactivity makes polonium dangerously toxic. Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, Pb. A milligram (5 curies) of Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of Po emit a blue glow which is caused by ionisation of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651065\",\n \"text\": \"Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California) was a chemist at the University of Chicago who co-discovered the elements curium (1944) and americium (1944–1945). Later he worked at UCLA and at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory in California. He also worked on niobium and nuclear spectroscopy. James was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy, University of Chicago, the team headed by Glenn T. Seaborg. The laboratory had large amounts of plutonium (discovered in 1940–41) that was being produced in Hanford Site to make nuclear weapons. This allowed\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4254828\",\n \"text\": \"227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down. At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world. The first radon spa\",\n \"title\": \"Jáchymov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"401229\",\n \"text\": \"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.\",\n \"title\": \"Synthetic element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"576618\",\n \"text\": \"original title) was published in the \\\"Proceedings of the Royal Society\\\" in the issue of 24 March 1905 (76 A, pages 115-117). It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. In May 1905, Ramsay wrote to Ernest Rutherford: \\\"Hahn is a capital fellow and has done his work admirably. I am sure that you would enjoy having him to work with you.\\\" Rutherford agreed and, from September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked in his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada where he discovered thorium C (later identified as polonium-212),\",\n \"title\": \"Otto Hahn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313441\",\n \"text\": \"isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. It has also been suggested that Irène Joliot-Curie was the first person to die from the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed to polonium in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench. In 1956, she died from leukemia. According to the 2008 book \\\"The Bomb in the Basement\\\", several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 were caused by Po. A leak was discovered at a Weizmann Institute laboratory in 1957. Traces of Po were found on the hands\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313447\",\n \"text\": \"radioactive noble gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. As early as the 1920s Antoine Lacassagne, using polonium provided by his colleague Marie Curie, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in liver, kidney, and testes. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"28517\",\n \"text\": \"(1827). Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail by in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium. Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971\",\n \"title\": \"Actinide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393088\",\n \"text\": \"from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor. Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"324246\",\n \"text\": \"effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. Curie worked with his wife in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term \\\"radioactivity\\\", and were pioneers in\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10210013\",\n \"text\": \"dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about . Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore. The first of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first batch was processed by 8 December, which made of polonium available for experiments a week later. Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon\",\n \"title\": \"Dayton Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9232\",\n \"text\": \"the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in \\\"group IA\\\". Later the group's name was changed to \\\"group 1\\\" in 1988. The trivial name \\\"alkali metals\\\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. However, Perey\",\n \"title\": \"Alkali metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"345265\",\n \"text\": \"components: compounds of barium, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave carmine spectral lines that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except that they were more insoluble. This made it possible for the Curies to separate out the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word \\\"radium\\\", formed in Modern Latin from \\\"radius\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Radium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14748029\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum, which is sponsored by the Polish Chemical Society, is the only biographical museum in the world devoted to the discoverer of polonium and radium. The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (\\\"ulica Freta 16\\\") in Warsaw's \\\"New Town\\\" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born. Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313449\",\n \"text\": \"decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s. Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published. Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood. Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482505\",\n \"text\": \"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word \\\"radius\\\", meaning \\\"ray\\\", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the\",\n \"title\": \"Alkaline earth metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1375874\",\n \"text\": \"elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in an article entitled \\\"Radioactive Element 93\\\" in the \\\"Physical Review\\\" on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on \\\"neptunium\\\", since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin McMillan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433633\",\n \"text\": \"Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction: Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1621260\",\n \"text\": \"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements\",\n \"title\": \"Period 7 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2229272\",\n \"text\": \"treat leukemia. Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal \\\"Nature\\\", after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for X-ray, Henri Becquerel for radioactive uranium salts, and Marie Curie (mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term \\\"radioactivity.\\\" Taro Takemi studied the application of nuclear physics to medicine\",\n \"title\": \"Nuclear medicine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135050\",\n \"text\": \"recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life. Eka-caesium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by\",\n \"title\": \"Francium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"175502\",\n \"text\": \"the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on \\\"celtium\\\" in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy. The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of \\\"celtium\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Hafnium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1533307\",\n \"text\": \"period 6 other metals are incredibly toxic, such as thallium. Period 6 contains the last stable element, lead. All subsequent elements in the periodic table are radioactive. After bismuth, which has a half-life or more than 10 years, polonium, astatine, and radon are some of the shortest-lived and rarest elements known; less than a gram of astatine is estimated to exist on earth at any given time. Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes\",\n \"title\": \"Period 6 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2073037\",\n \"text\": \"it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it \\\"emanium\\\" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different\",\n \"title\": \"Group 3 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313411\",\n \"text\": \"Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce.\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1490164\",\n \"text\": \"with no electric charge. Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it. Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of\",\n \"title\": \"James Chadwick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313448\",\n \"text\": \"sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example. Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393085\",\n \"text\": \"1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford. His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles. In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975). Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932. Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071747\",\n \"text\": \"the Harvard School of Public Health, from 1962–1966. She received additional training in radiation biology from the Argonne National Laboratory, in Illinois, in the summer of 1963. While at HSPH, Hunt tested a cigarette butt for radiation, on a hunch. She discovered high levels of Polonium-201, a radioactive element, and launched an investigation alongside colleague Edward P. Radford. The pair published their findings, titled \\\"Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes\\\" in \\\"Science\\\". The article came out on January 17, 1964––just six days after the surgeon general's report on the dangers of smoking was released. In 1964, Hunt was elected to\",\n \"title\": \"Vilma Rose Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15136010\",\n \"text\": \"with one extra proton than uranium: element 93. Indeed, Fermi discovered elements he did not recognise. He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, decided to investigate Fermi's bold claim. Unfortunately for Fermi, they quickly disproved his assertion; one of the elements produced was barium, which, with 56 protons, was nowhere near the 92 protons the\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistry: A Volatile History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4033406\",\n \"text\": \"in several rumors were true, as Arafat was in good health until he suddenly fell ill on 12 October 2004. Tests carried out by the \\\"Institut de Radiophysique\\\" (Institute of Radiation Physics) at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland found traces of polonium, a rare, highly radioactive element, on Arafat's personal belongings, which suggested that there was a high level of polonium inside his body when he died. The lethal element was found in quantities much higher than could occur naturally, and further, that 60%–80% of that polonium (depending on the item being tested) had not come from natural sources.\",\n \"title\": \"Cause of Yasser Arafat's death\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7879442\",\n \"text\": \"a half-life of 6 hours. Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay. It is the decay of the element Polonium discovered by Marie Curie, with mass number 210. The isotope Po is the penultimate member of the uranium-radium-decay series; it decays into a stable lead-isotope with a half-life of 138 days. In almost all cases, the decay is via the emission of an alpha particle of 5.305 MeV. Only in one case of 100000, an alpha particle of lower energy appears; in this case, the decay leads to an excited level of Pb, which then decays to\",\n \"title\": \"Decay scheme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2121286\",\n \"text\": \"Marguerite Perey Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975. Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial\",\n \"title\": \"Marguerite Perey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13743483\",\n \"text\": \"Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10411\",\n \"text\": \"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name \\\"dakin\\\" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,\",\n \"title\": \"Astatine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"125679\",\n \"text\": \"which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \\\"Uranium X\\\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie. In 1903, they published their \\\"Law of Radioactive Change,\\\" to account for all their experiments. Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.\",\n \"title\": \"Ernest Rutherford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165485\",\n \"text\": \"element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth\",\n \"title\": \"Halogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13811931\",\n \"text\": \"University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate the new element from the waste of uranium production in the chemical plant E. de Haën in Hanover. By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He\",\n \"title\": \"Friedrich Oskar Giesel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"350096\",\n \"text\": \"a month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity. Alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899. Rutherford used a generic pitchblende radioactive source and determined that the rays produced by the source had differing penetrations in materials. One\",\n \"title\": \"Radiation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540423\",\n \"text\": \"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4\",\n \"title\": \"Uraninite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69043\",\n \"text\": \"always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \\\"known\\\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"311753\",\n \"text\": \"it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016. The first 94 elements occur naturally; the remaining 24, americium\",\n \"title\": \"Periodic table\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3219856\",\n \"text\": \"it. Bretscher even devised a chemical method to separate. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory also in 1940. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element 93 and plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, using a cyclotron rather than a reactor at the\",\n \"title\": \"Tube Alloys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"173895\",\n \"text\": \"and Pierre coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\" to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel's forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. Rutherford identified and named two types of radioactivity and in 1911 interpreted experimental evidence as showing that the atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Classical theory, however, predicted that this structure should be unstable. Classical theory had also failed to explain successfully two other experimental results that appeared in the late 19th century. One of\",\n \"title\": \"History of physics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"722636\",\n \"text\": \"elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry. Livermorium Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute\",\n \"title\": \"Livermorium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651067\",\n \"text\": \"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135052\",\n \"text\": \"Perey named the new isotope \\\"actinium-K\\\" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name \\\"catium\\\" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of \\\"cat\\\" rather than \\\"cation\\\"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested \\\"francium\\\", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium\",\n \"title\": \"Francium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19670403\",\n \"text\": \"recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Victorium Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.\",\n \"title\": \"Victorium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1815931\",\n \"text\": \"these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of energy, the uranium generated rays which could blacken (or \\\"fog\\\") the photographic plate, radioactivity was discovered. Marie Curie (working in Paris) and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore. They used radiometric methods to identify which stream the radioactivity was in after each chemical separation; they separated the uranium ore into each of the different chemical elements that were known at the time, and measured the radioactivity\",\n \"title\": \"Nuclear chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2121287\",\n \"text\": \"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named \\\"francium\\\" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue\",\n \"title\": \"Marguerite Perey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13743479\",\n \"text\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain to\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of chemistry context: element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram\\n\\nWhich element along with polonium did the Curies discover?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Polonium context the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \\\"radio-tellurium\\\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.\\n\\ntitle Chal context: Curie that sample of pitchblende was em four times as much radioactivity could be explained by presence of uranium alone The Curies gathered tons of pitchblende refined for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898 Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way polonium was extract it over several months uranium ore. first attempt at creatingmorium was 176 to 197 at the LB bomb cur-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.\\ntitle: Marie Curie doubt, the sought to isol polonium and rad in form. Pblende is complex min separation of an ardu task. The discovery of polon been; chem resembles the element bismuth, andonium was the only bismuth- subst in the. Radium, was more elus; it closely chemically bariumblende 1898 Cur, appreci,contamin with barium, were still. The Curto ardu out differential\\n\\ntitle: decay: isotes systematic search for totaliumes also Pierreate elements:ium theactivity made these Marie Pierreie of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium\\n\\nWhich element along with polonium did the Curies discover?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 499,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14807,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":93,"string":"93"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Elephantinely","Elephant tusks","Rogue Elephant","Elephant","🐘","Elephant hunting","Elephantineness","Elephant hunter","Rogue elephant","Baby elephants","Brown elephants","ELEPHANT","Elephan","פיל","Elephant population","Elephant evolution","Elefonts","Evolution of elephants","Elephants","Mating elephants","Elaphant","Elephant rage","Gestation period for elephants","Elephant tusk","Sexual behavior of elephants"],"string":"[\n \"Elephantinely\",\n \"Elephant tusks\",\n \"Rogue Elephant\",\n \"Elephant\",\n \"🐘\",\n \"Elephant hunting\",\n \"Elephantineness\",\n \"Elephant hunter\",\n \"Rogue elephant\",\n \"Baby elephants\",\n \"Brown elephants\",\n \"ELEPHANT\",\n \"Elephan\",\n \"פיל\",\n \"Elephant population\",\n \"Elephant evolution\",\n \"Elefonts\",\n \"Evolution of elephants\",\n \"Elephants\",\n \"Mating elephants\",\n \"Elaphant\",\n \"Elephant rage\",\n \"Gestation period for elephants\",\n \"Elephant tusk\",\n \"Sexual behavior of elephants\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Elephant"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1675073","text":"Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \"Danger Island\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \"Banana Splits\" and \"Danger Island\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics, an","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"9932571","text":"Splits\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \"Here Come The Beagles\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\".","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"9932558","text":"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (\"You're the Lovin' End\"), Barry White (\"Doin' the Banana Split\"), and Gene Pitney (\"Two Ton Tessie\"). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\", \"Soul\", \"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\",","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"1675070","text":"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1675087","text":"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"15831767","text":"and after a seemingly hopeless wander comes across three other elephants (the rest of Coldplay) playing the song in the veld (South African grasslands). One of the elephant costumes is Snork from the fictional band The Banana Splits, identifiable by his glasses and polka-dot ears. The video shifts to the band playing a concert together, before returning to the veld where they run towards the camera. The music video was shot on location in London, Cape Town, the Klein Karoo in the Western Cape and Johannesburg. The bike shop shown is Woodstock Cycleworks in Woodstock, Cape Town. The concert segment","title":"Paradise (Coldplay song)"},{"id":"1675074","text":"elephant. Fleegle would assume the role of leader of the Banana Splits, and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in voluminous fleecy costumes, similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". While Snorky \"spoke\" in honking noises, the other three spoke in English—Drooper with a Southern drawl in the manner of Michael Nesmith, and Fleegle with a pronounced lisp. The Splits' segments, including songs-of-the-week and comedy skits, served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In the second season, \"The Three Musketeers\" segments were replaced with repeats of \"The Hillbilly Bears\",","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"4993487","text":"released on DVD on 16 April 2012. Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \"Banana Splits\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written","title":"Animal Kwackers"},{"id":"4993485","text":"Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \"Banana Splits\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written by Roy Apps and the producer Peter","title":"Animal Kwackers"},{"id":"2742391","text":"gaining various product lines. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful beings that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a \"\"snork\"\" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency (\"clams\" is also a slang term for money). According to the \"Snorks\" backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"4683993","text":"happily ever after with a mostly restored Homer still having a chicken's lower body as he produces eggs for the family. In a parody of \"The Day of the Dolphin\" and \"The Birds\", Lisa takes pity on the star attraction of Springfield's Marine World, a dolphin named Snorky, whose trainers let him be humiliated while forced to perform stunts for the crowd's amusement. After Snorky's show, Lisa sets the dolphin free to swim in the ocean. Unbeknownst to Lisa, Snorky is actually king of the dolphins and organizes the world's dolphins into an army to declare war on humanity. The","title":"Treehouse of Horror XI"},{"id":"4548319","text":"Snorkers Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century \"English Dialect Dictionary\" notes \"snorker\" as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word \"snork\", to grunt or snore. Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned Herrings In Tomato Sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few","title":"Snorkers"},{"id":"8330846","text":"team. The widespread urban legend that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger. Huntsman spiders are large and swift, often eliciting arachnophobic reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The \"banana spider\" myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer.","title":"Cultural depictions of spiders"},{"id":"14203088","text":"names\" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Basing the name off its constant sleeping spells, the species was renamed Snorlax, a combination of the words \"snore\" and \"relax\". Snorlax is a fat noseless ursid-like Pokémon that has a cream-colored face, hands and feet, while the rest of its body is teal in color. Its head is also large, and it has two small canine teeth visibly protruding from its lower jaw. Its feet are large compared to most Pokémon, which assist","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"4047482","text":"Snagglepuss Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic cougar sporting an upturned collar, shirt cuffs, and a string tie who has a great desire to be a stage actor. He is voiced by Daws Butler and is best known for his catchphrases: \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\" and \"Exit, stage left!\" A similar-looking orange mountain lion, known as \"Snaggletooth\" and without collar or cuffs, first appeared in \"The Quick Draw McGraw Show\" in 1959, before appearing as a supporting character in \"Augie Doggie & Doggie Daddy\" and \"Snooper and Blabber\". Snagglepuss appeared in his own series of","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"13514830","text":"Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by","title":"Popeye"},{"id":"12971396","text":"Huffman conceived the idea of cartoons for a studio audience after George Lewis left the program. Huffman's \"Mr. Cartoon\" was accompanied by an animal sidekick, known as \"Beeper\" who joined the show in 1974. Before that, \"Mr. Cartoon\" was generally accompanied by one of Hanna-Barbera's \"Banana Splits\", which ended in December 1969. \"Beeper\" was known as Mr. Cartoon's \"friend,\" and got the name Beeper following a contest in which kids sent in their suggestions for the creature's name. The show aired at four on weekday afternoons for one hour until September 1988, when the show was replaced in its daily","title":"Mr. Cartoon"},{"id":"4817088","text":"bananadine became more widely known when William Powell, believing the \"Berkeley Barb\" article to be true, reproduced the method in \"The Anarchist Cookbook\" in 1970, under the name \"\"Musa sapientum\" Bananadine\" (referring to the banana's old binomial nomenclature). In 1971, a book of one-line joke comics was released, contained a comic in which a teen is secretly handing bunches of bananas to a zoo gorilla at night, uttering the line: \"Just throw the skins back, man!\" Bananadine Bananadine is a fictional psychoactive substance which is supposedly extracted from banana peels. A hoax recipe for its \"extraction\" from banana peel was","title":"Bananadine"},{"id":"10688089","text":"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (onscreen title: Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Review) is a 1978 American live-action/animated television special produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (in association with deFaria Productions) featuring animated character Fred Flintstone and hosted by Roy Clark and Bonnie Franklin. It premiered on CBS on Friday, January 13, 1978 at 8:00 pm EST. A celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday featuring costumed Hanna-Barbera characters: Yogi Bear, Jabberjaw, Huckleberry Hound, Scooby-Doo, The Banana Splits, Hong Kong Phooey, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, Wally Gator and The Hair Bear Bunch. The show is co-hosted","title":"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue"},{"id":"2742394","text":"DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons\". Snorks \"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \"The Smurfs\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam,","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"4546994","text":"Curtis), and in the pleasing and unusual character voices and dialect. For example, Motormouse would often over enunciate words, saying things like \"Chi-co-ry\", and greeting Autocat with a friendly \"Hey there, Au-to-cat\". Motormouse resembled Pixie & Dixie in character design. Hanna-Barbera had high hopes for \"Cattanooga Cats\" to be a hit program, like \"The Banana Splits\", but the show failed to attract a large audience during its original run. Mildew Wolf, the most popular character on the program, resurfaced six years after the cancellation of \"Cattanooga Cats\" as co-host, with Snagglepuss, on \"Laff-a-Lympics\", this time voiced by John Stephenson. Lambsy","title":"Cattanooga Cats"},{"id":"20099827","text":"Peppermint Park (TV series) Peppermint Park is an American direct-to-video children's show consisting of six volumes, released in 1987 and 1988. The show had many similarities to \"Sesame Street\", in that it was a mixture of live action, animation, and puppets. Characters included Ernie, who sang a song about the letter M; Snorkee, a reptile who is often oblivious to his surroundings and lacks common sense; Maynard, an elderly man who laments over his wasted youth; and Piggle, a pig with a big appetite, amongst others. The videos are now out of print, and are extremely difficult to find, but","title":"Peppermint Park (TV series)"},{"id":"6100988","text":"Hillbilly Bears\" cartoon segments were later repeated during the second season of \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\" (1969–1970), and all 52 \"Atom Ant\" and \"Secret Squirrel\" half-hours were syndicated as part of \"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\", an umbrella title for a package combining episodes of several different Hanna-Barbera series (the other series included \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", and \"The Adventures of Gulliver\"). The program contained six segments: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an hour-long Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1965 to 1967","title":"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show"},{"id":"15679393","text":"Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \"Granastrapotherium snorki\" (from Spanish, \"gran\", \"great\"; \"Astrapotherium\", \"lightning beast\"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru, seem to belong to \"Granastrapotherium\" or a very similar animal. This astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid \"Xenastrapotherium\" by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about","title":"Granastrapotherium"},{"id":"1675079","text":"website, as well as a CD and a DVD featuring 13 new songs, released by Universal Records. In addition, a child-themed area named Banana Splitsville was placed at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina's Hard Rock Park rock-and-roll theme park, which later became Freestyle Music Park before closing permanently in 2009. The show's theme song, titled \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan, but that was merely contractual. In fact it was written by N.B. Winkless, Jr. on the slightly out-of-tune upright piano in his living room—a piano that","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"4180704","text":"Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sporting disaster in South Africa. Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called \"Orkney Snork Nie\". The word \"snork\" means \"snore\": so the joke in the title means \"Orkney doesn't snore\". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was \"Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie\". In this the pun is on the \"ook nie\"","title":"Orkney, North West"},{"id":"10127847","text":"Yochelcionella Yochelcionella is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. \"Yochelcionella\" is the type genus of the family Yochelcionellidae. This genus of molluscs possessed shells which were shaped like curved caps, with an exhaust pipe shaped \"snorkel\" emanating underneath where the apex (point of the shell) curves over. It is believed that the \"snorkel\" was used in breathing, allowing waste water to flow away from the gills. When they were first discovered, they were originally thought to be monoplacophorans. Their","title":"Yochelcionella"},{"id":"1912202","text":"Douglass for their Saturday-morning content. Hanna-Barbera (HB) was the first cartoon production studio to cease using Douglass's services. They first used the laugh track for their prime-time shows, such as \"The Flintstones\", \"Top Cat\", and \"The Jetsons\". They then expanded using the laugh track into their daytime fare, starting with \"The Banana Splits\" in 1968, which emulated Filmation's \"The Archies\". Successful series prior to 1971, like \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\", \"Harlem Globetrotters\" and \"Josie and the Pussycats\" employed a full laugh track. This changed at the start of the 1971–72 season, when Hanna-Barbera employed their limited laugh track using the","title":"Laugh track"},{"id":"624877","text":"Your Baby?\" Other cartoon bands appeared during 1968–72 in response to the Archies' success. Cartoon producers Hanna-Barbera created The Banana Splits, which made its debut one week before \"The Archie Show\" in September 1968, for a Saturday morning cartoon show featuring costumed actors miming to pre-recorded tracks à la the early Monkees. Hanna-Barbera's \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" was originally developed as cartoon band show, but even after that idea was dropped, the second season in 1970 included seven episodes that each used a different bubblegum song for extended chase scenes with each performed by Austin Roberts. Hanna-Barbera's \"Josie and the","title":"Bubblegum pop"},{"id":"14493023","text":"be a tramp myself, but I wasn't. Even if some people say I was.\" After Russell signed a contract with King Features Syndicate in 1930, \"Pete the Tramp\" was launched on January 10, 1932. Russell continued working for King Features for the next three decades, and during that time he created several other strips, \"The Tucker Twins\", \"Snorky\" and \"Pete's Pup\", which ran as \"topper\" strips alongside \"Pete the Tramp\". He usually sat at his drawing table working eight weeks ahead of the publication dates. During World War II, Russell and Otto Soglow drew their characters at kids' bond rallies","title":"Clarence D. Russell"},{"id":"2742387","text":"Snorks \"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \"The Smurfs\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"669810","text":"Kidettes\", \"The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show\", \"Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\", \"The Herculoids\", \"Shazzan\", \"Fantastic Four\", \"Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor\" and \"Samson & Goliath\" (a.k.a. \"Young Samson\"). \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", \"The Adventures of Gulliver\" and \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" arose on the air in 1968, while the successful \"Wacky Races\" and its spinoffs \"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\" and \"Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines\" aired on CBS, returned Hanna-Barbera to straight comedy, followed by \"Cattanooga Cats\" for ABC. The studio had its first (and only) record label Hanna-Barbera Records, headed by Danny","title":"Hanna-Barbera"},{"id":"289293","text":"\"Punky Brewster\", \"ALF\" and \"Star Trek\" as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like \"The Banana Splits\", \"The Bugaloos\" and \"H.R. Pufnstuf\"; and the original broadcasts of \"Gumby\", \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", \"Underdog\", \"The Smurfs\", \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\" and \"Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\". From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called \"One to Grow On\", which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. In 1989, NBC premiered \"Saved by the Bell\", a live-action teen sitcom which originated on","title":"NBC"},{"id":"829133","text":"personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh","title":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"},{"id":"10397029","text":"AKA Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network was a slot in the Cartoon Network UK weekday evening schedule from 1999 to 2000, between 7 and 9pm on weekday evenings. The slot consisted of repeated shows such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Tom and Jerry, Looney Tunes and \"Cow and Chicken\". In addition, the slot included an original show called Cult Toons, broadcast only on Friday evenings. 'AKA' Stings and Cult Toons material would consist of Hanna-Barbera owned footage, prominently from the 1960s and 1970s (such as \"Wacky Races\", \"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\", \"The Banana Splits\" (including \"Arabian Knights\" and","title":"AKA Cartoon Network"},{"id":"15357663","text":"various \"Laff-A-Lympics\" stories were reprinted in \"Laff-A-Lympics Annual\" hardback books in the United Kingdom by Fleetway. An updated Laff-A-Lympics called the \"Superstar Olympics\" appeared in \"Hanna-Barbera Presents\" #6 in 1996. The Superstar Olympics featured Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Boo Boo Bear, Chopper, Cindy Bear, Dick Dastardly, Fred Flintstone, Grape Ape, Hokey Wolf, Huckleberry Hound, Jabberjaw, Magilla Gorilla, Muttley, Peter Potamus, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, Ranger Smith, Secret Squirrel, Snagglepuss, Snooper and Blabber, Squiddly Diddly, Top Cat, Touché Turtle, Wally Gator, Wilma Flintstone, and Yogi Bear. A \"Laff-A-Lympics\" hand-held","title":"Laff-A-Lympics"},{"id":"1675071","text":"both live action and animated segments, and was Hanna-Barbera's first foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached Sid Krofft and Marty Krofft to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters. The format of the show was loosely based on \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\". \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\" premiered on NBC on September 7, 1968. In his autobiography, Barbera said that the show was to be called \"The Banana Bunch\", but they could","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"7468259","text":"Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916. The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion. Although the company received a British Patent for the design, no further use was made of it—the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines. The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was \"U-58\", which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a \"snuiver\" (\"sniffer\"). As early as 1938, a","title":"History of submarines"},{"id":"14601012","text":"During this period, the network also aired original animated series – most notably, the 1980s series \"The Smurfs\" and \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\". It also carried animated series adapted from certain live-action NBC series such as \"It's Punky Brewster\" (based on the sitcom \"Punky Brewster\"), \"\" (based on the sitcom \"ALF\") and \"\" (based on the science fiction drama \"Star Trek\"), as well as animated series vehicles for certain NBC prime time stars including Gary Coleman (\"The Gary Coleman Show\") and Mr. T (\"Mister T\"), and original live-action series including the Sid & Marty Krofft-produced \"The Banana Splits\", \"The Bugaloos\"","title":"Children's programming on NBC"},{"id":"4546989","text":"concurrently with \"Cattanooga Cats\" until both met their demise at the end of the 1970–1971 season. \"Cattanooga Cats\" depicted the adventures of a fictitious rock band similar to The Archies and The Banana Splits populated by anthropomorphic hillbilly cats consisting of: A fifth member, a mouse keyboardist named \"Cheesie\", was storyboarded but cut out of the series. The group traveled around in a van, was chased by a female cat groupie named Chessie, the \"Autograph Hound\" (also voiced by Julie Bennett) and Kitty Jo owned a big blue dog named \"Teeny Tim\". The singing vocals for The Cattanooga Cats were","title":"Cattanooga Cats"},{"id":"3577023","text":"froze to death in the toilet. The Man's Daddy (later renamed Daddy) - a bizarre ant/elephant creature who declared himself to be a famous comedian. His jokes tended to be disjointed, usually relying on a nonsense answer or a far-fetched pun. His jokes included: Question. Why did Superman wear his pants outside his trousers? Answer. Because he was a pervert.\", Question.: What do you call a dog wearing a policeman's hat? Answer: PC Dog-hat\" and \"Question.: What do you say if there is a seed in your pie and a man in your yard? Answer: \"Seed pie leave now\". \"","title":"Digitiser"},{"id":"5402875","text":"The Minpins The Minpins is a book by Roald Dahl with illustrations by Patrick Benson. It was published in 1991, a few months after Dahl's death in November 1990, and is the author's final contribution to literature after an illustrious career spanning almost half a century. The book was republished in 2017 under the title Billy and the Minpins with new illustrations by Quentin Blake. Little Billy is forbidden by his mother to enter the Forest of Sin behind his house. She tells him of the Whangdoodle, Hornswogglers, Snozzwanglers and Vermicious knids that live in the forest. Worst of all","title":"The Minpins"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"14203090","text":"children use its large fat belly as a place to play. Snorlax has hidden potential to unleash tremendous power when holding the Snorlium Z item, however, which gives access to its signature Z-Move Pulverizing Pancake. Snorlax has a pre-evolution, Munchlax, which is obtainable via breeding a Snorlax that is holding Lax Incense. Munchlax also sports a voracious appetite, and evolves into a Snorlax when it has a sufficiently high level of friendship with its Trainer. Snorlax's most notable role in the \"Pokémon\" games has been that of an inadvertent roadblock. In \"Pokémon Red\", \"Blue\", their \"upper version\" and their remakes,","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"3178379","text":"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem \"The Hunting of the Snark\". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an \"agony in eight fits\" – was the final line, \"For the snark was a boojum, you see\". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many","title":"Snark (Lewis Carroll)"},{"id":"10428684","text":"in organic chemistry and requires both expensive laboratory equipment and expensive, carefully controlled precursor chemicals. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the \"Berkeley Barb\" in March 1967, variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \"The Anarchist Cookbook.\" This book claimed \"\"Musa sapientum\" Bananadine\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \"mellow yellow\" and \"saffron\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \"Mellow Yellow,\" perhaps because the phrase","title":"Urban legends about drugs"},{"id":"14203094","text":"jumps up when it appears and slams into whomever it hits. In \"Melee\", Snorlax is seen as a Poké Float that allows players to fight upon on its head and belly. In the \"Pokémon\" anime, a number of Snorlax play various supporting roles in certain episodes. The first appearance of a Snorlax was in episode 41 - \"Wake Up Snorlax!\" - in which it becomes a roadblock to the next town Ash is traveling to. Ash Ketchum also captures one in \"Snack Attack!\" that was eating the grapefruits of the Grapefruit Islands. He uses it sporadically, mostly opting to use","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"860843","text":"the childhood home of Fred Rogers, children's television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, the city's claim was refused induction into the Hall of Fame records. Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the training camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, but not the brewery. In June 2006, City","title":"Latrobe, Pennsylvania"},{"id":"5913958","text":"the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating, but the sketch was never used. Nancy Cartwright, voice actor of Bart Simpson on \"The Simpsons\", and Michael Bell, voice actor of Chaz Finster on \"Rugrats\", provided their voices for the \"Snorks\" reference. The name of Quagmire's cat was originally \"Pussy\", but broadcasting standards objected. The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava, but the scene was never shown. The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams,","title":"Brian the Bachelor"},{"id":"2598739","text":"Hanna-Barbera, who recruited the Kroffts to design costumes for their latest show, \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". \"The Banana Splits\" was a huge success for NBC, so the Krofft brothers were asked to develop their own series. The result was \"H.R. Pufnstuf\", a short-lived television series that became a cult phenomenon. Sid continued to churn out outlandish ideas throughout the '70s, and brother Marty was commissioned to bring Sid's weird and wacky ideas to life on the television screen. The duo's children's shows were wildly popular and paved the way for the Kroffts to invade primetime with television variety shows","title":"Sid Krofft"},{"id":"243402","text":"of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (\"Rattus rattus\") could be found regularly. In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary. It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds. Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (\"Halichoerus grypus\"), Sika deer (\"Cervus nippon\"), pygmy shrew (\"Sorex minutus\") and feral","title":"Lundy"},{"id":"16435920","text":"and Sally Field on \"The Flying Nun\". In 1968, Kahana played a leading role in the Hanna Barbera children's adventure serial \"Danger Island\", a live-action serialized adventure story that appeared as part of the \"Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". His character, Chongo, was a mute castaway from a shipwrecked merchant marine vessel who communicated only using hand signs and bird calls. As the comedic sidekick to fellow castaway Elihu Morgan (played by Rockne Tarkington), Chongo's antics prompted his friend to call out, \"Uh-oh Chongo!\". The catchphrase became popular with children during the following decade, and inevitably followed Kahana in his work","title":"Kim Kahana"},{"id":"18797528","text":"of his performing career. He retired in 1967 to the St. Louis Zoo. Jinx (chimpanzee) Jinx (1953–19??) was a performing chimpanzee, and member of the ice skating duo \"Darlene and Jinx\", with his owner and trainer Darlene Sellek. Jinx – a member of the Pan Troglodyte species – was born in late 1953 in the Belgian Congo, Africa, near Kinshasa (then called Leopoldville). Jinx was purchased for $600 (f.o.b. Africa) from a Miami, Florida, pet shop when he was 2 month old. “We had no idea of going into show business. We just wanted a pet”, explained Darlene Sellek in","title":"Jinx (chimpanzee)"},{"id":"830570","text":"of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons. Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script. Further references included The \"Ink and Paint Club\" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of \"the","title":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit"},{"id":"15679395","text":"had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs. Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja \"et al\"., 2015, showing the position of \"Granastrapotherium\": Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \"Granastrapotherium snorki\" (from Spanish, \"gran\", \"great\"; \"Astrapotherium\", \"lightning beast\";","title":"Granastrapotherium"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"4047485","text":"six-issue miniseries \"\" in where it is revealed to be a prequel to the original shorts. Snagglepuss lives in a cavern, which he constantly tries to make more habitable for himself. No matter what he does, however, he always winds up back where he started or worse off than he was before. In some episodes, Snagglepuss is chased by Major Minor (voiced by Don Messick), a tiny-sized hunter. Butler's voice characterization is reminiscent of the more soft-spoken aspect of Bert Lahr's broad-ranging characterizations, specifically the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film \"The Wizard of Oz\". (Coincidentally, William Hanna and","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"16921314","text":"one sitting and one \"laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed\". Chapter 21 asserts that zebras \"must be extraordinarily inconspicuous\" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the \"few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law.\" These include the skunks, the African zoril (striped polecat) and the teledu (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks","title":"Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom"},{"id":"3837740","text":"the live-action sequences) (13 shows), \"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\" (17 shows), \"The New Adventures of Gilligan\" (24 shows), \"My Favorite Martians\" (16 shows), and former \"Uncle Croc's Block\" segments \"M.U.S.H.\" (\"\"Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes\"\"), \"Fraidy Cat\", and \"Wacky and Packy\" (combined into 18 shows). The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's \"Banana Splits\" in the early 1980s, and as of May 2009, the show can be streamed in the US in minisode form on Crackle. The show was structured very much like the then-popular show \"Laugh-In\", with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown","title":"Groovie Goolies"},{"id":"12482352","text":"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper is a 1982 animated Christmas television special starring Yogi Bear. It is the third and final Yogi Christmas special. Produced by Hanna-Barbera, it first aired on on CBS. When Huckleberry Hound and his friends Hokey Wolf, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, and Snooper and Blabber visit Jellystone Park for Christmas, they discover Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo have escaped from Jellystone and hidden out in a department store, where Yogi is posing as a Santa Claus. Along the way, he helps a little","title":"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper"},{"id":"12915005","text":"Jr. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \"Kick-Ass\".","title":"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)"},{"id":"12277004","text":"disappear into the forests of the coastal mountains for days at a time as a spiritual retreat to memorise the Quran. Considered to be \"naive and inexperienced\", he followed Marzouk seeking \"the adventure of Afghanistan\" and lived for a while with the Khadr family in Pakistan, where he became known for his love of banana splits and sharing their ability to mix the Western world with his current life. On August 20, 1998, Al Farouq training camp was bombed by American cruise missiles and Amr Hamed was killed. In November 2001, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated claims that the","title":"Amr Hamed"},{"id":"4683995","text":"them. When Lisa is bitten by a small dolphin after removing a set of bottle rings around its face, Homer encourages the townspeople to fight back. A battle ensues between the dolphins and the humans, with heavy casualties on both sides. The end of the story reveals the humans lost the war and have been driven into the sea. Lisa admits she regrets freeing Snorky in the first place, but Marge comforts her that everyone will have to adjust to their new life as \"marine animals\". Meanwhile, after the final story ended, the two aliens Kang and Kodos complain that","title":"Treehouse of Horror XI"},{"id":"10933627","text":"repackaged into syndication as part of \"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\". Although originally airing in an hour-long format as a Saturday morning show called \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", subsequent incarnations were re-edited and sold into syndication as half-hour episodes which included several series not originally part of the original show. As part of \"The Banana Splits\", \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" enjoyed new life, becoming well known to subsequent generations for the next four decades. The show opened and closed with a catchy theme song, using banjo accompaniment to give it a Southern flavor: We got the","title":"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"},{"id":"2742393","text":"encounters with the Snorks. In the episode \"Allstar's Freshwater Adventure\", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks. On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete First Season\" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete Second Season\" on","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"1675078","text":"producer credits, the other being \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"; Edward Rosen served as producer on both series. They would not, however, assume the title full-time for another five years. This Hanna-Barbera series was also one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to utilize a laugh track. Hanna-Barbera produced \"The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park\", a televised feature film, for ABC in 1972. In August 2008, Warner Bros. announced a multi-platform release featuring new comedy shorts and music videos; this debuted on Cartoon Network starting on September 2, 2008. The relaunch included a live show and a","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1675072","text":"not get permission from the author of a children's book by that title. The Krofft brothers give credit to the success of the series for opening the door for their own entry into television, \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". NBC picked up the Krofft series, which was launched during an hour-long special hosted by \"The Banana Splits\" on August 30, 1969. The show's live-action segment \"Danger Island\", a cliffhanger serial, as well as the short-lived \"Micro Ventures\", a part-live action, part-animated series consisting of only four episodes, ran alongside the animated segments \"Arabian Knights\" and \"The Three Musketeers\". Actors Jan-Michael Vincent (billed as","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"9524019","text":"Turner's hands by this point), but during the show's first season \"Cartoon Alley\" featured shorts from the Gaumont Film Company. Many recognizable characters have been featured in at least one episode such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Felix The Cat, Porky Pig, Andy Panda, Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, Barney Bear, Spike, George and Junior, and others not so famous such as Goopy Geer and The Captain and the Kids. The shorts often appeared uncut and uncensored (a few cartoons utilized cuts for content), and the more controversial cartoons (such as \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" and \"Half-Pint Pygmy\") were","title":"Cartoon Alley"},{"id":"1709065","text":"original. \"The Three Musketeers\" was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera's as part of \"The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour\" and \"The Banana Splits & Friends\" show. \"Albert the Fifth Musketeer\" is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. \"\", a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook, and released on August 17, 2004. A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of \"Barbie and the Three Musketeers\" was made in 2009. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime","title":"The Three Musketeers"},{"id":"5097049","text":"Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \"The Velvet Underground & Nico\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \"peel slowly and see\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \"mush slowly and guac.\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got","title":"Hellogoodbye (EP)"},{"id":"2945615","text":"the Science Guy\" (made by Walt Disney Television) and \"Curious George\" (produced by Universal Television) In 2002, C-T was renamed to Sony Pictures Television, a company that would co-produce the third season of the program. After a tour of the lot of Sony Studios, Wesley Eure created the first treatment of the show, including the initial conception of the two-headed dragon Zak and Wheezie, back then known as \"Snarf and Bugger.\" The series received a massive multi-million dollar grant from the federal government, beating out \"The Muppets\" and \"Sesame Street\" for the request. As part of the conditions for the","title":"Dragon Tales"},{"id":"6063856","text":"Masked booby The masked booby (\"Sula dactylatra\") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae. First described by French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus \"Sula\". This species breeds on islands in tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic; in the eastern Pacific it is replaced by the Nazca booby, \"Sula granti\", which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby. It is also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby. The masked booby nests in small colonies, laying two chalky white eggs on sandy","title":"Masked booby"},{"id":"14885143","text":"King Klunk King Klunk is a 1933 animated short subject, produced and directed by Walter Lantz. It stars Pooch the Pup, and is the twelfth of the thirteen cartoons featuring that character. The cartoon is a parody of the RKO feature \"King Kong\", which premiered six months earlier to this cartoon's release on September 4, 1933 from Universal Pictures. Pooch and a girl coonhound sail into Africa, looking to take photographs of King Klunk, the largest gorilla in the planet. On the continent, a pack of chimpanzees are doing a dance ritual as well preparing a meal for their gigantic","title":"King Klunk"},{"id":"13594222","text":"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle. The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children. This is a companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\", published by Carle and Martin in 1967,","title":"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?"},{"id":"17542302","text":"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963","title":"Cupiennius salei"},{"id":"17542312","text":"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963","title":"Cupiennius salei"},{"id":"14274863","text":"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series) The Three Musketeers is an American Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC. It premiered in 1968, running for 18 episodes as a segment on \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". It took the main characters Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnian from the novel by Alexandre Dumas and placed them in new adventures fighting the enemies of the crowned heads of France. They are sometimes assisted by a queen's handmaid named constance (D'Artagnian's lover from the novel) and her young nephew, Tooley. A recurring theme has Toolie trying to prove himself worthy of","title":"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series)"},{"id":"12668159","text":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\". Various endangered animals answer the question \"What do you see?\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping","title":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?"},{"id":"8153190","text":"The Sandwich EP The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song \"Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's \"\"The Lock Up\"\" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but","title":"The Sandwich EP"},{"id":"744327","text":"and Frankenstein's monster are two examples of misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein's monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in films such as \"Monster Squad\" and \"Van Helsing\". The Hulk is an example of the \"Monster as Hero\" archetype. The theme of the \"Friendly Monster\" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly \"monsters\". The creatures of \"Monsters, Inc.\" scare children in order to create energy for running machinery, while the furry monsters of \"The Muppets\" and \"Sesame Street\" live in harmony with animals and humans alike. Japanese culture also commonly features monsters which are benevolent or","title":"Monster"},{"id":"12381579","text":"the physical comedy that predominated film shorts to more dialogue-oriented jokes (including celebrity impressions and one-liner jokes). Hanna-Barbera Productions focused almost exclusively on these kinds of funny animal TV series, creating an extensive line of funny animal television series starring characters such as Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss and Top Cat. Jay Ward Productions also produced \"Rocky and Bullwinkle\" (also known as \"Rocky and his Friends\", \"The Bullwinkle Show\" or \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\"), a series starring a \"plucky\" flying squirrel named Rocky and his incompetent moose sidekick and best friend, Bullwinkle J. Moose, as they fought against Eastern","title":"Funny animal"},{"id":"1675076","text":"Bumper Cars, Merry-Go-Rounds, and many other rides at Six Flags and Coney Island. The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club—Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom—would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series; however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first-season episode on October 5, 1968, a song debuted entitled \"Doin' The Banana Split\", as all five girls appeared together with the Splits. Also featured were the \"Banana Buggies\" mentioned","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1974701","text":"other and say: \"Are you thinking what I'm thinking, B1?\" – \"I think I am, B2! It's [Bananas' ideas] time!\". Rat in a Hat also has three catchphrases, \"Oh, cheese and whiskers!\", usually stated when he has not succeeded at a task; \"Trust me, I'm a rat!\" when trying to deceive other characters; and \"I'm a rat, I'm a rat, I'm a clever clever rat\", which he sings when he thinks of a good idea. Given the age of the target audience, chasing teddy bears is not usually a plot line for the show itself, and when it is depicted,","title":"Bananas in Pyjamas"},{"id":"7651517","text":"stating underneath, \"It [the bear] is now in the Washington Zoo, albeit the animal pictured is presumably not a hog bear. Likewise, in the sketch of the snoligoster there is a reference to Inman F. Eldredge (1883–1963), a Gifford Pinchot Medal awardee, who while pursuing an escaped fugitive in the everglades, encounters the dreadful swamp-wyrm which afterward devours the criminal. An episode which is doubtlessly a fanciful idealization of Eldredge's background as a timber cruiser in Southern Florida. Other persons referenced in \"Fearsome Creatures\" are John P. Wentling (1878-19XX; who was Professor of Forestry at both the Pennsylvania State Forest","title":"Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts"},{"id":"1675075","text":"a cartoon segment that previously appeared on \"The Atom Ant Show\" (1965–1968). In reruns, episodes of \"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\", \"The Adventures of Gulliver\" and \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" were aired on the show. For the first season, some of the live-action segments—specifically those used during the musical segments—were shot at Six Flags Over Texas, an amusement park located in Arlington, Texas. For the second season, filming took place at the Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. In many episodes, the Banana Splits would be seen riding on the Runaway Mine Train roller coasters, Log Flumes,","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"8755663","text":"a Brooklyn accent. The pirate crew were also a branch of the Democratic Order of Pirates, International, or \"DOPI\" for short. Sam Scurvy has one goal in life: world domination. He believes that if he can get the secret to talking to animals from Doctor Dolittle, he will be able to raise an army of \"creepy creatures\" to help him take over the world. By using his eavesdropping device the Sneaky Snorkel, Scurvy gets wind of Doctor Dolittle's latest missions and then plots to hinder, disrupt, or even kidnap the Doctor, Tommy, or any one of his animals, in order","title":"Doctor Dolittle (TV series)"},{"id":"3178380","text":"analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the Commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a \"chasm\"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave. The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The \"boojum\" is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to \"softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again\". The snark's flavour","title":"Snark (Lewis Carroll)"},{"id":"16376949","text":"inclusion of some underground tube ways in the first level. A group of 20+ people worked on the game. During the programming of the game to the SNES, one of the hazards in the game was a catnip that could drive Bubsy mad. This was replaced by banana peels because of Nintendo's censorship policies. The game was developed and released concurrently for the Genesis and Super NES, with each version looking and sounding almost identical. Approximately two years later, the game was also ported to Windows 95, under the name \"Super Bubsy\". It contained slightly upscaled graphics, and the Bubsy","title":"Bubsy in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind"},{"id":"118790","text":"spray dust or grass on themselves. When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a snorkel. The African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring food to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks. Losing the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival, although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One elephant has been observed to graze","title":"Elephant"},{"id":"4047484","text":"product. As part of the settlement, the disclaimer \"Snagglepuss voice by Daws Butler\" was required to appear on each commercial, thus making Butler one of the few voice artists to receive a screen credit in a TV commercial. Butler reused his Snagglepuss voice for two other Hanna-Barbera characters: Jonathan Wellington \"Mudsy\" Muddlemore from \"The Funky Phantom\" and Brutus the lion from \"The Roman Holidays\". In 2017, Snagglepuss appeared in a eight-page story in \"Suicide Squad/Banana Splits Annual\" #1 by Mark Russell where he is portrayed as a gay Tennessee Williams-type playwright in 1950s America. This was followed by the 2018","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"14904556","text":"Baloo is portrayed as a boxer, complete with boxing cloves and training clothes. Monkeys: The monkeys are portrayed as extremely stupid Swedish upper-class, commonly referred to as fjortis. Unlike all the other animals, they seem to be unaware of the danger of the helicopters flying above the jungle. They refer to bananas as money and live in a place called \"The Banana Republic\". Snakes: The snakes are portrayed as Japanese Kill Bill spoofs, to emphasize their lethality. Vultures: The vultures are portrayed as extremely annoying paparazzi. Djungelboken Djungelboken is a Swedish play written by based on Kipling's \"The Jungle Book\",","title":"Djungelboken"},{"id":"9932564","text":"1989 release \"Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood\" and as a hidden track on the \"Our Bodies Our Selves\" release also from 1993. \"Banana Pad Riot\" also featured recordings from punk bands The Vindictives (\"Two Ton Tessie\"), Boris The Sprinkler (\"We're The Banana Splits\"), and The Young Fresh Fellows (\"Doin' The Banana Split\"). Liz Phair and Material Issue recorded \"The Tra La La Song\" for the 1995 compilation album \"\". Their version was based on the Decca Records single version, with a different arrangement than the version used on the TV series, also including an otherwise unheard additional verse. Throughout","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"2823921","text":"his family. He is a vegetarian, and also loves his father. Stephan Pastis appears self-reflexively in the strip. He is often seen with Rat, who makes him the target of criticism about his artwork and jokes involving puns. His character has also expressed his hate of being an attorney, which was his former career. He is usually depicted wearing a baseball cap backward, a plain white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Snuffles (also known as Mister Snuffles) is Zebra's cat. Originally, he was adopted by the crocodiles on September 30, 2007, to kill Zebra, but the plan backfired. He does not","title":"Pearls Before Swine (comics)"},{"id":"4230623","text":"oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill. Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed. For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators. The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round","title":"Siphon (mollusc)"},{"id":"20009309","text":"prehensile-tailed porcupine, and an albino Burmese python. On 25 January 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon a beaver, a tarantula, a baby muntjac, and a hyacinth macaw. On 2 May 2018, he presented six African pygmy goats, a kookaburra, a capybara, and an American alligator. Then on 19 September 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon and Kevin Hart a baby ostrich, two kingsnakes, a tarantula, and a lanner falcon. He appeared again on 22 November 2018 presenting two baby Asian small-clawed otters, a couple of baby African crested porcupines, an aardvark, and a baby zebra. On 6 April 2017, Robert Irwin was","title":"Robert Irwin (television personality)"},{"id":"6337407","text":"some early scientists to believe that, much like a whale, it used these nostrils as a form of snorkel. Soon after some more recent findings, this theory was rejected. An alternative theory is that the ungulate possessed a trunk, perhaps to keep dust out of the nostrils. \"Macrauchenia\"'s trunk may be comparable to that of the modern Saiga antelope. One insight into \"Macrauchenia\"'s habits is that its ankle joints and shin bones may indicate that it was adapted to have unusually good mobility, being able to rapidly change direction when it ran at high speed. \"Macrauchenia\" is known, like its","title":"Macrauchenia"},{"id":"4118553","text":"Kids\". This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone (again, drawn by hand rather than a font type) means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, in Charles Schulz's \"Peanuts\" comic strips. Originally, the resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore seemed exclusive to the English language, but the spread of American comics has made it a frequent feature in other countries. An exception to this is in Japanese manga, where the usual symbol for sleep","title":"Speech balloon"},{"id":"2559653","text":"In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas, adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they","title":"Common snapping turtle"},{"id":"2308433","text":"Suidae Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, \"Sus scrofa domesticus\" or \"Sus domesticus\", in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants","title":"Suidae"},{"id":"9650786","text":"150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly. The snoring rail was first classified as \"Rallus plateni\" by German ornithologist August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius in 1886, but was moved to its current monotypic genus \"Aramidopsis\" by English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1893. Following Taylor (1998), it was considered to be more similar to the Inaccessible Island and white-throated rails","title":"Snoring rail"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1675073\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \\\"Danger Island\\\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \\\"Banana Splits\\\" and \\\"Danger Island\\\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \\\"Banana Splits Club\\\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \\\"Snork\\\" in the theme song lyrics, an\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932571\",\n \"text\": \"Splits\\\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \\\"Here Come The Beagles\\\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932558\",\n \"text\": \"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (\\\"You're the Lovin' End\\\"), Barry White (\\\"Doin' the Banana Split\\\"), and Gene Pitney (\\\"Two Ton Tessie\\\"). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\\\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\\\", \\\"Soul\\\", \\\"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675070\",\n \"text\": \"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675087\",\n \"text\": \"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15831767\",\n \"text\": \"and after a seemingly hopeless wander comes across three other elephants (the rest of Coldplay) playing the song in the veld (South African grasslands). One of the elephant costumes is Snork from the fictional band The Banana Splits, identifiable by his glasses and polka-dot ears. The video shifts to the band playing a concert together, before returning to the veld where they run towards the camera. The music video was shot on location in London, Cape Town, the Klein Karoo in the Western Cape and Johannesburg. The bike shop shown is Woodstock Cycleworks in Woodstock, Cape Town. The concert segment\",\n \"title\": \"Paradise (Coldplay song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675074\",\n \"text\": \"elephant. Fleegle would assume the role of leader of the Banana Splits, and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in voluminous fleecy costumes, similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\". While Snorky \\\"spoke\\\" in honking noises, the other three spoke in English—Drooper with a Southern drawl in the manner of Michael Nesmith, and Fleegle with a pronounced lisp. The Splits' segments, including songs-of-the-week and comedy skits, served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In the second season, \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" segments were replaced with repeats of \\\"The Hillbilly Bears\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4993487\",\n \"text\": \"released on DVD on 16 April 2012. Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \\\"Banana Splits\\\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written\",\n \"title\": \"Animal Kwackers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4993485\",\n \"text\": \"Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \\\"Banana Splits\\\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written by Roy Apps and the producer Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Animal Kwackers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742391\",\n \"text\": \"gaining various product lines. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful beings that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a \\\"\\\"snork\\\"\\\" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency (\\\"clams\\\" is also a slang term for money). According to the \\\"Snorks\\\" backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4683993\",\n \"text\": \"happily ever after with a mostly restored Homer still having a chicken's lower body as he produces eggs for the family. In a parody of \\\"The Day of the Dolphin\\\" and \\\"The Birds\\\", Lisa takes pity on the star attraction of Springfield's Marine World, a dolphin named Snorky, whose trainers let him be humiliated while forced to perform stunts for the crowd's amusement. After Snorky's show, Lisa sets the dolphin free to swim in the ocean. Unbeknownst to Lisa, Snorky is actually king of the dolphins and organizes the world's dolphins into an army to declare war on humanity. The\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4548319\",\n \"text\": \"Snorkers Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century \\\"English Dialect Dictionary\\\" notes \\\"snorker\\\" as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word \\\"snork\\\", to grunt or snore. Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned Herrings In Tomato Sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few\",\n \"title\": \"Snorkers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8330846\",\n \"text\": \"team. The widespread urban legend that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger. Huntsman spiders are large and swift, often eliciting arachnophobic reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The \\\"banana spider\\\" myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer.\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of spiders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203088\",\n \"text\": \"names\\\" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Basing the name off its constant sleeping spells, the species was renamed Snorlax, a combination of the words \\\"snore\\\" and \\\"relax\\\". Snorlax is a fat noseless ursid-like Pokémon that has a cream-colored face, hands and feet, while the rest of its body is teal in color. Its head is also large, and it has two small canine teeth visibly protruding from its lower jaw. Its feet are large compared to most Pokémon, which assist\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047482\",\n \"text\": \"Snagglepuss Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic cougar sporting an upturned collar, shirt cuffs, and a string tie who has a great desire to be a stage actor. He is voiced by Daws Butler and is best known for his catchphrases: \\\"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\\\" and \\\"Exit, stage left!\\\" A similar-looking orange mountain lion, known as \\\"Snaggletooth\\\" and without collar or cuffs, first appeared in \\\"The Quick Draw McGraw Show\\\" in 1959, before appearing as a supporting character in \\\"Augie Doggie & Doggie Daddy\\\" and \\\"Snooper and Blabber\\\". Snagglepuss appeared in his own series of\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13514830\",\n \"text\": \"Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by\",\n \"title\": \"Popeye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12971396\",\n \"text\": \"Huffman conceived the idea of cartoons for a studio audience after George Lewis left the program. Huffman's \\\"Mr. Cartoon\\\" was accompanied by an animal sidekick, known as \\\"Beeper\\\" who joined the show in 1974. Before that, \\\"Mr. Cartoon\\\" was generally accompanied by one of Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Banana Splits\\\", which ended in December 1969. \\\"Beeper\\\" was known as Mr. Cartoon's \\\"friend,\\\" and got the name Beeper following a contest in which kids sent in their suggestions for the creature's name. The show aired at four on weekday afternoons for one hour until September 1988, when the show was replaced in its daily\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Cartoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4817088\",\n \"text\": \"bananadine became more widely known when William Powell, believing the \\\"Berkeley Barb\\\" article to be true, reproduced the method in \\\"The Anarchist Cookbook\\\" in 1970, under the name \\\"\\\"Musa sapientum\\\" Bananadine\\\" (referring to the banana's old binomial nomenclature). In 1971, a book of one-line joke comics was released, contained a comic in which a teen is secretly handing bunches of bananas to a zoo gorilla at night, uttering the line: \\\"Just throw the skins back, man!\\\" Bananadine Bananadine is a fictional psychoactive substance which is supposedly extracted from banana peels. A hoax recipe for its \\\"extraction\\\" from banana peel was\",\n \"title\": \"Bananadine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688089\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (onscreen title: Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Review) is a 1978 American live-action/animated television special produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (in association with deFaria Productions) featuring animated character Fred Flintstone and hosted by Roy Clark and Bonnie Franklin. It premiered on CBS on Friday, January 13, 1978 at 8:00 pm EST. A celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday featuring costumed Hanna-Barbera characters: Yogi Bear, Jabberjaw, Huckleberry Hound, Scooby-Doo, The Banana Splits, Hong Kong Phooey, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, Wally Gator and The Hair Bear Bunch. The show is co-hosted\",\n \"title\": \"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742394\",\n \"text\": \"DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons\\\". Snorks \\\"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\\\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \\\"The Smurfs\\\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \\\"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\\\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam,\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4546994\",\n \"text\": \"Curtis), and in the pleasing and unusual character voices and dialect. For example, Motormouse would often over enunciate words, saying things like \\\"Chi-co-ry\\\", and greeting Autocat with a friendly \\\"Hey there, Au-to-cat\\\". Motormouse resembled Pixie & Dixie in character design. Hanna-Barbera had high hopes for \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" to be a hit program, like \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", but the show failed to attract a large audience during its original run. Mildew Wolf, the most popular character on the program, resurfaced six years after the cancellation of \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" as co-host, with Snagglepuss, on \\\"Laff-a-Lympics\\\", this time voiced by John Stephenson. Lambsy\",\n \"title\": \"Cattanooga Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20099827\",\n \"text\": \"Peppermint Park (TV series) Peppermint Park is an American direct-to-video children's show consisting of six volumes, released in 1987 and 1988. The show had many similarities to \\\"Sesame Street\\\", in that it was a mixture of live action, animation, and puppets. Characters included Ernie, who sang a song about the letter M; Snorkee, a reptile who is often oblivious to his surroundings and lacks common sense; Maynard, an elderly man who laments over his wasted youth; and Piggle, a pig with a big appetite, amongst others. The videos are now out of print, and are extremely difficult to find, but\",\n \"title\": \"Peppermint Park (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6100988\",\n \"text\": \"Hillbilly Bears\\\" cartoon segments were later repeated during the second season of \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\" (1969–1970), and all 52 \\\"Atom Ant\\\" and \\\"Secret Squirrel\\\" half-hours were syndicated as part of \\\"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\\\", an umbrella title for a package combining episodes of several different Hanna-Barbera series (the other series included \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\"). The program contained six segments: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an hour-long Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1965 to 1967\",\n \"title\": \"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15679393\",\n \"text\": \"Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \\\"Granastrapotherium snorki\\\" (from Spanish, \\\"gran\\\", \\\"great\\\"; \\\"Astrapotherium\\\", \\\"lightning beast\\\"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru, seem to belong to \\\"Granastrapotherium\\\" or a very similar animal. This astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid \\\"Xenastrapotherium\\\" by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about\",\n \"title\": \"Granastrapotherium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675079\",\n \"text\": \"website, as well as a CD and a DVD featuring 13 new songs, released by Universal Records. In addition, a child-themed area named Banana Splitsville was placed at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina's Hard Rock Park rock-and-roll theme park, which later became Freestyle Music Park before closing permanently in 2009. The show's theme song, titled \\\"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\\\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan, but that was merely contractual. In fact it was written by N.B. Winkless, Jr. on the slightly out-of-tune upright piano in his living room—a piano that\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4180704\",\n \"text\": \"Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sporting disaster in South Africa. Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called \\\"Orkney Snork Nie\\\". The word \\\"snork\\\" means \\\"snore\\\": so the joke in the title means \\\"Orkney doesn't snore\\\". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was \\\"Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie\\\". In this the pun is on the \\\"ook nie\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Orkney, North West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10127847\",\n \"text\": \"Yochelcionella Yochelcionella is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. \\\"Yochelcionella\\\" is the type genus of the family Yochelcionellidae. This genus of molluscs possessed shells which were shaped like curved caps, with an exhaust pipe shaped \\\"snorkel\\\" emanating underneath where the apex (point of the shell) curves over. It is believed that the \\\"snorkel\\\" was used in breathing, allowing waste water to flow away from the gills. When they were first discovered, they were originally thought to be monoplacophorans. Their\",\n \"title\": \"Yochelcionella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1912202\",\n \"text\": \"Douglass for their Saturday-morning content. Hanna-Barbera (HB) was the first cartoon production studio to cease using Douglass's services. They first used the laugh track for their prime-time shows, such as \\\"The Flintstones\\\", \\\"Top Cat\\\", and \\\"The Jetsons\\\". They then expanded using the laugh track into their daytime fare, starting with \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" in 1968, which emulated Filmation's \\\"The Archies\\\". Successful series prior to 1971, like \\\"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\\\", \\\"Harlem Globetrotters\\\" and \\\"Josie and the Pussycats\\\" employed a full laugh track. This changed at the start of the 1971–72 season, when Hanna-Barbera employed their limited laugh track using the\",\n \"title\": \"Laugh track\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"624877\",\n \"text\": \"Your Baby?\\\" Other cartoon bands appeared during 1968–72 in response to the Archies' success. Cartoon producers Hanna-Barbera created The Banana Splits, which made its debut one week before \\\"The Archie Show\\\" in September 1968, for a Saturday morning cartoon show featuring costumed actors miming to pre-recorded tracks à la the early Monkees. Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\\\" was originally developed as cartoon band show, but even after that idea was dropped, the second season in 1970 included seven episodes that each used a different bubblegum song for extended chase scenes with each performed by Austin Roberts. Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Josie and the\",\n \"title\": \"Bubblegum pop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14493023\",\n \"text\": \"be a tramp myself, but I wasn't. Even if some people say I was.\\\" After Russell signed a contract with King Features Syndicate in 1930, \\\"Pete the Tramp\\\" was launched on January 10, 1932. Russell continued working for King Features for the next three decades, and during that time he created several other strips, \\\"The Tucker Twins\\\", \\\"Snorky\\\" and \\\"Pete's Pup\\\", which ran as \\\"topper\\\" strips alongside \\\"Pete the Tramp\\\". He usually sat at his drawing table working eight weeks ahead of the publication dates. During World War II, Russell and Otto Soglow drew their characters at kids' bond rallies\",\n \"title\": \"Clarence D. Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742387\",\n \"text\": \"Snorks \\\"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\\\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \\\"The Smurfs\\\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \\\"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\\\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"669810\",\n \"text\": \"Kidettes\\\", \\\"The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show\\\", \\\"Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\\\", \\\"The Herculoids\\\", \\\"Shazzan\\\", \\\"Fantastic Four\\\", \\\"Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor\\\" and \\\"Samson & Goliath\\\" (a.k.a. \\\"Young Samson\\\"). \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\" and \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" arose on the air in 1968, while the successful \\\"Wacky Races\\\" and its spinoffs \\\"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\\\" and \\\"Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines\\\" aired on CBS, returned Hanna-Barbera to straight comedy, followed by \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" for ABC. The studio had its first (and only) record label Hanna-Barbera Records, headed by Danny\",\n \"title\": \"Hanna-Barbera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289293\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Punky Brewster\\\", \\\"ALF\\\" and \\\"Star Trek\\\" as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The Bugaloos\\\" and \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\"; and the original broadcasts of \\\"Gumby\\\", \\\"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\\\", \\\"Underdog\\\", \\\"The Smurfs\\\", \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\" and \\\"Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\\\". From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called \\\"One to Grow On\\\", which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. In 1989, NBC premiered \\\"Saved by the Bell\\\", a live-action teen sitcom which originated on\",\n \"title\": \"NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829133\",\n \"text\": \"personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh\",\n \"title\": \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10397029\",\n \"text\": \"AKA Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network was a slot in the Cartoon Network UK weekday evening schedule from 1999 to 2000, between 7 and 9pm on weekday evenings. The slot consisted of repeated shows such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Tom and Jerry, Looney Tunes and \\\"Cow and Chicken\\\". In addition, the slot included an original show called Cult Toons, broadcast only on Friday evenings. 'AKA' Stings and Cult Toons material would consist of Hanna-Barbera owned footage, prominently from the 1960s and 1970s (such as \\\"Wacky Races\\\", \\\"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\\\", \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" (including \\\"Arabian Knights\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"AKA Cartoon Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15357663\",\n \"text\": \"various \\\"Laff-A-Lympics\\\" stories were reprinted in \\\"Laff-A-Lympics Annual\\\" hardback books in the United Kingdom by Fleetway. An updated Laff-A-Lympics called the \\\"Superstar Olympics\\\" appeared in \\\"Hanna-Barbera Presents\\\" #6 in 1996. The Superstar Olympics featured Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Boo Boo Bear, Chopper, Cindy Bear, Dick Dastardly, Fred Flintstone, Grape Ape, Hokey Wolf, Huckleberry Hound, Jabberjaw, Magilla Gorilla, Muttley, Peter Potamus, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, Ranger Smith, Secret Squirrel, Snagglepuss, Snooper and Blabber, Squiddly Diddly, Top Cat, Touché Turtle, Wally Gator, Wilma Flintstone, and Yogi Bear. A \\\"Laff-A-Lympics\\\" hand-held\",\n \"title\": \"Laff-A-Lympics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675071\",\n \"text\": \"both live action and animated segments, and was Hanna-Barbera's first foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached Sid Krofft and Marty Krofft to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters. The format of the show was loosely based on \\\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\\\". \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\" premiered on NBC on September 7, 1968. In his autobiography, Barbera said that the show was to be called \\\"The Banana Bunch\\\", but they could\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7468259\",\n \"text\": \"Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916. The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion. Although the company received a British Patent for the design, no further use was made of it—the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines. The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was \\\"U-58\\\", which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a \\\"snuiver\\\" (\\\"sniffer\\\"). As early as 1938, a\",\n \"title\": \"History of submarines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14601012\",\n \"text\": \"During this period, the network also aired original animated series – most notably, the 1980s series \\\"The Smurfs\\\" and \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\". It also carried animated series adapted from certain live-action NBC series such as \\\"It's Punky Brewster\\\" (based on the sitcom \\\"Punky Brewster\\\"), \\\"\\\" (based on the sitcom \\\"ALF\\\") and \\\"\\\" (based on the science fiction drama \\\"Star Trek\\\"), as well as animated series vehicles for certain NBC prime time stars including Gary Coleman (\\\"The Gary Coleman Show\\\") and Mr. T (\\\"Mister T\\\"), and original live-action series including the Sid & Marty Krofft-produced \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The Bugaloos\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Children's programming on NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4546989\",\n \"text\": \"concurrently with \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" until both met their demise at the end of the 1970–1971 season. \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" depicted the adventures of a fictitious rock band similar to The Archies and The Banana Splits populated by anthropomorphic hillbilly cats consisting of: A fifth member, a mouse keyboardist named \\\"Cheesie\\\", was storyboarded but cut out of the series. The group traveled around in a van, was chased by a female cat groupie named Chessie, the \\\"Autograph Hound\\\" (also voiced by Julie Bennett) and Kitty Jo owned a big blue dog named \\\"Teeny Tim\\\". The singing vocals for The Cattanooga Cats were\",\n \"title\": \"Cattanooga Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3577023\",\n \"text\": \"froze to death in the toilet. The Man's Daddy (later renamed Daddy) - a bizarre ant/elephant creature who declared himself to be a famous comedian. His jokes tended to be disjointed, usually relying on a nonsense answer or a far-fetched pun. His jokes included: Question. Why did Superman wear his pants outside his trousers? Answer. Because he was a pervert.\\\", Question.: What do you call a dog wearing a policeman's hat? Answer: PC Dog-hat\\\" and \\\"Question.: What do you say if there is a seed in your pie and a man in your yard? Answer: \\\"Seed pie leave now\\\". \\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Digitiser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5402875\",\n \"text\": \"The Minpins The Minpins is a book by Roald Dahl with illustrations by Patrick Benson. It was published in 1991, a few months after Dahl's death in November 1990, and is the author's final contribution to literature after an illustrious career spanning almost half a century. The book was republished in 2017 under the title Billy and the Minpins with new illustrations by Quentin Blake. Little Billy is forbidden by his mother to enter the Forest of Sin behind his house. She tells him of the Whangdoodle, Hornswogglers, Snozzwanglers and Vermicious knids that live in the forest. Worst of all\",\n \"title\": \"The Minpins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203090\",\n \"text\": \"children use its large fat belly as a place to play. Snorlax has hidden potential to unleash tremendous power when holding the Snorlium Z item, however, which gives access to its signature Z-Move Pulverizing Pancake. Snorlax has a pre-evolution, Munchlax, which is obtainable via breeding a Snorlax that is holding Lax Incense. Munchlax also sports a voracious appetite, and evolves into a Snorlax when it has a sufficiently high level of friendship with its Trainer. Snorlax's most notable role in the \\\"Pokémon\\\" games has been that of an inadvertent roadblock. In \\\"Pokémon Red\\\", \\\"Blue\\\", their \\\"upper version\\\" and their remakes,\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3178379\",\n \"text\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem \\\"The Hunting of the Snark\\\". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an \\\"agony in eight fits\\\" – was the final line, \\\"For the snark was a boojum, you see\\\". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many\",\n \"title\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10428684\",\n \"text\": \"in organic chemistry and requires both expensive laboratory equipment and expensive, carefully controlled precursor chemicals. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the \\\"Berkeley Barb\\\" in March 1967, variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \\\"The Anarchist Cookbook.\\\" This book claimed \\\"\\\"Musa sapientum\\\" Bananadine\\\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \\\"mellow yellow\\\" and \\\"saffron\\\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \\\"Mellow Yellow,\\\" perhaps because the phrase\",\n \"title\": \"Urban legends about drugs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203094\",\n \"text\": \"jumps up when it appears and slams into whomever it hits. In \\\"Melee\\\", Snorlax is seen as a Poké Float that allows players to fight upon on its head and belly. In the \\\"Pokémon\\\" anime, a number of Snorlax play various supporting roles in certain episodes. The first appearance of a Snorlax was in episode 41 - \\\"Wake Up Snorlax!\\\" - in which it becomes a roadblock to the next town Ash is traveling to. Ash Ketchum also captures one in \\\"Snack Attack!\\\" that was eating the grapefruits of the Grapefruit Islands. He uses it sporadically, mostly opting to use\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"860843\",\n \"text\": \"the childhood home of Fred Rogers, children's television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, the city's claim was refused induction into the Hall of Fame records. Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the training camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, but not the brewery. In June 2006, City\",\n \"title\": \"Latrobe, Pennsylvania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5913958\",\n \"text\": \"the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating, but the sketch was never used. Nancy Cartwright, voice actor of Bart Simpson on \\\"The Simpsons\\\", and Michael Bell, voice actor of Chaz Finster on \\\"Rugrats\\\", provided their voices for the \\\"Snorks\\\" reference. The name of Quagmire's cat was originally \\\"Pussy\\\", but broadcasting standards objected. The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava, but the scene was never shown. The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams,\",\n \"title\": \"Brian the Bachelor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2598739\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera, who recruited the Kroffts to design costumes for their latest show, \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" was a huge success for NBC, so the Krofft brothers were asked to develop their own series. The result was \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\", a short-lived television series that became a cult phenomenon. Sid continued to churn out outlandish ideas throughout the '70s, and brother Marty was commissioned to bring Sid's weird and wacky ideas to life on the television screen. The duo's children's shows were wildly popular and paved the way for the Kroffts to invade primetime with television variety shows\",\n \"title\": \"Sid Krofft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"243402\",\n \"text\": \"of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (\\\"Rattus rattus\\\") could be found regularly. In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary. It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds. Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (\\\"Halichoerus grypus\\\"), Sika deer (\\\"Cervus nippon\\\"), pygmy shrew (\\\"Sorex minutus\\\") and feral\",\n \"title\": \"Lundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16435920\",\n \"text\": \"and Sally Field on \\\"The Flying Nun\\\". In 1968, Kahana played a leading role in the Hanna Barbera children's adventure serial \\\"Danger Island\\\", a live-action serialized adventure story that appeared as part of the \\\"Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". His character, Chongo, was a mute castaway from a shipwrecked merchant marine vessel who communicated only using hand signs and bird calls. As the comedic sidekick to fellow castaway Elihu Morgan (played by Rockne Tarkington), Chongo's antics prompted his friend to call out, \\\"Uh-oh Chongo!\\\". The catchphrase became popular with children during the following decade, and inevitably followed Kahana in his work\",\n \"title\": \"Kim Kahana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18797528\",\n \"text\": \"of his performing career. He retired in 1967 to the St. Louis Zoo. Jinx (chimpanzee) Jinx (1953–19??) was a performing chimpanzee, and member of the ice skating duo \\\"Darlene and Jinx\\\", with his owner and trainer Darlene Sellek. Jinx – a member of the Pan Troglodyte species – was born in late 1953 in the Belgian Congo, Africa, near Kinshasa (then called Leopoldville). Jinx was purchased for $600 (f.o.b. Africa) from a Miami, Florida, pet shop when he was 2 month old. “We had no idea of going into show business. We just wanted a pet”, explained Darlene Sellek in\",\n \"title\": \"Jinx (chimpanzee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"830570\",\n \"text\": \"of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons. Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script. Further references included The \\\"Ink and Paint Club\\\" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15679395\",\n \"text\": \"had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs. Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja \\\"et al\\\"., 2015, showing the position of \\\"Granastrapotherium\\\": Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \\\"Granastrapotherium snorki\\\" (from Spanish, \\\"gran\\\", \\\"great\\\"; \\\"Astrapotherium\\\", \\\"lightning beast\\\";\",\n \"title\": \"Granastrapotherium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047485\",\n \"text\": \"six-issue miniseries \\\"\\\" in where it is revealed to be a prequel to the original shorts. Snagglepuss lives in a cavern, which he constantly tries to make more habitable for himself. No matter what he does, however, he always winds up back where he started or worse off than he was before. In some episodes, Snagglepuss is chased by Major Minor (voiced by Don Messick), a tiny-sized hunter. Butler's voice characterization is reminiscent of the more soft-spoken aspect of Bert Lahr's broad-ranging characterizations, specifically the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". (Coincidentally, William Hanna and\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16921314\",\n \"text\": \"one sitting and one \\\"laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed\\\". Chapter 21 asserts that zebras \\\"must be extraordinarily inconspicuous\\\" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the \\\"few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law.\\\" These include the skunks, the African zoril (striped polecat) and the teledu (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks\",\n \"title\": \"Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3837740\",\n \"text\": \"the live-action sequences) (13 shows), \\\"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\\\" (17 shows), \\\"The New Adventures of Gilligan\\\" (24 shows), \\\"My Favorite Martians\\\" (16 shows), and former \\\"Uncle Croc's Block\\\" segments \\\"M.U.S.H.\\\" (\\\"\\\"Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes\\\"\\\"), \\\"Fraidy Cat\\\", and \\\"Wacky and Packy\\\" (combined into 18 shows). The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Banana Splits\\\" in the early 1980s, and as of May 2009, the show can be streamed in the US in minisode form on Crackle. The show was structured very much like the then-popular show \\\"Laugh-In\\\", with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown\",\n \"title\": \"Groovie Goolies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12482352\",\n \"text\": \"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper is a 1982 animated Christmas television special starring Yogi Bear. It is the third and final Yogi Christmas special. Produced by Hanna-Barbera, it first aired on on CBS. When Huckleberry Hound and his friends Hokey Wolf, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, and Snooper and Blabber visit Jellystone Park for Christmas, they discover Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo have escaped from Jellystone and hidden out in a department store, where Yogi is posing as a Santa Claus. Along the way, he helps a little\",\n \"title\": \"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12915005\",\n \"text\": \"Jr. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \\\"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\\\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \\\"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\\\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \\\"Kick-Ass\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12277004\",\n \"text\": \"disappear into the forests of the coastal mountains for days at a time as a spiritual retreat to memorise the Quran. Considered to be \\\"naive and inexperienced\\\", he followed Marzouk seeking \\\"the adventure of Afghanistan\\\" and lived for a while with the Khadr family in Pakistan, where he became known for his love of banana splits and sharing their ability to mix the Western world with his current life. On August 20, 1998, Al Farouq training camp was bombed by American cruise missiles and Amr Hamed was killed. In November 2001, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated claims that the\",\n \"title\": \"Amr Hamed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4683995\",\n \"text\": \"them. When Lisa is bitten by a small dolphin after removing a set of bottle rings around its face, Homer encourages the townspeople to fight back. A battle ensues between the dolphins and the humans, with heavy casualties on both sides. The end of the story reveals the humans lost the war and have been driven into the sea. Lisa admits she regrets freeing Snorky in the first place, but Marge comforts her that everyone will have to adjust to their new life as \\\"marine animals\\\". Meanwhile, after the final story ended, the two aliens Kang and Kodos complain that\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10933627\",\n \"text\": \"repackaged into syndication as part of \\\"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\\\". Although originally airing in an hour-long format as a Saturday morning show called \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\", subsequent incarnations were re-edited and sold into syndication as half-hour episodes which included several series not originally part of the original show. As part of \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" enjoyed new life, becoming well known to subsequent generations for the next four decades. The show opened and closed with a catchy theme song, using banjo accompaniment to give it a Southern flavor: We got the\",\n \"title\": \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742393\",\n \"text\": \"encounters with the Snorks. In the episode \\\"Allstar's Freshwater Adventure\\\", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks. On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete First Season\\\" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete Second Season\\\" on\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675078\",\n \"text\": \"producer credits, the other being \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\"; Edward Rosen served as producer on both series. They would not, however, assume the title full-time for another five years. This Hanna-Barbera series was also one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to utilize a laugh track. Hanna-Barbera produced \\\"The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park\\\", a televised feature film, for ABC in 1972. In August 2008, Warner Bros. announced a multi-platform release featuring new comedy shorts and music videos; this debuted on Cartoon Network starting on September 2, 2008. The relaunch included a live show and a\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675072\",\n \"text\": \"not get permission from the author of a children's book by that title. The Krofft brothers give credit to the success of the series for opening the door for their own entry into television, \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\". NBC picked up the Krofft series, which was launched during an hour-long special hosted by \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" on August 30, 1969. The show's live-action segment \\\"Danger Island\\\", a cliffhanger serial, as well as the short-lived \\\"Micro Ventures\\\", a part-live action, part-animated series consisting of only four episodes, ran alongside the animated segments \\\"Arabian Knights\\\" and \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\". Actors Jan-Michael Vincent (billed as\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9524019\",\n \"text\": \"Turner's hands by this point), but during the show's first season \\\"Cartoon Alley\\\" featured shorts from the Gaumont Film Company. Many recognizable characters have been featured in at least one episode such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Felix The Cat, Porky Pig, Andy Panda, Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, Barney Bear, Spike, George and Junior, and others not so famous such as Goopy Geer and The Captain and the Kids. The shorts often appeared uncut and uncensored (a few cartoons utilized cuts for content), and the more controversial cartoons (such as \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" and \\\"Half-Pint Pygmy\\\") were\",\n \"title\": \"Cartoon Alley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709065\",\n \"text\": \"original. \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera's as part of \\\"The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour\\\" and \\\"The Banana Splits & Friends\\\" show. \\\"Albert the Fifth Musketeer\\\" is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. \\\"\\\", a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook, and released on August 17, 2004. A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of \\\"Barbie and the Three Musketeers\\\" was made in 2009. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Musketeers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5097049\",\n \"text\": \"Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \\\"The Velvet Underground & Nico\\\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \\\"peel slowly and see\\\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \\\"mush slowly and guac.\\\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got\",\n \"title\": \"Hellogoodbye (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945615\",\n \"text\": \"the Science Guy\\\" (made by Walt Disney Television) and \\\"Curious George\\\" (produced by Universal Television) In 2002, C-T was renamed to Sony Pictures Television, a company that would co-produce the third season of the program. After a tour of the lot of Sony Studios, Wesley Eure created the first treatment of the show, including the initial conception of the two-headed dragon Zak and Wheezie, back then known as \\\"Snarf and Bugger.\\\" The series received a massive multi-million dollar grant from the federal government, beating out \\\"The Muppets\\\" and \\\"Sesame Street\\\" for the request. As part of the conditions for the\",\n \"title\": \"Dragon Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6063856\",\n \"text\": \"Masked booby The masked booby (\\\"Sula dactylatra\\\") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae. First described by French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus \\\"Sula\\\". This species breeds on islands in tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic; in the eastern Pacific it is replaced by the Nazca booby, \\\"Sula granti\\\", which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby. It is also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby. The masked booby nests in small colonies, laying two chalky white eggs on sandy\",\n \"title\": \"Masked booby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14885143\",\n \"text\": \"King Klunk King Klunk is a 1933 animated short subject, produced and directed by Walter Lantz. It stars Pooch the Pup, and is the twelfth of the thirteen cartoons featuring that character. The cartoon is a parody of the RKO feature \\\"King Kong\\\", which premiered six months earlier to this cartoon's release on September 4, 1933 from Universal Pictures. Pooch and a girl coonhound sail into Africa, looking to take photographs of King Klunk, the largest gorilla in the planet. On the continent, a pack of chimpanzees are doing a dance ritual as well preparing a meal for their gigantic\",\n \"title\": \"King Klunk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13594222\",\n \"text\": \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle. The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children. This is a companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\", published by Carle and Martin in 1967,\",\n \"title\": \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17542302\",\n \"text\": \"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Cupiennius salei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17542312\",\n \"text\": \"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Cupiennius salei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14274863\",\n \"text\": \"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series) The Three Musketeers is an American Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC. It premiered in 1968, running for 18 episodes as a segment on \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". It took the main characters Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnian from the novel by Alexandre Dumas and placed them in new adventures fighting the enemies of the crowned heads of France. They are sometimes assisted by a queen's handmaid named constance (D'Artagnian's lover from the novel) and her young nephew, Tooley. A recurring theme has Toolie trying to prove himself worthy of\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668159\",\n \"text\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\". Various endangered animals answer the question \\\"What do you see?\\\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping\",\n \"title\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8153190\",\n \"text\": \"The Sandwich EP The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song \\\"Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo\\\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's \\\"\\\"The Lock Up\\\"\\\" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but\",\n \"title\": \"The Sandwich EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"744327\",\n \"text\": \"and Frankenstein's monster are two examples of misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein's monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in films such as \\\"Monster Squad\\\" and \\\"Van Helsing\\\". The Hulk is an example of the \\\"Monster as Hero\\\" archetype. The theme of the \\\"Friendly Monster\\\" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly \\\"monsters\\\". The creatures of \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\" scare children in order to create energy for running machinery, while the furry monsters of \\\"The Muppets\\\" and \\\"Sesame Street\\\" live in harmony with animals and humans alike. Japanese culture also commonly features monsters which are benevolent or\",\n \"title\": \"Monster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12381579\",\n \"text\": \"the physical comedy that predominated film shorts to more dialogue-oriented jokes (including celebrity impressions and one-liner jokes). Hanna-Barbera Productions focused almost exclusively on these kinds of funny animal TV series, creating an extensive line of funny animal television series starring characters such as Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss and Top Cat. Jay Ward Productions also produced \\\"Rocky and Bullwinkle\\\" (also known as \\\"Rocky and his Friends\\\", \\\"The Bullwinkle Show\\\" or \\\"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\\\"), a series starring a \\\"plucky\\\" flying squirrel named Rocky and his incompetent moose sidekick and best friend, Bullwinkle J. Moose, as they fought against Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Funny animal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675076\",\n \"text\": \"Bumper Cars, Merry-Go-Rounds, and many other rides at Six Flags and Coney Island. The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club—Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom—would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series; however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first-season episode on October 5, 1968, a song debuted entitled \\\"Doin' The Banana Split\\\", as all five girls appeared together with the Splits. Also featured were the \\\"Banana Buggies\\\" mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974701\",\n \"text\": \"other and say: \\\"Are you thinking what I'm thinking, B1?\\\" – \\\"I think I am, B2! It's [Bananas' ideas] time!\\\". Rat in a Hat also has three catchphrases, \\\"Oh, cheese and whiskers!\\\", usually stated when he has not succeeded at a task; \\\"Trust me, I'm a rat!\\\" when trying to deceive other characters; and \\\"I'm a rat, I'm a rat, I'm a clever clever rat\\\", which he sings when he thinks of a good idea. Given the age of the target audience, chasing teddy bears is not usually a plot line for the show itself, and when it is depicted,\",\n \"title\": \"Bananas in Pyjamas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7651517\",\n \"text\": \"stating underneath, \\\"It [the bear] is now in the Washington Zoo, albeit the animal pictured is presumably not a hog bear. Likewise, in the sketch of the snoligoster there is a reference to Inman F. Eldredge (1883–1963), a Gifford Pinchot Medal awardee, who while pursuing an escaped fugitive in the everglades, encounters the dreadful swamp-wyrm which afterward devours the criminal. An episode which is doubtlessly a fanciful idealization of Eldredge's background as a timber cruiser in Southern Florida. Other persons referenced in \\\"Fearsome Creatures\\\" are John P. Wentling (1878-19XX; who was Professor of Forestry at both the Pennsylvania State Forest\",\n \"title\": \"Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675075\",\n \"text\": \"a cartoon segment that previously appeared on \\\"The Atom Ant Show\\\" (1965–1968). In reruns, episodes of \\\"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\" and \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" were aired on the show. For the first season, some of the live-action segments—specifically those used during the musical segments—were shot at Six Flags Over Texas, an amusement park located in Arlington, Texas. For the second season, filming took place at the Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. In many episodes, the Banana Splits would be seen riding on the Runaway Mine Train roller coasters, Log Flumes,\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8755663\",\n \"text\": \"a Brooklyn accent. The pirate crew were also a branch of the Democratic Order of Pirates, International, or \\\"DOPI\\\" for short. Sam Scurvy has one goal in life: world domination. He believes that if he can get the secret to talking to animals from Doctor Dolittle, he will be able to raise an army of \\\"creepy creatures\\\" to help him take over the world. By using his eavesdropping device the Sneaky Snorkel, Scurvy gets wind of Doctor Dolittle's latest missions and then plots to hinder, disrupt, or even kidnap the Doctor, Tommy, or any one of his animals, in order\",\n \"title\": \"Doctor Dolittle (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3178380\",\n \"text\": \"analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the Commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a \\\"chasm\\\"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave. The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The \\\"boojum\\\" is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to \\\"softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again\\\". The snark's flavour\",\n \"title\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16376949\",\n \"text\": \"inclusion of some underground tube ways in the first level. A group of 20+ people worked on the game. During the programming of the game to the SNES, one of the hazards in the game was a catnip that could drive Bubsy mad. This was replaced by banana peels because of Nintendo's censorship policies. The game was developed and released concurrently for the Genesis and Super NES, with each version looking and sounding almost identical. Approximately two years later, the game was also ported to Windows 95, under the name \\\"Super Bubsy\\\". It contained slightly upscaled graphics, and the Bubsy\",\n \"title\": \"Bubsy in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"118790\",\n \"text\": \"spray dust or grass on themselves. When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a snorkel. The African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring food to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks. Losing the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival, although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One elephant has been observed to graze\",\n \"title\": \"Elephant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047484\",\n \"text\": \"product. As part of the settlement, the disclaimer \\\"Snagglepuss voice by Daws Butler\\\" was required to appear on each commercial, thus making Butler one of the few voice artists to receive a screen credit in a TV commercial. Butler reused his Snagglepuss voice for two other Hanna-Barbera characters: Jonathan Wellington \\\"Mudsy\\\" Muddlemore from \\\"The Funky Phantom\\\" and Brutus the lion from \\\"The Roman Holidays\\\". In 2017, Snagglepuss appeared in a eight-page story in \\\"Suicide Squad/Banana Splits Annual\\\" #1 by Mark Russell where he is portrayed as a gay Tennessee Williams-type playwright in 1950s America. This was followed by the 2018\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14904556\",\n \"text\": \"Baloo is portrayed as a boxer, complete with boxing cloves and training clothes. Monkeys: The monkeys are portrayed as extremely stupid Swedish upper-class, commonly referred to as fjortis. Unlike all the other animals, they seem to be unaware of the danger of the helicopters flying above the jungle. They refer to bananas as money and live in a place called \\\"The Banana Republic\\\". Snakes: The snakes are portrayed as Japanese Kill Bill spoofs, to emphasize their lethality. Vultures: The vultures are portrayed as extremely annoying paparazzi. Djungelboken Djungelboken is a Swedish play written by based on Kipling's \\\"The Jungle Book\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Djungelboken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932564\",\n \"text\": \"1989 release \\\"Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood\\\" and as a hidden track on the \\\"Our Bodies Our Selves\\\" release also from 1993. \\\"Banana Pad Riot\\\" also featured recordings from punk bands The Vindictives (\\\"Two Ton Tessie\\\"), Boris The Sprinkler (\\\"We're The Banana Splits\\\"), and The Young Fresh Fellows (\\\"Doin' The Banana Split\\\"). Liz Phair and Material Issue recorded \\\"The Tra La La Song\\\" for the 1995 compilation album \\\"\\\". Their version was based on the Decca Records single version, with a different arrangement than the version used on the TV series, also including an otherwise unheard additional verse. Throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2823921\",\n \"text\": \"his family. He is a vegetarian, and also loves his father. Stephan Pastis appears self-reflexively in the strip. He is often seen with Rat, who makes him the target of criticism about his artwork and jokes involving puns. His character has also expressed his hate of being an attorney, which was his former career. He is usually depicted wearing a baseball cap backward, a plain white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Snuffles (also known as Mister Snuffles) is Zebra's cat. Originally, he was adopted by the crocodiles on September 30, 2007, to kill Zebra, but the plan backfired. He does not\",\n \"title\": \"Pearls Before Swine (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4230623\",\n \"text\": \"oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill. Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed. For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators. The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round\",\n \"title\": \"Siphon (mollusc)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20009309\",\n \"text\": \"prehensile-tailed porcupine, and an albino Burmese python. On 25 January 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon a beaver, a tarantula, a baby muntjac, and a hyacinth macaw. On 2 May 2018, he presented six African pygmy goats, a kookaburra, a capybara, and an American alligator. Then on 19 September 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon and Kevin Hart a baby ostrich, two kingsnakes, a tarantula, and a lanner falcon. He appeared again on 22 November 2018 presenting two baby Asian small-clawed otters, a couple of baby African crested porcupines, an aardvark, and a baby zebra. On 6 April 2017, Robert Irwin was\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Irwin (television personality)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6337407\",\n \"text\": \"some early scientists to believe that, much like a whale, it used these nostrils as a form of snorkel. Soon after some more recent findings, this theory was rejected. An alternative theory is that the ungulate possessed a trunk, perhaps to keep dust out of the nostrils. \\\"Macrauchenia\\\"'s trunk may be comparable to that of the modern Saiga antelope. One insight into \\\"Macrauchenia\\\"'s habits is that its ankle joints and shin bones may indicate that it was adapted to have unusually good mobility, being able to rapidly change direction when it ran at high speed. \\\"Macrauchenia\\\" is known, like its\",\n \"title\": \"Macrauchenia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4118553\",\n \"text\": \"Kids\\\". This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone (again, drawn by hand rather than a font type) means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, in Charles Schulz's \\\"Peanuts\\\" comic strips. Originally, the resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore seemed exclusive to the English language, but the spread of American comics has made it a frequent feature in other countries. An exception to this is in Japanese manga, where the usual symbol for sleep\",\n \"title\": \"Speech balloon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2559653\",\n \"text\": \"In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas, adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they\",\n \"title\": \"Common snapping turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2308433\",\n \"text\": \"Suidae Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, \\\"Sus scrofa domesticus\\\" or \\\"Sus domesticus\\\", in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants\",\n \"title\": \"Suidae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9650786\",\n \"text\": \"150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly. The snoring rail was first classified as \\\"Rallus plateni\\\" by German ornithologist August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius in 1886, but was moved to its current monotypic genus \\\"Aramidopsis\\\" by English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1893. Following Taylor (1998), it was considered to be more similar to the Inaccessible Island and white-throated rails\",\n \"title\": \"Snoring rail\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Banana Splits context: Michael) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \\\"Danger Island\\\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \\\"Banana Splits\\\" and \\\"Danger Island\\\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \\\"Banana Splits Club\\\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \\\"Snork\\\" in the theme song lyrics, an\\n\\nIn The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 216,\n \"origin_tokens\": 217,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Banana Splitsography context: Splits\\\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \\\"Here Come The Beagles\\\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\".\\n\\ntitle: The Banana Spl context: elephant. Fleegle assume the role of of Banana Splits and at club meet. The characters were played by actors voluminecy costumes similar to Sid and Marty Kff characters such \\\"H.R. Pufnst Snorky \\\"spoke\\\" hon no, spokeDro with a Southern draw in manner Michael Nesmith Fleegle with pronounced lisp. Splits' including-of-the-week and skits served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In, \\\" Three Musketeers segments were replaced repeats of \\\"The Hillbilly Bears\\\",\\ntitle The Spl: Theana Spl Theanaits wasaged program featuring The, a fict rock of animal characters. Theumed hosts were (itar),ingo (rums,), (b, Snork,). The produceda and ran 1 onBC Saturday m from September 7, 96, 51970 and from 19 to9. The by Sidyt, and the sponsor was Cere.\\n\\ntitle: La:. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \\\"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\\\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \\\"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\\\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \\\"Kick-Ass\\\".\\n\\nIn The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 552,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15930,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":94,"string":"94"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["REO (album)","Alan Gratzer","R.E.O. Speedwagon","REO Speedwagon","Michael Bryan Murphy","Can't Stop Rockin","Reo Speedwagon","R.E.O Speedwagon"],"string":"[\n \"REO (album)\",\n \"Alan Gratzer\",\n \"R.E.O. Speedwagon\",\n \"REO Speedwagon\",\n \"Michael Bryan Murphy\",\n \"Can't Stop Rockin\",\n \"Reo Speedwagon\",\n \"R.E.O Speedwagon\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"REO Speedwagon"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"354395","text":"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \"Hi Infidelity\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \"Keep On Loving You\" and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"6330528","text":"Can't Fight This Feeling \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"6330532","text":"episode of The Goldbergs. In 2016, the song was used in the UK and US on adverts for Sheba cat food. REO Speedwagon Can't Fight This Feeling \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"9054333","text":"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \"Keep on Loving You\" (1981) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"1140723","text":"channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \"Gimme All Your Lovin'\" (1983), which helped their albums \"Eliminator\" (1983) and \"Afterburner\" (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \"Keep on Loving You\" (1980) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1984), Journey with \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) and \"Open Arms\" (1982), Foreigner's \"I Want to Know What Love","title":"Hard rock"},{"id":"19753522","text":"I Do' Wanna Know \"I Do' Wanna Know\" is a song written by Kevin Cronin that was the lead single from REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was more of a rocker reminiscent of the songs REO Speedwagon had released in the 1970s than the ballads the band had been successful with in the early 1980s. It had limited success on popular music charts, which was blamed for delaying sales of the album until the release of the follow up single, the ballad \"Can't Fight This Feeling.\" The video to the song was nominated for several awards. \"I","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"354408","text":"#7), \"Sweet Time\" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit \"The Key.\" The band came storming back two years later with \"Wheels Are Turnin'\", an album that included the #1 hit single \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" plus three more hits: \"I Do' Wanna Know\" (U.S. #29), \"One Lonely Night\" (U.S. #19), and \"Live Every Moment\" (U.S. #34). REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May. On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"6240520","text":"Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling album, tied with \"Good Trouble\", reaching No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The lead single was \"I Do' Wanna Know,\" which stalled at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. But the second single, \"Can't Fight This Feeling,\" was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were \"One Lonely Night\" and \"Live Every Moment\". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively.","title":"Wheels Are Turnin'"},{"id":"9054335","text":"lead vocals due to his conversion to Christianity. The band's success hit its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but are still releasing records such as \"Find Your Own Way Home\" in 2007. Their most famous album, \"Hi Infidelity\", sold over 10 million copies. Kevin has stated in various interviews that they \"play for free but get paid for the traveling\". He has written or co-written many of the band's hit songs such as \"Keep on Loving You\", \"Can't Fight This Feeling\", \"The Key\", \"Keep Pushin'\", \"Roll With the Changes\", \"Time for Me to Fly\", \"Movin'\", \"Here With","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"13691041","text":"copies in the U.S. which led it to go 4× Platinum. A conspicuous absentee from the album is \"Keep the Fire Burnin'\", which reached #7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1982. The collection is one of several released by the band's label. The album was remastered and reissued in 2002. The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Keep on Loving You\", as well as new tracks \"Here with Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You\". \"Here with Me\" cracked the top","title":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)"},{"id":"12989578","text":"he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work. The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself. The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" by REO Speedwagon. It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 on the","title":"The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)"},{"id":"5474077","text":"little mainstream success reaching #58 R&B. However the track did afford Hunt a hit in France at #10 and charted in the UK at #44. In 1982 she helped write and produce some of the music for Chéri. Hunt is the mother of three children; Rosalind Hunt of the musical group Chéri, singer Freddie James and writer Jeanne (Dupuis) Croteau. Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"13889254","text":"for the fighting game, Tekken Tag Tournament 2. His highest charting single so far is \"Can't Fight this Feeling\", with Sophie Ellis-Bextor, which managed a peak position of #13 in France and has been in the chart for 17 consecutive weeks. It was also a smash hit in Russia, where it topped the charts, and was a worldwide hit on the club scene. This year, he made a remix of the song \"Live Your Dreams\". This song is a Soraya's (a popular Spanish singer) collaboration with the very famous French DJ Antoine Clamaran. The song has been very successful and","title":"Junior Caldera"},{"id":"13766814","text":"pick-me-up. It's true: You can be famous – even if there's no money left in the world.\" Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Mays auditioned with the song \"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\" from \"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\".\" Monteith has deemed his casting \"spot on\" as: \"I'm just like my character. I've","title":"Pilot (Glee)"},{"id":"6330529","text":"well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert; they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number-one single at the moment in the United States. Two different music videos exist for the song. One is a basic video, appearing almost homemade, featuring the band in the studio. It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano, attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song (starting off in G major, he later decides he can sing it better in A). After Cronin","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"6903346","text":"Sammy Cohen who was a Vaudeville performer who became an alcoholic and lost his career. He is interested in renewing his career and has faith in Theresa's ability, and together they develop an act called \"Buddy and Babe\" in order to raise money for Theresa's tuition. Shot in 1979, the film was released in 1983, by which time the film's \"TV Singer\" Geraldine Hunt had scored a 1980 \"Billboard\" National Disco Action Top 100 number-one hit with \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hey Babe! Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also known as Rise and Shine, is a 1980 film,","title":"Hey Babe!"},{"id":"13691040","text":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Keep on Loving You\", as well as new tracks \"Here with Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You\". \"Here with Me\" cracked the top 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart; however, it would be the last single to feature drummer Alan Gratzer and guitarist Gary Richrath, as they each left the band within the year following this album's release. The album has sold over 4 million","title":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)"},{"id":"5474074","text":"Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank Milligan. Her father was a one-man band, and her grandmother, Louella Reed, was a singer on the Chitlin Circuit. In 1947 her family relocated to Chicago. While growing up on Chicago's south side Hunt discovered her musical talent. Living in that part of Chicago was not easy; recalls Geraldine. \"On the weekends, we had to sleep on the floor, gangs","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"19753524","text":"being \"bubblegum-edged.\" The lyrics represent the singer's reproachment of a lover he believes is about to leave him. Draba-Mann points out that \"Do'\" in the title is not the affirmative \"do\" but rather an abbreviation for \"don't.\" The single had only limited chart success. It peaked at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, although it did better on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock chart where it reached #5. The follow up single from \"Wheels Are Turnin\", \"Can't Fight This Feeling,\" reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Billboard Magazine\" writer Kim Freeman suggested that the release of \"I Do' Wanna Know\"","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"354409","text":"Aid, which broke a record for number of viewers. They performed \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Roll With the Changes,\" which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals. 1987's \"Life as We Know It\" saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits \"That Ain't Love\" (U.S. #16) and \"In My Dreams\" (U.S. #19). \"The Hits\" (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks \"Here With Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You.\" \"Here with Me\" cracked","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"13018165","text":"\"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Cory Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". Kevin McHale came from a boy-band background, having previously been part of the group Not Like Them. He explained that the diversity of the cast's backgrounds reflects the range of different musical styles within the show itself: \"It's a mix of everything: classic rock, current stuff, R&B. Even the musical theatre stuff is switched up. You won't always recognize it.\"","title":"Glee (TV series)"},{"id":"777487","text":"his eighth U.S. Mainstream Top 40 number-one song, at the moment being the most among male artists. It became the best-selling song of the year in the U.S. with 2.4 million copies sold. On February 26, 2017, Timberlake opened the 89th Academy Awards with a performance of \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\", since the song earned him a nomination. Also that year, Timberlake starred with Kate Winslet and Juno Temple in Woody Allen's drama film \"Wonder Wheel\", and headlined several festivals and live sets, including Rock in Rio, the United States Grand Prix, and the Pilgrimage Music & Cultural Festival, which","title":"Justin Timberlake"},{"id":"3817877","text":"allocated the 15th spot on the list. The song debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when \"Like a Virgin\" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and Phil Collins' \"One More Night\". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single \"Crazy for You\" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous","title":"Material Girl"},{"id":"12565664","text":"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"13753770","text":"named after the character Kurt from \"The Sound of Music\", was created for him. Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to demonstrate their ability to sing and dance. Jayma Mays (Emma Pillsbury) auditioned with the song \"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\" from \"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Cory Monteith (Finn Hudson) initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". Cory Monteith has deemed his casting \"spot on\" as his lack of formal training","title":"Characters of Glee"},{"id":"13018213","text":"Lea Michele sounding raw—and lovely—on a \"What a Girl Wants\", or Monteith singing a perfectly credible REO Speedwagon in the shower, there's Michele and Monteith sounding like 1990s-era Cher on \"No Air\", or Monteith sounding like the Monteith XRZ-200 on the out-of-the-shower version of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". During the second season, Rob Sheffield for \"Rolling Stone\" noted the Britney Spears and \"Rocky Horror\" tribute episodes as examples when he lauded \"Glee\" and its choice of music. He praised Murphy for his selection and resurrection of \"forgotten\" pop songs and compared the show's uniqueness to \"MTV in its prime\" as","title":"Glee (TV series)"},{"id":"8417784","text":"debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart for the week ending 5 August, climbing to number 1 in its 21 October 2006 issue. For this song, he was awarded at the International Dance Music Awards at WMC (Miami, USA) with Best HiNRG/Euro track. There he met New York based house diva Barbara Tucker. By the end of 2007 they released the single \"One\". In 2008, Peter Luts associated with house producer Basto and released the single \"On My Own\". He also released the singles \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"The Rain\". Peter Luts Peter Luts (14","title":"Peter Luts"},{"id":"12565668","text":"had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"19577058","text":"Cronin who appears to be a wizard. The rest of the video follows the knight walking through the streets of a big city. The video uses a lot of stop motion. REO Speedwagon One Lonely Night (song) \"One Lonely Night\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\".","title":"One Lonely Night (song)"},{"id":"1983174","text":"Fleetwood Mac, co-written with Melissa Manchester. He followed it in 1979 with \"Keep the Fire\" and in 1982 with High Adventure. The latter contained his rock duet with Journey front man Steve Perry \"Don't Fight It\", which rose to No. 17 on the \"US Billboard Top 100\". Although he abandoned playing the harmonica in his solo career, he continued to play guitar, just as he had done with Loggins & Messina. Loggins also co-wrote the song \"What a Fool Believes\" with Michael McDonald. Each recorded his own version of the song, with McDonald recording as a member of the Doobie","title":"Kenny Loggins"},{"id":"3902558","text":"acts such as Johnny Mathis (two albums), Billy Paul, Ronnie Dyson, Anthony & The Imperials and New York City in the mid to late 1970s, but generally with less commercial appeal. Subsequently, Bell had success with Deniece Williams, including her R&B #1 and Top 10 re-make of The Royalettes' \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" in 1982; James Ingram with \"I Don't Have the Heart\" in 1990 (Bell's second #1 pop hit); and Elton John, whose EP, \"The Thom Bell Sessions,\" featured back-up by the Spinners and produced the Top 10 hit, \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\", in 1979. Other artists","title":"Thom Bell"},{"id":"6240522","text":"initial sluggish sales of \"Wheels Are Turnin\"' before the release of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" to the fact that \"I Do' Wanna Know\" was not successful with pop radio stations and noted that sales began to take off only after the release of the second single. In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos. The LP version contained a cut-out stroboscope. Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling","title":"Wheels Are Turnin'"},{"id":"5474076","text":"her first glimmer of success in 1970 when \"You & I\" a duet with Charlie Hodges reached #45 on the R&B chart in \"Billboard\" and in 1972 Hunt's remake of \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" reached #47 R&B. In 1975 Hunt relocated to Montreal, Quebec where she recorded her first album in 1978, the disco-oriented \"Sweet Honesty\". In 1980 Hunt's second album \"No Way\" yielded the track \"Can't Fake the Feeling\" which reached #1 on the club chart in \"Billboard\" where it spent a total of seven weeks: with Top 40 radio then being disco-resistant \"Can't Fake the Feeling\" had","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"2791107","text":"the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed mild success thanks to Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias and Bertie Higgins. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \"You Are\" in 1983 and \"Hello\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100. Soft rock persisted in the 1990s, with artists from previous decades continuing to release new music, such as Genesis, whose 1992 soft rock single \"Hold on","title":"Soft rock"},{"id":"19753525","text":"before \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" could be regarded as an \"oversight,\" However, lead singer Kevin Cronin, who authored both songs disagreed, stating that \"At that point we'd been out of the public eye for two years...and we wanted to re-establish ourselves as being back with our upbeat shuffle rock 'n' roll stuff,\" adding that the song \"made its point\" and that \"not all singles are released to be hits.\" Grein attributed the initial sluggish sales of \"Wheels Are Turnin\" prior to the release of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" to the fact that \"I Do' Wanna Know\" \"wasn't fully accepted at","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"8295464","text":"his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects. The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande. Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" by REO Speedwagon. Others songs featured in the film are: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \"\"Horton Hears A Who!\" is both whimsical and heartwarming,","title":"Horton Hears a Who! (film)"},{"id":"5359267","text":"all-time record. In order, these singles were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\" and \"I Feel Fine\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \"4 – by the Beatles\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \"Eight Days a Week\", \"Ticket to Ride\", \"Help!\", \"Yesterday\" and \"We","title":"I Feel Fine"},{"id":"10717771","text":"Chicago Recording Company Chicago Recording Company, or CRC, is a recording studio in Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1975. Boasting twelve studios, CRC is the largest recording company in the midwest, and the largest independent studio in the country. Originally called Sound House Studios, CRC was founded by Alan Kubicka in Medinah, Illinois. In 1975 the studio moved to Michigan Ave in Chicago, IL and became Chicago Recording Company. Early records made there include \"Lovin' Feeling\" by Phil Upchurch and \"Don't Fight The Feeling\" by Jim Peterik CRC has been host to dozens of notable artists that have recorded at the","title":"Chicago Recording Company"},{"id":"20689686","text":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \"Can't Fight the Feeling\" and \"I Feel a Change\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \"Stay Away\" by Nirvana and \"Heart of Gold\"","title":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)"},{"id":"8412517","text":"Lionel Richie discography Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer-songwriter, who has released ten studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified \"Multi-Platinum\" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"Can't Slow Down\", is his most successful, being certified 10× Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive","title":"Lionel Richie discography"},{"id":"13766811","text":"digital download. \"On My Own\" charted at number 42 in Ireland and 73 in the UK, and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" charted at number 117 in the UK. \"Rehab\" charted at number 93 in Australia, 38 in Ireland, 62 in the UK and 98 in America. \"Don't Stop Believin' reached number 2 in the UK, 4 in America, 50 in Canada, 5 in Australia, 4 in Ireland and 16 in New Zealand. It sold 177,000 copies in the US in its first week, and went on to sell the most copies of any \"Glee\" single: it was certified gold with","title":"Pilot (Glee)"},{"id":"2450374","text":"Daughter\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"16854987","text":"artist. Webster's best known work is his material recorded since the mid-1980s including the Jamaican number one single \"Can We Meet\" and work with producers Norman Grant of the Twinkle Brothers and later Ocho Rios-based Barry O'Hare, which has resulted in several albums, primarily comprising roots reggae. Webster suffered a stroke in 2008, which restricted his movement and he now uses a wheelchair. He has continued to record, including the \"Inner Path\" album in 2011. He was honoured at the 2011 Reggae Sumfest festival with the 'Reggae Icon' award. E.T. Webster Errol \"E.T.\" Webster (born c. 1945) is a Jamaican","title":"E.T. Webster"},{"id":"2722618","text":"from The Supremes's \"Baby Love\" (1964), Aretha Franklin's \"Rock Steady\" (1971) and Irene Cara's \"What A Feeling\" (1983), respectively. \"60s 70s 80s\" became a huge success in Japan, reaching number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and sold over 293,000 units in that region, becoming Amuro's first number-one single since \"I Have Never Seen\" and her highest selling single since \"Baby Don't Cry\". On March 25, 2008, Amuro was awarded \"Best Female Video\" for \"Hide & Seek\" (from the album \"Play\") at Space Shower Music Video Awards. \"Hide & Seek\" also won the award for \"Best R&B Video\" at MTV","title":"Namie Amuro"},{"id":"12565651","text":"profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours; she also teamed up with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt in 1987 for the multi-plaitnum \"Trio\" album. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. In addition","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"5895595","text":"number-one from a previous position beneath the Top 20, following The Beatles and the 27–1 leap of their single \"Can't Buy Me Love\" in April 1964. In addition, it was the first number-one collaboration between solo women since 1979's two-weeks number-one run of \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough),\" performed by Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer. The same week, \"The Boy Is Mine\" also moved to number-one on the Hot R&B Singles, Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. Within the first month of its purchasable release the song went on to sell 605,000 units. It spent","title":"The Boy Is Mine (song)"},{"id":"13754009","text":"musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal skills were considered weak, but he later performed very well with one of \"Glee\" casting directors, who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn's, his \"naive, but not stupid sweetness\". Monteith said of his casting process, \"I was like a lot of kids, looking for something to be interested in. Something to be passionate about. All you need is permission. Not only for \"Glee\", but for anything","title":"Finn Hudson"},{"id":"2166491","text":"Nik Kershaw Nicholas David Kershaw (born 1 March 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. Kershaw came to prominence in the mid 1980s as a solo artist, releasing eight singles that entered the Top 40 charts in the UK during the 1980s, including \"Wouldn't It Be Good\", \"Dancing Girls\", \"I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\", \"Human Racing\", \"The Riddle\", \"Wide Boy\", \"Don Quixote\" and \"When a Heart Beats\". His 62 weeks on the UK Singles Chart through 1984 and 1985 beat all other solo artists. Kershaw appeared at the dual-venue concert Live Aid in","title":"Nik Kershaw"},{"id":"12565617","text":"during the 1980s and saw great commercial success, such as David Bowie, Phil Collins, John Lennon, Billy Ocean, Sheena Easton and Paul McCartney. Many British pop bands also dominated the American charts in the early 1980s. Many of them became popular due to their constant exposure on MTV, these bands included The Human League, Culture Club, Duran Duran, and Wham!. Between the four, they have had 9 U.S. number ones with hits like \"Don't You Want Me Baby\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"The Reflex\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" In the later part of the decade Rick Astley, George Michael","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"4377792","text":"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \"Tears Are Not Enough\", \"Poison Arrow\", \"The Look of Love\", \"All of My Heart\", \"That Was Then but This Is Now\" and \"When Smokey Sings\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its","title":"Martin Fry"},{"id":"4177753","text":"Billy Steinberg William Endfield \"Billy\" Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together the two wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits \"Like a Virgin\" by Madonna (1984), \"True Colors\" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), \"Eternal Flame\" by the Bangles (1989), \"So Emotional\" by Whitney Houston (1987) and \"Alone\" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by various artists, 1987), \"I Touch Myself\" by Divinyls (1990), and \"I'll Stand By You\" by The Pretenders (1994).","title":"Billy Steinberg"},{"id":"2892733","text":"Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as (born 30 May 1958), is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for forming one half of the pop rock duo Roxette, which she created together with Per Gessle in 1986. She and Gessle achieved international success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s with a total of six top 10 US hit songs such as \"It Must Have Been Love\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"The Look\", \"Joyride\", and \"Dangerous\". In 2002, after fainting at home, she was diagnosed with brain cancer. During her rehabilitation she continued to make music, resulting in","title":"Marie Fredriksson"},{"id":"14223583","text":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \"Can't Fight this Feeling\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \"Début\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \"Make A Scene\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \"Bittersweet\". The video for the song was shot in Paris on 10 March 2010. It was believed that Roselyn Della Sabina stopped writing for","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)"},{"id":"4177758","text":"which she replied \"Well, now you did.\" She then turned her back and walked away with Warren Beaty. Steinberg says he has never met Madonna since. The success of the partnership continued with more number one singles, \"True Colors\" (recorded by Cyndi Lauper), \"So Emotional\" (by Whitney Houston), \"Eternal Flame\" (by The Bangles) and \"Alone\" (by Heart). Their other hits include \"In Your Room\" (The Bangles), 'Spirit of Love' (by Laura Branigan), \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by Roy Orbison, Cyndi Lauper and Celine Dion), \"I Touch Myself\" (Divinyls), 'Sex as a Weapon' (by Pat Benatar), and 'Look Me in","title":"Billy Steinberg"},{"id":"5884663","text":"Heart\", \"Hopeless\" and \"You Belong to Me\". The cover photo was originally for the unreleased version of \"Stop and Smell the Roses\" (1981), entitled \"Can't Fight Lightning\". Issued on 24 February 1989 by Rhino, only in the US. Never charting anywhere, \"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\" went out of print during the 1990s. Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 is Ringo Starr's second official compilation album, released on Rhino. The successor to 1975's \"Blast from Your Past\", it rounds up Starr's highlights from 1976's \"Ringo's Rotogravure\" to","title":"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2"},{"id":"12565650","text":"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's Daughter\"","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"19577057","text":"One Lonely Night (song) \"One Lonely Night\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". The video has a medieval setting, and starts out with a knight arguing with his spouse. He then walks out on her. The song begins playing and he encounters the lead singer Kevin","title":"One Lonely Night (song)"},{"id":"12565614","text":"song \"Nothing Compares 2 U\", which would become the biggest song of the year worldwide in the new decade to follow. Prince had four number one singles and 14 top ten hits on the Hot 100 Chart. Lionel Richie teamed with Diana Ross to record one of the decade's biggest hits Endless Love, which top the Billboard charts for nine weeks. Other songs by Richie, such as All Night Long and Hello also top the charts, he would have a total of five number one hits, and 13 top ten singles. Diana Ross brought Upside Down to the top spot","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11387797","text":"and end) by Merle Haggard. \"You Should Hear How She Talks About You,\" another Snow/Pitchford composition, was a Top 5 hit for Melissa Manchester for which she won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1983. That same year, Pitchford, Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry wrote and composed \"Don’t Fight It,\" a Top 20 hit that was Grammy-nominated in the Best Pop Vocal Duo category. With musical director Michael Miller, he wrote the theme song for the weekly dance-music show \"Solid Gold\" (1980–88). Inspired by a 1979 news story about Elmore City, Oklahoma, a town which had","title":"Dean Pitchford"},{"id":"11244613","text":"their albums from 1986–2001, excluding compilations, were re-mastered and re-released in September 2009. Previously released bonus tracks were included on all the re-released albums. Sources Citations Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \"Joyride\" and \"Look Sharp!\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \"The Look\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"It Must Have Been Love\",","title":"Roxette discography"},{"id":"3093136","text":"Ariana Grande's third album \"Dangerous Woman\", with half of its songs (including both singles) being produced by him. The same year, he produced the 10th track for Nick Jonas' third studio album, while also co-producing standalone songs for American singers Pink (\"Just Like Fire\") and Katy Perry (\"Rise\"). In 2016, he co-wrote the song \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" by Justin Timberlake which is also the title song for the film \"Trolls\" with Shellback. The song became Timberlake's fifth and Martin's twenty-second number-one hit in the US. It reached the top spot in 16 other countries. The song gave Timberlake and","title":"Max Martin"},{"id":"3319316","text":"Canada, further singles did not fare as well in the United States, where, after \"Let the Song Last Forever\" in late 1978, he went almost a decade without cracking any of \"Billboard\"'s singles charts. In 1987, Hill returned to the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 with the Top 40 hit \"Can't We Try\", a duet with the then-unknown Vonda Shepard (her last name was incorrectly spelled \"Sheppard\" on the label). It peaked at No. 6 on the Hot 100. He also had a near Top 40 hit with \"Never Thought (That I Could Love)\". Both records reached #2 on the Adult Contemporary","title":"Dan Hill"},{"id":"19491749","text":"like Jagger\" in 2011. Among males, it saw Timberlake end the longest break between Hot 100 number ones since Dr. Dre went 12 years, two months and three weeks between \"No Diggity\" (by Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre) and \"Crack a Bottle\", his collaboration with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song has so far spent 52 weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming one of a few singles to have spent at least a year on the chart. \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" reached number one on Radio Songs in just its fifth week, marking the quickest sprint to the top since","title":"Can't Stop the Feeling!"},{"id":"2500130","text":"a neo-traditionalist whose national success began in the early 1980s, enjoyed success as both a radio artist (17 No. 1 songs) and as a movie star (1992's \"Pure Country\"). Alabama, the most successful country band of the 1980s, continued their run of popularity with sell-out concerts and best-selling albums, while topping the country chart five times. Among older artists having big hits, Conway Twitty was one of the most successful, scoring two Top 3 hits with \"Crazy in Love\" and \"I Couldn't See You Leaving\", while Eddie Rabbitt had a No. 1 hit with \"On Second Thought.\" Dolly Parton had","title":"1990s in music"},{"id":"3752033","text":"Richard Coles Richard Keith Robert Coles (born 26 March 1962) is an English musician, journalist and Church of England priest. Now vicar of Finedon in Northamptonshire, he was formerly the multi-instrumentalist who partnered Jimmy Somerville in the 1980s band The Communards, which achieved three Top Ten hits, including the Number 1 record and best-selling single of 1986, a dance version of \"Don't Leave Me This Way\". He also appears frequently on radio and television as well as in newspapers. In March 2011 he became the regular host of BBC Radio 4's \"Saturday Live\" programme. Coles was born in Northampton, England.","title":"Richard Coles"},{"id":"4442695","text":"song on the Hot 100 during the 1980s in terms of the number of weeks spent at number one. The guitar solo was performed by Steve Lukather. \"Physical\" was both preceded and followed in the #1 chart position by recordings of the duo Hall & Oates. \"Private Eyes\" was dethroned by \"Physical\" in November 1981, and \"Physical\" was dethroned by \"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\" the following January. \"Physical\" held \"Waiting for a Girl Like You\" by Foreigner at #2 off the top of the Hot 100 for nine weeks, and \"I Can't Go For That\" held","title":"Physical (Olivia Newton-John song)"},{"id":"3800106","text":"the Billboard chart), \"Frontiers\" (1983), \"Raised on Radio\" (1986), and \"Trial By Fire\" (1996). The single \"Open Arms\" from \"Escape\" was their biggest hit single, charting at No. 2 for six weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Perry had become the unmistakable voice of Journey. During his Journey tenure, Perry also sang backing vocals on several Sammy Hagar songs, including the 1980 tracks \"The Iceman\" (a nickname Hagar had for Scott Mathews) and \"Run For Your Life\", and duetting with Kenny Loggins on the 1982 No. 17 hit single \"Don't Fight It\". Perry also worked with other musicians including Sheena","title":"Steve Perry"},{"id":"14223584","text":"Madonna to complete this song. The single was released in Australia on 26 March 2011. </div> Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \"Can't Fight this Feeling\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \"Début\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \"Make A Scene\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \"Bittersweet\". The video for the song was shot","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)"},{"id":"4153036","text":"session with him on drums. White, however was not at the studio for the final recording on 26 November and was only hired for the 11 September session (this run through with White can be heard on \"Anthology 1\"). The song was the fourth of six songs by the Beatles to hit #1 in a one-year period; an all-time record for the US charts. In order, these were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", and \"I Feel Fine.\" It was also the fourth of seven songs","title":"Love Me Do"},{"id":"17105529","text":"a full studio album instead. The album's lead single, \"Heartbreak (Make Me a Dancer)\", a collaboration with the Freemasons, was released in June 2009, before a second single, \"Can't Fight This Feeling\", a collaboration with Junior Caldera, was released in February 2010. The album's third single, \"Bittersweet\", was released in May 2010, and was the first single from the album to feature only Ellis-Bextor. The album's fourth single, \"Not Giving Up on Love\", a collaboration with Armin van Buuren, was released in August 2010. Following the release of these four singles, Ellis-Bextor parted ways with Fascination, leaving the future of","title":"Make a Scene"},{"id":"1326361","text":"segued to a pop-rock sound. She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with \"She Works Hard For the Money\", which became another anthem, this time for women's rights. Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award. Summer remained a force on the \"Billboard\" Dance/Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 19 number one singles. Her last studio album, 2008's \"Crayons\", spun off three No. 1 dance/club hits with \"I'm a Fire\", \"Stamp Your Feet\" and \"Fame (The Game)\". In May 2012, it was announced that \"I Feel Love\"","title":"Donna Summer"},{"id":"2901201","text":"urban contemporary radio, as was the case with \"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\", \"Kiss on My List\", \"One on One\", \"Say It Isn't So\", \"Adult Education\", \"Out of Touch\", \"Method of Modern Love\" and \"Everytime You Go Away\". Most of those singles charted on the R&B and dance charts, including some number-one hits. Simply Red scored one of the most successful blue-eyed soul ballads of all time in 1986 with \"Holding Back the Years\". Other successful blue-eyed soul songs of the 1980s include Phil Collins' cover of \"You Can't Hurry Love\" (1982); Culture Club's \"Do You Really","title":"Blue-eyed soul"},{"id":"20689687","text":"by Neil Young. Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \"Can't Fight the Feeling\" and \"I Feel a Change\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \"Stay Away\" by Nirvana and","title":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)"},{"id":"11244612","text":"Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \"Joyride\" and \"Look Sharp!\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \"The Look\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"It Must Have Been Love\", and \"Joyride\". Two further singles, \"Dangerous\" and \"Fading Like a Flower\", hit #2. They also achieved three #1s and seventeen top 10 singles in Sweden. All","title":"Roxette discography"},{"id":"13238089","text":"Toby Beau in 1980, The track \"Who's Foolin' Who,\" a cover of a 1976 Bobby Bland song, earned Lulu a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Lulu lost to Pat Benatar. \"Who's Foolin' Who\" was released as a single, with \"You Win, I Lose\" again serving as the B-side, and peaked at No. 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Lulu (1981 album) Lulu is an eponymous album released by Lulu on Alfa Records in 1981. It is notable for containing the hit single \"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\", which","title":"Lulu (1981 album)"},{"id":"8333569","text":"Hudson. When \"Glee\" was being cast, Monteith's agent, Elena Kirschner, submitted a video of him drumming with some pencils and Tupperware containers. Series creator Ryan Murphy took notice of the video, but pointed out that he had to be singing, as auditioning actors for \"Glee\" with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Monteith submitted a second, musical tape, in which he sang, in his own words, \"a cheesy '80s music video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal","title":"Cory Monteith"},{"id":"12565635","text":"decade. Irene Cara's Flashdance... What a Feeling was the number one song worldwide in 1983, and for the decade of the 80s. Richard J. Ripani wrote that Janet Jackson's third studio album \"Control\" (1986) was \"important to the development of R&B for a number of reasons\", as she and her producers, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, \"crafted a new sound that fuses the rhythmic elements of funk and disco, along with heavy doses of synthesizers, percussion, sound effects, and a rap music sensibility.\" Ripani wrote that \"the success of \"Control\" led to the incorporation of stylistic traits of rap over","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"12115208","text":"Reason\" as a follow-up but it again failed to chart. Power Exchange had one other UK Top 20 hit single - \"Who's Gonna Love Me\" by The Imperials (without Little Anthony) in December 1977 - after which the label ceased trading. Barrie returned to Canada and tried to resume music publishing, artist management and agency representation - his former jobs during the 1960s. In 1980, he returned to the UK to record his own track, \"You Can't Win 'Em All\" b/w \"It's Only A Game\" - with the then Nottingham Forest FC manager Brian Clough - which was released on","title":"J. J. Barrie"},{"id":"20709674","text":"Award-winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100, the first being Justin Timberlake, who topped the chart with \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" in 2016. It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks, and left the top ten after five weeks. Credits are adapted from Tidal. This Is America (song) \"This Is America\" is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino. Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson, it was released on May 5, 2018, at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day's episode of \"Saturday Night Live\". The song features background vocals by American rappers","title":"This Is America (song)"},{"id":"5879591","text":"it for his next album. Soon after meeting soon-to-be second wife Barbara Bach on the film set of \"Caveman\" in early 1980, Ringo Starr met fellow former-Beatle Paul McCartney, and his wife, Linda, at a hotel while they had earlier visited the 33rd annual Cannes Film Festival, on 16 May. Starr asked McCartney whether he would like to play on and possibly produce Starr's next album, to which McCartney agreed. Starr started sessions in France for a new album, at this point titled \"Can't Fight Lightning\", on 11 July, at Super Bear Studios, lasting until 21 July. With Wings then","title":"Stop and Smell the Roses"},{"id":"19491752","text":"run to number one for a (non-holiday) song by a male artist in 17 years, since Phil Collins' \"You'll Be in My Heart\" needed only six weeks in 1999. Among all songs, \"Feeling\" made the fastest trip to number one on AC since Adele's \"Hello\": four weeks, in November 2015. Timberlake also earned his sixth number-one on Dance Club Songs with \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\". He reached the top of the chart without the aid of officially commissioned remixes. However, versions from Barry Harris, Fenix and Erick Decks, among others, have helped bring the song to club crowds. \"Can't Stop","title":"Can't Stop the Feeling!"},{"id":"17457146","text":"from that album gave Springfield his first number one single in the U.S. and he also won a Grammy Award for that song. Rick's success continued throughout the 1980s with albums such as \"Success Hasn't Spoiled Me Yet\" (1982) that contained the singles \"Don't Talk to Strangers\" and \"What Kind of Fool Am I\", and 1983's \"Living in Oz\" with the hits \"Affair of the Heart\" and \"Human Touch\". 1984 saw Rick Springfield star in the film \"Hard to Hold\" and the accompanying soundtrack album included the songs \"Love Somebody\" and \"Don't Walk Away\". In the mid-1980s, Rick stated that","title":"Playlist: The Very Best of Rick Springfield"},{"id":"4700566","text":"Karyn White Karyn Layvonne White (born October 14, 1965) is an American singer who was popular during the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is known for several hit singles including \"Superwoman\" (1988), \"Secret Rendezvous\" (1989), \"The Way You Love Me\" (1988), and the US Hot 100 No. 1 single \"Romantic\" (1991). White was born in Los Angeles to Vivian and Clarence White. She is the youngest of five children. She sang in a church choir and worked as a backing singer, then sang on Jeff Lorber's 1986 \"Private Passion\" single \"Facts of Love\", \"True Confessions\" and \"Back in Love\"","title":"Karyn White"},{"id":"1306577","text":"acclaimed guest role as a soul food restaurant proprietor and wife of Matt \"Guitar\" Murphy in the 1980 comedy musical \"The Blues Brothers\". Franklin's first Arista album, \"Aretha\" (1980), featured the No. 3 R&B hit \"United Together\" and her Grammy-nominated cover of Redding's \"I Can't Turn You Loose\". The follow-up, 1981's \"Love All the Hurt Away\", included her famed duet of the title track with George Benson, while the album also included her Grammy-winning cover of Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\". Franklin achieved a gold record—for the first time in seven years—with the 1982 album \"Jump to It\".","title":"Aretha Franklin"},{"id":"3159126","text":"became a four-person band with the departure of two members and the addition of Stephen Lironi, who played both guitar and drums. The band had a string of hits in the early 1980s, including \"Happy Birthday\", \"Don't Talk to Me About Love\", \"I Could Be Happy\" and \"See Those Eyes\". The group split up after the release of their third album, \"Bite\" (1983). In 1984, Grogan made a cameo appearance in the music video to \"Young at Heart\" by The Bluebells. Grogan later attempted a solo career, but after her single \"Love Bomb\" failed to gain chart success in 1987,","title":"Clare Grogan"},{"id":"1755818","text":"and alcohol reduced him to a 170-pound shell. He began hallucinating and missing shows and tours, which later gave him the title 'No Show Jones'. He began to sing horribly and filed for bankruptcy in 1979. He hadn't had a #1 hit in 6 years by 1980. However, his image was completely revitalized in 1980, when he released a song that is widely considered the greatest country song of all time, \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". The song won him multiple awards including a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. He gave the song the credit due later","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"2105239","text":"Men Without Hats Men Without Hats are a Canadian new wave/synthpop group, originally from Montreal, Quebec. Their music is characterized by the distinctive baritone voice of their American-born Canadian lead singer Ivan Doroschuk, as well as their elaborate use of synthesizers and electronic processing. They achieved their greatest popularity in the 1980s with \"The Safety Dance\", a worldwide Top Ten hit (#3 in the United States) and \"Pop Goes the World\". After a hiatus for most of the 1990s and 2000s, Doroschuk reformed the band in 2010, and released \"Love in the Age of War\" (2012). The reformed group, based","title":"Men Without Hats"},{"id":"19304940","text":"Ali Payami Ali Payami is a Swedish music composer, producer, writer, and DJ. He has collaborated in the production of music with numerous popular artists including Ariana Grande, The Weeknd, Ellie Goulding, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift, Adam Lambert and Tove Lo. Payami's first number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 was The Weeknd's single \"Can't Feel My Face\". He was first exposed to music in Malmö, Sweden, when he was a child. At a young age in Sweden, he listened to many genres of music, ranging from Dr. Dre’s \"The Chronic\" to Nirvana. He watched people in bands rehearse","title":"Ali Payami"},{"id":"2450373","text":"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"17090866","text":"\"Chase/Ennea/Pure Music\" (2008) \"Chase Live 2010\" (2010) (*14) \"Don't Fight the Feeling\" (1976) \"Rock America\" (2003) (as co-songwriter) \"Ain't Nothin' Freaky\" (1976) \"Got To Share This Feeling\" (1977) \"Lost Soul\" (1994) \"Cleveland Rocks\" (1995) \"Mourning To Dancing\" (1978) \"Survivor\" (1979) \"Greatest Hits\" (2003) \"Ultimate Survivor\" (2004) \"Survivor Prime Cuts Classic Tracks\" (1998) \"Survivor\" (Rock Candy re-issue with \"Rebel Girl\") (2010) \"Marbles\" (1981) \"I Just Called To Say I Love You\" (1985) \"Greatest Love Songs\" (2008) \"Guitar on the Edge\" (1991) \"Rockin' into the Night\" (1980) \"\" (1987) \"Live at Sturgis\" (1999) \"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best","title":"Gary Smith (drummer)"},{"id":"13272920","text":"ended The Black Eyed Peas' 26-week reign at the number-one spot on the Hot 100. Furthermore, \"Down\" had managed to top one of the most competitive weeks in the US charts this decade, with the top five titles (Sean's \"Down\", Miley Cyrus' \"Party in the U.S.A.\", Jay Z's \"Run This Town\", Jason Derulo's \"Whatcha Say\", and Black Eyed Peas' \"I Gotta Feeling\") being \"separated by the tightest point margin in more than six years.\" After spending a week at the top spot, \"Down\" was succeeded by Britney Spears' \"3\", but the following week, it returned to number one. On the","title":"Down (Jay Sean song)"},{"id":"13764685","text":"Sound Experience Sound Experience was an American funk ensemble, founded at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. The group played locally and recorded with producer Stan Watson, recording with him in Philadelphia. They recorded several singles and one full-length album in 1974, \"Don't Fight the Feeling\"; this album reached #57 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Albums chart. The title track was released as a single and reached #61 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The ensemble recorded little thereafter, but have been sampled by hip hop groups. Collectables Records issued a CD retrospective of the group's output in 1994.","title":"Sound Experience"},{"id":"13764684","text":"Sound Experience Sound Experience was an American funk ensemble, founded at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. The group played locally and recorded with producer Stan Watson, recording with him in Philadelphia. They recorded several singles and one full-length album in 1974, \"Don't Fight the Feeling\"; this album reached #57 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Albums chart. The title track was released as a single and reached #61 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The ensemble recorded little thereafter, but have been sampled by hip hop groups. Collectables Records issued a CD retrospective of the group's output in 1994.","title":"Sound Experience"},{"id":"777451","text":"for the albums, he began performing with his band The Tennessee Kids, composed by instrumentalists and dancers. Timberlake voiced the lead character in DreamWorks Animation's \"Trolls\" (2016), whose soundtrack includes his fifth \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart-topping single, \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\". His fifth studio album \"Man of the Woods\" (2018) became his fourth number one album in the US. Throughout his solo career, Timberlake has sold over 32 million albums and 56 million singles globally, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Often cited as a pop icon, Timberlake is the recipient of numerous awards and accolades, including","title":"Justin Timberlake"},{"id":"820147","text":"track, with its distinct opening chord, and the previously released \"Can't Buy Me Love\", both transatlantic number-one singles for the band. The title of the album was the accidental creation of drummer Ringo Starr. According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with \"Playboy\" magazine: \"I was going home in the car and Dick Lester [director of the movie] suggested the title, 'Hard Day's Night' from something Ringo had said. I had used it in \"In His Own Write\", but it was an off-the-cuff remark by Ringo. You know, one of those malapropisms. A Ringo-ism, where he said it not to","title":"A Hard Day's Night (album)"},{"id":"12565618","text":"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"12565611","text":"Edition, Stacey Q, The Bangles, New Kids on the Block, Madonna, George Michael, Laura Branigan, Boy George and others becoming teen idols. Prominent American urban pop acts of the 1980s include Tina Turner, Lionel Richie, Michael Jackson, Donna Summer, Whitney Houston and Diana Ross. African American artists like Lionel Richie and Prince went on to become some of the decade's biggest pop stars. Their commercial albums included \"1999\", \"Purple Rain\", and \"Sign \"O\" the Times\" by Prince and \"Lionel Richie\", \"Can't Slow Down\", and \"Dancing on the Ceiling\" by Richie. Prince was the decade's most prolific artist, not just by","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"12710824","text":"after three album releases, the group disbanded and discontinued their contract with agreement by the record label. In 1979, Tarney began the biggest period of his career when he wrote and arranged the Cliff Richard No. 1, \"We Don't Talk Anymore\". This led to him becoming Richard's record producer of his next two albums, \"I'm No Hero\" (1980) and \"Wired for Sound\" (1981). At this time he also wrote and produced Barbara Dickson and Leo Sayer – his distinctive sound being heard on the hit singles \"January February\" and \"More Than I Can Say\". Tarney went on to bigger success","title":"Alan Tarney"},{"id":"4638974","text":"voted by the British public as the nation's 7th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. The lyrics were originally inspired after lead singer Philip Oakey read a photo-story in a teen-girl's magazine. Originally conceived and recorded in the studio as a male solo, Oakey was inspired by the film \"A Star Is Born\" and decided to turn the song into a conflicting duet with one of the band's two teenage female vocalists. Susan Ann Sulley was then asked to take on the role. Up until then, she and the other female vocalist Joanne Catherall had only been","title":"Don't You Want Me"},{"id":"5105301","text":"Candee Jay Candee Jay (born Ilze Lankhaar on 1 September 1981 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch electronica artist. She is produced by Pronti and Kalmani, the production duo who worked with fellow Dutch artist, Alice Deejay. Together with Jezebel Zwiers and Elske Cinibulk as background dancers, the Candee Jay project aimed to be as successful as Alice Deejay. In fact, this project did not work out the way that they wanted it to be. Candee Jay's biggest hit singles are \"If I Were You\", \"Back For Me\" and \"Lose This Feeling\". Although the latter two never reached the chart","title":"Candee Jay"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"354395\",\n \"text\": \"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \\\"Hi Infidelity\\\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\" and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6330528\",\n \"text\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6330532\",\n \"text\": \"episode of The Goldbergs. In 2016, the song was used in the UK and US on adverts for Sheba cat food. REO Speedwagon Can't Fight This Feeling \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", also written by\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054333\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" (1981) and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Cronin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1140723\",\n \"text\": \"channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \\\"Gimme All Your Lovin'\\\" (1983), which helped their albums \\\"Eliminator\\\" (1983) and \\\"Afterburner\\\" (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" (1980) and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" (1984), Journey with \\\"Don't Stop Believin'\\\" (1981) and \\\"Open Arms\\\" (1982), Foreigner's \\\"I Want to Know What Love\",\n \"title\": \"Hard rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19753522\",\n \"text\": \"I Do' Wanna Know \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" is a song written by Kevin Cronin that was the lead single from REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It was more of a rocker reminiscent of the songs REO Speedwagon had released in the 1970s than the ballads the band had been successful with in the early 1980s. It had limited success on popular music charts, which was blamed for delaying sales of the album until the release of the follow up single, the ballad \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling.\\\" The video to the song was nominated for several awards. \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"I Do' Wanna Know\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"354408\",\n \"text\": \"#7), \\\"Sweet Time\\\" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit \\\"The Key.\\\" The band came storming back two years later with \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\", an album that included the #1 hit single \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" plus three more hits: \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" (U.S. #29), \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" (U.S. #19), and \\\"Live Every Moment\\\" (U.S. #34). REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May. On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6240520\",\n \"text\": \"Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling album, tied with \\\"Good Trouble\\\", reaching No. 7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The lead single was \\\"I Do' Wanna Know,\\\" which stalled at #29 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. But the second single, \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling,\\\" was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" and \\\"Live Every Moment\\\". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively.\",\n \"title\": \"Wheels Are Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054335\",\n \"text\": \"lead vocals due to his conversion to Christianity. The band's success hit its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but are still releasing records such as \\\"Find Your Own Way Home\\\" in 2007. Their most famous album, \\\"Hi Infidelity\\\", sold over 10 million copies. Kevin has stated in various interviews that they \\\"play for free but get paid for the traveling\\\". He has written or co-written many of the band's hit songs such as \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\", \\\"The Key\\\", \\\"Keep Pushin'\\\", \\\"Roll With the Changes\\\", \\\"Time for Me to Fly\\\", \\\"Movin'\\\", \\\"Here With\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Cronin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691041\",\n \"text\": \"copies in the U.S. which led it to go 4× Platinum. A conspicuous absentee from the album is \\\"Keep the Fire Burnin'\\\", which reached #7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1982. The collection is one of several released by the band's label. The album was remastered and reissued in 2002. The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", as well as new tracks \\\"Here with Me\\\" and \\\"I Don't Want to Lose You\\\". \\\"Here with Me\\\" cracked the top\",\n \"title\": \"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12989578\",\n \"text\": \"he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work. The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself. The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" by REO Speedwagon. It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 on the\",\n \"title\": \"The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5474077\",\n \"text\": \"little mainstream success reaching #58 R&B. However the track did afford Hunt a hit in France at #10 and charted in the UK at #44. In 1982 she helped write and produce some of the music for Chéri. Hunt is the mother of three children; Rosalind Hunt of the musical group Chéri, singer Freddie James and writer Jeanne (Dupuis) Croteau. Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13889254\",\n \"text\": \"for the fighting game, Tekken Tag Tournament 2. His highest charting single so far is \\\"Can't Fight this Feeling\\\", with Sophie Ellis-Bextor, which managed a peak position of #13 in France and has been in the chart for 17 consecutive weeks. It was also a smash hit in Russia, where it topped the charts, and was a worldwide hit on the club scene. This year, he made a remix of the song \\\"Live Your Dreams\\\". This song is a Soraya's (a popular Spanish singer) collaboration with the very famous French DJ Antoine Clamaran. The song has been very successful and\",\n \"title\": \"Junior Caldera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13766814\",\n \"text\": \"pick-me-up. It's true: You can be famous – even if there's no money left in the world.\\\" Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Mays auditioned with the song \\\"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\\\" from \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", while Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\".\\\" Monteith has deemed his casting \\\"spot on\\\" as: \\\"I'm just like my character. I've\",\n \"title\": \"Pilot (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6330529\",\n \"text\": \"well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert; they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number-one single at the moment in the United States. Two different music videos exist for the song. One is a basic video, appearing almost homemade, featuring the band in the studio. It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano, attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song (starting off in G major, he later decides he can sing it better in A). After Cronin\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6903346\",\n \"text\": \"Sammy Cohen who was a Vaudeville performer who became an alcoholic and lost his career. He is interested in renewing his career and has faith in Theresa's ability, and together they develop an act called \\\"Buddy and Babe\\\" in order to raise money for Theresa's tuition. Shot in 1979, the film was released in 1983, by which time the film's \\\"TV Singer\\\" Geraldine Hunt had scored a 1980 \\\"Billboard\\\" National Disco Action Top 100 number-one hit with \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\". Hey Babe! Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also known as Rise and Shine, is a 1980 film,\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Babe!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691040\",\n \"text\": \"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", as well as new tracks \\\"Here with Me\\\" and \\\"I Don't Want to Lose You\\\". \\\"Here with Me\\\" cracked the top 20 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart; however, it would be the last single to feature drummer Alan Gratzer and guitarist Gary Richrath, as they each left the band within the year following this album's release. The album has sold over 4 million\",\n \"title\": \"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5474074\",\n \"text\": \"Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank Milligan. Her father was a one-man band, and her grandmother, Louella Reed, was a singer on the Chitlin Circuit. In 1947 her family relocated to Chicago. While growing up on Chicago's south side Hunt discovered her musical talent. Living in that part of Chicago was not easy; recalls Geraldine. \\\"On the weekends, we had to sleep on the floor, gangs\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19753524\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"bubblegum-edged.\\\" The lyrics represent the singer's reproachment of a lover he believes is about to leave him. Draba-Mann points out that \\\"Do'\\\" in the title is not the affirmative \\\"do\\\" but rather an abbreviation for \\\"don't.\\\" The single had only limited chart success. It peaked at #29 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, although it did better on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Mainstream Rock chart where it reached #5. The follow up single from \\\"Wheels Are Turnin\\\", \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling,\\\" reached #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. \\\"Billboard Magazine\\\" writer Kim Freeman suggested that the release of \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"I Do' Wanna Know\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"354409\",\n \"text\": \"Aid, which broke a record for number of viewers. They performed \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"Roll With the Changes,\\\" which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals. 1987's \\\"Life as We Know It\\\" saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits \\\"That Ain't Love\\\" (U.S. #16) and \\\"In My Dreams\\\" (U.S. #19). \\\"The Hits\\\" (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks \\\"Here With Me\\\" and \\\"I Don't Want to Lose You.\\\" \\\"Here with Me\\\" cracked\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13018165\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", while Cory Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". Kevin McHale came from a boy-band background, having previously been part of the group Not Like Them. He explained that the diversity of the cast's backgrounds reflects the range of different musical styles within the show itself: \\\"It's a mix of everything: classic rock, current stuff, R&B. Even the musical theatre stuff is switched up. You won't always recognize it.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Glee (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"777487\",\n \"text\": \"his eighth U.S. Mainstream Top 40 number-one song, at the moment being the most among male artists. It became the best-selling song of the year in the U.S. with 2.4 million copies sold. On February 26, 2017, Timberlake opened the 89th Academy Awards with a performance of \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\", since the song earned him a nomination. Also that year, Timberlake starred with Kate Winslet and Juno Temple in Woody Allen's drama film \\\"Wonder Wheel\\\", and headlined several festivals and live sets, including Rock in Rio, the United States Grand Prix, and the Pilgrimage Music & Cultural Festival, which\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Timberlake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3817877\",\n \"text\": \"allocated the 15th spot on the list. The song debuted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and Phil Collins' \\\"One More Night\\\". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single \\\"Crazy for You\\\" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous\",\n \"title\": \"Material Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565664\",\n \"text\": \"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13753770\",\n \"text\": \"named after the character Kurt from \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", was created for him. Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to demonstrate their ability to sing and dance. Jayma Mays (Emma Pillsbury) auditioned with the song \\\"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\\\" from \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", while Cory Monteith (Finn Hudson) initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". Cory Monteith has deemed his casting \\\"spot on\\\" as his lack of formal training\",\n \"title\": \"Characters of Glee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13018213\",\n \"text\": \"Lea Michele sounding raw—and lovely—on a \\\"What a Girl Wants\\\", or Monteith singing a perfectly credible REO Speedwagon in the shower, there's Michele and Monteith sounding like 1990s-era Cher on \\\"No Air\\\", or Monteith sounding like the Monteith XRZ-200 on the out-of-the-shower version of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". During the second season, Rob Sheffield for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" noted the Britney Spears and \\\"Rocky Horror\\\" tribute episodes as examples when he lauded \\\"Glee\\\" and its choice of music. He praised Murphy for his selection and resurrection of \\\"forgotten\\\" pop songs and compared the show's uniqueness to \\\"MTV in its prime\\\" as\",\n \"title\": \"Glee (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8417784\",\n \"text\": \"debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart for the week ending 5 August, climbing to number 1 in its 21 October 2006 issue. For this song, he was awarded at the International Dance Music Awards at WMC (Miami, USA) with Best HiNRG/Euro track. There he met New York based house diva Barbara Tucker. By the end of 2007 they released the single \\\"One\\\". In 2008, Peter Luts associated with house producer Basto and released the single \\\"On My Own\\\". He also released the singles \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"The Rain\\\". Peter Luts Peter Luts (14\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Luts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565668\",\n \"text\": \"had two iconic music videos for \\\"Addicted to Love\\\" and \\\"Simply Irresistible\\\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \\\"You Win Again\\\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19577058\",\n \"text\": \"Cronin who appears to be a wizard. The rest of the video follows the knight walking through the streets of a big city. The video uses a lot of stop motion. REO Speedwagon One Lonely Night (song) \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"One Lonely Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1983174\",\n \"text\": \"Fleetwood Mac, co-written with Melissa Manchester. He followed it in 1979 with \\\"Keep the Fire\\\" and in 1982 with High Adventure. The latter contained his rock duet with Journey front man Steve Perry \\\"Don't Fight It\\\", which rose to No. 17 on the \\\"US Billboard Top 100\\\". Although he abandoned playing the harmonica in his solo career, he continued to play guitar, just as he had done with Loggins & Messina. Loggins also co-wrote the song \\\"What a Fool Believes\\\" with Michael McDonald. Each recorded his own version of the song, with McDonald recording as a member of the Doobie\",\n \"title\": \"Kenny Loggins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3902558\",\n \"text\": \"acts such as Johnny Mathis (two albums), Billy Paul, Ronnie Dyson, Anthony & The Imperials and New York City in the mid to late 1970s, but generally with less commercial appeal. Subsequently, Bell had success with Deniece Williams, including her R&B #1 and Top 10 re-make of The Royalettes' \\\"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\\\" in 1982; James Ingram with \\\"I Don't Have the Heart\\\" in 1990 (Bell's second #1 pop hit); and Elton John, whose EP, \\\"The Thom Bell Sessions,\\\" featured back-up by the Spinners and produced the Top 10 hit, \\\"Mama Can't Buy You Love\\\", in 1979. Other artists\",\n \"title\": \"Thom Bell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6240522\",\n \"text\": \"initial sluggish sales of \\\"Wheels Are Turnin\\\"' before the release of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" to the fact that \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" was not successful with pop radio stations and noted that sales began to take off only after the release of the second single. In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos. The LP version contained a cut-out stroboscope. Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling\",\n \"title\": \"Wheels Are Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5474076\",\n \"text\": \"her first glimmer of success in 1970 when \\\"You & I\\\" a duet with Charlie Hodges reached #45 on the R&B chart in \\\"Billboard\\\" and in 1972 Hunt's remake of \\\"Baby I Need Your Loving\\\" reached #47 R&B. In 1975 Hunt relocated to Montreal, Quebec where she recorded her first album in 1978, the disco-oriented \\\"Sweet Honesty\\\". In 1980 Hunt's second album \\\"No Way\\\" yielded the track \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\" which reached #1 on the club chart in \\\"Billboard\\\" where it spent a total of seven weeks: with Top 40 radio then being disco-resistant \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\" had\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2791107\",\n \"text\": \"the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed mild success thanks to Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias and Bertie Higgins. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \\\"You Are\\\" in 1983 and \\\"Hello\\\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100. Soft rock persisted in the 1990s, with artists from previous decades continuing to release new music, such as Genesis, whose 1992 soft rock single \\\"Hold on\",\n \"title\": \"Soft rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19753525\",\n \"text\": \"before \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" could be regarded as an \\\"oversight,\\\" However, lead singer Kevin Cronin, who authored both songs disagreed, stating that \\\"At that point we'd been out of the public eye for two years...and we wanted to re-establish ourselves as being back with our upbeat shuffle rock 'n' roll stuff,\\\" adding that the song \\\"made its point\\\" and that \\\"not all singles are released to be hits.\\\" Grein attributed the initial sluggish sales of \\\"Wheels Are Turnin\\\" prior to the release of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" to the fact that \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" \\\"wasn't fully accepted at\",\n \"title\": \"I Do' Wanna Know\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8295464\",\n \"text\": \"his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects. The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande. Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" by REO Speedwagon. Others songs featured in the film are: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \\\"\\\"Horton Hears A Who!\\\" is both whimsical and heartwarming,\",\n \"title\": \"Horton Hears a Who! (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5359267\",\n \"text\": \"all-time record. In order, these singles were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" and \\\"I Feel Fine\\\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \\\"4 – by the Beatles\\\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \\\"Eight Days a Week\\\", \\\"Ticket to Ride\\\", \\\"Help!\\\", \\\"Yesterday\\\" and \\\"We\",\n \"title\": \"I Feel Fine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10717771\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago Recording Company Chicago Recording Company, or CRC, is a recording studio in Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1975. Boasting twelve studios, CRC is the largest recording company in the midwest, and the largest independent studio in the country. Originally called Sound House Studios, CRC was founded by Alan Kubicka in Medinah, Illinois. In 1975 the studio moved to Michigan Ave in Chicago, IL and became Chicago Recording Company. Early records made there include \\\"Lovin' Feeling\\\" by Phil Upchurch and \\\"Don't Fight The Feeling\\\" by Jim Peterik CRC has been host to dozens of notable artists that have recorded at the\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago Recording Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20689686\",\n \"text\": \"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \\\"Can't Fight the Feeling\\\" and \\\"I Feel a Change\\\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \\\"Stay Away\\\" by Nirvana and \\\"Heart of Gold\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412517\",\n \"text\": \"Lionel Richie discography Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer-songwriter, who has released ten studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified \\\"Multi-Platinum\\\" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \\\"Can't Slow Down\\\", is his most successful, being certified 10× Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive\",\n \"title\": \"Lionel Richie discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13766811\",\n \"text\": \"digital download. \\\"On My Own\\\" charted at number 42 in Ireland and 73 in the UK, and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" charted at number 117 in the UK. \\\"Rehab\\\" charted at number 93 in Australia, 38 in Ireland, 62 in the UK and 98 in America. \\\"Don't Stop Believin' reached number 2 in the UK, 4 in America, 50 in Canada, 5 in Australia, 4 in Ireland and 16 in New Zealand. It sold 177,000 copies in the US in its first week, and went on to sell the most copies of any \\\"Glee\\\" single: it was certified gold with\",\n \"title\": \"Pilot (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450374\",\n \"text\": \"Daughter\\\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16854987\",\n \"text\": \"artist. Webster's best known work is his material recorded since the mid-1980s including the Jamaican number one single \\\"Can We Meet\\\" and work with producers Norman Grant of the Twinkle Brothers and later Ocho Rios-based Barry O'Hare, which has resulted in several albums, primarily comprising roots reggae. Webster suffered a stroke in 2008, which restricted his movement and he now uses a wheelchair. He has continued to record, including the \\\"Inner Path\\\" album in 2011. He was honoured at the 2011 Reggae Sumfest festival with the 'Reggae Icon' award. E.T. Webster Errol \\\"E.T.\\\" Webster (born c. 1945) is a Jamaican\",\n \"title\": \"E.T. Webster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722618\",\n \"text\": \"from The Supremes's \\\"Baby Love\\\" (1964), Aretha Franklin's \\\"Rock Steady\\\" (1971) and Irene Cara's \\\"What A Feeling\\\" (1983), respectively. \\\"60s 70s 80s\\\" became a huge success in Japan, reaching number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and sold over 293,000 units in that region, becoming Amuro's first number-one single since \\\"I Have Never Seen\\\" and her highest selling single since \\\"Baby Don't Cry\\\". On March 25, 2008, Amuro was awarded \\\"Best Female Video\\\" for \\\"Hide & Seek\\\" (from the album \\\"Play\\\") at Space Shower Music Video Awards. \\\"Hide & Seek\\\" also won the award for \\\"Best R&B Video\\\" at MTV\",\n \"title\": \"Namie Amuro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565651\",\n \"text\": \"profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours; she also teamed up with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt in 1987 for the multi-plaitnum \\\"Trio\\\" album. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. In addition\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5895595\",\n \"text\": \"number-one from a previous position beneath the Top 20, following The Beatles and the 27–1 leap of their single \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\" in April 1964. In addition, it was the first number-one collaboration between solo women since 1979's two-weeks number-one run of \\\"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough),\\\" performed by Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer. The same week, \\\"The Boy Is Mine\\\" also moved to number-one on the Hot R&B Singles, Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. Within the first month of its purchasable release the song went on to sell 605,000 units. It spent\",\n \"title\": \"The Boy Is Mine (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13754009\",\n \"text\": \"musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal skills were considered weak, but he later performed very well with one of \\\"Glee\\\" casting directors, who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn's, his \\\"naive, but not stupid sweetness\\\". Monteith said of his casting process, \\\"I was like a lot of kids, looking for something to be interested in. Something to be passionate about. All you need is permission. Not only for \\\"Glee\\\", but for anything\",\n \"title\": \"Finn Hudson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2166491\",\n \"text\": \"Nik Kershaw Nicholas David Kershaw (born 1 March 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. Kershaw came to prominence in the mid 1980s as a solo artist, releasing eight singles that entered the Top 40 charts in the UK during the 1980s, including \\\"Wouldn't It Be Good\\\", \\\"Dancing Girls\\\", \\\"I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\\\", \\\"Human Racing\\\", \\\"The Riddle\\\", \\\"Wide Boy\\\", \\\"Don Quixote\\\" and \\\"When a Heart Beats\\\". His 62 weeks on the UK Singles Chart through 1984 and 1985 beat all other solo artists. Kershaw appeared at the dual-venue concert Live Aid in\",\n \"title\": \"Nik Kershaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565617\",\n \"text\": \"during the 1980s and saw great commercial success, such as David Bowie, Phil Collins, John Lennon, Billy Ocean, Sheena Easton and Paul McCartney. Many British pop bands also dominated the American charts in the early 1980s. Many of them became popular due to their constant exposure on MTV, these bands included The Human League, Culture Club, Duran Duran, and Wham!. Between the four, they have had 9 U.S. number ones with hits like \\\"Don't You Want Me Baby\\\", \\\"Karma Chameleon\\\", \\\"The Reflex\\\" and \\\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\\\" In the later part of the decade Rick Astley, George Michael\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4377792\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \\\"Tears Are Not Enough\\\", \\\"Poison Arrow\\\", \\\"The Look of Love\\\", \\\"All of My Heart\\\", \\\"That Was Then but This Is Now\\\" and \\\"When Smokey Sings\\\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Fry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4177753\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Steinberg William Endfield \\\"Billy\\\" Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together the two wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" by Madonna (1984), \\\"True Colors\\\" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), \\\"Eternal Flame\\\" by the Bangles (1989), \\\"So Emotional\\\" by Whitney Houston (1987) and \\\"Alone\\\" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs \\\"I Drove All Night\\\" (recorded by various artists, 1987), \\\"I Touch Myself\\\" by Divinyls (1990), and \\\"I'll Stand By You\\\" by The Pretenders (1994).\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Steinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2892733\",\n \"text\": \"Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as (born 30 May 1958), is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for forming one half of the pop rock duo Roxette, which she created together with Per Gessle in 1986. She and Gessle achieved international success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s with a total of six top 10 US hit songs such as \\\"It Must Have Been Love\\\", \\\"Listen to Your Heart\\\", \\\"The Look\\\", \\\"Joyride\\\", and \\\"Dangerous\\\". In 2002, after fainting at home, she was diagnosed with brain cancer. During her rehabilitation she continued to make music, resulting in\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Fredriksson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223583\",\n \"text\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \\\"Can't Fight this Feeling\\\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \\\"Début\\\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \\\"Make A Scene\\\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \\\"Bittersweet\\\". The video for the song was shot in Paris on 10 March 2010. It was believed that Roselyn Della Sabina stopped writing for\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4177758\",\n \"text\": \"which she replied \\\"Well, now you did.\\\" She then turned her back and walked away with Warren Beaty. Steinberg says he has never met Madonna since. The success of the partnership continued with more number one singles, \\\"True Colors\\\" (recorded by Cyndi Lauper), \\\"So Emotional\\\" (by Whitney Houston), \\\"Eternal Flame\\\" (by The Bangles) and \\\"Alone\\\" (by Heart). Their other hits include \\\"In Your Room\\\" (The Bangles), 'Spirit of Love' (by Laura Branigan), \\\"I Drove All Night\\\" (recorded by Roy Orbison, Cyndi Lauper and Celine Dion), \\\"I Touch Myself\\\" (Divinyls), 'Sex as a Weapon' (by Pat Benatar), and 'Look Me in\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Steinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5884663\",\n \"text\": \"Heart\\\", \\\"Hopeless\\\" and \\\"You Belong to Me\\\". The cover photo was originally for the unreleased version of \\\"Stop and Smell the Roses\\\" (1981), entitled \\\"Can't Fight Lightning\\\". Issued on 24 February 1989 by Rhino, only in the US. Never charting anywhere, \\\"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\\\" went out of print during the 1990s. Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 is Ringo Starr's second official compilation album, released on Rhino. The successor to 1975's \\\"Blast from Your Past\\\", it rounds up Starr's highlights from 1976's \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\" to\",\n \"title\": \"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565650\",\n \"text\": \"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's Daughter\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19577057\",\n \"text\": \"One Lonely Night (song) \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". The video has a medieval setting, and starts out with a knight arguing with his spouse. He then walks out on her. The song begins playing and he encounters the lead singer Kevin\",\n \"title\": \"One Lonely Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565614\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"Nothing Compares 2 U\\\", which would become the biggest song of the year worldwide in the new decade to follow. Prince had four number one singles and 14 top ten hits on the Hot 100 Chart. Lionel Richie teamed with Diana Ross to record one of the decade's biggest hits Endless Love, which top the Billboard charts for nine weeks. Other songs by Richie, such as All Night Long and Hello also top the charts, he would have a total of five number one hits, and 13 top ten singles. Diana Ross brought Upside Down to the top spot\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11387797\",\n \"text\": \"and end) by Merle Haggard. \\\"You Should Hear How She Talks About You,\\\" another Snow/Pitchford composition, was a Top 5 hit for Melissa Manchester for which she won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1983. That same year, Pitchford, Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry wrote and composed \\\"Don’t Fight It,\\\" a Top 20 hit that was Grammy-nominated in the Best Pop Vocal Duo category. With musical director Michael Miller, he wrote the theme song for the weekly dance-music show \\\"Solid Gold\\\" (1980–88). Inspired by a 1979 news story about Elmore City, Oklahoma, a town which had\",\n \"title\": \"Dean Pitchford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11244613\",\n \"text\": \"their albums from 1986–2001, excluding compilations, were re-mastered and re-released in September 2009. Previously released bonus tracks were included on all the re-released albums. Sources Citations Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \\\"Joyride\\\" and \\\"Look Sharp!\\\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \\\"The Look\\\", \\\"Listen to Your Heart\\\", \\\"It Must Have Been Love\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Roxette discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093136\",\n \"text\": \"Ariana Grande's third album \\\"Dangerous Woman\\\", with half of its songs (including both singles) being produced by him. The same year, he produced the 10th track for Nick Jonas' third studio album, while also co-producing standalone songs for American singers Pink (\\\"Just Like Fire\\\") and Katy Perry (\\\"Rise\\\"). In 2016, he co-wrote the song \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\" by Justin Timberlake which is also the title song for the film \\\"Trolls\\\" with Shellback. The song became Timberlake's fifth and Martin's twenty-second number-one hit in the US. It reached the top spot in 16 other countries. The song gave Timberlake and\",\n \"title\": \"Max Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3319316\",\n \"text\": \"Canada, further singles did not fare as well in the United States, where, after \\\"Let the Song Last Forever\\\" in late 1978, he went almost a decade without cracking any of \\\"Billboard\\\"'s singles charts. In 1987, Hill returned to the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 with the Top 40 hit \\\"Can't We Try\\\", a duet with the then-unknown Vonda Shepard (her last name was incorrectly spelled \\\"Sheppard\\\" on the label). It peaked at No. 6 on the Hot 100. He also had a near Top 40 hit with \\\"Never Thought (That I Could Love)\\\". Both records reached #2 on the Adult Contemporary\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19491749\",\n \"text\": \"like Jagger\\\" in 2011. Among males, it saw Timberlake end the longest break between Hot 100 number ones since Dr. Dre went 12 years, two months and three weeks between \\\"No Diggity\\\" (by Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre) and \\\"Crack a Bottle\\\", his collaboration with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song has so far spent 52 weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, becoming one of a few singles to have spent at least a year on the chart. \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\" reached number one on Radio Songs in just its fifth week, marking the quickest sprint to the top since\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500130\",\n \"text\": \"a neo-traditionalist whose national success began in the early 1980s, enjoyed success as both a radio artist (17 No. 1 songs) and as a movie star (1992's \\\"Pure Country\\\"). Alabama, the most successful country band of the 1980s, continued their run of popularity with sell-out concerts and best-selling albums, while topping the country chart five times. Among older artists having big hits, Conway Twitty was one of the most successful, scoring two Top 3 hits with \\\"Crazy in Love\\\" and \\\"I Couldn't See You Leaving\\\", while Eddie Rabbitt had a No. 1 hit with \\\"On Second Thought.\\\" Dolly Parton had\",\n \"title\": \"1990s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3752033\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Coles Richard Keith Robert Coles (born 26 March 1962) is an English musician, journalist and Church of England priest. Now vicar of Finedon in Northamptonshire, he was formerly the multi-instrumentalist who partnered Jimmy Somerville in the 1980s band The Communards, which achieved three Top Ten hits, including the Number 1 record and best-selling single of 1986, a dance version of \\\"Don't Leave Me This Way\\\". He also appears frequently on radio and television as well as in newspapers. In March 2011 he became the regular host of BBC Radio 4's \\\"Saturday Live\\\" programme. Coles was born in Northampton, England.\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Coles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4442695\",\n \"text\": \"song on the Hot 100 during the 1980s in terms of the number of weeks spent at number one. The guitar solo was performed by Steve Lukather. \\\"Physical\\\" was both preceded and followed in the #1 chart position by recordings of the duo Hall & Oates. \\\"Private Eyes\\\" was dethroned by \\\"Physical\\\" in November 1981, and \\\"Physical\\\" was dethroned by \\\"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\\\" the following January. \\\"Physical\\\" held \\\"Waiting for a Girl Like You\\\" by Foreigner at #2 off the top of the Hot 100 for nine weeks, and \\\"I Can't Go For That\\\" held\",\n \"title\": \"Physical (Olivia Newton-John song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3800106\",\n \"text\": \"the Billboard chart), \\\"Frontiers\\\" (1983), \\\"Raised on Radio\\\" (1986), and \\\"Trial By Fire\\\" (1996). The single \\\"Open Arms\\\" from \\\"Escape\\\" was their biggest hit single, charting at No. 2 for six weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Perry had become the unmistakable voice of Journey. During his Journey tenure, Perry also sang backing vocals on several Sammy Hagar songs, including the 1980 tracks \\\"The Iceman\\\" (a nickname Hagar had for Scott Mathews) and \\\"Run For Your Life\\\", and duetting with Kenny Loggins on the 1982 No. 17 hit single \\\"Don't Fight It\\\". Perry also worked with other musicians including Sheena\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223584\",\n \"text\": \"Madonna to complete this song. The single was released in Australia on 26 March 2011. </div> Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \\\"Can't Fight this Feeling\\\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \\\"Début\\\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \\\"Make A Scene\\\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \\\"Bittersweet\\\". The video for the song was shot\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4153036\",\n \"text\": \"session with him on drums. White, however was not at the studio for the final recording on 26 November and was only hired for the 11 September session (this run through with White can be heard on \\\"Anthology 1\\\"). The song was the fourth of six songs by the Beatles to hit #1 in a one-year period; an all-time record for the US charts. In order, these were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\", and \\\"I Feel Fine.\\\" It was also the fourth of seven songs\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17105529\",\n \"text\": \"a full studio album instead. The album's lead single, \\\"Heartbreak (Make Me a Dancer)\\\", a collaboration with the Freemasons, was released in June 2009, before a second single, \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\", a collaboration with Junior Caldera, was released in February 2010. The album's third single, \\\"Bittersweet\\\", was released in May 2010, and was the first single from the album to feature only Ellis-Bextor. The album's fourth single, \\\"Not Giving Up on Love\\\", a collaboration with Armin van Buuren, was released in August 2010. Following the release of these four singles, Ellis-Bextor parted ways with Fascination, leaving the future of\",\n \"title\": \"Make a Scene\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1326361\",\n \"text\": \"segued to a pop-rock sound. She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with \\\"She Works Hard For the Money\\\", which became another anthem, this time for women's rights. Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award. Summer remained a force on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Dance/Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 19 number one singles. Her last studio album, 2008's \\\"Crayons\\\", spun off three No. 1 dance/club hits with \\\"I'm a Fire\\\", \\\"Stamp Your Feet\\\" and \\\"Fame (The Game)\\\". In May 2012, it was announced that \\\"I Feel Love\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Donna Summer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2901201\",\n \"text\": \"urban contemporary radio, as was the case with \\\"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\\\", \\\"Kiss on My List\\\", \\\"One on One\\\", \\\"Say It Isn't So\\\", \\\"Adult Education\\\", \\\"Out of Touch\\\", \\\"Method of Modern Love\\\" and \\\"Everytime You Go Away\\\". Most of those singles charted on the R&B and dance charts, including some number-one hits. Simply Red scored one of the most successful blue-eyed soul ballads of all time in 1986 with \\\"Holding Back the Years\\\". Other successful blue-eyed soul songs of the 1980s include Phil Collins' cover of \\\"You Can't Hurry Love\\\" (1982); Culture Club's \\\"Do You Really\",\n \"title\": \"Blue-eyed soul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20689687\",\n \"text\": \"by Neil Young. Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \\\"Can't Fight the Feeling\\\" and \\\"I Feel a Change\\\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \\\"Stay Away\\\" by Nirvana and\",\n \"title\": \"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11244612\",\n \"text\": \"Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \\\"Joyride\\\" and \\\"Look Sharp!\\\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \\\"The Look\\\", \\\"Listen to Your Heart\\\", \\\"It Must Have Been Love\\\", and \\\"Joyride\\\". Two further singles, \\\"Dangerous\\\" and \\\"Fading Like a Flower\\\", hit #2. They also achieved three #1s and seventeen top 10 singles in Sweden. All\",\n \"title\": \"Roxette discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13238089\",\n \"text\": \"Toby Beau in 1980, The track \\\"Who's Foolin' Who,\\\" a cover of a 1976 Bobby Bland song, earned Lulu a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Lulu lost to Pat Benatar. \\\"Who's Foolin' Who\\\" was released as a single, with \\\"You Win, I Lose\\\" again serving as the B-side, and peaked at No. 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Lulu (1981 album) Lulu is an eponymous album released by Lulu on Alfa Records in 1981. It is notable for containing the hit single \\\"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Lulu (1981 album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8333569\",\n \"text\": \"Hudson. When \\\"Glee\\\" was being cast, Monteith's agent, Elena Kirschner, submitted a video of him drumming with some pencils and Tupperware containers. Series creator Ryan Murphy took notice of the video, but pointed out that he had to be singing, as auditioning actors for \\\"Glee\\\" with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Monteith submitted a second, musical tape, in which he sang, in his own words, \\\"a cheesy '80s music video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal\",\n \"title\": \"Cory Monteith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565635\",\n \"text\": \"decade. Irene Cara's Flashdance... What a Feeling was the number one song worldwide in 1983, and for the decade of the 80s. Richard J. Ripani wrote that Janet Jackson's third studio album \\\"Control\\\" (1986) was \\\"important to the development of R&B for a number of reasons\\\", as she and her producers, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, \\\"crafted a new sound that fuses the rhythmic elements of funk and disco, along with heavy doses of synthesizers, percussion, sound effects, and a rap music sensibility.\\\" Ripani wrote that \\\"the success of \\\"Control\\\" led to the incorporation of stylistic traits of rap over\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12115208\",\n \"text\": \"Reason\\\" as a follow-up but it again failed to chart. Power Exchange had one other UK Top 20 hit single - \\\"Who's Gonna Love Me\\\" by The Imperials (without Little Anthony) in December 1977 - after which the label ceased trading. Barrie returned to Canada and tried to resume music publishing, artist management and agency representation - his former jobs during the 1960s. In 1980, he returned to the UK to record his own track, \\\"You Can't Win 'Em All\\\" b/w \\\"It's Only A Game\\\" - with the then Nottingham Forest FC manager Brian Clough - which was released on\",\n \"title\": \"J. J. Barrie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20709674\",\n \"text\": \"Award-winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100, the first being Justin Timberlake, who topped the chart with \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\" in 2016. It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks, and left the top ten after five weeks. Credits are adapted from Tidal. This Is America (song) \\\"This Is America\\\" is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino. Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson, it was released on May 5, 2018, at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day's episode of \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\". The song features background vocals by American rappers\",\n \"title\": \"This Is America (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5879591\",\n \"text\": \"it for his next album. Soon after meeting soon-to-be second wife Barbara Bach on the film set of \\\"Caveman\\\" in early 1980, Ringo Starr met fellow former-Beatle Paul McCartney, and his wife, Linda, at a hotel while they had earlier visited the 33rd annual Cannes Film Festival, on 16 May. Starr asked McCartney whether he would like to play on and possibly produce Starr's next album, to which McCartney agreed. Starr started sessions in France for a new album, at this point titled \\\"Can't Fight Lightning\\\", on 11 July, at Super Bear Studios, lasting until 21 July. With Wings then\",\n \"title\": \"Stop and Smell the Roses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19491752\",\n \"text\": \"run to number one for a (non-holiday) song by a male artist in 17 years, since Phil Collins' \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" needed only six weeks in 1999. Among all songs, \\\"Feeling\\\" made the fastest trip to number one on AC since Adele's \\\"Hello\\\": four weeks, in November 2015. Timberlake also earned his sixth number-one on Dance Club Songs with \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\". He reached the top of the chart without the aid of officially commissioned remixes. However, versions from Barry Harris, Fenix and Erick Decks, among others, have helped bring the song to club crowds. \\\"Can't Stop\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17457146\",\n \"text\": \"from that album gave Springfield his first number one single in the U.S. and he also won a Grammy Award for that song. Rick's success continued throughout the 1980s with albums such as \\\"Success Hasn't Spoiled Me Yet\\\" (1982) that contained the singles \\\"Don't Talk to Strangers\\\" and \\\"What Kind of Fool Am I\\\", and 1983's \\\"Living in Oz\\\" with the hits \\\"Affair of the Heart\\\" and \\\"Human Touch\\\". 1984 saw Rick Springfield star in the film \\\"Hard to Hold\\\" and the accompanying soundtrack album included the songs \\\"Love Somebody\\\" and \\\"Don't Walk Away\\\". In the mid-1980s, Rick stated that\",\n \"title\": \"Playlist: The Very Best of Rick Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4700566\",\n \"text\": \"Karyn White Karyn Layvonne White (born October 14, 1965) is an American singer who was popular during the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is known for several hit singles including \\\"Superwoman\\\" (1988), \\\"Secret Rendezvous\\\" (1989), \\\"The Way You Love Me\\\" (1988), and the US Hot 100 No. 1 single \\\"Romantic\\\" (1991). White was born in Los Angeles to Vivian and Clarence White. She is the youngest of five children. She sang in a church choir and worked as a backing singer, then sang on Jeff Lorber's 1986 \\\"Private Passion\\\" single \\\"Facts of Love\\\", \\\"True Confessions\\\" and \\\"Back in Love\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Karyn White\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1306577\",\n \"text\": \"acclaimed guest role as a soul food restaurant proprietor and wife of Matt \\\"Guitar\\\" Murphy in the 1980 comedy musical \\\"The Blues Brothers\\\". Franklin's first Arista album, \\\"Aretha\\\" (1980), featured the No. 3 R&B hit \\\"United Together\\\" and her Grammy-nominated cover of Redding's \\\"I Can't Turn You Loose\\\". The follow-up, 1981's \\\"Love All the Hurt Away\\\", included her famed duet of the title track with George Benson, while the album also included her Grammy-winning cover of Sam & Dave's \\\"Hold On, I'm Comin'\\\". Franklin achieved a gold record—for the first time in seven years—with the 1982 album \\\"Jump to It\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Aretha Franklin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3159126\",\n \"text\": \"became a four-person band with the departure of two members and the addition of Stephen Lironi, who played both guitar and drums. The band had a string of hits in the early 1980s, including \\\"Happy Birthday\\\", \\\"Don't Talk to Me About Love\\\", \\\"I Could Be Happy\\\" and \\\"See Those Eyes\\\". The group split up after the release of their third album, \\\"Bite\\\" (1983). In 1984, Grogan made a cameo appearance in the music video to \\\"Young at Heart\\\" by The Bluebells. Grogan later attempted a solo career, but after her single \\\"Love Bomb\\\" failed to gain chart success in 1987,\",\n \"title\": \"Clare Grogan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1755818\",\n \"text\": \"and alcohol reduced him to a 170-pound shell. He began hallucinating and missing shows and tours, which later gave him the title 'No Show Jones'. He began to sing horribly and filed for bankruptcy in 1979. He hadn't had a #1 hit in 6 years by 1980. However, his image was completely revitalized in 1980, when he released a song that is widely considered the greatest country song of all time, \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". The song won him multiple awards including a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. He gave the song the credit due later\",\n \"title\": \"George Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2105239\",\n \"text\": \"Men Without Hats Men Without Hats are a Canadian new wave/synthpop group, originally from Montreal, Quebec. Their music is characterized by the distinctive baritone voice of their American-born Canadian lead singer Ivan Doroschuk, as well as their elaborate use of synthesizers and electronic processing. They achieved their greatest popularity in the 1980s with \\\"The Safety Dance\\\", a worldwide Top Ten hit (#3 in the United States) and \\\"Pop Goes the World\\\". After a hiatus for most of the 1990s and 2000s, Doroschuk reformed the band in 2010, and released \\\"Love in the Age of War\\\" (2012). The reformed group, based\",\n \"title\": \"Men Without Hats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19304940\",\n \"text\": \"Ali Payami Ali Payami is a Swedish music composer, producer, writer, and DJ. He has collaborated in the production of music with numerous popular artists including Ariana Grande, The Weeknd, Ellie Goulding, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift, Adam Lambert and Tove Lo. Payami's first number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 was The Weeknd's single \\\"Can't Feel My Face\\\". He was first exposed to music in Malmö, Sweden, when he was a child. At a young age in Sweden, he listened to many genres of music, ranging from Dr. Dre’s \\\"The Chronic\\\" to Nirvana. He watched people in bands rehearse\",\n \"title\": \"Ali Payami\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450373\",\n \"text\": \"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17090866\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Chase/Ennea/Pure Music\\\" (2008) \\\"Chase Live 2010\\\" (2010) (*14) \\\"Don't Fight the Feeling\\\" (1976) \\\"Rock America\\\" (2003) (as co-songwriter) \\\"Ain't Nothin' Freaky\\\" (1976) \\\"Got To Share This Feeling\\\" (1977) \\\"Lost Soul\\\" (1994) \\\"Cleveland Rocks\\\" (1995) \\\"Mourning To Dancing\\\" (1978) \\\"Survivor\\\" (1979) \\\"Greatest Hits\\\" (2003) \\\"Ultimate Survivor\\\" (2004) \\\"Survivor Prime Cuts Classic Tracks\\\" (1998) \\\"Survivor\\\" (Rock Candy re-issue with \\\"Rebel Girl\\\") (2010) \\\"Marbles\\\" (1981) \\\"I Just Called To Say I Love You\\\" (1985) \\\"Greatest Love Songs\\\" (2008) \\\"Guitar on the Edge\\\" (1991) \\\"Rockin' into the Night\\\" (1980) \\\"\\\" (1987) \\\"Live at Sturgis\\\" (1999) \\\"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Smith (drummer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13272920\",\n \"text\": \"ended The Black Eyed Peas' 26-week reign at the number-one spot on the Hot 100. Furthermore, \\\"Down\\\" had managed to top one of the most competitive weeks in the US charts this decade, with the top five titles (Sean's \\\"Down\\\", Miley Cyrus' \\\"Party in the U.S.A.\\\", Jay Z's \\\"Run This Town\\\", Jason Derulo's \\\"Whatcha Say\\\", and Black Eyed Peas' \\\"I Gotta Feeling\\\") being \\\"separated by the tightest point margin in more than six years.\\\" After spending a week at the top spot, \\\"Down\\\" was succeeded by Britney Spears' \\\"3\\\", but the following week, it returned to number one. On the\",\n \"title\": \"Down (Jay Sean song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13764685\",\n \"text\": \"Sound Experience Sound Experience was an American funk ensemble, founded at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. The group played locally and recorded with producer Stan Watson, recording with him in Philadelphia. They recorded several singles and one full-length album in 1974, \\\"Don't Fight the Feeling\\\"; this album reached #57 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B Albums chart. The title track was released as a single and reached #61 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. The ensemble recorded little thereafter, but have been sampled by hip hop groups. Collectables Records issued a CD retrospective of the group's output in 1994.\",\n \"title\": \"Sound Experience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13764684\",\n \"text\": \"Sound Experience Sound Experience was an American funk ensemble, founded at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. The group played locally and recorded with producer Stan Watson, recording with him in Philadelphia. They recorded several singles and one full-length album in 1974, \\\"Don't Fight the Feeling\\\"; this album reached #57 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B Albums chart. The title track was released as a single and reached #61 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. The ensemble recorded little thereafter, but have been sampled by hip hop groups. Collectables Records issued a CD retrospective of the group's output in 1994.\",\n \"title\": \"Sound Experience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"777451\",\n \"text\": \"for the albums, he began performing with his band The Tennessee Kids, composed by instrumentalists and dancers. Timberlake voiced the lead character in DreamWorks Animation's \\\"Trolls\\\" (2016), whose soundtrack includes his fifth \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart-topping single, \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\". His fifth studio album \\\"Man of the Woods\\\" (2018) became his fourth number one album in the US. Throughout his solo career, Timberlake has sold over 32 million albums and 56 million singles globally, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Often cited as a pop icon, Timberlake is the recipient of numerous awards and accolades, including\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Timberlake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"820147\",\n \"text\": \"track, with its distinct opening chord, and the previously released \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", both transatlantic number-one singles for the band. The title of the album was the accidental creation of drummer Ringo Starr. According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with \\\"Playboy\\\" magazine: \\\"I was going home in the car and Dick Lester [director of the movie] suggested the title, 'Hard Day's Night' from something Ringo had said. I had used it in \\\"In His Own Write\\\", but it was an off-the-cuff remark by Ringo. You know, one of those malapropisms. A Ringo-ism, where he said it not to\",\n \"title\": \"A Hard Day's Night (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565618\",\n \"text\": \"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565611\",\n \"text\": \"Edition, Stacey Q, The Bangles, New Kids on the Block, Madonna, George Michael, Laura Branigan, Boy George and others becoming teen idols. Prominent American urban pop acts of the 1980s include Tina Turner, Lionel Richie, Michael Jackson, Donna Summer, Whitney Houston and Diana Ross. African American artists like Lionel Richie and Prince went on to become some of the decade's biggest pop stars. Their commercial albums included \\\"1999\\\", \\\"Purple Rain\\\", and \\\"Sign \\\"O\\\" the Times\\\" by Prince and \\\"Lionel Richie\\\", \\\"Can't Slow Down\\\", and \\\"Dancing on the Ceiling\\\" by Richie. Prince was the decade's most prolific artist, not just by\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12710824\",\n \"text\": \"after three album releases, the group disbanded and discontinued their contract with agreement by the record label. In 1979, Tarney began the biggest period of his career when he wrote and arranged the Cliff Richard No. 1, \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\". This led to him becoming Richard's record producer of his next two albums, \\\"I'm No Hero\\\" (1980) and \\\"Wired for Sound\\\" (1981). At this time he also wrote and produced Barbara Dickson and Leo Sayer – his distinctive sound being heard on the hit singles \\\"January February\\\" and \\\"More Than I Can Say\\\". Tarney went on to bigger success\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Tarney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4638974\",\n \"text\": \"voted by the British public as the nation's 7th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. The lyrics were originally inspired after lead singer Philip Oakey read a photo-story in a teen-girl's magazine. Originally conceived and recorded in the studio as a male solo, Oakey was inspired by the film \\\"A Star Is Born\\\" and decided to turn the song into a conflicting duet with one of the band's two teenage female vocalists. Susan Ann Sulley was then asked to take on the role. Up until then, she and the other female vocalist Joanne Catherall had only been\",\n \"title\": \"Don't You Want Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5105301\",\n \"text\": \"Candee Jay Candee Jay (born Ilze Lankhaar on 1 September 1981 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch electronica artist. She is produced by Pronti and Kalmani, the production duo who worked with fellow Dutch artist, Alice Deejay. Together with Jezebel Zwiers and Elske Cinibulk as background dancers, the Candee Jay project aimed to be as successful as Alice Deejay. In fact, this project did not work out the way that they wanted it to be. Candee Jay's biggest hit singles are \\\"If I Were You\\\", \\\"Back For Me\\\" and \\\"Lose This Feeling\\\". Although the latter two never reached the chart\",\n \"title\": \"Candee Jay\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle REO Speedwagon context: REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \\\"Hi Infidelity\\\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\" and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late\\n\\nWho had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 212,\n \"origin_tokens\": 213,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Wheels Are Turnin' context: Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling album, tied with \\\"Good Trouble\\\", reaching No. 7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The lead single wasI Do' Wanna Know,\\\" which stalled at #29 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. But the second single, \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling,\\\" was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" and \\\"Live Every Moment\\\". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively.\\n\\ntitle Lonely (song) context:ronin be w rest of theight walking the streets of big The uses a lot of stop. REO Speedw One Lonely Night (songOne Lonely Night\\\" is a song performed by the band REO Speedwagon. The is the third single the band's 1984 \\\"Wheels Are Turn' It peaked at No.9 on \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, making it the performing single from the in the United, very far from the success of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\".\\n::in Patrickin (6,91) the vocalist guitar the American,. RE Speedwagon had several hits on the \\\"board\\\" Hot 0 throughout the9s, including chart- byin \\\"ep Loving You\\\"1981) and \\\"Can' Fight This98 C from thebs of, area He was born northvanston and grew (and guitar)west suburban Oak La He graduated' Brotherice High School. brother is politicianan. REO\\n\\ntitle 190:layer Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).\\n\\nWho had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 548,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15483,\n \"ratio\": \"28.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":95,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":95,"string":"95"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which parallel was the truce line in the Korean War?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["38th Parallel","38th parallel","38th parallel (disambiguation)"],"string":"[\n \"38th Parallel\",\n \"38th parallel\",\n \"38th parallel (disambiguation)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"38th Parallel"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"17215055","text":"done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarised zone (DMZ) was established around it, defended by North Korean troops on one side and by South Korean, American and UN troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South","title":"Canada in the Korean War"},{"id":"11229287","text":"far past the 38th parallel. Throughout late 1951, Truman sought a cease fire, but disputes over prisoner exchanges led to the collapse of negotiations. Of the 116,000 Chinese and Korean prisoners-of-war held by the United States, only 83,000 were willing to return to their home countries, and Truman was unwilling to forcibly return the prisoners. The Korean War ended with an armistice in 1953 after Truman left office; the armistice divided North and South Korea along a border close to the 38th parallel. Over 30,000 Americans and approximately 3 million Koreans died in the conflict. The United States maintained a","title":"Presidency of Harry S. Truman"},{"id":"6358617","text":"United Nations command, leading South Korean, American, European and international forces. North Korea was nearly captured, with the United Nations intending to rollback Communism there. However, China entered the war, pushed the UN forces out of North Korea, and a military stalemate resulted along the lines similar to the 38th parallel. An armistice was agreed on in 1953, which is still in effect, and the cease-fire line of that year remains the boundary between North and South. Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea were established in 1965. In the early 2000s, the Japanese–South Korean relationship soured when the Japanese","title":"History of Japan–Korea relations"},{"id":"229110","text":"two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty was ever signed,","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"12559974","text":"38th Parallel. After a series of offensives and counter-offensives by both sides, followed by a grueling period of largely static trench warfare that lasted from the summer of 1951 to July 1953, the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent \"Armistice Line\" of 27 July 1953. Over 2.5 million people died during the Korean war. Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that Kim became increasingly desperate to establish a truce, since the likelihood that further fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more remote with the UN and US presence. Kim also resented the","title":"Kim Il-sung"},{"id":"1934041","text":"re-unite that country in terms of a rollback strategy. After a few weeks of retreat, General Douglas MacArthur's success at the Battle of Inchon turned the war around; UN forces invaded North Korea. This advantage was lost when hundreds of thousands of Chinese entered an undeclared war against the United States and pushed the US/UN/Korean forces back to the original starting line, the 38th parallel. The war became a stalemate, with over 33,000 American dead and 100,000 wounded but nothing to show for it except a resolve to continue the containment policy. Truman fired MacArthur but was unable to end","title":"History of the United States (1945–1964)"},{"id":"2162055","text":"one of the most heavily militarized borders in the world. The Northern Limit Line, or NLL, is the disputed maritime demarcation line between North and South Korea in the Yellow Sea, not agreed in the armistice. The coastline and islands on both sides of the NLL are also heavily militarized. The 38th parallel north—which divides the Korean Peninsula roughly in half—was the original boundary between the United States and Soviet Union's brief administration areas of Korea at the end of World War II. Upon the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally \"North Korea\") and the Republic","title":"Korean Demilitarized Zone"},{"id":"12516828","text":"Sabre had been instrumental in frustrating the MiG-15's bid for air superiority. Without control of the air, the Communist Chinese were unable to establish their series of air bases and they were not able to carry out effective air support of their spring offensive, and the Korean War settled down to a stalemate on the ground. The ground battle line was roughly the 38th Parallel where United Nations forces controlled most South Korean territory, and the Chinese and North Koreans controlled most North Korean territory, with some exceptions. It would remain that way for the rest of the war. Throughout","title":"United States Air Force In South Korea"},{"id":"6475210","text":"Battle of Heartbreak Ridge The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (; ; ), also known as the Battle of Wendengli (), was a month-long battle in the Korean War which took place between September 13 and October 15, 1951. The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge was one of several major engagements in the hills of North Korea a few miles north of the 38th parallel (the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea), near Chorwon. For the Chinese, this battle is often confused with Battle of Triangle Hill, which occurred a year later. After withdrawing from Bloody Ridge, the Korean People's Army","title":"Battle of Heartbreak Ridge"},{"id":"11585968","text":"Australians claiming at least 10 MiGs shot down, but Chinese and North Korean sources stated it was only one. On 29 November 1952, US President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarised zone (DMZ) was established around it, presently defended by North Korean troops on one side","title":"Australia in the Korean War"},{"id":"2965501","text":"the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities.There was no treaty signed during this Christmas truce and the war resumed after a few days. On November 29, 1952, the newly U.S. president-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the Korean People's Army (KPA), the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the ceasefire agreement, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone","title":"Ceasefire"},{"id":"15156727","text":"KPA, the PVA, and the UNC ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th Parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by KPA, ROKA, United States, and Joint UNC forces. Discussions continued slowly because of difficulties regarding demarcation of the border between North and South Korea. China and North Korea expected the line to remain at the 38th Parallel. Within weeks, however, both nations accepted the Kansas Line, where the two sides had confronted each other at the time. In March 1953 the death of Joseph","title":"Korean Armistice Agreement"},{"id":"1998884","text":"sign the agreement, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it. The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did not follow it. Despite its name, the border was, and continues to be, one of the most militarized in the world. North Korea announced that it will no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013. After the war, the Chinese forces left, but","title":"Korean conflict"},{"id":"19742132","text":"Yalu River, the border between North Korea and Communist China, the Chinese started to worry about protecting themselves from what they called \"armed aggression against Chinese territory.\" Chinese leader Mao Zedong (1893-1976) sent troops to North Korea and warned the United States to keep away from the Yalu boundary unless it wanted full-scale war. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. Truman and his new military commanders started peace talks at Panmunjom. Still, the fighting continued along the 38th parallel as negotiations were stalled. Both sides were willing to accept a ceasefire that maintained the 38th","title":"North Korea in the Korean War"},{"id":"2646429","text":"Armistice Agreement. Locals and foreigners will be allowed to cross the line at the Joint Security Area once this area is cleared. The DMZ runs near the 38th parallel, covering roughly . American and South Korean soldiers patrol this line along the South Korean side while North Korean soldiers patrol along the North Korean side. In Korean, the line is called the \"Hyujeonseon\" (휴전선), meaning \"armistice line.\" It is also sometimes called the \"Gunsa Bungye-seon\" (군사분계선), which literally means \"military demarcation line.\" However, in colloquial usage, the dividing line is more often called the \"Sampalseon\" (삼팔선, \"38th parallel\"), a name","title":"Military Demarcation Line"},{"id":"229117","text":"U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, \"even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops\". He noted that he was \"faced","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"62650","text":"stabilized along the 38th parallel, which had separated the Koreas. Truman faced a hostile China, a Sino-Soviet partnership, and a defense budget that had quadrupled in eighteen months. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in July 1953 after the death of Stalin, who had been insisting that the North Koreans continue fighting. In North Korea, Kim Il-sung created a highly centralized and brutal dictatorship, according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality. A hydrogen bomb—which produced nuclear fusion instead of nuclear fission—was first tested by the United States in November 1952 and the Soviet Union in August","title":"Cold War (1947–1953)"},{"id":"710731","text":"selected the 38th parallel as a dividing line. Japanese troops to the North of this line were to surrender to the Soviet Union and troops to the South of this line would surrender to the United States. This was not originally intended to result in a long-lasting partition, but Cold War politics resulted in the establishment of two separate governments in the two zones in 1948 and rising tensions prevented cooperation. The desire of many Koreans for a peaceful unification was dashed when the Korean War broke out in 1950. In June 1950, troops from North Korea invaded South Korea.","title":"Korean reunification"},{"id":"19742135","text":"ran from 1972 until 1983, and its final episode was the most watched in television history. North Korea in the Korean War The Korean War started when North Korea invaded South Korea, and ended on July 27, 1953 with the armistice creating the well-known Korean Demilitarized Zone. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the","title":"North Korea in the Korean War"},{"id":"229200","text":"agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter. In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"6328525","text":"mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea despite their close proximity. The line extends into the sea from the Military Demarcation Line (MDL), and consists of straight line segments between 12 approximate channel midpoints, extended in an arc to prevent egress between both sides. On its western end the line extends out along the 38th parallel to the median line between Korea and China. The 1953 Armistice Agreement, which was signed by both North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC), ended the Korean War and specified that the five islands","title":"Northern Limit Line"},{"id":"19742133","text":"parallel boundary, but they could not agree on whether prisoners of war should be forcibly \"repatriated.\" Finally, after around more than two years of negotiations, the adversaries signed an armistice on July 27, 1953. The agreement drew a new boundary near the 38th parallel that gave South Korea an extra 1,500 square miles of territory; and created a 2-mile-wide \"demilitarized zone\" that still exists today in the North and South Korean borders, in the bottom and top, respectively. The Korean War was relatively short but exceptionally bloody compared to other wars. Nearly 3 million people died. More than half of","title":"North Korea in the Korean War"},{"id":"2149983","text":"a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally. Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force. Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country, the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S., and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South. As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference","title":"Division of Korea"},{"id":"281714","text":"geopolitical \"status quo ante\" of the post–WWII division of Korea at the 38th Parallel of global latitude, by the Soviets and the Americans. Consequent to Chinese military intervention in behalf of Communist North Korea, the magnitude of the infantry warfare reached operational and geographic stalemate; afterwards, the shooting war was ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement (27 July 1953); and the superpower Cold War in Asia then resumed as the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The geopolitics of the Eastern bloc countries under the hegemony of Stalinist Russia featured an official-and-personal style of socialist diplomacy that failed Stalin and Tito, and led","title":"Marxism–Leninism"},{"id":"19742126","text":"North Korea in the Korean War The Korean War started when North Korea invaded South Korea, and ended on July 27, 1953 with the armistice creating the well-known Korean Demilitarized Zone. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s","title":"North Korea in the Korean War"},{"id":"2149982","text":"United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side, which was militarily defensible. The UN position, formulated by the Americans, went against the consensus leading up to the negotiations. Initially, the Americans proposed a line that passed through Pyongyang, far to the north of the front line. The Chinese and North Koreans eventually agreed to a border on the military line of contact rather than the 38th parallel, but this disagreement led to a tortuous and drawn-out negotiating process. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create","title":"Division of Korea"},{"id":"8228962","text":"to defend the South, and advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea. Syngman Rhee refused to sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it. The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did","title":"North Korea–South Korea relations"},{"id":"7778537","text":"and the USSR/Warsaw Pact, respectively) build, especially after an intelligence-gathering vessel is captured. A new Korean War breaks out across the 38th parallel but is quickly stopped. Although Japan calls on both sides to seek peace, government officials think that the country could be ripe for Alliance retaliation in light of its open support for the Federation. Dogfights between Federation and Alliance fighters over the Arctic (with both sides using nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles) are just the beginning of a renewed conflict. Soon after an armistice agreement is concluded between North Korea and South Korea, tensions begin to erupt again because","title":"The Last War (1961 film)"},{"id":"1671112","text":"\"Belfast\" remained in Hong Kong during 1949, sailing for Singapore on 18 January 1950. There she underwent a minor refit between January to March 1950 and in June she joined the Far East Fleet's summer cruise. On 25 June 1950, while \"Belfast\" was visiting Hakodate in Japan, North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel, starting the Korean War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, \"Belfast\" became part of the United Nations naval forces. Originally part of the US Navy's Task Force 77, \"Belfast\" was detached in order to operate independently on 5 July 1950. During July and early August","title":"HMS Belfast (C35)"},{"id":"229193","text":"regained \"Line Kansas\", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's \"Line Kansas\" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953. For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought but exchanged little territory, as the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the goal of the UN Command forces was","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"13717715","text":"Jamestown line was fought over almost continuously until the armistice on 27 July 1953; due to its strategic position it was the scene of much heavy fighting, including the Battle of the Samichon River just hours before the which ended the war. Jamestown Line The Jamestown Line was a series of defensive positions occupied by United Nations forces in the Korean War. Following the end of the 1951 Chinese Spring Offensive and the UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive the war largely became one of attrition and trench warfare, fought along static defensive lines reminiscent of the First World War. As a","title":"Jamestown Line"},{"id":"2162056","text":"of Korea (ROK, informally \"South Korea\") in 1948, it became a \"de facto\" international border and one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War. Both the North and the South remained dependent on their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of the Korean War. That conflict, which claimed over three million lives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideological lines, commenced on 25 June 1950, with a full-front DPRK invasion across the 38th parallel, and ended in 1953 after international intervention pushed the front of the war back to near the 38th parallel. In the Armistice Agreement","title":"Korean Demilitarized Zone"},{"id":"13642080","text":"This sparked a United Nations resolution against the aggression and the Korean War, with United Nations troops (mostly Americans) helping to defend South Korea. After the Armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953, a new line was established to separate North Korea and South Korea. This Military Demarcation Line is surrounded by a Demilitarized Zone. It crosses the 38th parallel, from the southwest to the northeast. The Demarcation Line is often confused with 38th parallel, but as can be seen in the image of the map, the two are not the same. 38th parallel north The 38th parallel north","title":"38th parallel north"},{"id":"229190","text":"overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines, as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia. General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea, and he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations \"Courageous\" (23–28 March 1951) and \"Tomahawk\" (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to \"Line Kansas\", north of the 38th parallel. The second of two combat","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"15156719","text":"Premier and foreign minister Zhou Enlai suggested that a peace treaty should be implemented on the Korean peninsula. However, the US secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, did not accommodate this attempt to achieve such a treaty. A final peace settlement has never been achieved. The signed Armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), the de facto new border between the two nations, put into force a cease-fire, and finalized repatriation of prisoners of war. The DMZ runs close to the 38th parallel and has separated North and South Korea since the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953. By","title":"Korean Armistice Agreement"},{"id":"6475498","text":"Battle of Bloody Ridge The Battle of Bloody Ridge was a ground combat battle that took place during the Korean War from August 18 to September 5, 1951. Located in hills north of the 38th parallel north in the central Korean mountain range, the battle was fought between the communist North Korean forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) and capitalist United Nations forces consisting of Republic of Korea Army (ROK) units and the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division. By the summer of 1951, the Korean War had reached a stalemate as peace negotiations began at Kaesong. The opposing armies faced","title":"Battle of Bloody Ridge"},{"id":"229107","text":"Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean , \"Korean War\"; in North Korean , \"Fatherland: Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea had been split into two sovereign states. Both governments claimed to be","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"229272","text":"entered NATO in 1952, and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea. <br> Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean , \"Korean War\"; in North Korean , \"Fatherland: Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"2377050","text":"of the Korean War, 1950–51\", Stone said that South Korea had provoked North Korea to war, by way of continual guerrilla attacks across the border (38th parallel) into the north of Korea, and that, thus goaded, the North Koreans eventually counterattacked, and invaded the South, providing the official \"casus belli\" (June 25, 1950) required for Korean reunification. That such cross-border attacks, authorized by the South Korean government, were part of the U.S. foreign policy for the worldwide containment of communism, advocated by John Foster Dulles, realized in the field by General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. commander in the Pacific Ocean military","title":"I. F. Stone"},{"id":"12516807","text":"North Korean forces largely removed from the South, the United Nations decided to enforce its prewar intention of reuniting all of Korea under one government, and UN forces advanced across the 38th parallel and into North Korea in early October 1950. However, the decision to cross the 38th Parallel appears, in retrospect, to have been the turning point in the Korean War. On 1 October Chinese Premier Chou En-lai warned that China would not tolerate or stand aside if UN forces invaded North Korea. This was a clear threat that China would intervene if that should happen. On the second","title":"United States Air Force In South Korea"},{"id":"2149981","text":"it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel. As it occupied the north, the Republic of Korea, in turn, attempted to unify the country under its regime, with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination. As US-led forces pushed into the north, China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south. In 1951, the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel, and both sides began to consider an armistice. Rhee, however, demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership. The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel, but the","title":"Division of Korea"},{"id":"11229278","text":"the ANZUS pact with Australia and New Zealand. Following World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied Korea, which had been a colony of the Japanese Empire. The Soviet Union, which occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel, established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1948, while the United States established the Republic of Korea (South Korea) that same year. The 38th parallel was chosen since it was approximately halfway between Korea's northernmost and southernmost regions, and was always intended to mark a temporary separation before the eventual reunification of Korea. Hoping to avoid","title":"Presidency of Harry S. Truman"},{"id":"591156","text":"commission was established. The commission met intermittently in Seoul but members deadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government. In September 1947, with no solution in sight, the United States submitted the Korean question to the United Nations General Assembly. On December 12, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations recognised the Republic of Korea as the sole legal government of Korea. In June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out when North Korea breached the 38th parallel line to invade the South, ending any hope of a peaceful reunification for the time being. After the war, the","title":"History of Korea"},{"id":"824776","text":"hours before the destroyer departed the area without either side widening the conflict by initiating hostile fire. Declining a UN armistice, the two sides fought intermittently on both sides of the 38th Parallel until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. The Korean War ended any possibility of normalised relations with the United States for years. Meanwhile, Chinese forces invaded and annexed Tibet in October 1950. Tibet had been nominally subject to the Emperors in past centuries, but declared its independence in 1912. Under Mao's direction, China built its first atomic bomb in 1964; it was the fifth country","title":"History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)"},{"id":"20821563","text":"Korean Peninsula, due to persistent nuclear testing by North Korea and the rapid development of ICBM technology capable of attacking from North Korea to the United States. Prior to World War II, Korea was one country for over one thousand years, known previously as Goryeo and Joseon. Having been administered by Japan from 1910 to 1945, after World War II, Korea was divided into two countries along the 38th parallel (now the Korean Demilitarized Zone). North Korea was administered by the Soviet Union in the years immediately following the war, with South Korea being managed by the United States. In","title":"Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula"},{"id":"6358616","text":"Chinese suzerainty and for Japan, a high priority in the late 19th century, fighting wars with those two countries on the issue. Japan took control of Korea with the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910. When Japan was defeated in World War II, Soviet forces took control of the North, and American forces took control of the South, with the 38th parallel as the agreed-upon dividing line. South Korea became independent as of August 15, 1945, and North Korea as of September 9, 1945. In June 1950, North Korea invaded and almost conquered South Korea, but was driven back by the","title":"History of Japan–Korea relations"},{"id":"6475499","text":"each other across a line which ran (with many twists and turns along the way) from east to west, through the middle of the Korean peninsula, a few miles north of the 38th parallel. UN and NK/PRC forces jockeyed for position along this line, clashing in several relatively small but intense and bloody battles. Bloody Ridge began as an attempt by UN forces to seize a ridge of hills which they believed were being used as observation posts to call in artillery fire on a UN supply road. The 36th ROK Regiment made the initial attack. It succeeded in capturing","title":"Battle of Bloody Ridge"},{"id":"2415941","text":"\"Saipan\" continued Second Fleet operations, interrupting them for midshipman cruises during the summers of 1952 and 1953 and for an overhaul. In October 1953, she departed the east coast and steamed for the Panama Canal and the Pacific. On 30 October, she arrived at San Diego, whence she continued on to Pearl Harbor, Yokosuka, and duty off the coast of Korea in support of the uneasy truce agreement. Assigned to TF 95, \"Saipan\" was primarily engaged in surveillance and reconnaissance missions along the coast and in inspection patrols of the islands just south of the 38th parallel. In January 1954,","title":"USS Saipan (CVL-48)"},{"id":"15156718","text":"Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean Armistice Agreement () is the armistice which brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The Armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and was designed to \"ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved.\" During the 1954 Geneva Conference in Switzerland, Chinese","title":"Korean Armistice Agreement"},{"id":"710728","text":"President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong-un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit in May 2018. Prior to World War II, Korea was one country for over one thousand years, known previously as Goryeo and Joseon. After World War II, Korea was divided into two countries along the 38th parallel (now the Korean Demilitarized Zone). North Korea was administered by the Soviet Union in the years immediately following the war, with South Korea being managed by the United States. In 1950, North Korea invaded the South, beginning the","title":"Korean reunification"},{"id":"2162054","text":"Security Area (JSA) near the western end of the zone, where negotiations take place. There have been various incidents in and around the DMZ, with military and civilian casualties on both sides. The Korean Demilitarized Zone intersects but does not follow the 38th parallel north, which was the border before the Korean War. It crosses the parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lying north of it. The DMZ is long, approximately wide. Though the zone separating both sides is demilitarized, the border beyond that strip is","title":"Korean Demilitarized Zone"},{"id":"229135","text":"AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan, but only 200–300 American troops were in Korea. At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the \"bandit traitor Syngman Rhee\". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin Peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"17281506","text":"United States in the Korean War At the conclusion of World War II the Allied nations began the process of disarmament of Axis controlled regions. Japan occupied Korea at this time and had been in control since 1910. In 1945, the decision was made to have American Marines forces oversee Japanese surrender and disarmament south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union would facilitate the change of power to the north. At the time there was no political motivation and seemed to be a logical and convenient plan of action. The original agreement and intent was to create a","title":"United States in the Korean War"},{"id":"8830004","text":"the first five months of 1951 the 4th F-IW flew 3,550 sorties and claimed 22 victories. No F-86 Sabres were shot down by MiGs, although a number were lost due to accidents. On July 10, 1951 truce talks between North Korean and UN representatives opened at Kaesong. The ground forces were virtually stalemated at the 38th parallel, but in the air the two squadrons of the 4th F-IW were flying the only Sabres in the theatre. Some intelligence source estimated that 500 MiGs were being operated by the 1st United Air Army. Although 77 Squadron RAAF had previously operated in","title":"MiG Alley"},{"id":"4810601","text":"PVA/KPA forces north of the Han River. The operation was launched on March 6, 1951 with the US I Corps and IX Corps on the west near Seoul and Hoengsong and US X Corps and ROK III Corps in the east, to reach \"Line Idaho\", an arc with its apex just south of the 38th Parallel in South Korea. Operation Ripper was preceded by the largest artillery bombardment of the Korean War. On the middle, the U.S. 25th Infantry Division quickly crossed the Han and established a bridgehead. Further to the east, IX Corps reached its first phase line on","title":"Operation Ripper"},{"id":"290824","text":"West-aligned Republic of Korea – each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea. In 1950 the Korean War broke out. After much destruction, the war ended with the status quo being restored, as neither the DPRK nor the ROK had succeeded in conquering the other's portion of the original Korea. The division at the 38th parallel was replaced by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Tension between the two sides continued. Kim Il-sung remained in power until his death in 1994. He developed a pervasive personality cult and steered the country on an independent course in accordance with the","title":"History of North Korea"},{"id":"9120457","text":"1952, she made her only voyage to the western Pacific, sailing sailed via Pearl Harbor, where she stayed from 6 August-21 September, and serving at Chi Chi Jima in the Bonin Islands from 2–9 October. She returned to the west coast of the United States on 25 October. In December 1951, the battle lines in Korea were more or less stabilized along the 38th parallel, and hostilities slowly decreased over the next two years; \"Sperry\" gradually returned to her peacetime routine. Over the next 10 years, she continued to operate out of San Diego, spending most of her time in","title":"USS Sperry (AS-12)"},{"id":"9895277","text":"New Zealand in the Korean War The involvement of New Zealand in the Korean War began in 1950 as a response to the United Nations Security Council's call for combat assistance in the erupting Korean War. New Zealand was one of the first (of a total of sixteen) nations to respond with support. On 29 June 1950, just four days after 135,000 North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel in Korea, the New Zealand government ordered two \"Loch\" class frigates of the Royal New Zealand Navy – and – to prepare to make for Korean waters, and for the whole","title":"New Zealand in the Korean War"},{"id":"454885","text":"between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War. In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict. While European powers attempted","title":"World War II"},{"id":"212333","text":"new treaty between the two countries. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung visited Stalin in March","title":"Joseph Stalin"},{"id":"9976260","text":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 was a measure adopted by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on June 25, 1950. The resolution demanded North Korea immediately end its invasion of South Korea, the catalyst for the beginning of the Korean War. The measure was adopted by a vote of 9 support, none opposed, and one abstention. The Korean Peninsula had been divided between occupation forces of the United States and the Soviet Union since the end of World War II along the 38th Parallel. Each government sought to prop up a government on","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 82"},{"id":"1403039","text":"38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D.","title":"Military history of the United States"},{"id":"6475503","text":"either side. The much higher NK and PRC casualties were probably caused by: Battle of Bloody Ridge The Battle of Bloody Ridge was a ground combat battle that took place during the Korean War from August 18 to September 5, 1951. Located in hills north of the 38th parallel north in the central Korean mountain range, the battle was fought between the communist North Korean forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) and capitalist United Nations forces consisting of Republic of Korea Army (ROK) units and the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division. By the summer of 1951, the Korean War had","title":"Battle of Bloody Ridge"},{"id":"229201","text":"has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands. The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"2573514","text":"served in the Occupation of Japan after the surrender of the latter from September 1945. When the Korean War began in June 1950, the division was deployed to Korea, where it fought in the defense of and the breakout from the Pusan Perimeter in mid-1950, with elements advancing as far as the Yalu River in November. After being thrown back by the Chinese Communist intervention in the war, the division eventually took up positions south of Osan. It participated in a series of United Nations counteroffensives in early 1951, then fought in a stalemate close to the 38th parallel from","title":"25th Infantry Division (United States)"},{"id":"2149962","text":"– Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a \"National Geographic\" map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he \"almost surely\" would have chosen a different line. The division","title":"Division of Korea"},{"id":"9039012","text":"November the US Eighth Army was again forced to withdraw after the Chinese began their Second Phase Offensive, starting a long retreat south. The UN forces were expelled from North Korea, and withdrew to the 38th Parallel where they sought to re-establish defensive positions. The Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950, following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea (ROK) by its northern neighbour, the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Numerically superior and better-equipped, the Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south, easily overcoming the South Koreans.","title":"Battle of Pakchon"},{"id":"12449958","text":"was no peace treaty, and Korea remains divided along the Military Demarcation Line near the 38th parallel. United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission, Korea The United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) was established in July 1953 at the end of the Korean War to supervise the Korean Armistice Agreement, and which has been operating ever since. Existing slow-moving talks towards an armistice were taken up by President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower after he visited United Nations Command forces in Korea. His diplomacy, along with the threat of a nuclear confrontation and the death of Stalin, convinced North Korea and China","title":"United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission, Korea"},{"id":"229181","text":"where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became \"Operation Roundup\" (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju. Following the failure of","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"15156723","text":"its slogan of \"drive the enemy into the sea\" to \"drive the enemy to the 38th parallel.\" North Korea was pressured to support armistice talks by its allies the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, whose support was vital to enabling North Korea to continue fighting. Talks concerning an armistice started 10 July 1951, in Kaesŏng, a North Korean city in North Hwanghae Province near the South Korean border. The two primary negotiators were Chief of Army Staff General Nam Il, a North Korean deputy premier, and United States Vice Admiral Charles Turner Joy. After a period of","title":"Korean Armistice Agreement"},{"id":"228612","text":"despite the Korean Empire's effort to modernize, it was annexed by Japan in 1910 and ruled by Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1945. In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japanese forces in Korea in the aftermath of World War II, leaving Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel. The North was under Soviet occupation and the South under U.S. occupation. These circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence.","title":"Korea"},{"id":"360228","text":"Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides almost pushed to the brink of extinction, and massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. The 1953 armistice, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Over 1.2 million people died during","title":"South Korea"},{"id":"469603","text":"1950s The 1950s (pronounced \"nineteen-fifties\"; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959. By its end, the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s. Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the","title":"1950s"},{"id":"16252610","text":"the Tohae Line. Following the end of the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, most of the Tohae Line was located in the US zone of occupation that later became South Korea, with the line being divided along the 38th Parallel between Changbang and Kalsan, and the Korean National Railroad operated passenger trains on the line between Tosŏng and Ch'ŏngdan until 1950. The line was heavily damaged during the Korean War, and the destruction of the Ryesong River bridge left the line truncated at Paech'ŏn. The truncated line ended up in North Korea after the Korean Armistice, becoming","title":"Paechon Line"},{"id":"14125411","text":"out fever\" during the retreat, and a song called the \"Bugout Boogie\" was composed to commemorate the Eighth Army's defeat. Walker died two days before the Christmas of 1950 when a truck driven by a South Korean soldier collided with his jeep, and Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway assumed the command of the US Eighth Army. At the UN, all hopes for a unified Korea were abandoned, and a ceasefire at the 38th parallel was proposed to China on December 11, 1950. Having decisively won the battle and once again turned the tide of the war in favor of the","title":"Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River"},{"id":"20642072","text":"(doing business as \"the Unified Command\") and Japan which provides for its self-termination \"on the date by which all the United Nations forces shall be withdrawn from Japan\". UN Command-Rear has a total strength of four personnel. According to the United States, the Korean War broke out in 1950 after what it describes as \"invading hordes\" from North Korea crossed the 38th Parallel of the Korean Peninsula, following which the United Nations Security Council authorized armed intervention on the side of South Korea. The United States agreed to be named \"executive agent\" of the United Nations and, subsequently, formed a","title":"United Nations Command-Rear"},{"id":"357183","text":"of Japan. The 8,640-kilometer coastline is highly indented. Some 3,579 islands lie adjacent to the peninsula. Most of them are found along the south and west coasts. The line between the two Korean states was the thirty-eighth parallel of latitude. After the Korean War, the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) formed the boundary between the two. The DMZ is a heavily guarded, 4,000-meter-wide strip of land that runs along the demarcation line established by the Korean Armistice Agreement from the east to the west coasts for a distance of 241 kilometers (238 kilometers of that line from the land boundary with","title":"Geography of South Korea"},{"id":"6669745","text":"with the retired General Marshall. With UN approval, Truman decided on a \"rollback\" policy—conquest of North Korea. UN forces led by General Douglas MacArthur led the counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that nearly trapped the invaders. UN forces marched north, toward the Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. However, China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November. The UN forces were forced back to below the 38th parallel, then recovered. By early 1951 the war became a fierce stalemate","title":"Harry S. Truman"},{"id":"772272","text":"of a new Romanization system in 2000. The city was the site of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay, where the first shots of the Russo-Japanese War were fired. During the Korean War, Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 September 1950. Eleven days later, Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon, when United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory and it was recaptured on 19 September 1950. The was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued. Incheon","title":"Incheon"},{"id":"2646428","text":"Military Demarcation Line The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ were established by the Armistice at the end of the Korean War in 1953. In the Yellow Sea, the two Koreas are divided by a \"de facto\" maritime \"military demarcation line\" and maritime boundary called the Northern Limit Line (NLL) drawn by the United Nations Command in 1953. The NLL is not described by the Korean","title":"Military Demarcation Line"},{"id":"15156746","text":"Day. On 26 July 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed 27 July as National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day. North Korea commemorates 27 July as a national holiday known as Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War. Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean Armistice Agreement () is the armistice which brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The Armistice was signed","title":"Korean Armistice Agreement"},{"id":"11229283","text":"Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. As the UN forces approached the Yalu River, the CIA and General MacArthur both expected that the Chinese would remain out of the war. Defying those prediction, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River in November 1950 and forced the overstretched UN soldiers to retreat. Fearing that the escalation of the war could spark a global conflict with the Soviet Union, Truman refused MacArthur's request to bomb Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu River. UN forces were pushed below the 38th parallel before the end of","title":"Presidency of Harry S. Truman"},{"id":"18698330","text":"Battle for Outpost Vegas The Battle for Outpost Vegas was a battle during the Korean War between the armed forces of the United States and China from March 26–28, 1953, four months before the end of the Korean War. Vegas was one of three outposts called the Nevada Cities north of the Main Line of Resistance (MLR), the United Nations defensive line which stretched roughly around the latitude 38th Parallel. Vegas, and the outposts it supported, Reno and Carson, were manned by elements of the 1st Marine Division. On March 26, 1953 the Chinese army launched an attack on the","title":"Battle for Outpost Vegas"},{"id":"1815264","text":"December 31 and captured Seoul as part of the Third Phase Campaign, but were forced to evacuate it with heavy losses on March 14, 1951 as the UN forces counterattacked during the course of Fourth Phase Campaign. Peng launched a final Fifth Phase Campaign from April 22 – June 10 to retake Seoul with 548,000 Chinese troops, but it failed, and the Korean War came to a standstill just above the 38th parallel. In the evaluation of Korean War historian Roy Edger Appleman, Peng's performances in the war were unremarkable in terms of military talents despite his aggressiveness and leadership","title":"Peng Dehuai"},{"id":"4571420","text":"km) of water, east of Virginia Beach, Virginia. USS Inchon USS \"Inchon\" (LPH/MCS-12) was an of the United States Navy in service from 1970 to 2002. Following a major fire she was laid up and sunk as a target in 2004. \"Inchon\" was laid down on 8 April 1968 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi with the hull classification number LPH-12. She named for the Battle of Inchon, a turning point of the Korean War. The ship was launched on 24 May 1969; and commissioned on 20 June 1970. In 1972-1973, \"Inchon\" circumnavigated the globe and returned to Naval Station Norfolk,","title":"USS Inchon"},{"id":"961922","text":"with several tens of thousands of Bodo League members. Both Rhee and Kim Il-sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, in order to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense. By contrast, Pyongyang was well equipped with Soviet aircraft and tanks. According to John Merrill, \"the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty-eighth parallel,\" and 100,000 people died in \"political disturbances, guerrilla warfare, and border clashes\". At the","title":"Syngman Rhee"},{"id":"18501007","text":"evacuate American dependents from Korean and to assist the Republic of Korean Army (ROKA). The war lasted for about 3 years. 4. Cessation of Hostilities On 23 June 1951, Jacob Malik, a Soviet delegate to the UN, proposes a cease-fire. Truce talks began at Kaesong and moved to Panmunjom. On 27 November 1951, both sides agreed the existing battle lines would be the final dividing line between North and South Korea. However, truce talks were deadlocked over voluntary repatriation. So, truce talks were adjourned on 8 October 1952. Then, truce talks were resumed, and the Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation","title":"1950 in South Korea"},{"id":"3493596","text":"of the 29th Brigade in the Battle of the Imjin River, has become an important part of British military history and tradition. Following the North Korean invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, a United Nations (UN) counter-offensive had reached the North Korean border with China. Fearing for its own security, China intervened with three offensives between October 1950 and January 1951 which pushed the UN forces south of the original border between North and South Korea along the 38th parallel and captured Seoul. A fourth offensive in mid-February was blunted by the American IX Corps. At the end","title":"Battle of the Imjin River"},{"id":"229118","text":"with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area\". As Rusk's comments indicate, the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south. On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"11927076","text":"San Diego. Her sojourn in mothballs was a short one, though, for the North Korean assault on South Korea, hurled across the 38th parallel on 25 June 1950, caused a drastic naval build-up. Many World War II-vintage men-of-war were taken out of reserve and activated for service. Accordingly, \"Whetstone\" was recommissioned on 2 December 1950. During the Korean War, \"Whetstone\" proved her worth in support of UN operations in that war, conducting two deployments to Korean waters — first from April to November 1951 and second from December 1952 to the end of the hostilities in July 1953. In the","title":"USS Whetstone (LSD-27)"},{"id":"6358639","text":"lobbied in the United States and was recognized by the South Korean administrator by Douglas MacArthur. Japanese control of Korea ended on September 9, 1945 when the Japanese Governor-General of Korea signed the surrender document of the United States in Seoul. At the end of World War II, Korea regained its independence after 35 years of imperialist Japanese rule. Per the Yalta Conference agreements, Soviet forces accepted surrender of Japanese forces in northern Korea above the 38th parallel, and U.S. forces south of that line. Korea was then divided into Soviet (North Korean) and U.S. (South Korean) spheres. South Korea","title":"History of Japan–Korea relations"},{"id":"13642078","text":"38th parallel north The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War. At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 48 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 32 minutes during the winter solstice. Starting at the Prime Meridian heading eastwards, the 38th parallel north passes through: Japan had occupied the Korean peninsula between","title":"38th parallel north"},{"id":"13717713","text":"Jamestown Line The Jamestown Line was a series of defensive positions occupied by United Nations forces in the Korean War. Following the end of the 1951 Chinese Spring Offensive and the UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive the war largely became one of attrition and trench warfare, fought along static defensive lines reminiscent of the First World War. As a consequence major UN ground operations from late spring—under the direction of Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway—were primarily conducted to recapture or establish durable defensive lines, including the Wyoming, Missouri, Kansas and Jamestown Lines. The Jamestown Line stretched from the Imjin River near Munsan-ni","title":"Jamestown Line"},{"id":"17281508","text":"Union. The United States was still war weary from the disruptive World War II campaign and refused South Korea's request for weapons and troops. North Korea convinced the Soviet Union to supply them with the weapons and support they requested. This decision coincided with the United States withdrawing the last remaining combat troops from South Korea. North Korea saw its opportunity and attacked South Korean forces at the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950 and thus initiating the Korean War. In response to North Korea's invasion into South Korea the United Nations convened to formulate a response. The U.N. demanded","title":"United States in the Korean War"},{"id":"4571410","text":"USS Inchon USS \"Inchon\" (LPH/MCS-12) was an of the United States Navy in service from 1970 to 2002. Following a major fire she was laid up and sunk as a target in 2004. \"Inchon\" was laid down on 8 April 1968 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi with the hull classification number LPH-12. She named for the Battle of Inchon, a turning point of the Korean War. The ship was launched on 24 May 1969; and commissioned on 20 June 1970. In 1972-1973, \"Inchon\" circumnavigated the globe and returned to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia (USA). In February 1973, \"Inchon\" was attached","title":"USS Inchon"},{"id":"13642079","text":"1910 and 1945. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the 38th parallel was established as the boundary between Soviet and American occupation zones. This parallel divided the Korean peninsula roughly in the middle. In 1948, this parallel became the boundary between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), both of which claim to be the government of the whole of Korea. On 25 June 1950, after a series of cross-border raids and gunfire from both the Northern and the Southern sides, the North Korean Army crossed the parallel and invaded South Korea.","title":"38th parallel north"},{"id":"19752824","text":"by an airborne assault by the U.S. 187th Infantry Regiment north of Pyongyang, with the intention of cutting off North Korean units retreating from the city. After the Chinese Intervention the city came back into North Korean control by 5 December. Battle of Pyongyang (1950) The Battle of Pyongyang (17–19 October 1950) was one of the major battles of the United Nations' offensive during the Korean War. Following the Battle of Inchon, the UN forces re-captured Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and proceeded to advance north of the 38th parallel. Shortly after advancing, the American and South Korean forces","title":"Battle of Pyongyang (1950)"},{"id":"290721","text":"who later became the first leader of North Korea. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel, with the northern half of the peninsula occupied by the Soviet Union and the southern half by the United States. The drawing of the division was assigned to two American officers, diplomat Dean Rusk and Army officer Charles Bonesteel, who chose the 38th parallel because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. Nevertheless, the division","title":"North Korea"},{"id":"9976262","text":"state for massive international involvement and the expansion of the Korean War. At the end of World War II, the Korean Peninsula, which up to that point had been occupied by the Empire of Japan, was divided along the 38th Parallel. To the north, the Soviet Union (USSR) occupied the country, which established itself as a communist state, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea under Kim Il Sung. To the south, the United States (US) occupied the country, establishing the Republic of Korea under an autocratic anti-communist leader, Syngman Rhee. As tensions rose between the US and the USSR, each","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 82"},{"id":"1004435","text":"U.S. negotiated peace at the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Japan persuaded the U.S. to accept Korea as part of Japan's sphere of influence, and the United States did not protest when Japan annexed Korea five years later. Korean nationalists unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to support their cause at the Versailles Treaty conference under Woodrow Wilson's principle of national self-determination. The United Nations divided Korea after World War II along the 38th parallel, intending this as a temporary measure. However, the breakdown of relations between the U.S. and USSR prevented a reunification. During the U.S. army's occupation of South","title":"North Korea–United States relations"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17215055\",\n \"text\": \"done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarised zone (DMZ) was established around it, defended by North Korean troops on one side and by South Korean, American and UN troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South\",\n \"title\": \"Canada in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229287\",\n \"text\": \"far past the 38th parallel. Throughout late 1951, Truman sought a cease fire, but disputes over prisoner exchanges led to the collapse of negotiations. Of the 116,000 Chinese and Korean prisoners-of-war held by the United States, only 83,000 were willing to return to their home countries, and Truman was unwilling to forcibly return the prisoners. The Korean War ended with an armistice in 1953 after Truman left office; the armistice divided North and South Korea along a border close to the 38th parallel. Over 30,000 Americans and approximately 3 million Koreans died in the conflict. The United States maintained a\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Harry S. Truman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6358617\",\n \"text\": \"United Nations command, leading South Korean, American, European and international forces. North Korea was nearly captured, with the United Nations intending to rollback Communism there. However, China entered the war, pushed the UN forces out of North Korea, and a military stalemate resulted along the lines similar to the 38th parallel. An armistice was agreed on in 1953, which is still in effect, and the cease-fire line of that year remains the boundary between North and South. Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea were established in 1965. In the early 2000s, the Japanese–South Korean relationship soured when the Japanese\",\n \"title\": \"History of Japan–Korea relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229110\",\n \"text\": \"two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty was ever signed,\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12559974\",\n \"text\": \"38th Parallel. After a series of offensives and counter-offensives by both sides, followed by a grueling period of largely static trench warfare that lasted from the summer of 1951 to July 1953, the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent \\\"Armistice Line\\\" of 27 July 1953. Over 2.5 million people died during the Korean war. Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that Kim became increasingly desperate to establish a truce, since the likelihood that further fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more remote with the UN and US presence. Kim also resented the\",\n \"title\": \"Kim Il-sung\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1934041\",\n \"text\": \"re-unite that country in terms of a rollback strategy. After a few weeks of retreat, General Douglas MacArthur's success at the Battle of Inchon turned the war around; UN forces invaded North Korea. This advantage was lost when hundreds of thousands of Chinese entered an undeclared war against the United States and pushed the US/UN/Korean forces back to the original starting line, the 38th parallel. The war became a stalemate, with over 33,000 American dead and 100,000 wounded but nothing to show for it except a resolve to continue the containment policy. Truman fired MacArthur but was unable to end\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States (1945–1964)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2162055\",\n \"text\": \"one of the most heavily militarized borders in the world. The Northern Limit Line, or NLL, is the disputed maritime demarcation line between North and South Korea in the Yellow Sea, not agreed in the armistice. The coastline and islands on both sides of the NLL are also heavily militarized. The 38th parallel north—which divides the Korean Peninsula roughly in half—was the original boundary between the United States and Soviet Union's brief administration areas of Korea at the end of World War II. Upon the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally \\\"North Korea\\\") and the Republic\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12516828\",\n \"text\": \"Sabre had been instrumental in frustrating the MiG-15's bid for air superiority. Without control of the air, the Communist Chinese were unable to establish their series of air bases and they were not able to carry out effective air support of their spring offensive, and the Korean War settled down to a stalemate on the ground. The ground battle line was roughly the 38th Parallel where United Nations forces controlled most South Korean territory, and the Chinese and North Koreans controlled most North Korean territory, with some exceptions. It would remain that way for the rest of the war. Throughout\",\n \"title\": \"United States Air Force In South Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6475210\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Heartbreak Ridge The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (; ; ), also known as the Battle of Wendengli (), was a month-long battle in the Korean War which took place between September 13 and October 15, 1951. The Battle of Heartbreak Ridge was one of several major engagements in the hills of North Korea a few miles north of the 38th parallel (the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea), near Chorwon. For the Chinese, this battle is often confused with Battle of Triangle Hill, which occurred a year later. After withdrawing from Bloody Ridge, the Korean People's Army\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Heartbreak Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11585968\",\n \"text\": \"Australians claiming at least 10 MiGs shot down, but Chinese and North Korean sources stated it was only one. On 29 November 1952, US President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarised zone (DMZ) was established around it, presently defended by North Korean troops on one side\",\n \"title\": \"Australia in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2965501\",\n \"text\": \"the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities.There was no treaty signed during this Christmas truce and the war resumed after a few days. On November 29, 1952, the newly U.S. president-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the Korean People's Army (KPA), the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the ceasefire agreement, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone\",\n \"title\": \"Ceasefire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15156727\",\n \"text\": \"KPA, the PVA, and the UNC ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th Parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by KPA, ROKA, United States, and Joint UNC forces. Discussions continued slowly because of difficulties regarding demarcation of the border between North and South Korea. China and North Korea expected the line to remain at the 38th Parallel. Within weeks, however, both nations accepted the Kansas Line, where the two sides had confronted each other at the time. In March 1953 the death of Joseph\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Armistice Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1998884\",\n \"text\": \"sign the agreement, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it. The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did not follow it. Despite its name, the border was, and continues to be, one of the most militarized in the world. North Korea announced that it will no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013. After the war, the Chinese forces left, but\",\n \"title\": \"Korean conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19742132\",\n \"text\": \"Yalu River, the border between North Korea and Communist China, the Chinese started to worry about protecting themselves from what they called \\\"armed aggression against Chinese territory.\\\" Chinese leader Mao Zedong (1893-1976) sent troops to North Korea and warned the United States to keep away from the Yalu boundary unless it wanted full-scale war. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. Truman and his new military commanders started peace talks at Panmunjom. Still, the fighting continued along the 38th parallel as negotiations were stalled. Both sides were willing to accept a ceasefire that maintained the 38th\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2646429\",\n \"text\": \"Armistice Agreement. Locals and foreigners will be allowed to cross the line at the Joint Security Area once this area is cleared. The DMZ runs near the 38th parallel, covering roughly . American and South Korean soldiers patrol this line along the South Korean side while North Korean soldiers patrol along the North Korean side. In Korean, the line is called the \\\"Hyujeonseon\\\" (휴전선), meaning \\\"armistice line.\\\" It is also sometimes called the \\\"Gunsa Bungye-seon\\\" (군사분계선), which literally means \\\"military demarcation line.\\\" However, in colloquial usage, the dividing line is more often called the \\\"Sampalseon\\\" (삼팔선, \\\"38th parallel\\\"), a name\",\n \"title\": \"Military Demarcation Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229117\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, \\\"even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops\\\". He noted that he was \\\"faced\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"62650\",\n \"text\": \"stabilized along the 38th parallel, which had separated the Koreas. Truman faced a hostile China, a Sino-Soviet partnership, and a defense budget that had quadrupled in eighteen months. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in July 1953 after the death of Stalin, who had been insisting that the North Koreans continue fighting. In North Korea, Kim Il-sung created a highly centralized and brutal dictatorship, according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality. A hydrogen bomb—which produced nuclear fusion instead of nuclear fission—was first tested by the United States in November 1952 and the Soviet Union in August\",\n \"title\": \"Cold War (1947–1953)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"710731\",\n \"text\": \"selected the 38th parallel as a dividing line. Japanese troops to the North of this line were to surrender to the Soviet Union and troops to the South of this line would surrender to the United States. This was not originally intended to result in a long-lasting partition, but Cold War politics resulted in the establishment of two separate governments in the two zones in 1948 and rising tensions prevented cooperation. The desire of many Koreans for a peaceful unification was dashed when the Korean War broke out in 1950. In June 1950, troops from North Korea invaded South Korea.\",\n \"title\": \"Korean reunification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19742135\",\n \"text\": \"ran from 1972 until 1983, and its final episode was the most watched in television history. North Korea in the Korean War The Korean War started when North Korea invaded South Korea, and ended on July 27, 1953 with the armistice creating the well-known Korean Demilitarized Zone. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229200\",\n \"text\": \"agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter. In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6328525\",\n \"text\": \"mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea despite their close proximity. The line extends into the sea from the Military Demarcation Line (MDL), and consists of straight line segments between 12 approximate channel midpoints, extended in an arc to prevent egress between both sides. On its western end the line extends out along the 38th parallel to the median line between Korea and China. The 1953 Armistice Agreement, which was signed by both North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC), ended the Korean War and specified that the five islands\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Limit Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19742133\",\n \"text\": \"parallel boundary, but they could not agree on whether prisoners of war should be forcibly \\\"repatriated.\\\" Finally, after around more than two years of negotiations, the adversaries signed an armistice on July 27, 1953. The agreement drew a new boundary near the 38th parallel that gave South Korea an extra 1,500 square miles of territory; and created a 2-mile-wide \\\"demilitarized zone\\\" that still exists today in the North and South Korean borders, in the bottom and top, respectively. The Korean War was relatively short but exceptionally bloody compared to other wars. Nearly 3 million people died. More than half of\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2149983\",\n \"text\": \"a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally. Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force. Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country, the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S., and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South. As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference\",\n \"title\": \"Division of Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"281714\",\n \"text\": \"geopolitical \\\"status quo ante\\\" of the post–WWII division of Korea at the 38th Parallel of global latitude, by the Soviets and the Americans. Consequent to Chinese military intervention in behalf of Communist North Korea, the magnitude of the infantry warfare reached operational and geographic stalemate; afterwards, the shooting war was ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement (27 July 1953); and the superpower Cold War in Asia then resumed as the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The geopolitics of the Eastern bloc countries under the hegemony of Stalinist Russia featured an official-and-personal style of socialist diplomacy that failed Stalin and Tito, and led\",\n \"title\": \"Marxism–Leninism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19742126\",\n \"text\": \"North Korea in the Korean War The Korean War started when North Korea invaded South Korea, and ended on July 27, 1953 with the armistice creating the well-known Korean Demilitarized Zone. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2149982\",\n \"text\": \"United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side, which was militarily defensible. The UN position, formulated by the Americans, went against the consensus leading up to the negotiations. Initially, the Americans proposed a line that passed through Pyongyang, far to the north of the front line. The Chinese and North Koreans eventually agreed to a border on the military line of contact rather than the 38th parallel, but this disagreement led to a tortuous and drawn-out negotiating process. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create\",\n \"title\": \"Division of Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228962\",\n \"text\": \"to defend the South, and advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea. Syngman Rhee refused to sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it. The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea–South Korea relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7778537\",\n \"text\": \"and the USSR/Warsaw Pact, respectively) build, especially after an intelligence-gathering vessel is captured. A new Korean War breaks out across the 38th parallel but is quickly stopped. Although Japan calls on both sides to seek peace, government officials think that the country could be ripe for Alliance retaliation in light of its open support for the Federation. Dogfights between Federation and Alliance fighters over the Arctic (with both sides using nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles) are just the beginning of a renewed conflict. Soon after an armistice agreement is concluded between North Korea and South Korea, tensions begin to erupt again because\",\n \"title\": \"The Last War (1961 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1671112\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Belfast\\\" remained in Hong Kong during 1949, sailing for Singapore on 18 January 1950. There she underwent a minor refit between January to March 1950 and in June she joined the Far East Fleet's summer cruise. On 25 June 1950, while \\\"Belfast\\\" was visiting Hakodate in Japan, North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel, starting the Korean War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, \\\"Belfast\\\" became part of the United Nations naval forces. Originally part of the US Navy's Task Force 77, \\\"Belfast\\\" was detached in order to operate independently on 5 July 1950. During July and early August\",\n \"title\": \"HMS Belfast (C35)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229193\",\n \"text\": \"regained \\\"Line Kansas\\\", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's \\\"Line Kansas\\\" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953. For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought but exchanged little territory, as the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the goal of the UN Command forces was\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13717715\",\n \"text\": \"Jamestown line was fought over almost continuously until the armistice on 27 July 1953; due to its strategic position it was the scene of much heavy fighting, including the Battle of the Samichon River just hours before the which ended the war. Jamestown Line The Jamestown Line was a series of defensive positions occupied by United Nations forces in the Korean War. Following the end of the 1951 Chinese Spring Offensive and the UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive the war largely became one of attrition and trench warfare, fought along static defensive lines reminiscent of the First World War. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Jamestown Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2162056\",\n \"text\": \"of Korea (ROK, informally \\\"South Korea\\\") in 1948, it became a \\\"de facto\\\" international border and one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War. Both the North and the South remained dependent on their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of the Korean War. That conflict, which claimed over three million lives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideological lines, commenced on 25 June 1950, with a full-front DPRK invasion across the 38th parallel, and ended in 1953 after international intervention pushed the front of the war back to near the 38th parallel. In the Armistice Agreement\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13642080\",\n \"text\": \"This sparked a United Nations resolution against the aggression and the Korean War, with United Nations troops (mostly Americans) helping to defend South Korea. After the Armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953, a new line was established to separate North Korea and South Korea. This Military Demarcation Line is surrounded by a Demilitarized Zone. It crosses the 38th parallel, from the southwest to the northeast. The Demarcation Line is often confused with 38th parallel, but as can be seen in the image of the map, the two are not the same. 38th parallel north The 38th parallel north\",\n \"title\": \"38th parallel north\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229190\",\n \"text\": \"overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines, as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia. General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea, and he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations \\\"Courageous\\\" (23–28 March 1951) and \\\"Tomahawk\\\" (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to \\\"Line Kansas\\\", north of the 38th parallel. The second of two combat\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15156719\",\n \"text\": \"Premier and foreign minister Zhou Enlai suggested that a peace treaty should be implemented on the Korean peninsula. However, the US secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, did not accommodate this attempt to achieve such a treaty. A final peace settlement has never been achieved. The signed Armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), the de facto new border between the two nations, put into force a cease-fire, and finalized repatriation of prisoners of war. The DMZ runs close to the 38th parallel and has separated North and South Korea since the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953. By\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Armistice Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6475498\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Bloody Ridge The Battle of Bloody Ridge was a ground combat battle that took place during the Korean War from August 18 to September 5, 1951. Located in hills north of the 38th parallel north in the central Korean mountain range, the battle was fought between the communist North Korean forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) and capitalist United Nations forces consisting of Republic of Korea Army (ROK) units and the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division. By the summer of 1951, the Korean War had reached a stalemate as peace negotiations began at Kaesong. The opposing armies faced\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229107\",\n \"text\": \"Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean , \\\"Korean War\\\"; in North Korean , \\\"Fatherland: Liberation War\\\"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea had been split into two sovereign states. Both governments claimed to be\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229272\",\n \"text\": \"entered NATO in 1952, and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea. <br> Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean , \\\"Korean War\\\"; in North Korean , \\\"Fatherland: Liberation War\\\"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border. As a product of the Cold War between the\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2377050\",\n \"text\": \"of the Korean War, 1950–51\\\", Stone said that South Korea had provoked North Korea to war, by way of continual guerrilla attacks across the border (38th parallel) into the north of Korea, and that, thus goaded, the North Koreans eventually counterattacked, and invaded the South, providing the official \\\"casus belli\\\" (June 25, 1950) required for Korean reunification. That such cross-border attacks, authorized by the South Korean government, were part of the U.S. foreign policy for the worldwide containment of communism, advocated by John Foster Dulles, realized in the field by General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. commander in the Pacific Ocean military\",\n \"title\": \"I. F. Stone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12516807\",\n \"text\": \"North Korean forces largely removed from the South, the United Nations decided to enforce its prewar intention of reuniting all of Korea under one government, and UN forces advanced across the 38th parallel and into North Korea in early October 1950. However, the decision to cross the 38th Parallel appears, in retrospect, to have been the turning point in the Korean War. On 1 October Chinese Premier Chou En-lai warned that China would not tolerate or stand aside if UN forces invaded North Korea. This was a clear threat that China would intervene if that should happen. On the second\",\n \"title\": \"United States Air Force In South Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2149981\",\n \"text\": \"it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel. As it occupied the north, the Republic of Korea, in turn, attempted to unify the country under its regime, with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination. As US-led forces pushed into the north, China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south. In 1951, the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel, and both sides began to consider an armistice. Rhee, however, demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership. The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel, but the\",\n \"title\": \"Division of Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229278\",\n \"text\": \"the ANZUS pact with Australia and New Zealand. Following World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied Korea, which had been a colony of the Japanese Empire. The Soviet Union, which occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel, established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1948, while the United States established the Republic of Korea (South Korea) that same year. The 38th parallel was chosen since it was approximately halfway between Korea's northernmost and southernmost regions, and was always intended to mark a temporary separation before the eventual reunification of Korea. Hoping to avoid\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Harry S. Truman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591156\",\n \"text\": \"commission was established. The commission met intermittently in Seoul but members deadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government. In September 1947, with no solution in sight, the United States submitted the Korean question to the United Nations General Assembly. On December 12, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations recognised the Republic of Korea as the sole legal government of Korea. In June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out when North Korea breached the 38th parallel line to invade the South, ending any hope of a peaceful reunification for the time being. After the war, the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"824776\",\n \"text\": \"hours before the destroyer departed the area without either side widening the conflict by initiating hostile fire. Declining a UN armistice, the two sides fought intermittently on both sides of the 38th Parallel until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. The Korean War ended any possibility of normalised relations with the United States for years. Meanwhile, Chinese forces invaded and annexed Tibet in October 1950. Tibet had been nominally subject to the Emperors in past centuries, but declared its independence in 1912. Under Mao's direction, China built its first atomic bomb in 1964; it was the fifth country\",\n \"title\": \"History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20821563\",\n \"text\": \"Korean Peninsula, due to persistent nuclear testing by North Korea and the rapid development of ICBM technology capable of attacking from North Korea to the United States. Prior to World War II, Korea was one country for over one thousand years, known previously as Goryeo and Joseon. Having been administered by Japan from 1910 to 1945, after World War II, Korea was divided into two countries along the 38th parallel (now the Korean Demilitarized Zone). North Korea was administered by the Soviet Union in the years immediately following the war, with South Korea being managed by the United States. In\",\n \"title\": \"Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6358616\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese suzerainty and for Japan, a high priority in the late 19th century, fighting wars with those two countries on the issue. Japan took control of Korea with the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910. When Japan was defeated in World War II, Soviet forces took control of the North, and American forces took control of the South, with the 38th parallel as the agreed-upon dividing line. South Korea became independent as of August 15, 1945, and North Korea as of September 9, 1945. In June 1950, North Korea invaded and almost conquered South Korea, but was driven back by the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Japan–Korea relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6475499\",\n \"text\": \"each other across a line which ran (with many twists and turns along the way) from east to west, through the middle of the Korean peninsula, a few miles north of the 38th parallel. UN and NK/PRC forces jockeyed for position along this line, clashing in several relatively small but intense and bloody battles. Bloody Ridge began as an attempt by UN forces to seize a ridge of hills which they believed were being used as observation posts to call in artillery fire on a UN supply road. The 36th ROK Regiment made the initial attack. It succeeded in capturing\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2415941\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Saipan\\\" continued Second Fleet operations, interrupting them for midshipman cruises during the summers of 1952 and 1953 and for an overhaul. In October 1953, she departed the east coast and steamed for the Panama Canal and the Pacific. On 30 October, she arrived at San Diego, whence she continued on to Pearl Harbor, Yokosuka, and duty off the coast of Korea in support of the uneasy truce agreement. Assigned to TF 95, \\\"Saipan\\\" was primarily engaged in surveillance and reconnaissance missions along the coast and in inspection patrols of the islands just south of the 38th parallel. In January 1954,\",\n \"title\": \"USS Saipan (CVL-48)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15156718\",\n \"text\": \"Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean Armistice Agreement () is the armistice which brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The Armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and was designed to \\\"ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved.\\\" During the 1954 Geneva Conference in Switzerland, Chinese\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Armistice Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"710728\",\n \"text\": \"President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America and Chairman Kim Jong-un of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the Singapore Summit in May 2018. Prior to World War II, Korea was one country for over one thousand years, known previously as Goryeo and Joseon. After World War II, Korea was divided into two countries along the 38th parallel (now the Korean Demilitarized Zone). North Korea was administered by the Soviet Union in the years immediately following the war, with South Korea being managed by the United States. In 1950, North Korea invaded the South, beginning the\",\n \"title\": \"Korean reunification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2162054\",\n \"text\": \"Security Area (JSA) near the western end of the zone, where negotiations take place. There have been various incidents in and around the DMZ, with military and civilian casualties on both sides. The Korean Demilitarized Zone intersects but does not follow the 38th parallel north, which was the border before the Korean War. It crosses the parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lying north of it. The DMZ is long, approximately wide. Though the zone separating both sides is demilitarized, the border beyond that strip is\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Demilitarized Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229135\",\n \"text\": \"AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan, but only 200–300 American troops were in Korea. At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the \\\"bandit traitor Syngman Rhee\\\". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin Peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17281506\",\n \"text\": \"United States in the Korean War At the conclusion of World War II the Allied nations began the process of disarmament of Axis controlled regions. Japan occupied Korea at this time and had been in control since 1910. In 1945, the decision was made to have American Marines forces oversee Japanese surrender and disarmament south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union would facilitate the change of power to the north. At the time there was no political motivation and seemed to be a logical and convenient plan of action. The original agreement and intent was to create a\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8830004\",\n \"text\": \"the first five months of 1951 the 4th F-IW flew 3,550 sorties and claimed 22 victories. No F-86 Sabres were shot down by MiGs, although a number were lost due to accidents. On July 10, 1951 truce talks between North Korean and UN representatives opened at Kaesong. The ground forces were virtually stalemated at the 38th parallel, but in the air the two squadrons of the 4th F-IW were flying the only Sabres in the theatre. Some intelligence source estimated that 500 MiGs were being operated by the 1st United Air Army. Although 77 Squadron RAAF had previously operated in\",\n \"title\": \"MiG Alley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4810601\",\n \"text\": \"PVA/KPA forces north of the Han River. The operation was launched on March 6, 1951 with the US I Corps and IX Corps on the west near Seoul and Hoengsong and US X Corps and ROK III Corps in the east, to reach \\\"Line Idaho\\\", an arc with its apex just south of the 38th Parallel in South Korea. Operation Ripper was preceded by the largest artillery bombardment of the Korean War. On the middle, the U.S. 25th Infantry Division quickly crossed the Han and established a bridgehead. Further to the east, IX Corps reached its first phase line on\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Ripper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290824\",\n \"text\": \"West-aligned Republic of Korea – each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea. In 1950 the Korean War broke out. After much destruction, the war ended with the status quo being restored, as neither the DPRK nor the ROK had succeeded in conquering the other's portion of the original Korea. The division at the 38th parallel was replaced by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Tension between the two sides continued. Kim Il-sung remained in power until his death in 1994. He developed a pervasive personality cult and steered the country on an independent course in accordance with the\",\n \"title\": \"History of North Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9120457\",\n \"text\": \"1952, she made her only voyage to the western Pacific, sailing sailed via Pearl Harbor, where she stayed from 6 August-21 September, and serving at Chi Chi Jima in the Bonin Islands from 2–9 October. She returned to the west coast of the United States on 25 October. In December 1951, the battle lines in Korea were more or less stabilized along the 38th parallel, and hostilities slowly decreased over the next two years; \\\"Sperry\\\" gradually returned to her peacetime routine. Over the next 10 years, she continued to operate out of San Diego, spending most of her time in\",\n \"title\": \"USS Sperry (AS-12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9895277\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand in the Korean War The involvement of New Zealand in the Korean War began in 1950 as a response to the United Nations Security Council's call for combat assistance in the erupting Korean War. New Zealand was one of the first (of a total of sixteen) nations to respond with support. On 29 June 1950, just four days after 135,000 North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel in Korea, the New Zealand government ordered two \\\"Loch\\\" class frigates of the Royal New Zealand Navy – and – to prepare to make for Korean waters, and for the whole\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454885\",\n \"text\": \"between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War. In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict. While European powers attempted\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"212333\",\n \"text\": \"new treaty between the two countries. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung visited Stalin in March\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Stalin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9976260\",\n \"text\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 was a measure adopted by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on June 25, 1950. The resolution demanded North Korea immediately end its invasion of South Korea, the catalyst for the beginning of the Korean War. The measure was adopted by a vote of 9 support, none opposed, and one abstention. The Korean Peninsula had been divided between occupation forces of the United States and the Soviet Union since the end of World War II along the 38th Parallel. Each government sought to prop up a government on\",\n \"title\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 82\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1403039\",\n \"text\": \"38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6475503\",\n \"text\": \"either side. The much higher NK and PRC casualties were probably caused by: Battle of Bloody Ridge The Battle of Bloody Ridge was a ground combat battle that took place during the Korean War from August 18 to September 5, 1951. Located in hills north of the 38th parallel north in the central Korean mountain range, the battle was fought between the communist North Korean forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) and capitalist United Nations forces consisting of Republic of Korea Army (ROK) units and the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division. By the summer of 1951, the Korean War had\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Bloody Ridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229201\",\n \"text\": \"has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands. The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2573514\",\n \"text\": \"served in the Occupation of Japan after the surrender of the latter from September 1945. When the Korean War began in June 1950, the division was deployed to Korea, where it fought in the defense of and the breakout from the Pusan Perimeter in mid-1950, with elements advancing as far as the Yalu River in November. After being thrown back by the Chinese Communist intervention in the war, the division eventually took up positions south of Osan. It participated in a series of United Nations counteroffensives in early 1951, then fought in a stalemate close to the 38th parallel from\",\n \"title\": \"25th Infantry Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2149962\",\n \"text\": \"– Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a \\\"National Geographic\\\" map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he \\\"almost surely\\\" would have chosen a different line. The division\",\n \"title\": \"Division of Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9039012\",\n \"text\": \"November the US Eighth Army was again forced to withdraw after the Chinese began their Second Phase Offensive, starting a long retreat south. The UN forces were expelled from North Korea, and withdrew to the 38th Parallel where they sought to re-establish defensive positions. The Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950, following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea (ROK) by its northern neighbour, the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Numerically superior and better-equipped, the Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south, easily overcoming the South Koreans.\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Pakchon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12449958\",\n \"text\": \"was no peace treaty, and Korea remains divided along the Military Demarcation Line near the 38th parallel. United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission, Korea The United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) was established in July 1953 at the end of the Korean War to supervise the Korean Armistice Agreement, and which has been operating ever since. Existing slow-moving talks towards an armistice were taken up by President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower after he visited United Nations Command forces in Korea. His diplomacy, along with the threat of a nuclear confrontation and the death of Stalin, convinced North Korea and China\",\n \"title\": \"United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission, Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229181\",\n \"text\": \"where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became \\\"Operation Roundup\\\" (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju. Following the failure of\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15156723\",\n \"text\": \"its slogan of \\\"drive the enemy into the sea\\\" to \\\"drive the enemy to the 38th parallel.\\\" North Korea was pressured to support armistice talks by its allies the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, whose support was vital to enabling North Korea to continue fighting. Talks concerning an armistice started 10 July 1951, in Kaesŏng, a North Korean city in North Hwanghae Province near the South Korean border. The two primary negotiators were Chief of Army Staff General Nam Il, a North Korean deputy premier, and United States Vice Admiral Charles Turner Joy. After a period of\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Armistice Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"228612\",\n \"text\": \"despite the Korean Empire's effort to modernize, it was annexed by Japan in 1910 and ruled by Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1945. In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japanese forces in Korea in the aftermath of World War II, leaving Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel. The North was under Soviet occupation and the South under U.S. occupation. These circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence.\",\n \"title\": \"Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"360228\",\n \"text\": \"Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides almost pushed to the brink of extinction, and massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. The 1953 armistice, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Over 1.2 million people died during\",\n \"title\": \"South Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469603\",\n \"text\": \"1950s The 1950s (pronounced \\\"nineteen-fifties\\\"; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959. By its end, the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s. Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the\",\n \"title\": \"1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16252610\",\n \"text\": \"the Tohae Line. Following the end of the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, most of the Tohae Line was located in the US zone of occupation that later became South Korea, with the line being divided along the 38th Parallel between Changbang and Kalsan, and the Korean National Railroad operated passenger trains on the line between Tosŏng and Ch'ŏngdan until 1950. The line was heavily damaged during the Korean War, and the destruction of the Ryesong River bridge left the line truncated at Paech'ŏn. The truncated line ended up in North Korea after the Korean Armistice, becoming\",\n \"title\": \"Paechon Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14125411\",\n \"text\": \"out fever\\\" during the retreat, and a song called the \\\"Bugout Boogie\\\" was composed to commemorate the Eighth Army's defeat. Walker died two days before the Christmas of 1950 when a truck driven by a South Korean soldier collided with his jeep, and Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway assumed the command of the US Eighth Army. At the UN, all hopes for a unified Korea were abandoned, and a ceasefire at the 38th parallel was proposed to China on December 11, 1950. Having decisively won the battle and once again turned the tide of the war in favor of the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20642072\",\n \"text\": \"(doing business as \\\"the Unified Command\\\") and Japan which provides for its self-termination \\\"on the date by which all the United Nations forces shall be withdrawn from Japan\\\". UN Command-Rear has a total strength of four personnel. According to the United States, the Korean War broke out in 1950 after what it describes as \\\"invading hordes\\\" from North Korea crossed the 38th Parallel of the Korean Peninsula, following which the United Nations Security Council authorized armed intervention on the side of South Korea. The United States agreed to be named \\\"executive agent\\\" of the United Nations and, subsequently, formed a\",\n \"title\": \"United Nations Command-Rear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"357183\",\n \"text\": \"of Japan. The 8,640-kilometer coastline is highly indented. Some 3,579 islands lie adjacent to the peninsula. Most of them are found along the south and west coasts. The line between the two Korean states was the thirty-eighth parallel of latitude. After the Korean War, the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) formed the boundary between the two. The DMZ is a heavily guarded, 4,000-meter-wide strip of land that runs along the demarcation line established by the Korean Armistice Agreement from the east to the west coasts for a distance of 241 kilometers (238 kilometers of that line from the land boundary with\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of South Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6669745\",\n \"text\": \"with the retired General Marshall. With UN approval, Truman decided on a \\\"rollback\\\" policy—conquest of North Korea. UN forces led by General Douglas MacArthur led the counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that nearly trapped the invaders. UN forces marched north, toward the Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. However, China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November. The UN forces were forced back to below the 38th parallel, then recovered. By early 1951 the war became a fierce stalemate\",\n \"title\": \"Harry S. Truman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"772272\",\n \"text\": \"of a new Romanization system in 2000. The city was the site of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay, where the first shots of the Russo-Japanese War were fired. During the Korean War, Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 September 1950. Eleven days later, Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon, when United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory and it was recaptured on 19 September 1950. The was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued. Incheon\",\n \"title\": \"Incheon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2646428\",\n \"text\": \"Military Demarcation Line The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ were established by the Armistice at the end of the Korean War in 1953. In the Yellow Sea, the two Koreas are divided by a \\\"de facto\\\" maritime \\\"military demarcation line\\\" and maritime boundary called the Northern Limit Line (NLL) drawn by the United Nations Command in 1953. The NLL is not described by the Korean\",\n \"title\": \"Military Demarcation Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15156746\",\n \"text\": \"Day. On 26 July 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed 27 July as National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day. North Korea commemorates 27 July as a national holiday known as Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War. Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean Armistice Agreement () is the armistice which brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The Armistice was signed\",\n \"title\": \"Korean Armistice Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229283\",\n \"text\": \"Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. As the UN forces approached the Yalu River, the CIA and General MacArthur both expected that the Chinese would remain out of the war. Defying those prediction, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River in November 1950 and forced the overstretched UN soldiers to retreat. Fearing that the escalation of the war could spark a global conflict with the Soviet Union, Truman refused MacArthur's request to bomb Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu River. UN forces were pushed below the 38th parallel before the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Harry S. Truman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18698330\",\n \"text\": \"Battle for Outpost Vegas The Battle for Outpost Vegas was a battle during the Korean War between the armed forces of the United States and China from March 26–28, 1953, four months before the end of the Korean War. Vegas was one of three outposts called the Nevada Cities north of the Main Line of Resistance (MLR), the United Nations defensive line which stretched roughly around the latitude 38th Parallel. Vegas, and the outposts it supported, Reno and Carson, were manned by elements of the 1st Marine Division. On March 26, 1953 the Chinese army launched an attack on the\",\n \"title\": \"Battle for Outpost Vegas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1815264\",\n \"text\": \"December 31 and captured Seoul as part of the Third Phase Campaign, but were forced to evacuate it with heavy losses on March 14, 1951 as the UN forces counterattacked during the course of Fourth Phase Campaign. Peng launched a final Fifth Phase Campaign from April 22 – June 10 to retake Seoul with 548,000 Chinese troops, but it failed, and the Korean War came to a standstill just above the 38th parallel. In the evaluation of Korean War historian Roy Edger Appleman, Peng's performances in the war were unremarkable in terms of military talents despite his aggressiveness and leadership\",\n \"title\": \"Peng Dehuai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4571420\",\n \"text\": \"km) of water, east of Virginia Beach, Virginia. USS Inchon USS \\\"Inchon\\\" (LPH/MCS-12) was an of the United States Navy in service from 1970 to 2002. Following a major fire she was laid up and sunk as a target in 2004. \\\"Inchon\\\" was laid down on 8 April 1968 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi with the hull classification number LPH-12. She named for the Battle of Inchon, a turning point of the Korean War. The ship was launched on 24 May 1969; and commissioned on 20 June 1970. In 1972-1973, \\\"Inchon\\\" circumnavigated the globe and returned to Naval Station Norfolk,\",\n \"title\": \"USS Inchon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961922\",\n \"text\": \"with several tens of thousands of Bodo League members. Both Rhee and Kim Il-sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, in order to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense. By contrast, Pyongyang was well equipped with Soviet aircraft and tanks. According to John Merrill, \\\"the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty-eighth parallel,\\\" and 100,000 people died in \\\"political disturbances, guerrilla warfare, and border clashes\\\". At the\",\n \"title\": \"Syngman Rhee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18501007\",\n \"text\": \"evacuate American dependents from Korean and to assist the Republic of Korean Army (ROKA). The war lasted for about 3 years. 4. Cessation of Hostilities On 23 June 1951, Jacob Malik, a Soviet delegate to the UN, proposes a cease-fire. Truce talks began at Kaesong and moved to Panmunjom. On 27 November 1951, both sides agreed the existing battle lines would be the final dividing line between North and South Korea. However, truce talks were deadlocked over voluntary repatriation. So, truce talks were adjourned on 8 October 1952. Then, truce talks were resumed, and the Communists agreed to voluntary repatriation\",\n \"title\": \"1950 in South Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3493596\",\n \"text\": \"of the 29th Brigade in the Battle of the Imjin River, has become an important part of British military history and tradition. Following the North Korean invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, a United Nations (UN) counter-offensive had reached the North Korean border with China. Fearing for its own security, China intervened with three offensives between October 1950 and January 1951 which pushed the UN forces south of the original border between North and South Korea along the 38th parallel and captured Seoul. A fourth offensive in mid-February was blunted by the American IX Corps. At the end\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of the Imjin River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229118\",\n \"text\": \"with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area\\\". As Rusk's comments indicate, the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south. On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927076\",\n \"text\": \"San Diego. Her sojourn in mothballs was a short one, though, for the North Korean assault on South Korea, hurled across the 38th parallel on 25 June 1950, caused a drastic naval build-up. Many World War II-vintage men-of-war were taken out of reserve and activated for service. Accordingly, \\\"Whetstone\\\" was recommissioned on 2 December 1950. During the Korean War, \\\"Whetstone\\\" proved her worth in support of UN operations in that war, conducting two deployments to Korean waters — first from April to November 1951 and second from December 1952 to the end of the hostilities in July 1953. In the\",\n \"title\": \"USS Whetstone (LSD-27)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6358639\",\n \"text\": \"lobbied in the United States and was recognized by the South Korean administrator by Douglas MacArthur. Japanese control of Korea ended on September 9, 1945 when the Japanese Governor-General of Korea signed the surrender document of the United States in Seoul. At the end of World War II, Korea regained its independence after 35 years of imperialist Japanese rule. Per the Yalta Conference agreements, Soviet forces accepted surrender of Japanese forces in northern Korea above the 38th parallel, and U.S. forces south of that line. Korea was then divided into Soviet (North Korean) and U.S. (South Korean) spheres. South Korea\",\n \"title\": \"History of Japan–Korea relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13642078\",\n \"text\": \"38th parallel north The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War. At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 48 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 32 minutes during the winter solstice. Starting at the Prime Meridian heading eastwards, the 38th parallel north passes through: Japan had occupied the Korean peninsula between\",\n \"title\": \"38th parallel north\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13717713\",\n \"text\": \"Jamestown Line The Jamestown Line was a series of defensive positions occupied by United Nations forces in the Korean War. Following the end of the 1951 Chinese Spring Offensive and the UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive the war largely became one of attrition and trench warfare, fought along static defensive lines reminiscent of the First World War. As a consequence major UN ground operations from late spring—under the direction of Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway—were primarily conducted to recapture or establish durable defensive lines, including the Wyoming, Missouri, Kansas and Jamestown Lines. The Jamestown Line stretched from the Imjin River near Munsan-ni\",\n \"title\": \"Jamestown Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17281508\",\n \"text\": \"Union. The United States was still war weary from the disruptive World War II campaign and refused South Korea's request for weapons and troops. North Korea convinced the Soviet Union to supply them with the weapons and support they requested. This decision coincided with the United States withdrawing the last remaining combat troops from South Korea. North Korea saw its opportunity and attacked South Korean forces at the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950 and thus initiating the Korean War. In response to North Korea's invasion into South Korea the United Nations convened to formulate a response. The U.N. demanded\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4571410\",\n \"text\": \"USS Inchon USS \\\"Inchon\\\" (LPH/MCS-12) was an of the United States Navy in service from 1970 to 2002. Following a major fire she was laid up and sunk as a target in 2004. \\\"Inchon\\\" was laid down on 8 April 1968 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi with the hull classification number LPH-12. She named for the Battle of Inchon, a turning point of the Korean War. The ship was launched on 24 May 1969; and commissioned on 20 June 1970. In 1972-1973, \\\"Inchon\\\" circumnavigated the globe and returned to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia (USA). In February 1973, \\\"Inchon\\\" was attached\",\n \"title\": \"USS Inchon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13642079\",\n \"text\": \"1910 and 1945. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the 38th parallel was established as the boundary between Soviet and American occupation zones. This parallel divided the Korean peninsula roughly in the middle. In 1948, this parallel became the boundary between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), both of which claim to be the government of the whole of Korea. On 25 June 1950, after a series of cross-border raids and gunfire from both the Northern and the Southern sides, the North Korean Army crossed the parallel and invaded South Korea.\",\n \"title\": \"38th parallel north\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19752824\",\n \"text\": \"by an airborne assault by the U.S. 187th Infantry Regiment north of Pyongyang, with the intention of cutting off North Korean units retreating from the city. After the Chinese Intervention the city came back into North Korean control by 5 December. Battle of Pyongyang (1950) The Battle of Pyongyang (17–19 October 1950) was one of the major battles of the United Nations' offensive during the Korean War. Following the Battle of Inchon, the UN forces re-captured Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and proceeded to advance north of the 38th parallel. Shortly after advancing, the American and South Korean forces\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Pyongyang (1950)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290721\",\n \"text\": \"who later became the first leader of North Korea. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel, with the northern half of the peninsula occupied by the Soviet Union and the southern half by the United States. The drawing of the division was assigned to two American officers, diplomat Dean Rusk and Army officer Charles Bonesteel, who chose the 38th parallel because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. Nevertheless, the division\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9976262\",\n \"text\": \"state for massive international involvement and the expansion of the Korean War. At the end of World War II, the Korean Peninsula, which up to that point had been occupied by the Empire of Japan, was divided along the 38th Parallel. To the north, the Soviet Union (USSR) occupied the country, which established itself as a communist state, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea under Kim Il Sung. To the south, the United States (US) occupied the country, establishing the Republic of Korea under an autocratic anti-communist leader, Syngman Rhee. As tensions rose between the US and the USSR, each\",\n \"title\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 82\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1004435\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. negotiated peace at the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Japan persuaded the U.S. to accept Korea as part of Japan's sphere of influence, and the United States did not protest when Japan annexed Korea five years later. Korean nationalists unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to support their cause at the Versailles Treaty conference under Woodrow Wilson's principle of national self-determination. The United Nations divided Korea after World War II along the 38th parallel, intending this as a temporary measure. However, the breakdown of relations between the U.S. and USSR prevented a reunification. During the U.S. army's occupation of South\",\n \"title\": \"North Korea–United States relations\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Canada in the Korean War context: done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarised zone (DMZ) was established around it, defended by North Korean troops on one side and by South Korean, American and UN troops on the other. The DMZ runs north of the parallel towards the east, and to the south as it travels west. The site of the peace talks, Kaesong, the old capital of Korea, was part of the South\\n\\nWhich parallel was the truce line in the Korean War?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 190,\n \"origin_tokens\": 190,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: 38th north context: 1910 and 1945. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the 38th parallel was established as the boundary between Soviet and American occupation zones. This parallel divided the Korean peninsula roughly in the middle. In 1948, this parallel became the boundary between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), both of which claim to be the government of the whole of Korea. On 25 June 1950, after a series of cross-border raids and gunfire from both the Northern and the Southern sides, the North Korean Army crossed the parallel and invaded South Korea.\\n\\ntitle: Korea context: despite the Korean Empire's effort to modernize, it was annexed by Japan in 1910 and ruled by Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1945. In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japanese forces in Korea in aftermath of World War II leaving Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel. The North was under Soviet occupation and the South under U.S. occupation. circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpow, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence.\\ntitle: reun context the 38 a dividing line to surrender to the Soviet troops to the this line would surrender to the United States. This not intended result a long-lasting partition Cold resulted in the establishment two separate govern in the 194 and rising ted cooperation. Kore for a the Korean broke 1 In June 19, from North inv South Korea.\\n: 3: This a United Nations resolution against, United Nations ( defend Korea. After agreement signed on, a new was separate North Korea. by. Ites the8 parallel thewestortheast. The Line often parallel the are not same 8 north The 38th parallel north\\n\\nWhich parallel was the truce line in the Korean War?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 440,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14205,\n \"ratio\": \"32.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":96,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":96,"string":"96"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"On a computer keyboard which letter is between A and D?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["🅢","Ess","Ⓢ","S (letter)","S","⒮","🄢","Ｓ","ⓢ","🆂","🅂"],"string":"[\n \"🅢\",\n \"Ess\",\n \"Ⓢ\",\n \"S (letter)\",\n \"S\",\n \"⒮\",\n \"🄢\",\n \"Ｓ\",\n \"ⓢ\",\n \"🆂\",\n \"🅂\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"S"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9959211","text":"it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,","title":"Icelandic orthography"},{"id":"10594481","text":"Gaming keypad A gaming keypad is a small, auxiliary keyboard designed only for gaming. It has a limited number of the original keys from a standard keyboard, and they are arranged in a more ergonomic fashion to facilitate quick and efficient gaming key presses. The commonly used keys for gaming on a computer are the 'W', 'A', 'S', 'D', and the keys close and adjacent to these keys. These keys and style of using a keyboard is referred to as WASD. A gaming keypad will not only optimize the WASD layout, but will often contain extra functionality, such as volume","title":"Gaming keypad"},{"id":"14318157","text":"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"14318154","text":"or \"Control\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"12323757","text":"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"12323773","text":"the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"14318156","text":"France, Belgium, and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus: Lithuanian keyboards use a layout known as ĄŽERTY, where Ą appears in place of Q above A, Ž in place of W above S, and Ū in place of X below S, with Q, W, and X being available either on the far right-hand side or by use of the AltGr key. Besides ĄŽERTY, the Lithuanian QWERTY keyboard is also used. The QZERTY layout was used mostly in Italy, where it was the traditional typewriter layout. In recent years, however, a modified QWERTY layout with stressed keys","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"18662902","text":"31% faster than a multi-tap keyboard, when typing is modeled with Fitt's law. The 9 most frequent letters in English texts: ETAONRISH, are placed on the keyboard so they can be accessed on a single click. The next 17 less frequent letters: DLFCMUGYPWBVKJXQZ, are placed as to be triggered by a single move of the finger from or to the central key (O) (except for Z which is centered around the 'E' key together with some punctuation characters). For example, the letter V is typed by dragging the finger from A to O, and the letter D by moving from","title":"MessagEase"},{"id":"2111785","text":"layout for personal computers is as follows: However, there are several choices of so-called \"phonetic keyboards\" that one may use on a PC that are often used by non-Russians. For example, typing an English (Latin) letter on a keyboard will actually type a Russian letter with a similar sound (A=А, S=С, D=Д, F=Ф, etc.). Until approximately the year 1900, mnemonic names inherited from Church Slavonic were used for the letters. They are given here in the pre-1918 orthography of the post-1708 civil alphabet. The great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin wrote: \"The letters constituting the Slavonic alphabet do not produce any","title":"Russian alphabet"},{"id":"6245955","text":"\"d\" correspond to \"q\" and \"p\" respectively. \"F\" transforms to a mixture between a \"J\" and a \"t\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\"Z\" being very rare in English] representing \"two\" or \"to\", 111/III representing \"three\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \"C\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.","title":"Calculator spelling"},{"id":"3662046","text":"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \"key\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \"styled\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on","title":"Space bar"},{"id":"14951961","text":"Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because","title":"Pitch circularity"},{"id":"132439","text":"not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons; however, it does show where most of the Faroese glides are; when \"ð\" appears before \"r\", it is, in a few words, pronounced . In the Icelandic and Faroese alphabets, \"ð\" follows \"d\". In Olav Jakobsen Høyem's version of based on , \"ð\" was always silent and was introduced for etymological reasons. \"Ð\" has also been used by some in written Welsh to represent , which is normally represented as \"dd\". Eth Eth (, uppercase: Ð, lowercase: ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in","title":"Eth"},{"id":"697302","text":"greater than\" or \"not less than,\" respectively. These symbols are not punctuation marks when used, as intended, to represent an inequality. However, as true chevrons are not present on computer keyboards, the available less-than and greater-than symbols are often used instead. They are loosely referred to as \"angle[d] brackets\" or \"chevrons\" in this case, but more properly—and less confusingly—as \"pointy brackets\" (see the Names section above). Single and double pairs of comparison operators («, ») (meaning \"much smaller than\" and \"much greater than\") are sometimes used as a fallback instead of guillemets («, ») (used as quotation marks in many","title":"Bracket"},{"id":"5742546","text":"one of the 19 letters used (A, Z, Y, X, U, T, S, R, P, M, L, K, J, H, G, E, D, C, B), with \"A\" corresponding to a remainder of 0, \"Z\" corresponding to 1, \"Y\" corresponding to 2 and so on. In the case of SBS 3229, the final letter should be a P; for E 23, the final letter should be a H. Note that letters F, I, N, O, Q, V and W are not used as checksum letters. Online Checksum Online calculator for the checksum and Singapore Online Vehicle Checksum Checksum suffix letters are","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Singapore"},{"id":"339638","text":"is another origin story in the Smithsonian that the QWERTY keyboard was made for telegraph operators and has this layout to make it easy for the telegraph operator to work. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent bigraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in the English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter \"A\" is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for","title":"QWERTY"},{"id":"2335318","text":"24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note \"ond\" (⁊), an insular symbol for \"and\": In the orthography of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) are obsolete. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are largely obsolete (see \"Ligatures in recent usage\" below), and where they are used they are not considered to be separate letters (e.g. for collation purposes), but rather ligatures. Thorn and eth were both replaced by","title":"English alphabet"},{"id":"3968482","text":"looks like an uncial \"a\", but with the left stroke still straight, \"b\" and \"d\" are hard to distinguish, \"e\" is a full height letter (like the \"s\"), \"p\" and \"t\" are very similar, and \"v\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \"a\", \"b\", \"d\", and \"e\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are","title":"Roman cursive"},{"id":"339653","text":"official languages of the European Union (excluding Bulgarian and Greek). Some letters, like Ł/ł needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special \"overstrike\" key combination acting like a dead key. However, the Romanian letters Ș/ș and Ț/ț (S/s and T/t with comma below) are not supported; the presumption is that Ş/ş and Ţ/ţ (with cedilla) suffice as surrogates. The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries: Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and","title":"QWERTY"},{"id":"833649","text":"Modifier key In computing, a modifier key is a special key (or combination) on a computer keyboard that temporarily modifies the normal action of another key when pressed together. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing; that is, pressing any of the , , or keys alone does not (generally) trigger any action from the computer. For example, in most keyboard layouts the Shift key combination will produce a capital letter \"A\" instead of the default lower-case letter \"a\" (unless in Caps lock or Shift lock mode). A combination of in Microsoft Windows will close the active window; in this","title":"Modifier key"},{"id":"1596691","text":"\"Löfvén\") are regarded simply as variants of 'a' and 'e', respectively. For foreign names, 'ç', 'ë', 'í', 'õ', and many others might be used, but are usually converted to 'e', 'i', 'o', etc. Swedish newspapers and magazines have a tendency only to use letters available on the keyboard. 'à', 'ë', 'í', etc. are available on Swedish keyboards with a little effort, but usually not 'æ' and 'ø' (used in Danish and Norwegian), so they are usually substituted by 'ae' or 'ä', and 'ö'. The news agency TT follows this usage because some newspapers have no technical support for 'æ' and","title":"Swedish alphabet"},{"id":"3029921","text":"modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \"modulatory space\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \"f\" is mapped to a real number \"p\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones","title":"Pitch space"},{"id":"3785958","text":"for their album \"Amerikkka Macht Frei\". The letters \"KKK\" have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include: The dollar sign ($) can be inserted in the place of the letter \"S\", the euro sign (€) in place of \"e\", the yen (¥) sign in place of \"Y\", the won (₩) sign in place of \"W\", or the pound (£) sign in place of \"L,\" or the rupee sign (₹) in place of \"R\" to indicate plutocracy, greed, corruption, or the perceived immoral, unethical, or pathological accumulation of money. For","title":"Satiric misspelling"},{"id":"14707615","text":"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on","title":"Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"},{"id":"945733","text":"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \"h-system\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \"x-system\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \"c\" and the circumflex letters \"ĉ\" , \"ĝ\" , \"ĥ\" , \"ĵ\" , \"ŝ\" , \"ŭ\" . \"J\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal","title":"Esperanto orthography"},{"id":"466297","text":"the proton (atomic) number of an element, such as \"Z\"=3 (Lithium). On German typewriter- and computer keyboards (in comparison to those used in the UK/US), the positions of the letters Z and Y are swapped. (In German, Y is only used in loanwords and names.) Z Z (named \"zed\" or \"zee\" ) is the 26th and final letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In most English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Zambia and Australia, the letter's name is \"zed\" , reflecting its derivation from the Greek \"zeta\" (this dates","title":"Z"},{"id":"19590718","text":"Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying","title":"Phonetic keyboard layout"},{"id":"461177","text":"combined with the \"Control\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \"home keys\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \"diamond\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \"diamond\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \"past\" the","title":"WordStar"},{"id":"644879","text":"(1927–2016) was an American logologist and author who recreated \"Mary Had a Little Lamb\" six times, excluding first the letter \"S\", then \"A\", \"H\", \"T\", and finally \"E\". In the final verse, he only used half of the alphabet: \"A\", \"C\", \"D\", \"E\", \"H\", \"I\", \"L\", \"M\", \"N\", \"P\", \"R\", \"S\", and \"T\" (thus omitting \"B\", \"F\", \"G\", \"O\", \"U\", \"V\", \"W\", and \"Y\" — note that \"J\", \"K\", \"Q\", \"X\", and \"Z\" are not used in the original poem). A comparison of the verses gives a sense of the difficulties involved in omitting certain common letters from extended passages","title":"Lipogram"},{"id":"2739320","text":"Abroad\"). Known words and phrases, besides those mentioned above, include: The (admittedly small) lexicon of Dwarfish words reveals only 16 letters: a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, n, r, s, t, u, and z. The capital \"D\" in \"AaDb'thuk\" may be a separate letter, or it may simply be a differently inflected \"d.\" The word \"Hnaflbaflwhiflsnifltafl\" (a predecessor to the game of Thud) could be a Dwarfish word, but since it is obviously derived from the Scandinavian \"Hnefatafl\", and since it contains two letters (l and w) not found in any Dwarfish words and lacks any","title":"Dwarfs (Discworld)"},{"id":"2038455","text":"Ulmer Scale which ranks the bankability of 1,400 movie actors worldwide. Other successive letters of the alphabet beyond D, such as \"E-list\" or \"Z-list\", are sometimes used for exaggeration or comic effect but effectively have the same meaning as D-list; to the extent that there is a difference, letters further down the alphabet would indicate decreasing levels of fame (for example, regional celebrities such as local news anchors, community theatre actors, or at the bottom of the chain, common persons with no claim to fame whatsoever). In the \"\" game, the player's goal is to increase their fame and reputation,","title":"A-list"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"6612078","text":"actions than the last one can also be undone by pressing multiple times. was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing. Presumably these particular keystrokes were chosen because of their location on a standard QWERTY keyboard, since the Z (undo), X (cut), C (copy), and V (paste) keys are located together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard QWERTY keyboard. Substitute character A substitute character (␚) is a control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be","title":"Substitute character"},{"id":"9344011","text":"the layout of the numeric section of a keyboard, if such one exists. It is subdivided into the function zone (shown with grey background in the left figure) and the numeric zone (shown with white background). The leftmost key in the lowest row may span to the left, occupying the position shown with yellow background. The decimal digits 1…9 may be arranged in an “1-2-3 layout” (shown in green, named according to the keys in the D row), or in a ”7-8-9 layout” (shown in blue). On a keyboard used for telematic functions, the symbols “” and “#” represent the","title":"ISO/IEC 9995"},{"id":"9922172","text":"of transitions. The ten letters at the very centre (i, t, a, l, n, e, d, o, r and s) are used 73% of the times when typing in English and with c, h, u and m added to the list, the number goes up to 84%. The user nearly always finds the next likely letter on a key very close to the one previously tapped. Currently supported platforms are Pocket PC / Windows Mobile, and Windows Tablet PC. There was a version for the Palm. An Android version is under consideration, but Barry Shaffer had a DIY Android port.","title":"FITALY"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"1544860","text":"from the end, the sequence being Å, Ä, Ö. Alternative spellings of the Scandinavian Å have become a concern because of globalization, and particularly because of the popularization of the World Wide Web. This is to a large extent due to the fact that prior to the creation of IDNA system around 2005, internet domains containing Scandinavian letters were not recognized by the DNS system, and anyway do not feature on keyboards adapted for other languages. While it is recommended to keep the Å intact wherever possible, the next best thing is to use the older, double A spelling (e.g.","title":"Å"},{"id":"14318128","text":"simultaneously. A dead key is a special kind of a modifier key that, instead of being held while another key is struck, is \"pressed and released\" before the other key. The dead key does not generate a character by itself, but it modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after, typically making it possible to type a letter with a specific diacritic. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the grave accent key is a dead key; in this case, striking and then results in \"à\" (\"a\" with grave accent), whereas followed by results in \"è\" (\"e\" with grave","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"111585","text":"or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \"book and 'ck' in \"chicken\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \"Latin-Extended A\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \"h-convention\", which replaces \"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\" and \"ŭ\" with \"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\" and \"u,\" respectively. If","title":"Esperanto"},{"id":"4898542","text":"and proposed a unique and more efficient keyboard based on his research. He determined that the ten most frequently used letter were A,D,E,H,I,N,O,R,S and T and were used in about 70% of written text and in about 85% of all words. The middle row contained letters that occurred 24% of the time and the top row about 6%. Blickensderfer offered the scientific keyboard in the hopes that his more efficient system would replace the clumsy but widely used QWERTY or universal keyboard developed by Sholes and Glidden in 1874. Unfortunately for Blickensderfer, no other typewriter manufacturer adopted the scientific keyboard","title":"Blickensderfer typewriter"},{"id":"1680504","text":"was added to the alphabet in the 19th century by Otto Wilhelm Masing and stands for the vowel . In addition, the alphabet also differs from the Latin alphabet by the addition of the letters Š and Ž (S and Z with caron/háček), and by the position of Z in the alphabet: it has been moved from the end to between S and T (or Š and Ž). The official Estonian alphabet has 27 letters: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Š, Z, Ž, T, U, V, Õ, Ä,","title":"Estonian orthography"},{"id":"8517581","text":"Portuguese keyboard layout There are two QWERTY-based keyboard layouts used for the Portuguese language. Additionally, there are two variants of the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard designed for Brazilian Portuguese. Typewriters in Portuguese-speaking countries generally have a separate extra key for \"Ç\", and a dead key for each diacritic except the cedilla; so that \"Á\" is obtained by typing first the acute accent, then the letter \"A\". The same thing happens with computer keyboards, except when using an \"English – International\" keyboard layout, where to type \"Ç\" one should first type the acute accent and then the letter \"C\". The Brazilian keyboards","title":"Portuguese keyboard layout"},{"id":"1434441","text":"range 70–200 Hz for vessels that are over in length. Traditionally, the lower the frequency, the larger the ship. \"Queen Mary 2\", being long, was given the lowest possible frequency (70 Hz) for her regulation whistles, in addition to the refurbished 55 Hz whistle on permanent loan. Fifty-five Hz is the \"A\" note an octave above the lowest note of a standard piano keyboard. The air-driven \"Tyfon\" whistle can be heard at least away. \"Queen Mary\"s original, professionally manned wireless radio room was removed when the ship was moored in Long Beach. In its place, an amateur radio room was","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"id":"10787273","text":"the special Icelandic letters (ð, þ, æ, ö) are spelled the correct way in the non-machine-readable zone, but are mapped in the machine-readable zone. ð becomes D, þ becomes TH, æ becomes AE, and ö becomes OE. Letters with accents are replaced by simple letters (e.g., é → E). This follows the standard for machine-readable passports. The data page/information page is printed in Icelandic, English and French. Visa requirements for Icelandic citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Iceland. As of 20 October 2018, Icelandic citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to","title":"Icelandic passport"},{"id":"2856249","text":"fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumerics); however, these have mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays. Twenty-two segment displays capable of displaying the full ASCII character set were briefly available in the early 1980s, but did not prove popular. The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the optional decimal point (an \"eighth segment\", referred to as DP) is used for the display of non-integer numbers. Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) for each segment, an electrochromic display, or other light-generating or controlling","title":"Seven-segment display"},{"id":"12323760","text":"for better storage and transfer. However, for typing the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface. The vast majority of flexible keyboards in the market are made from silicone; this material makes them water- and dust-proof. This is useful in hospitals, where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing, and other dirty or must-be-clean environments. Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have,","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"384765","text":"cells and peculiar rules. In one variation of \"Scrabble\", blanks score points corresponding to the letters the blanks are used to represent. For example, if one played blank to represent a Z, it would get ten; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T, N, L, S or R or any of the vowels would get one. Popular among tournament Scrabble players is \"Clabbers\". In Clabbers, any move that consists of anagrams of allowable words is allowed. For example, because ETAERIO","title":"Scrabble"},{"id":"4920330","text":"Croatian keyboard. Dž Dž (titlecase form; all-capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian), after D and before Đ. It is pronounced . Dž is a digraph that corresponds to the letter Dzhe (Џ/џ) of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It is also the tenth letter of the Slovak alphabet. Although several other languages (see below) also use the letter combination \"DŽ\", they treat it as a pair of the letters \"D\" and \"Ž\", not as a single distinct letter. Note that when the letter is the initial","title":"Dž"},{"id":"10045145","text":"alphabetical order in computer technology is by no means an easy task for a small community like the Misings. Creation of extra symbol in the alphabetical matrix is tantamount to creation of new technology; and for us that becomes unfeasible, widely constrained by scare resources and times, which may wisely be avoided for speedy growth of the language. Standard Mising Language has necessarily recognized altogether 15 vowel-sounds, of which 8 are shorts and 7 are of long variety, and 25 consonant-sounds (b, bh, ch, d, dh, g, gh, h, j, kh, l, m, n, ng, ny, p, ph, r, s,","title":"Mising language"},{"id":"5679531","text":"\"C:\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \"D:\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled","title":"Volume (computing)"},{"id":"3206287","text":"Alt key The Alt key (pronounced or ) on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate) the function of other pressed keys. Thus, the Alt key is a modifier key, used in a similar fashion to the Shift key. For example, simply pressing \"A\" will type the letter a, but if you hold down either Alt key while pressing A, the computer will perform an function, which varies from program to program. The international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2 calls it \"Alternate key\". The key is located on either side of the Space bar, but in non-US PC keyboard layouts, rather","title":"Alt key"},{"id":"309501","text":"gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \"notes\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \"accidentals\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and","title":"Piano"},{"id":"9343995","text":"keys are specified in ISO/IEC 9995-7. Letterings which are commonly used instead of the symbols are shown in their English version in parentheses. Keyboards which comply to this narrower specification contain all the keys shown in white in the figure above, the key at C12 shown in yellow, and one of the two keys at E13 and B00 shown in red. The standard does not require this; it only says that keyboards complying to this narrower specification can be called such. A key at E00 is not required, but when it is present on the keyboard, the positions E13 and","title":"ISO/IEC 9995"},{"id":"4740424","text":"by presenting visually indistinguishable Hyperlinks. Indeed, it would be a rare accident for a web user to type, e.g., a Cyrillic letter within an otherwise English word such as \"citibank\". There are cases in which a registration can be both typosquatting and homograph spoofing; the pairs of l/I, i/j, and 0/O are all both close together on keyboards and, depending on the typeface, may be difficult or impossible to distinguish. An early nuisance of this kind, pre-dating the Internet and even text terminals, was the confusion between \"l\" (lowercase letter \"L\") / \"1\" (the number \"one\") and \"O\" (capital letter","title":"IDN homograph attack"},{"id":"6979322","text":"full decimal value of the character's position in the Windows code page on the numeric keypad, provided that the compatible code page is used as a system code page. One can also use numbers from Code page 850; these lack a leading 0. On a Swedish/Finnish keyboard both letters å, ä and ö are present, as well as ¨ to combine with any vowel character, in the same way as ´`^ and ~ accentuation signs. The early 21st century has seen noticeable growth in stylus- and touch-operated interfaces, making the use of on-screen keyboards operated by pointing devices (mouse, stylus,","title":"Diaeresis (diacritic)"},{"id":"536182","text":"keyboard, an octave encompasses only 13 keys ). For instance, the A is tuned such that its frequency equals 3:2 times the frequency of D—if D is tuned to a frequency of 288 Hz, then A is tuned to 432 Hz. Similarly, the E above A is tuned such that its frequency equals 3:2 times the frequency of A, or 9:4 times the frequency of D—with A at 432 Hz, this puts E at 648 Hz. Since this E is outside the above-mentioned basic octave (i.e. its frequency is more than twice the frequency of the base note D), it","title":"Pythagorean tuning"},{"id":"7193543","text":"outside the A–Z range. It recommends that diacritical marks on Latin letters A-Z are simply omitted (ç → C, ð → D, ê → E, ñ → N etc.), but it allows the following transliterations: å → AA ä → AE ð → DH ö → OE ü → UE (German) or UXX (Spanish) ñ → NXX The following transliterations are mandatory: æ → AE ø, œ → OE ß → SS þ → TH In Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary and Scandinavia it is standard to use the Å→AA, Ä or Æ→AE, Ö or Ø→OE, Ü→UE, and ß→SS mappings, so","title":"Machine-readable passport"},{"id":"3234324","text":"often divided into \"transposition ciphers\" and \"substitution ciphers\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \"WIKIPEDIA\" encrypts as \"ZLNLSHGLD\". Caesar rotated the","title":"Classical cipher"},{"id":"6266903","text":"the Roman letters in the English QWERTY layout, with numbers above them. Many of the non-alphanumeric symbols are the same as on English-language keyboards, but some symbols are located in other places. The hiragana symbols are also ordered in a consistent way across different keyboards. For example, the \"Q, W, E, R, T, Y\" keys correspond to た, て, い, す, か, ん (\"ta\", \"te\", \"i\", \"su\", \"ka\", and \"n\") respectively when the computer is used for direct hiragana input. Since Japanese input requires switching between Roman and hiragana entry modes, and also conversion between hiragana and kanji (as discussed","title":"Japanese input methods"},{"id":"6494988","text":"did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \"File 20\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \"File 20\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which","title":"Eagle Computer"},{"id":"16621193","text":"ă, ș, ț, î, â, respectively. Before Windows Vista, this keyboard was used. The comma from S and T is replaced by the cedilla (in some fonts the T-cedilla character is rendered as T-comma, as in some Adobe fonts). In 2012, a new keyboard was introduced. This keyboard was built after the same QWERTZ model, but instead of S-cedilla and T-cedilla are S-comma and T-comma. Romanian keyboard layout The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a \"primary\" one and a \"secondary\" one. The “primary” layout is intended for more traditional users that learned long","title":"Romanian keyboard layout"},{"id":"446981","text":"Viola The viola (; ) is a string instrument that is bowed or played with varying techniques. It is slightly larger than a violin and has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to C, G, D, and A. In the past, the viola varied in size and style as did its names. The word viola originates from","title":"Viola"},{"id":"12323761","text":"yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard. Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device. Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"10495681","text":"letters are Q, W, E, R, T and Y. Other keyboards layouts include AZERTY and Dvorak. The AZERTY keyboard is a variation of the standard QWERTY keyboard adapted for French-language input. The AZERTY layout modifies the QWERTY layout to add functionality for inputting accented characters. The Dvorak keyboard is designed so that the middle row of keys includes the most common letters, with the goal of allowing greater efficiency and comfort while typing. The keyboard usually contains letters, numbers, punctuation, function and control keys, arrow keys, a keypad, and may include a wristpad. With the popularity of text messaging ,","title":"Text entry interface"},{"id":"6926454","text":"for help. Some key clarifications: Turing begins the proof with the assertion of the existence of a “decision/determination” machine D. When fed any S.D (string of symbols A, C, D, L, R, N, semicolon “;”) it will determine if this S.D (symbol string) represents a \"computing machine\" that is either \"circular\" — and therefore \"un-satisfactory u\" — or \"circle-free\" — and therefore \"satisfactory s\". Turing makes no comment about how machine D goes about its work. For sake of argument, we suppose that D would first look to see if the string of symbols is \"well-formed\" (i.e. in the form","title":"Turing's proof"},{"id":"3243376","text":"the \"Underwood No. 5\" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now universally included on computer keyboards. The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such as the \"highly logical\" ampersat, asperand, and the strudel, but none of these has achieved wide use. In unicode, the at sign is encoded as , or codice_1 in HTML5. The earliest yet discovered reference to the @ symbol is a","title":"At sign"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"1485176","text":"fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \"wolf interval\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has","title":"Wolf interval"},{"id":"12205293","text":"or Ti\" is a diagonal line from left-bottom to right-top. Words of Solresol are formed by connecting the symbols in the order they appear in the word. The Solresol Latin alphabet is the smallest alphabet, containing just 7-12 letters (a, D, e, F, i, L, l, M, o, R and S, plus possibly T (for \"Ti\" instead of \"Si\") - Capitals are strictly necessary, not changing „Si“ to „Ti“ also makes „o“ and „i“ necessary; „So“ and „Si“). In Solresol morphology, the longer words are divided into categories of meaning, based on their first syllable, or note. Words beginning with","title":"Solresol"},{"id":"6911432","text":"Latin-10 as D0 and F0 respectively; and, in Latin-6 as A9 and B9 respectively. In PostScript they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both crossed \"d\" and barred \"d\" are considered glyph variants of U+0111. Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital eth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion. As part of WGL4, \"Đ\" and \"đ\" can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems. D with stroke Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), known as crossed D or dyet, is a letter formed from the base character D/d","title":"D with stroke"},{"id":"82465","text":"augmentative \"\"-one\"\" (\"big\") and the diminutive \"\"-cello\"\" (\"little\"). By the turn of the 20th century, it had become common to shorten the name to 'cello, with the apostrophe indicating the missing stem. It is now customary to use \"cello\" without apostrophe as the full designation. \"Viol\" is derived from the root \"viola\", which was derived from Medieval Latin \"vitula\", meaning stringed instrument. Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting with C (two octaves below middle C), followed by G, D, and then A. It is tuned in the same intervals as the viola, but an octave lower. Unlike the violin or","title":"Cello"},{"id":"14318140","text":"reference number, \"raw keycodes\", and these numbers are what is sent to the computer when a key is pressed or released.) The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter \"A\" or the digit \"9\". The user of the computer is requested to identify the \"functional layout\" of the keyboard when installing the operating system. Today, most keyboards use one of three different mechanical layouts, usually referred to as simply \"ISO\" (ISO/IEC 9995-2), \"ANSI\" (ANSI-INCITS 154-1988), and \"JIS\" (JIS X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"14318143","text":"of their keycaps. This can be e.g. for masking foreign layouts, adding additional information such as shortcuts, learning aid, gaming controls, or solely for decorational purposes. The \"functional layout\" of the keyboard refers to the mapping between the physical keys, such as the key, and software events, such as the letter \"A\" appearing on the screen. Usually the functional layout is set to match the visual layout of the keyboard being used, so that pressing a key will produce the expected result, corresponding to the legends on the keyboard. However, most operating systems have software that allow the user to","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"9038226","text":"| '3' | '4' | '5' | '6' | '7' | '8' | '9' In this example, the symbols (-,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are terminal symbols and <digit> and <integer> are nonterminal symbols. \"Note: This example supports strings with leading zeroes like \"0056\" or \"0000\", as well as negative zero strings like \"-0\" and \"-00000\".\" Another example is: S -> cAd A -> a | ab In this example, the symbols a,b,c,d are terminal symbols and S,A are nonterminal symbols. Terminal and nonterminal symbols In computer science, terminal and nonterminal symbols are the lexical elements used in specifying the production rules constituting a","title":"Terminal and nonterminal symbols"},{"id":"945767","text":"character, which looks like a circumflex, so places a caret over the following character. Similarly, stands for breve, so adds the breve mark over the next character. One can also download an Esperanto keyboard layout package that will, once installed, function in the same way as other languages' keyboards. When installed, this gives users two different methods of typing. The first, \"Esperanto\" maintains a QWERTY layout, but switches the letters that are not used in Esperanto (\"q\", \"w\", \"y\", and \"x\") for diacritical letters and makes a \"u\" into a \"ŭ\" if it follows an \"a\" or an \"e\". The","title":"Esperanto orthography"},{"id":"8230086","text":"also a ' \"closed omega\"), ' \"right-leg turned m\", ' \"turned long-leg r\" (there was once also a \"long-leg r\"), ' \"double pipe\", and the obsolete \"stretched c\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \"c cedilla\", ' \"eth\" (also spelled \"edh\"), ' \"engma\" or \"eng\", ' \"schwa\" (also spelled \"shwa\"), ' \"exclamation mark\", ' \"pipe\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \"fish-hook r\", ' \"ram's horns\", ' \"bull's eye\", ' \"esh\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \"ezh\" (sometimes confused with \"yogh\"), ' \"hook-top heng\". The is usually called by the","title":"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"},{"id":"14950391","text":"unique triad in its own right. Subminor chords are minor triads that have the third lowered by a quarter tone. An example of a supermajor triad would be C–E–G, in which E exists halfway between E and F. An example of a subminor triad would be C–E–G in which E exists halfway between D and E. Supermajor triads can be written with \"sup\" or a capital \"S\" following the root while subminor can be written with \"sub\", \"s\" or (by extrapolating and adapting metric prefixes) the micro symbol (µ, not to be confused with the Mu major chord). The previous","title":"Chord names and symbols (popular music)"},{"id":"17576985","text":"\"Welcome to the Virgins\", which brought first-time attendees up to the podium to be adorned with the customary paper toilet seat cover. This was all punctuated by corks tossed toward the podium and from table to table. People saved their wine corks all year to cut into non-lethal sizes and throw at each other. It was quite unprofessional. In 1972 a contest was held to create a DCA logo (see photo). The winner (name needed) submitted a graphic of a magnetic tape reel with a martini glass in the center. Overlaid were the concentric letters D, C, A, and around","title":"Digital Computer Association"},{"id":"3947121","text":"Pedal keyboard A pedalboard (also called a pedal keyboard, pedal clavier, or, with electronic instruments, a bass pedalboard) is a keyboard played with the feet that is usually used to produce the low-pitched bass line of a piece of music. A pedalboard has long, narrow lever-style keys laid out in the same semitone scalar pattern as a manual keyboard, with longer keys for C, D, E, F, G, A and B, and shorter, higher keys for C, D, F, G and A. Training in pedal technique is part of standard organ pedagogy in church music and art music. Pedalboards are","title":"Pedal keyboard"},{"id":"8517582","text":"are specified in the ABNT NBR (\"Norma Brasileira Regulamentadora\") 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric) and NBR 10347 (numeric portion) standards. Portuguese keyboard layout There are two QWERTY-based keyboard layouts used for the Portuguese language. Additionally, there are two variants of the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard designed for Brazilian Portuguese. Typewriters in Portuguese-speaking countries generally have a separate extra key for \"Ç\", and a dead key for each diacritic except the cedilla; so that \"Á\" is obtained by typing first the acute accent, then the letter \"A\". The same thing happens with computer keyboards, except when using an \"English – International\" keyboard layout,","title":"Portuguese keyboard layout"},{"id":"2212018","text":"percussive manner. Historically, they were sometimes discussed with a hint of disdain. One 1969 textbook defines the tone cluster as \"an extra-harmonic clump of notes.\" In his 1917 piece \"The Tides of Manaunaun\", Cowell introduced a new notation for tone clusters on the piano and other keyboard instruments. In this notation, only the top and bottom notes of a cluster, connected by a single line or a pair of lines, are represented. This developed into the solid-bar style seen in the image on the right. Here, the first chord—stretching two octaves from D to D—is a diatonic (so-called white-note) cluster,","title":"Tone cluster"},{"id":"691603","text":"languages are also assigned: On the standard US keyboard layout, the # symbol is . On standard UK and some other European keyboards, the same keystrokes produce the pound currency symbol (£), and # is moved to a separate key above the right shift. On UK Mac keyboards, # is generated by , whereas on some other European Mac keyboards, the # can be found above the right shift key. Number sign The symbol # is most commonly known as the number sign, hash, or pound sign. The symbol has historically been used for a wide range of purposes, including","title":"Number sign"},{"id":"14318141","text":"organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. (In fact, the mechanical layouts referred such as \"ISO\" and \"ANSI\" comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other way.) \"Keyboard layout\" in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, Apple Inc produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79,","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"174992","text":"indicated by the \"dagesh\". In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to and , respectively, and ṯ has become , so only the remaining three consonants show variation. \"resh\" may have also been a \"doubled\" letter, making the list \"BeGeD KePoReT\". (Sefer Yetzirah, 4:1) The following table contains the pronunciation of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the . The apostrophe-looking symbol after some letters is not a yud but a geresh. It is used for loanwords with non-native Hebrew sounds. The dot in the middle of some of the letters, called a","title":"Hebrew alphabet"},{"id":"548451","text":"hand, is a variant of QWERTY. Typewriters were also made for East Asian languages with thousands of characters, such as Chinese or Japanese. They were not easy to operate, but professional typists used them for a long time until the development of electronic word processors and laser printers in the 1980s. On modern keyboards, the exclamation point is the shifted character on the 1 key, a direct result of the historical fact that these were the last characters to become \"standard\" on keyboards. Holding the spacebar pressed down usually suspended the carriage advance mechanism (a so-called \"dead key\" feature), allowing","title":"Typewriter"},{"id":"10714148","text":"variations in frequency. D♯ (musical note) D (D-sharp) or re dièse is the fourth semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above D and a diatonic semitone below E, thus being enharmonic to \"mi bémol\" or E. However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as E. E is a perfect fourth above B, whereas D is a major third above B. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the D above middle C (or D) is approximately 311.127 Hz. See pitch (music) for a","title":"D♯ (musical note)"},{"id":"12323758","text":"enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacturers imitate the keyboard of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, and the shift key. Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"17792434","text":"Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"6911429","text":"Microsoft Windows Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 ( on a U.S. keyboard) to \"đ\", or \"Đ\" when holding down . The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 () to ₫. Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of \"Đ\". In Vietnamese Braille, it is , which corresponds to \"D\" in French Braille. In the Vietnamese manual alphabet, \"Đ\" is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In Morse code, it is rendered – · · – · ·, corresponding to Telex's \"DD\". The lowercase \"đ\" is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative","title":"D with stroke"},{"id":"6722174","text":"for the summer months. Vehicles that don't undergo inspection within their period get an automated failure and may not be driven on public roads (only to the inspection or workshop). All letters in the Swedish alphabet are used, except the letters I, Q, V, Å, Ä and Ö. 91 letter combinations are not used since they may be offensive, political or otherwise unsuitable. Examples: APA (monkey), ARG (angry), DUM (stupid, bad), FAN (devil, damn), FEG (cowardly), FEL (error, wrong), FUL (ugly), GAY, HOT (threat), LAT (lazy), NRP (Nordiska Rikspartiet), OND (evil, cruel), SEX, SUP (snaps), TOA (toilet), UFO, USA, XXL","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Sweden"},{"id":"339694","text":"version, but some features are identical to the United Kingdom version: The Vietnamese keyboard layout is an extended Latin QWERTY layout. The letters Ă, Â, Ê, and Ô are found on what would be the number keys – on the US English keyboard, with – producing the tonal marks (grave accent, hook, tilde, acute accent and dot below, in that order), producing Đ, producing the đồng sign (₫) when not shifted, and brackets () producing Ư and Ơ. EurKEY is a free and open source US-based layout which provides easy access to many diacritics of European languages as well as","title":"QWERTY"},{"id":"2672306","text":"A series of underscores (like __________ ) may be used to create a blank to be filled in on a form, although the resulting blank may have tiny gaps between each individual underscore. It is also sometimes used to create a horizontal line; other symbols with similar graphemes, such as hyphens and dashes, are also used for this purpose. In Unicode, the character is encoded at . The ASCII value of this character is 95. On the standard US or UK 101/102 computer keyboard it shares a key with the hyphen-minus (-) on the top row, to the right of","title":"Underscore"},{"id":"1787378","text":"and 31.5 – it includes the 13 A current limit of British BS 1363 sockets). The circuit breaker is labeled with the rated current in amperes, but excluding the unit symbol, A. Instead, the ampere figure is preceded by a letter, \"B\", \"C\", or \"D\", which indicates the \"instantaneous tripping current\" — that is, the minimum value of current that causes the circuit breaker to trip without intentional time delay (i.e., in less than 100 ms), expressed in terms of \"I\": Circuit breakers are also rated by the maximum fault current that they can interrupt; this allows use of more","title":"Circuit breaker"},{"id":"10714147","text":"D♯ (musical note) D (D-sharp) or re dièse is the fourth semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above D and a diatonic semitone below E, thus being enharmonic to \"mi bémol\" or E. However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as E. E is a perfect fourth above B, whereas D is a major third above B. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the D above middle C (or D) is approximately 311.127 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical","title":"D♯ (musical note)"},{"id":"1934017","text":"sign appeared as the shift of the 6 key. The cent sign has not survived the changeover from typewriters to computer keyboards (replaced positionally by the caret). There are alternative ways, however, to create the character (offset 162) in most common code pages, including Unicode and Windows-1252: The cent sign has Unicode code point: When written in English, the cent sign (¢ or c) follows the amount (with no space between), in contrast with a larger currency symbol, which is placed before the amount. For example, 2¢ and $0.02, or 2c and €0.02. The Ghanaian cedi's symbol is ₵. Examples","title":"Cent (currency)"},{"id":"3204815","text":"for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as","title":"Tatar alphabet"},{"id":"692383","text":"comma and the cedilla are both derivative of a small cursive \"z\" (ʒ) placed below the letter. From this standpoint alone, \"ș\", \"ț\", and \"d̦\" could potentially be regarded as stand-ins for \"sz\", \"tz\", and \"dz\" respectively. In Latvian, the comma is used on the letters \"ģ\", \"ķ\", \"ļ\", \"ņ\", and historically also \"ŗ\", to indicate palatalization. Because the lowercase letter \"g\" has a descender, the comma is rotated 180° and placed over the letter. Although their Adobe glyph names are commas, their names in the Unicode Standard are \"g\", \"k\", \"l\", \"n\", and \"r\" with a cedilla. They were","title":"Comma"},{"id":"6107988","text":"the un-\"steckered\" cycles (vt)(mi). None of the letters are same, so all of those eight letters are steckered. Looking at the singleton cycles of and shows not only that \"e\" is not steckered, but also that \"w\" and \"z\" are steckered together. Thus ten of the twelve steckered letters are quickly identified. Most of the other 16 letters, such as \"b\", \"d\", \"g\", and \"l\", are probably not steckered. The cycle notation of , , and can be rearranged to match the likely unsteckered characters. (The initial letter of a cycle's notation is not significant: within a cycle, the letters","title":"Cyclometer"},{"id":"5835361","text":"13 letters, three of which can be umlauted, plus the colon (:) and the acute accent mark. Seneca language is generally written in all-lowercase, and capital letters are only used rarely, even then only for the first letter of a word; all-caps is never used, even on road signs. The vowels and consonants are \"a, ä, e, ë, i, o, ö, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y\", and \"ˀ\", the last of which is always in superscript form. In some transliterations, \"t\" is replaced by \"d\", and likewise \"k\" by \"g\"; Seneca does not have a phonemic differentiation","title":"Seneca language"},{"id":"14318131","text":"addition to the more specific dead keys. It allows access to a wide range of predefined extra characters by interpreting a whole sequence of keystrokes following it. For example, striking followed by (apostrophe) and then results in \"á\" (\"a\" with acute accent), followed by and then results in \"æ\" (\"ae\" ligature), and followed by and then results in © (circled \"c\", copyright symbol). The key is supported by the X Window System (used by most Unix-like operating systems, including most Linux distributions). Some keyboards have a key labeled \"Compose\", but any key can be configured to serve this function. For","title":"Keyboard layout"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9959211\",\n \"text\": \"it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,\",\n \"title\": \"Icelandic orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10594481\",\n \"text\": \"Gaming keypad A gaming keypad is a small, auxiliary keyboard designed only for gaming. It has a limited number of the original keys from a standard keyboard, and they are arranged in a more ergonomic fashion to facilitate quick and efficient gaming key presses. The commonly used keys for gaming on a computer are the 'W', 'A', 'S', 'D', and the keys close and adjacent to these keys. These keys and style of using a keyboard is referred to as WASD. A gaming keypad will not only optimize the WASD layout, but will often contain extra functionality, such as volume\",\n \"title\": \"Gaming keypad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318157\",\n \"text\": \"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318154\",\n \"text\": \"or \\\"Control\\\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323757\",\n \"text\": \"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323773\",\n \"text\": \"the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \\\"é\\\" or \\\"à\\\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318156\",\n \"text\": \"France, Belgium, and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus: Lithuanian keyboards use a layout known as ĄŽERTY, where Ą appears in place of Q above A, Ž in place of W above S, and Ū in place of X below S, with Q, W, and X being available either on the far right-hand side or by use of the AltGr key. Besides ĄŽERTY, the Lithuanian QWERTY keyboard is also used. The QZERTY layout was used mostly in Italy, where it was the traditional typewriter layout. In recent years, however, a modified QWERTY layout with stressed keys\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18662902\",\n \"text\": \"31% faster than a multi-tap keyboard, when typing is modeled with Fitt's law. The 9 most frequent letters in English texts: ETAONRISH, are placed on the keyboard so they can be accessed on a single click. The next 17 less frequent letters: DLFCMUGYPWBVKJXQZ, are placed as to be triggered by a single move of the finger from or to the central key (O) (except for Z which is centered around the 'E' key together with some punctuation characters). For example, the letter V is typed by dragging the finger from A to O, and the letter D by moving from\",\n \"title\": \"MessagEase\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2111785\",\n \"text\": \"layout for personal computers is as follows: However, there are several choices of so-called \\\"phonetic keyboards\\\" that one may use on a PC that are often used by non-Russians. For example, typing an English (Latin) letter on a keyboard will actually type a Russian letter with a similar sound (A=А, S=С, D=Д, F=Ф, etc.). Until approximately the year 1900, mnemonic names inherited from Church Slavonic were used for the letters. They are given here in the pre-1918 orthography of the post-1708 civil alphabet. The great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin wrote: \\\"The letters constituting the Slavonic alphabet do not produce any\",\n \"title\": \"Russian alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6245955\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"d\\\" correspond to \\\"q\\\" and \\\"p\\\" respectively. \\\"F\\\" transforms to a mixture between a \\\"J\\\" and a \\\"t\\\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\\\"Z\\\" being very rare in English] representing \\\"two\\\" or \\\"to\\\", 111/III representing \\\"three\\\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \\\"C\\\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.\",\n \"title\": \"Calculator spelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3662046\",\n \"text\": \"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \\\"key\\\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \\\"styled\\\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on\",\n \"title\": \"Space bar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14951961\",\n \"text\": \"Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch circularity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"132439\",\n \"text\": \"not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons; however, it does show where most of the Faroese glides are; when \\\"ð\\\" appears before \\\"r\\\", it is, in a few words, pronounced . In the Icelandic and Faroese alphabets, \\\"ð\\\" follows \\\"d\\\". In Olav Jakobsen Høyem's version of based on , \\\"ð\\\" was always silent and was introduced for etymological reasons. \\\"Ð\\\" has also been used by some in written Welsh to represent , which is normally represented as \\\"dd\\\". Eth Eth (, uppercase: Ð, lowercase: ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in\",\n \"title\": \"Eth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"697302\",\n \"text\": \"greater than\\\" or \\\"not less than,\\\" respectively. These symbols are not punctuation marks when used, as intended, to represent an inequality. However, as true chevrons are not present on computer keyboards, the available less-than and greater-than symbols are often used instead. They are loosely referred to as \\\"angle[d] brackets\\\" or \\\"chevrons\\\" in this case, but more properly—and less confusingly—as \\\"pointy brackets\\\" (see the Names section above). Single and double pairs of comparison operators («, ») (meaning \\\"much smaller than\\\" and \\\"much greater than\\\") are sometimes used as a fallback instead of guillemets («, ») (used as quotation marks in many\",\n \"title\": \"Bracket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5742546\",\n \"text\": \"one of the 19 letters used (A, Z, Y, X, U, T, S, R, P, M, L, K, J, H, G, E, D, C, B), with \\\"A\\\" corresponding to a remainder of 0, \\\"Z\\\" corresponding to 1, \\\"Y\\\" corresponding to 2 and so on. In the case of SBS 3229, the final letter should be a P; for E 23, the final letter should be a H. Note that letters F, I, N, O, Q, V and W are not used as checksum letters. Online Checksum Online calculator for the checksum and Singapore Online Vehicle Checksum Checksum suffix letters are\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Singapore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"339638\",\n \"text\": \"is another origin story in the Smithsonian that the QWERTY keyboard was made for telegraph operators and has this layout to make it easy for the telegraph operator to work. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent bigraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in the English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter \\\"A\\\" is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for\",\n \"title\": \"QWERTY\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2335318\",\n \"text\": \"24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note \\\"ond\\\" (⁊), an insular symbol for \\\"and\\\": In the orthography of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) are obsolete. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are largely obsolete (see \\\"Ligatures in recent usage\\\" below), and where they are used they are not considered to be separate letters (e.g. for collation purposes), but rather ligatures. Thorn and eth were both replaced by\",\n \"title\": \"English alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3968482\",\n \"text\": \"looks like an uncial \\\"a\\\", but with the left stroke still straight, \\\"b\\\" and \\\"d\\\" are hard to distinguish, \\\"e\\\" is a full height letter (like the \\\"s\\\"), \\\"p\\\" and \\\"t\\\" are very similar, and \\\"v\\\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \\\"a\\\", \\\"b\\\", \\\"d\\\", and \\\"e\\\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are\",\n \"title\": \"Roman cursive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"339653\",\n \"text\": \"official languages of the European Union (excluding Bulgarian and Greek). Some letters, like Ł/ł needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special \\\"overstrike\\\" key combination acting like a dead key. However, the Romanian letters Ș/ș and Ț/ț (S/s and T/t with comma below) are not supported; the presumption is that Ş/ş and Ţ/ţ (with cedilla) suffice as surrogates. The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries: Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and\",\n \"title\": \"QWERTY\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"833649\",\n \"text\": \"Modifier key In computing, a modifier key is a special key (or combination) on a computer keyboard that temporarily modifies the normal action of another key when pressed together. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing; that is, pressing any of the , , or keys alone does not (generally) trigger any action from the computer. For example, in most keyboard layouts the Shift key combination will produce a capital letter \\\"A\\\" instead of the default lower-case letter \\\"a\\\" (unless in Caps lock or Shift lock mode). A combination of in Microsoft Windows will close the active window; in this\",\n \"title\": \"Modifier key\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1596691\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Löfvén\\\") are regarded simply as variants of 'a' and 'e', respectively. For foreign names, 'ç', 'ë', 'í', 'õ', and many others might be used, but are usually converted to 'e', 'i', 'o', etc. Swedish newspapers and magazines have a tendency only to use letters available on the keyboard. 'à', 'ë', 'í', etc. are available on Swedish keyboards with a little effort, but usually not 'æ' and 'ø' (used in Danish and Norwegian), so they are usually substituted by 'ae' or 'ä', and 'ö'. The news agency TT follows this usage because some newspapers have no technical support for 'æ' and\",\n \"title\": \"Swedish alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3029921\",\n \"text\": \"modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \\\"modulatory space\\\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \\\"f\\\" is mapped to a real number \\\"p\\\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch space\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785958\",\n \"text\": \"for their album \\\"Amerikkka Macht Frei\\\". The letters \\\"KKK\\\" have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include: The dollar sign ($) can be inserted in the place of the letter \\\"S\\\", the euro sign (€) in place of \\\"e\\\", the yen (¥) sign in place of \\\"Y\\\", the won (₩) sign in place of \\\"W\\\", or the pound (£) sign in place of \\\"L,\\\" or the rupee sign (₹) in place of \\\"R\\\" to indicate plutocracy, greed, corruption, or the perceived immoral, unethical, or pathological accumulation of money. For\",\n \"title\": \"Satiric misspelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14707615\",\n \"text\": \"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"945733\",\n \"text\": \"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \\\"h-system\\\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \\\"x-system\\\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \\\"c\\\" and the circumflex letters \\\"ĉ\\\" , \\\"ĝ\\\" , \\\"ĥ\\\" , \\\"ĵ\\\" , \\\"ŝ\\\" , \\\"ŭ\\\" . \\\"J\\\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"466297\",\n \"text\": \"the proton (atomic) number of an element, such as \\\"Z\\\"=3 (Lithium). On German typewriter- and computer keyboards (in comparison to those used in the UK/US), the positions of the letters Z and Y are swapped. (In German, Y is only used in loanwords and names.) Z Z (named \\\"zed\\\" or \\\"zee\\\" ) is the 26th and final letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In most English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Zambia and Australia, the letter's name is \\\"zed\\\" , reflecting its derivation from the Greek \\\"zeta\\\" (this dates\",\n \"title\": \"Z\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19590718\",\n \"text\": \"Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying\",\n \"title\": \"Phonetic keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"461177\",\n \"text\": \"combined with the \\\"Control\\\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \\\"home keys\\\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \\\"diamond\\\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \\\"diamond\\\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \\\"past\\\" the\",\n \"title\": \"WordStar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"644879\",\n \"text\": \"(1927–2016) was an American logologist and author who recreated \\\"Mary Had a Little Lamb\\\" six times, excluding first the letter \\\"S\\\", then \\\"A\\\", \\\"H\\\", \\\"T\\\", and finally \\\"E\\\". In the final verse, he only used half of the alphabet: \\\"A\\\", \\\"C\\\", \\\"D\\\", \\\"E\\\", \\\"H\\\", \\\"I\\\", \\\"L\\\", \\\"M\\\", \\\"N\\\", \\\"P\\\", \\\"R\\\", \\\"S\\\", and \\\"T\\\" (thus omitting \\\"B\\\", \\\"F\\\", \\\"G\\\", \\\"O\\\", \\\"U\\\", \\\"V\\\", \\\"W\\\", and \\\"Y\\\" — note that \\\"J\\\", \\\"K\\\", \\\"Q\\\", \\\"X\\\", and \\\"Z\\\" are not used in the original poem). A comparison of the verses gives a sense of the difficulties involved in omitting certain common letters from extended passages\",\n \"title\": \"Lipogram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2739320\",\n \"text\": \"Abroad\\\"). Known words and phrases, besides those mentioned above, include: The (admittedly small) lexicon of Dwarfish words reveals only 16 letters: a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, n, r, s, t, u, and z. The capital \\\"D\\\" in \\\"AaDb'thuk\\\" may be a separate letter, or it may simply be a differently inflected \\\"d.\\\" The word \\\"Hnaflbaflwhiflsnifltafl\\\" (a predecessor to the game of Thud) could be a Dwarfish word, but since it is obviously derived from the Scandinavian \\\"Hnefatafl\\\", and since it contains two letters (l and w) not found in any Dwarfish words and lacks any\",\n \"title\": \"Dwarfs (Discworld)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2038455\",\n \"text\": \"Ulmer Scale which ranks the bankability of 1,400 movie actors worldwide. Other successive letters of the alphabet beyond D, such as \\\"E-list\\\" or \\\"Z-list\\\", are sometimes used for exaggeration or comic effect but effectively have the same meaning as D-list; to the extent that there is a difference, letters further down the alphabet would indicate decreasing levels of fame (for example, regional celebrities such as local news anchors, community theatre actors, or at the bottom of the chain, common persons with no claim to fame whatsoever). In the \\\"\\\" game, the player's goal is to increase their fame and reputation,\",\n \"title\": \"A-list\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11485869\",\n \"text\": \"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia national badminton team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6612078\",\n \"text\": \"actions than the last one can also be undone by pressing multiple times. was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing. Presumably these particular keystrokes were chosen because of their location on a standard QWERTY keyboard, since the Z (undo), X (cut), C (copy), and V (paste) keys are located together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard QWERTY keyboard. Substitute character A substitute character (␚) is a control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be\",\n \"title\": \"Substitute character\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9344011\",\n \"text\": \"the layout of the numeric section of a keyboard, if such one exists. It is subdivided into the function zone (shown with grey background in the left figure) and the numeric zone (shown with white background). The leftmost key in the lowest row may span to the left, occupying the position shown with yellow background. The decimal digits 1…9 may be arranged in an “1-2-3 layout” (shown in green, named according to the keys in the D row), or in a ”7-8-9 layout” (shown in blue). On a keyboard used for telematic functions, the symbols “” and “#” represent the\",\n \"title\": \"ISO/IEC 9995\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9922172\",\n \"text\": \"of transitions. The ten letters at the very centre (i, t, a, l, n, e, d, o, r and s) are used 73% of the times when typing in English and with c, h, u and m added to the list, the number goes up to 84%. The user nearly always finds the next likely letter on a key very close to the one previously tapped. Currently supported platforms are Pocket PC / Windows Mobile, and Windows Tablet PC. There was a version for the Palm. An Android version is under consideration, but Barry Shaffer had a DIY Android port.\",\n \"title\": \"FITALY\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1544860\",\n \"text\": \"from the end, the sequence being Å, Ä, Ö. Alternative spellings of the Scandinavian Å have become a concern because of globalization, and particularly because of the popularization of the World Wide Web. This is to a large extent due to the fact that prior to the creation of IDNA system around 2005, internet domains containing Scandinavian letters were not recognized by the DNS system, and anyway do not feature on keyboards adapted for other languages. While it is recommended to keep the Å intact wherever possible, the next best thing is to use the older, double A spelling (e.g.\",\n \"title\": \"Å\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318128\",\n \"text\": \"simultaneously. A dead key is a special kind of a modifier key that, instead of being held while another key is struck, is \\\"pressed and released\\\" before the other key. The dead key does not generate a character by itself, but it modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after, typically making it possible to type a letter with a specific diacritic. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the grave accent key is a dead key; in this case, striking and then results in \\\"à\\\" (\\\"a\\\" with grave accent), whereas followed by results in \\\"è\\\" (\\\"e\\\" with grave\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111585\",\n \"text\": \"or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \\\"book and 'ck' in \\\"chicken\\\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \\\"Latin-Extended A\\\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \\\"h-convention\\\", which replaces \\\"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\\\" and \\\"ŭ\\\" with \\\"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\\\" and \\\"u,\\\" respectively. If\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4898542\",\n \"text\": \"and proposed a unique and more efficient keyboard based on his research. He determined that the ten most frequently used letter were A,D,E,H,I,N,O,R,S and T and were used in about 70% of written text and in about 85% of all words. The middle row contained letters that occurred 24% of the time and the top row about 6%. Blickensderfer offered the scientific keyboard in the hopes that his more efficient system would replace the clumsy but widely used QWERTY or universal keyboard developed by Sholes and Glidden in 1874. Unfortunately for Blickensderfer, no other typewriter manufacturer adopted the scientific keyboard\",\n \"title\": \"Blickensderfer typewriter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1680504\",\n \"text\": \"was added to the alphabet in the 19th century by Otto Wilhelm Masing and stands for the vowel . In addition, the alphabet also differs from the Latin alphabet by the addition of the letters Š and Ž (S and Z with caron/háček), and by the position of Z in the alphabet: it has been moved from the end to between S and T (or Š and Ž). The official Estonian alphabet has 27 letters: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Š, Z, Ž, T, U, V, Õ, Ä,\",\n \"title\": \"Estonian orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8517581\",\n \"text\": \"Portuguese keyboard layout There are two QWERTY-based keyboard layouts used for the Portuguese language. Additionally, there are two variants of the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard designed for Brazilian Portuguese. Typewriters in Portuguese-speaking countries generally have a separate extra key for \\\"Ç\\\", and a dead key for each diacritic except the cedilla; so that \\\"Á\\\" is obtained by typing first the acute accent, then the letter \\\"A\\\". The same thing happens with computer keyboards, except when using an \\\"English – International\\\" keyboard layout, where to type \\\"Ç\\\" one should first type the acute accent and then the letter \\\"C\\\". The Brazilian keyboards\",\n \"title\": \"Portuguese keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1434441\",\n \"text\": \"range 70–200 Hz for vessels that are over in length. Traditionally, the lower the frequency, the larger the ship. \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\", being long, was given the lowest possible frequency (70 Hz) for her regulation whistles, in addition to the refurbished 55 Hz whistle on permanent loan. Fifty-five Hz is the \\\"A\\\" note an octave above the lowest note of a standard piano keyboard. The air-driven \\\"Tyfon\\\" whistle can be heard at least away. \\\"Queen Mary\\\"s original, professionally manned wireless radio room was removed when the ship was moored in Long Beach. In its place, an amateur radio room was\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10787273\",\n \"text\": \"the special Icelandic letters (ð, þ, æ, ö) are spelled the correct way in the non-machine-readable zone, but are mapped in the machine-readable zone. ð becomes D, þ becomes TH, æ becomes AE, and ö becomes OE. Letters with accents are replaced by simple letters (e.g., é → E). This follows the standard for machine-readable passports. The data page/information page is printed in Icelandic, English and French. Visa requirements for Icelandic citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Iceland. As of 20 October 2018, Icelandic citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to\",\n \"title\": \"Icelandic passport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2856249\",\n \"text\": \"fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumerics); however, these have mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays. Twenty-two segment displays capable of displaying the full ASCII character set were briefly available in the early 1980s, but did not prove popular. The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the optional decimal point (an \\\"eighth segment\\\", referred to as DP) is used for the display of non-integer numbers. Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) for each segment, an electrochromic display, or other light-generating or controlling\",\n \"title\": \"Seven-segment display\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323760\",\n \"text\": \"for better storage and transfer. However, for typing the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface. The vast majority of flexible keyboards in the market are made from silicone; this material makes them water- and dust-proof. This is useful in hospitals, where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing, and other dirty or must-be-clean environments. Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have,\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"384765\",\n \"text\": \"cells and peculiar rules. In one variation of \\\"Scrabble\\\", blanks score points corresponding to the letters the blanks are used to represent. For example, if one played blank to represent a Z, it would get ten; a blank to represent a V or an H would get four; a blank to represent a D would get 2 and blank to represent a T, N, L, S or R or any of the vowels would get one. Popular among tournament Scrabble players is \\\"Clabbers\\\". In Clabbers, any move that consists of anagrams of allowable words is allowed. For example, because ETAERIO\",\n \"title\": \"Scrabble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4920330\",\n \"text\": \"Croatian keyboard. Dž Dž (titlecase form; all-capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian), after D and before Đ. It is pronounced . Dž is a digraph that corresponds to the letter Dzhe (Џ/џ) of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It is also the tenth letter of the Slovak alphabet. Although several other languages (see below) also use the letter combination \\\"DŽ\\\", they treat it as a pair of the letters \\\"D\\\" and \\\"Ž\\\", not as a single distinct letter. Note that when the letter is the initial\",\n \"title\": \"Dž\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10045145\",\n \"text\": \"alphabetical order in computer technology is by no means an easy task for a small community like the Misings. Creation of extra symbol in the alphabetical matrix is tantamount to creation of new technology; and for us that becomes unfeasible, widely constrained by scare resources and times, which may wisely be avoided for speedy growth of the language. Standard Mising Language has necessarily recognized altogether 15 vowel-sounds, of which 8 are shorts and 7 are of long variety, and 25 consonant-sounds (b, bh, ch, d, dh, g, gh, h, j, kh, l, m, n, ng, ny, p, ph, r, s,\",\n \"title\": \"Mising language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5679531\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"C:\\\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \\\"D:\\\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled\",\n \"title\": \"Volume (computing)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3206287\",\n \"text\": \"Alt key The Alt key (pronounced or ) on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate) the function of other pressed keys. Thus, the Alt key is a modifier key, used in a similar fashion to the Shift key. For example, simply pressing \\\"A\\\" will type the letter a, but if you hold down either Alt key while pressing A, the computer will perform an function, which varies from program to program. The international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2 calls it \\\"Alternate key\\\". The key is located on either side of the Space bar, but in non-US PC keyboard layouts, rather\",\n \"title\": \"Alt key\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309501\",\n \"text\": \"gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \\\"notes\\\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \\\"accidentals\\\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and\",\n \"title\": \"Piano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9343995\",\n \"text\": \"keys are specified in ISO/IEC 9995-7. Letterings which are commonly used instead of the symbols are shown in their English version in parentheses. Keyboards which comply to this narrower specification contain all the keys shown in white in the figure above, the key at C12 shown in yellow, and one of the two keys at E13 and B00 shown in red. The standard does not require this; it only says that keyboards complying to this narrower specification can be called such. A key at E00 is not required, but when it is present on the keyboard, the positions E13 and\",\n \"title\": \"ISO/IEC 9995\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4740424\",\n \"text\": \"by presenting visually indistinguishable Hyperlinks. Indeed, it would be a rare accident for a web user to type, e.g., a Cyrillic letter within an otherwise English word such as \\\"citibank\\\". There are cases in which a registration can be both typosquatting and homograph spoofing; the pairs of l/I, i/j, and 0/O are all both close together on keyboards and, depending on the typeface, may be difficult or impossible to distinguish. An early nuisance of this kind, pre-dating the Internet and even text terminals, was the confusion between \\\"l\\\" (lowercase letter \\\"L\\\") / \\\"1\\\" (the number \\\"one\\\") and \\\"O\\\" (capital letter\",\n \"title\": \"IDN homograph attack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6979322\",\n \"text\": \"full decimal value of the character's position in the Windows code page on the numeric keypad, provided that the compatible code page is used as a system code page. One can also use numbers from Code page 850; these lack a leading 0. On a Swedish/Finnish keyboard both letters å, ä and ö are present, as well as ¨ to combine with any vowel character, in the same way as ´`^ and ~ accentuation signs. The early 21st century has seen noticeable growth in stylus- and touch-operated interfaces, making the use of on-screen keyboards operated by pointing devices (mouse, stylus,\",\n \"title\": \"Diaeresis (diacritic)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536182\",\n \"text\": \"keyboard, an octave encompasses only 13 keys ). For instance, the A is tuned such that its frequency equals 3:2 times the frequency of D—if D is tuned to a frequency of 288 Hz, then A is tuned to 432 Hz. Similarly, the E above A is tuned such that its frequency equals 3:2 times the frequency of A, or 9:4 times the frequency of D—with A at 432 Hz, this puts E at 648 Hz. Since this E is outside the above-mentioned basic octave (i.e. its frequency is more than twice the frequency of the base note D), it\",\n \"title\": \"Pythagorean tuning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7193543\",\n \"text\": \"outside the A–Z range. It recommends that diacritical marks on Latin letters A-Z are simply omitted (ç → C, ð → D, ê → E, ñ → N etc.), but it allows the following transliterations: å → AA ä → AE ð → DH ö → OE ü → UE (German) or UXX (Spanish) ñ → NXX The following transliterations are mandatory: æ → AE ø, œ → OE ß → SS þ → TH In Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary and Scandinavia it is standard to use the Å→AA, Ä or Æ→AE, Ö or Ø→OE, Ü→UE, and ß→SS mappings, so\",\n \"title\": \"Machine-readable passport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3234324\",\n \"text\": \"often divided into \\\"transposition ciphers\\\" and \\\"substitution ciphers\\\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \\\"WIKIPEDIA\\\" encrypts as \\\"ZLNLSHGLD\\\". Caesar rotated the\",\n \"title\": \"Classical cipher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6266903\",\n \"text\": \"the Roman letters in the English QWERTY layout, with numbers above them. Many of the non-alphanumeric symbols are the same as on English-language keyboards, but some symbols are located in other places. The hiragana symbols are also ordered in a consistent way across different keyboards. For example, the \\\"Q, W, E, R, T, Y\\\" keys correspond to た, て, い, す, か, ん (\\\"ta\\\", \\\"te\\\", \\\"i\\\", \\\"su\\\", \\\"ka\\\", and \\\"n\\\") respectively when the computer is used for direct hiragana input. Since Japanese input requires switching between Roman and hiragana entry modes, and also conversion between hiragana and kanji (as discussed\",\n \"title\": \"Japanese input methods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6494988\",\n \"text\": \"did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \\\"File 20\\\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \\\"File 20\\\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Computer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16621193\",\n \"text\": \"ă, ș, ț, î, â, respectively. Before Windows Vista, this keyboard was used. The comma from S and T is replaced by the cedilla (in some fonts the T-cedilla character is rendered as T-comma, as in some Adobe fonts). In 2012, a new keyboard was introduced. This keyboard was built after the same QWERTZ model, but instead of S-cedilla and T-cedilla are S-comma and T-comma. Romanian keyboard layout The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a \\\"primary\\\" one and a \\\"secondary\\\" one. The “primary” layout is intended for more traditional users that learned long\",\n \"title\": \"Romanian keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"446981\",\n \"text\": \"Viola The viola (; ) is a string instrument that is bowed or played with varying techniques. It is slightly larger than a violin and has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to C, G, D, and A. In the past, the viola varied in size and style as did its names. The word viola originates from\",\n \"title\": \"Viola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323761\",\n \"text\": \"yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard. Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device. Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10495681\",\n \"text\": \"letters are Q, W, E, R, T and Y. Other keyboards layouts include AZERTY and Dvorak. The AZERTY keyboard is a variation of the standard QWERTY keyboard adapted for French-language input. The AZERTY layout modifies the QWERTY layout to add functionality for inputting accented characters. The Dvorak keyboard is designed so that the middle row of keys includes the most common letters, with the goal of allowing greater efficiency and comfort while typing. The keyboard usually contains letters, numbers, punctuation, function and control keys, arrow keys, a keypad, and may include a wristpad. With the popularity of text messaging ,\",\n \"title\": \"Text entry interface\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6926454\",\n \"text\": \"for help. Some key clarifications: Turing begins the proof with the assertion of the existence of a “decision/determination” machine D. When fed any S.D (string of symbols A, C, D, L, R, N, semicolon “;”) it will determine if this S.D (symbol string) represents a \\\"computing machine\\\" that is either \\\"circular\\\" — and therefore \\\"un-satisfactory u\\\" — or \\\"circle-free\\\" — and therefore \\\"satisfactory s\\\". Turing makes no comment about how machine D goes about its work. For sake of argument, we suppose that D would first look to see if the string of symbols is \\\"well-formed\\\" (i.e. in the form\",\n \"title\": \"Turing's proof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3243376\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Underwood No. 5\\\" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now universally included on computer keyboards. The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such as the \\\"highly logical\\\" ampersat, asperand, and the strudel, but none of these has achieved wide use. In unicode, the at sign is encoded as , or codice_1 in HTML5. The earliest yet discovered reference to the @ symbol is a\",\n \"title\": \"At sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1485176\",\n \"text\": \"fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \\\"wolf interval\\\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has\",\n \"title\": \"Wolf interval\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12205293\",\n \"text\": \"or Ti\\\" is a diagonal line from left-bottom to right-top. Words of Solresol are formed by connecting the symbols in the order they appear in the word. The Solresol Latin alphabet is the smallest alphabet, containing just 7-12 letters (a, D, e, F, i, L, l, M, o, R and S, plus possibly T (for \\\"Ti\\\" instead of \\\"Si\\\") - Capitals are strictly necessary, not changing „Si“ to „Ti“ also makes „o“ and „i“ necessary; „So“ and „Si“). In Solresol morphology, the longer words are divided into categories of meaning, based on their first syllable, or note. Words beginning with\",\n \"title\": \"Solresol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6911432\",\n \"text\": \"Latin-10 as D0 and F0 respectively; and, in Latin-6 as A9 and B9 respectively. In PostScript they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both crossed \\\"d\\\" and barred \\\"d\\\" are considered glyph variants of U+0111. Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital eth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion. As part of WGL4, \\\"Đ\\\" and \\\"đ\\\" can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems. D with stroke Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), known as crossed D or dyet, is a letter formed from the base character D/d\",\n \"title\": \"D with stroke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"82465\",\n \"text\": \"augmentative \\\"\\\"-one\\\"\\\" (\\\"big\\\") and the diminutive \\\"\\\"-cello\\\"\\\" (\\\"little\\\"). By the turn of the 20th century, it had become common to shorten the name to 'cello, with the apostrophe indicating the missing stem. It is now customary to use \\\"cello\\\" without apostrophe as the full designation. \\\"Viol\\\" is derived from the root \\\"viola\\\", which was derived from Medieval Latin \\\"vitula\\\", meaning stringed instrument. Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting with C (two octaves below middle C), followed by G, D, and then A. It is tuned in the same intervals as the viola, but an octave lower. Unlike the violin or\",\n \"title\": \"Cello\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318140\",\n \"text\": \"reference number, \\\"raw keycodes\\\", and these numbers are what is sent to the computer when a key is pressed or released.) The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter \\\"A\\\" or the digit \\\"9\\\". The user of the computer is requested to identify the \\\"functional layout\\\" of the keyboard when installing the operating system. Today, most keyboards use one of three different mechanical layouts, usually referred to as simply \\\"ISO\\\" (ISO/IEC 9995-2), \\\"ANSI\\\" (ANSI-INCITS 154-1988), and \\\"JIS\\\" (JIS X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318143\",\n \"text\": \"of their keycaps. This can be e.g. for masking foreign layouts, adding additional information such as shortcuts, learning aid, gaming controls, or solely for decorational purposes. The \\\"functional layout\\\" of the keyboard refers to the mapping between the physical keys, such as the key, and software events, such as the letter \\\"A\\\" appearing on the screen. Usually the functional layout is set to match the visual layout of the keyboard being used, so that pressing a key will produce the expected result, corresponding to the legends on the keyboard. However, most operating systems have software that allow the user to\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9038226\",\n \"text\": \"| '3' | '4' | '5' | '6' | '7' | '8' | '9' In this example, the symbols (-,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are terminal symbols and <digit> and <integer> are nonterminal symbols. \\\"Note: This example supports strings with leading zeroes like \\\"0056\\\" or \\\"0000\\\", as well as negative zero strings like \\\"-0\\\" and \\\"-00000\\\".\\\" Another example is: S -> cAd A -> a | ab In this example, the symbols a,b,c,d are terminal symbols and S,A are nonterminal symbols. Terminal and nonterminal symbols In computer science, terminal and nonterminal symbols are the lexical elements used in specifying the production rules constituting a\",\n \"title\": \"Terminal and nonterminal symbols\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"945767\",\n \"text\": \"character, which looks like a circumflex, so places a caret over the following character. Similarly, stands for breve, so adds the breve mark over the next character. One can also download an Esperanto keyboard layout package that will, once installed, function in the same way as other languages' keyboards. When installed, this gives users two different methods of typing. The first, \\\"Esperanto\\\" maintains a QWERTY layout, but switches the letters that are not used in Esperanto (\\\"q\\\", \\\"w\\\", \\\"y\\\", and \\\"x\\\") for diacritical letters and makes a \\\"u\\\" into a \\\"ŭ\\\" if it follows an \\\"a\\\" or an \\\"e\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8230086\",\n \"text\": \"also a ' \\\"closed omega\\\"), ' \\\"right-leg turned m\\\", ' \\\"turned long-leg r\\\" (there was once also a \\\"long-leg r\\\"), ' \\\"double pipe\\\", and the obsolete \\\"stretched c\\\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \\\"c cedilla\\\", ' \\\"eth\\\" (also spelled \\\"edh\\\"), ' \\\"engma\\\" or \\\"eng\\\", ' \\\"schwa\\\" (also spelled \\\"shwa\\\"), ' \\\"exclamation mark\\\", ' \\\"pipe\\\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \\\"fish-hook r\\\", ' \\\"ram's horns\\\", ' \\\"bull's eye\\\", ' \\\"esh\\\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \\\"ezh\\\" (sometimes confused with \\\"yogh\\\"), ' \\\"hook-top heng\\\". The is usually called by the\",\n \"title\": \"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14950391\",\n \"text\": \"unique triad in its own right. Subminor chords are minor triads that have the third lowered by a quarter tone. An example of a supermajor triad would be C–E–G, in which E exists halfway between E and F. An example of a subminor triad would be C–E–G in which E exists halfway between D and E. Supermajor triads can be written with \\\"sup\\\" or a capital \\\"S\\\" following the root while subminor can be written with \\\"sub\\\", \\\"s\\\" or (by extrapolating and adapting metric prefixes) the micro symbol (µ, not to be confused with the Mu major chord). The previous\",\n \"title\": \"Chord names and symbols (popular music)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17576985\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Welcome to the Virgins\\\", which brought first-time attendees up to the podium to be adorned with the customary paper toilet seat cover. This was all punctuated by corks tossed toward the podium and from table to table. People saved their wine corks all year to cut into non-lethal sizes and throw at each other. It was quite unprofessional. In 1972 a contest was held to create a DCA logo (see photo). The winner (name needed) submitted a graphic of a magnetic tape reel with a martini glass in the center. Overlaid were the concentric letters D, C, A, and around\",\n \"title\": \"Digital Computer Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3947121\",\n \"text\": \"Pedal keyboard A pedalboard (also called a pedal keyboard, pedal clavier, or, with electronic instruments, a bass pedalboard) is a keyboard played with the feet that is usually used to produce the low-pitched bass line of a piece of music. A pedalboard has long, narrow lever-style keys laid out in the same semitone scalar pattern as a manual keyboard, with longer keys for C, D, E, F, G, A and B, and shorter, higher keys for C, D, F, G and A. Training in pedal technique is part of standard organ pedagogy in church music and art music. Pedalboards are\",\n \"title\": \"Pedal keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8517582\",\n \"text\": \"are specified in the ABNT NBR (\\\"Norma Brasileira Regulamentadora\\\") 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric) and NBR 10347 (numeric portion) standards. Portuguese keyboard layout There are two QWERTY-based keyboard layouts used for the Portuguese language. Additionally, there are two variants of the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard designed for Brazilian Portuguese. Typewriters in Portuguese-speaking countries generally have a separate extra key for \\\"Ç\\\", and a dead key for each diacritic except the cedilla; so that \\\"Á\\\" is obtained by typing first the acute accent, then the letter \\\"A\\\". The same thing happens with computer keyboards, except when using an \\\"English – International\\\" keyboard layout,\",\n \"title\": \"Portuguese keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2212018\",\n \"text\": \"percussive manner. Historically, they were sometimes discussed with a hint of disdain. One 1969 textbook defines the tone cluster as \\\"an extra-harmonic clump of notes.\\\" In his 1917 piece \\\"The Tides of Manaunaun\\\", Cowell introduced a new notation for tone clusters on the piano and other keyboard instruments. In this notation, only the top and bottom notes of a cluster, connected by a single line or a pair of lines, are represented. This developed into the solid-bar style seen in the image on the right. Here, the first chord—stretching two octaves from D to D—is a diatonic (so-called white-note) cluster,\",\n \"title\": \"Tone cluster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"691603\",\n \"text\": \"languages are also assigned: On the standard US keyboard layout, the # symbol is . On standard UK and some other European keyboards, the same keystrokes produce the pound currency symbol (£), and # is moved to a separate key above the right shift. On UK Mac keyboards, # is generated by , whereas on some other European Mac keyboards, the # can be found above the right shift key. Number sign The symbol # is most commonly known as the number sign, hash, or pound sign. The symbol has historically been used for a wide range of purposes, including\",\n \"title\": \"Number sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318141\",\n \"text\": \"organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. (In fact, the mechanical layouts referred such as \\\"ISO\\\" and \\\"ANSI\\\" comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other way.) \\\"Keyboard layout\\\" in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, Apple Inc produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79,\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"174992\",\n \"text\": \"indicated by the \\\"dagesh\\\". In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to and , respectively, and ṯ has become , so only the remaining three consonants show variation. \\\"resh\\\" may have also been a \\\"doubled\\\" letter, making the list \\\"BeGeD KePoReT\\\". (Sefer Yetzirah, 4:1) The following table contains the pronunciation of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the . The apostrophe-looking symbol after some letters is not a yud but a geresh. It is used for loanwords with non-native Hebrew sounds. The dot in the middle of some of the letters, called a\",\n \"title\": \"Hebrew alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"548451\",\n \"text\": \"hand, is a variant of QWERTY. Typewriters were also made for East Asian languages with thousands of characters, such as Chinese or Japanese. They were not easy to operate, but professional typists used them for a long time until the development of electronic word processors and laser printers in the 1980s. On modern keyboards, the exclamation point is the shifted character on the 1 key, a direct result of the historical fact that these were the last characters to become \\\"standard\\\" on keyboards. Holding the spacebar pressed down usually suspended the carriage advance mechanism (a so-called \\\"dead key\\\" feature), allowing\",\n \"title\": \"Typewriter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10714148\",\n \"text\": \"variations in frequency. D♯ (musical note) D (D-sharp) or re dièse is the fourth semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above D and a diatonic semitone below E, thus being enharmonic to \\\"mi bémol\\\" or E. However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as E. E is a perfect fourth above B, whereas D is a major third above B. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the D above middle C (or D) is approximately 311.127 Hz. See pitch (music) for a\",\n \"title\": \"D♯ (musical note)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323758\",\n \"text\": \"enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacturers imitate the keyboard of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, and the shift key. Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792434\",\n \"text\": \"Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6911429\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft Windows Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 ( on a U.S. keyboard) to \\\"đ\\\", or \\\"Đ\\\" when holding down . The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 () to ₫. Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of \\\"Đ\\\". In Vietnamese Braille, it is , which corresponds to \\\"D\\\" in French Braille. In the Vietnamese manual alphabet, \\\"Đ\\\" is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In Morse code, it is rendered – · · – · ·, corresponding to Telex's \\\"DD\\\". The lowercase \\\"đ\\\" is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative\",\n \"title\": \"D with stroke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6722174\",\n \"text\": \"for the summer months. Vehicles that don't undergo inspection within their period get an automated failure and may not be driven on public roads (only to the inspection or workshop). All letters in the Swedish alphabet are used, except the letters I, Q, V, Å, Ä and Ö. 91 letter combinations are not used since they may be offensive, political or otherwise unsuitable. Examples: APA (monkey), ARG (angry), DUM (stupid, bad), FAN (devil, damn), FEG (cowardly), FEL (error, wrong), FUL (ugly), GAY, HOT (threat), LAT (lazy), NRP (Nordiska Rikspartiet), OND (evil, cruel), SEX, SUP (snaps), TOA (toilet), UFO, USA, XXL\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Sweden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"339694\",\n \"text\": \"version, but some features are identical to the United Kingdom version: The Vietnamese keyboard layout is an extended Latin QWERTY layout. The letters Ă, Â, Ê, and Ô are found on what would be the number keys – on the US English keyboard, with – producing the tonal marks (grave accent, hook, tilde, acute accent and dot below, in that order), producing Đ, producing the đồng sign (₫) when not shifted, and brackets () producing Ư and Ơ. EurKEY is a free and open source US-based layout which provides easy access to many diacritics of European languages as well as\",\n \"title\": \"QWERTY\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2672306\",\n \"text\": \"A series of underscores (like __________ ) may be used to create a blank to be filled in on a form, although the resulting blank may have tiny gaps between each individual underscore. It is also sometimes used to create a horizontal line; other symbols with similar graphemes, such as hyphens and dashes, are also used for this purpose. In Unicode, the character is encoded at . The ASCII value of this character is 95. On the standard US or UK 101/102 computer keyboard it shares a key with the hyphen-minus (-) on the top row, to the right of\",\n \"title\": \"Underscore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1787378\",\n \"text\": \"and 31.5 – it includes the 13 A current limit of British BS 1363 sockets). The circuit breaker is labeled with the rated current in amperes, but excluding the unit symbol, A. Instead, the ampere figure is preceded by a letter, \\\"B\\\", \\\"C\\\", or \\\"D\\\", which indicates the \\\"instantaneous tripping current\\\" — that is, the minimum value of current that causes the circuit breaker to trip without intentional time delay (i.e., in less than 100 ms), expressed in terms of \\\"I\\\": Circuit breakers are also rated by the maximum fault current that they can interrupt; this allows use of more\",\n \"title\": \"Circuit breaker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10714147\",\n \"text\": \"D♯ (musical note) D (D-sharp) or re dièse is the fourth semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above D and a diatonic semitone below E, thus being enharmonic to \\\"mi bémol\\\" or E. However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as E. E is a perfect fourth above B, whereas D is a major third above B. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the D above middle C (or D) is approximately 311.127 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical\",\n \"title\": \"D♯ (musical note)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1934017\",\n \"text\": \"sign appeared as the shift of the 6 key. The cent sign has not survived the changeover from typewriters to computer keyboards (replaced positionally by the caret). There are alternative ways, however, to create the character (offset 162) in most common code pages, including Unicode and Windows-1252: The cent sign has Unicode code point: When written in English, the cent sign (¢ or c) follows the amount (with no space between), in contrast with a larger currency symbol, which is placed before the amount. For example, 2¢ and $0.02, or 2c and €0.02. The Ghanaian cedi's symbol is ₵. Examples\",\n \"title\": \"Cent (currency)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3204815\",\n \"text\": \"for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as\",\n \"title\": \"Tatar alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"692383\",\n \"text\": \"comma and the cedilla are both derivative of a small cursive \\\"z\\\" (ʒ) placed below the letter. From this standpoint alone, \\\"ș\\\", \\\"ț\\\", and \\\"d̦\\\" could potentially be regarded as stand-ins for \\\"sz\\\", \\\"tz\\\", and \\\"dz\\\" respectively. In Latvian, the comma is used on the letters \\\"ģ\\\", \\\"ķ\\\", \\\"ļ\\\", \\\"ņ\\\", and historically also \\\"ŗ\\\", to indicate palatalization. Because the lowercase letter \\\"g\\\" has a descender, the comma is rotated 180° and placed over the letter. Although their Adobe glyph names are commas, their names in the Unicode Standard are \\\"g\\\", \\\"k\\\", \\\"l\\\", \\\"n\\\", and \\\"r\\\" with a cedilla. They were\",\n \"title\": \"Comma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6107988\",\n \"text\": \"the un-\\\"steckered\\\" cycles (vt)(mi). None of the letters are same, so all of those eight letters are steckered. Looking at the singleton cycles of and shows not only that \\\"e\\\" is not steckered, but also that \\\"w\\\" and \\\"z\\\" are steckered together. Thus ten of the twelve steckered letters are quickly identified. Most of the other 16 letters, such as \\\"b\\\", \\\"d\\\", \\\"g\\\", and \\\"l\\\", are probably not steckered. The cycle notation of , , and can be rearranged to match the likely unsteckered characters. (The initial letter of a cycle's notation is not significant: within a cycle, the letters\",\n \"title\": \"Cyclometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5835361\",\n \"text\": \"13 letters, three of which can be umlauted, plus the colon (:) and the acute accent mark. Seneca language is generally written in all-lowercase, and capital letters are only used rarely, even then only for the first letter of a word; all-caps is never used, even on road signs. The vowels and consonants are \\\"a, ä, e, ë, i, o, ö, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y\\\", and \\\"ˀ\\\", the last of which is always in superscript form. In some transliterations, \\\"t\\\" is replaced by \\\"d\\\", and likewise \\\"k\\\" by \\\"g\\\"; Seneca does not have a phonemic differentiation\",\n \"title\": \"Seneca language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318131\",\n \"text\": \"addition to the more specific dead keys. It allows access to a wide range of predefined extra characters by interpreting a whole sequence of keystrokes following it. For example, striking followed by (apostrophe) and then results in \\\"á\\\" (\\\"a\\\" with acute accent), followed by and then results in \\\"æ\\\" (\\\"ae\\\" ligature), and followed by and then results in © (circled \\\"c\\\", copyright symbol). The key is supported by the X Window System (used by most Unix-like operating systems, including most Linux distributions). Some keyboards have a key labeled \\\"Compose\\\", but any key can be configured to serve this function. For\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Icelandic orthography context: it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,\\n\\nOn a computer keyboard which letter is between A and D?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Computer context: the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \\\"é\\\" or \\\"à\\\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:\\n\\ntitle: Key layout context: France, Belgium and some African. differs from the QWERTY layout thus: Lithuanian keyboards use a layout known as ĄŽERTY, Ą appears in place of Q above A, Ž in place of W above S, and � in place of X below S, with Q, W, and X being available either on the far right-hand side or by use of the AltGr key. Besides ĄŽERTY, Lithuanian QERTY keyboard is also. TheZERTY layout was used mostly in Italy, where it was the traditional typewriter layout. In recent years, however, a modified QWERTY layout with stressed keys\\n\\ntitle:ALY context:. ten the very ( t a, d o r and used7% of times when in and with, h, u and to the list number goes up to84 nearly finds the likely on the previously. Currently supportedocket PC / Windows Mobile and Windows Tablet PC. There was a version for Palm. An Android under consideration but Barry Shfer had DIY\\n\\n Computer keyboard: by fingers a Standard al that on three-09 mm aktopboards as the0, include aletication a of. The/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\\n\\nOn a computer keyboard which letter is between A and D?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 472,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15474,\n \"ratio\": \"32.8x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":97,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":97,"string":"97"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What was Hitchcock's first sound movie?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Blackmailer","Blackmailing","Blackmail","R v Lawrence and Pomroy","Blackmailed","Blackmails","Black mail"],"string":"[\n \"Blackmailer\",\n \"Blackmailing\",\n \"Blackmail\",\n \"R v Lawrence and Pomroy\",\n \"Blackmailed\",\n \"Blackmails\",\n \"Black mail\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Blackmail"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1951131","text":"coined the term \"documentary\" to describe a non-fiction film in 1926. Ranked by many as the best British filmmaker, Hitchcock's first thriller, \"\" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, \"Blackmail\", is often regarded as the first British sound feature film. \"The 39 Steps\" (1935) features a signature Hitchcock cameo, and established the quintessential English 'Hitchcock blonde' Madeleine Carroll as the template for his succession of ice cold and elegant leading ladies. Alexander Korda's \"The Private Life of Henry VIII\" (1933), was the first British production to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best","title":"Culture of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"788619","text":"\"Modern Times\", a half-decade later. A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling, beyond the obvious function of recording speech. In \"Blackmail\", Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character's monologue so the word \"knife\" would leap out from a blurry stream of sound, reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist, who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing. In his first film, the Paramount \"Applause\" (1929), Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion","title":"Sound film"},{"id":"8566453","text":"the run. It also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances. Two years later he directed \"Blackmail\" (1929) which was his first sound film. In 1935 Hitchcock directed \"The 39 Steps\". Three years later he directed \"The Lady Vanishes,\" starring Margaret Lockwood and Michael Redgrave. Hitchcock's British films – and many of his early American ones – are often mistakenly believed to be in the public domain. In fact, all of his films are under copyright in the US and UK. Nonetheless, bootlegs of his work continue to be widely disseminated. In 1940, Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions, the","title":"Alfred Hitchcock filmography"},{"id":"6900465","text":"Benn Levy Benn Wolfe Levy (7 March 1900 – 7 December 1973) was a Labour Party Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and a successful playwright. He was educated at Repton School and University College, Oxford and served in uniform in both World Wars. Before entering politics, Levy was a successful playwright and screenwriter. He was the dialogue writer for \"Blackmail\" (1929); directed by Alfred Hitchcock, it was the first British sound film. Later, he wrote the adapted screenplay for James Whale's macabre horror film \"The Old Dark House\" (1932) in","title":"Benn Levy"},{"id":"5467982","text":"production of \"Cyrano de Bergerac\". Bennett had the biggest success of his career to date when Al Woods decided to finance a production of \"Blackmail\" in 1928, produced by Raymond Massey and starring Tallulah Bankhead. The play was not well received at first, but had a hugely successful run on tour. The play was seen by Alfred Hitchcock who arranged for British International Pictures to buy the film rights and adapted Bennett's play into a script, with Benn Levy doing the dialogue. His film of \"Blackmail\" (1929) is generally credited as the first British sound film, and was a huge","title":"Charles Bennett (screenwriter)"},{"id":"14676954","text":"the LNER. The notice stated \"For the purposes of the film, dramatic licence has been taken in regard to the safety equipment used on The Flying Scotsman\". Film historian John Huntley claimed that Gresley subsequently forbade any further filming on the LNER. Along with Alfred Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\", this was one of the first British sound films. Like that film, it was initially intended to be a silent film, with the decision to switch to speech made during production. As a result, early scenes feature speech captions and music instead of recorded voices, with character dialogue only appearing towards the end","title":"The Flying Scotsman (1929 film)"},{"id":"788568","text":"\"The Clue of the New Pin\", a British Lion production using the sound-on-disc British Photophone system. In May, \"Black Waters\", a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all-talker, received its initial trade screening; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound-on-film system. None of these pictures made much impact. The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all-British \"Blackmail\". Directed by twenty-nine-year-old Alfred Hitchcock, the movie had its London debut June 21, 1929. Originally shot as a silent, \"Blackmail\" was restaged to include dialogue sequences, along with a score and sound effects,","title":"Sound film"},{"id":"14834466","text":"repatriated to England for treatment and faces a long and painful physical rehabilitation and the struggle to regain his memory, while at the same time a battle of wills is being waged by his mother and Kitty, both trying to convince him that the other is lying. Eventually Kitty succeeds in rekindling his love for her, and Mrs. St. George is crushed. \"Kitty\", released in May 1929, is sometimes cited as the first British sound film as it was released in cinemas before Alfred Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\", the other candidate for the honour. Opponents of this view however point out that","title":"Kitty (1929 film)"},{"id":"1502283","text":"of Anabel Donald's 1994 novel is the ceiling of the Reading Room, where the denouement is set. Alfred Hitchcock used the Reading Room and the dome of the British Museum as a location for the climax of his first sound film \"Blackmail\" (1929). Other movies with key scenes in the Reading Room include \"Night of the Demon\" (1957) and in the 2001 Japanese anime OVA \"Read or Die\", the Reading Room is used as the secret entrance to the British Library's fictional \"Special Operations Division\". Probably the first work of fiction in which the British Museum Reading Room plays an","title":"British Museum Reading Room"},{"id":"3619","text":"as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series \"The Men Who Made The Movies\", Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue, \"Elstree Calling\" (1930), and directed a short film, \"An Elastic Affair\" (1930), featuring two \"Film Weekly\" scholarship winners. \"An Elastic Affair\" is one of the lost films. In 1933 Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon at Gaumont British. His first film","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"11695662","text":"features a serial killer who stalks blonde women. Blonde actress Anny Ondra starred in Hitchcock's first sound film \"Blackmail\" (1929). Hitchcock said he used blonde actresses in his films, not because of an attraction to them, but because of a tradition that began with silent star Mary Pickford. The director said that blondes were \"a symbol of the heroine\". He also thought they photographed better in black and white, which was the predominant film for most dramas for many years. In \"Family Plot\", Karen Black plays a kidnapper who wears a blonde wig and sunglasses as a disguise. Other notable","title":"Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films"},{"id":"4205518","text":"Blackmail (1929 film) Blackmail is a 1929 British thriller drama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Anny Ondra, John Longden, and Cyril Ritchard. Based on the 1928 play of the same name by Charles Bennett, the film is about a London woman who is blackmailed after killing a man who tries to rape her. After starting production as a silent film, British International Pictures decided to adapt \"Blackmail\" into a separate sound film. It became the first successful European talkie; a silent version was released for theaters not equipped for sound (at 6,740 feet), with the sound version (7,136","title":"Blackmail (1929 film)"},{"id":"10376161","text":"Films insured Wilcox for £100,000. There was some talk he would make a film of the Burke and Wills story. Instead he made what he described as \"a series of unimportant but profitable films\": \"The Bondman\" (1929), \"The Woman in White\" (1929), Generally, Alfred Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\" is regarded as the first film with sound, but Wilcox's \"Black Waters\" was trade-shown several weeks earlier in May, 1929. He produced more than a hundred films, of which he directed about half. \"His film production team were never laid off, even during the worst depressions of the British film industry. They were on","title":"Herbert Wilcox"},{"id":"3618","text":"wrote in 1982: \"The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's.\" Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, \"Blackmail\" (1929), when its production company, British International Pictures (BIP), converted its Elstree studios to sound. The film was the first British \"\"; it followed the first American sound feature film, \"The Jazz Singer\" (1927). \"Blackmail\" began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"144059","text":"front of and behind the camera struggled with the stringent limitations of the early sound equipment and their own uncertainty as to how to utilize the new medium. Many stage performers, directors and writers were introduced to cinema as producers sought personnel experienced in dialogue-based storytelling. Many major silent filmmakers and actors were unable to adjust and found their careers severely curtailed or even ended. This awkward period was fairly short-lived. 1929 was a watershed year: William Wellman with \"Chinatown Nights\" and \"The Man I Love\", Rouben Mamoulian with \"Applause\", Alfred Hitchcock with \"Blackmail\" (Britain's first sound feature), were among","title":"History of film"},{"id":"4205530","text":"Susie\" (1932). As an early \"talkie\", \"Blackmail\" is frequently cited by film historians as a landmark film, and is often cited as the first truly British \"all-talkie\" feature film. Two future directors worked on this production: Ronald Neame operated the clapperboard and Michael Powell took on-set publicity photographs. Earlier British sound films include: In March 1929, \"Pin\" and \"Circle\" were trade-shown at the same screening for film exhibitors in London. New restorations of \"Blackmail\" were completed in 2012, as part of the BFI's £2 million \"Save the Hitchcock 9\" project to restore all of the director's surviving silent films. Like","title":"Blackmail (1929 film)"},{"id":"19152745","text":"(BIP) and the second stage was ready for production in 1928. Maxwell placed Alfred Hitchcock under contract in a 3-year, 12-picture deal, and after several silents, he was responsible for \"Blackmail\" (1929), the first British talkie released, which was produced at the studios. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation (see below) with BIP retaining the remaining stages. \"Elstree Calling\" (1930), made by BIP, was reputedly Britain's first musical film. BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933. Maxwell died in","title":"Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)"},{"id":"2005949","text":"The Manxman The Manxman is a 1929 British silent drama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Anny Ondra, Carl Brisson and Malcolm Keen. The film is based on a popular 1894 romantic novel \"The Manxman\" by Hall Caine, which had previously been made into a film 13 years earlier. It was the last fully silent production that Hitchcock directed before he made the transition to sound film with his next film \"Blackmail\" (1929). The film tells the story of two close childhood friends, a handsome but poor fisherman, Pete Quilliam (Carl Brisson), and a well-educated middle-class lawyer, Philip Christian","title":"The Manxman"},{"id":"3597","text":"title card designer after training as a technical clerk and copy writer for a telegraph-cable company. He made his directorial debut with the silent film \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925). His first successful film, \"\" (1927), helped to shape the thriller genre, while his 1929 film, \"Blackmail\", was the first British \"\". Two of his 1930s thrillers, \"The 39 Steps\" (1935) and \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938), are ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th century. By 1939 Hitchcock was a filmmaker of international importance, and film producer David O. Selznick persuaded him to move to Hollywood. A string of","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"15683153","text":"Dallas Bower Dallas Bower (25 July 1907, London18 October 1999, London) was a British film and television director and producer. After early employment as the sound technician on Alfred Hitchcock's first sound movie \"Blackmail\" (1929) Bower joined film impresario Paul Czinner, producer of \"As You Like it,\" starring Laurence Olivier. Bower joined the BBC's experimental television unit in 1936 and presented broadcasts of several Shakespeare plays before TV trials were terminated in wartime. He then directed the Ministry of Information's film division and in 1941 joined BBC Radio where he produced a radio version of the Russian film \"Alexander Nevsky\",","title":"Dallas Bower"},{"id":"7595763","text":"yet. She comes out of their apartment wielding a gigantic vase and, despite Mr. Kennedy's efforts to protect himself, crashes it over his head, putting him out for the count. Having evaded a beating, Stan then leaves as though nothing has happened, but falls down the stairs (offscreen) as Ollie watches and flinches with every thump and loud crash as he reaches the bottom. \"Unaccustomed As We Are\" is notable for being Laurel and Hardy's first sound film (the title was drawn from the popular cliché \"Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking ...\"). The soundtrack was lost for 50","title":"Unaccustomed As We Are"},{"id":"4205524","text":"him, the inspector receives a telephone call and asks Frank to deal with Alice. She finally tells Frank the truth—that it was self-defense against an attack she cannot bear to speak of—and they leave together. As they do, a policeman walks past, carrying the damaged painting of the laughing clown and the cartoon canvas where Alice painted over her name. The film began production as a silent film. To cash in on the new popularity of talkies, the film's producer, John Maxwell of British International Pictures, gave Hitchcock the go-ahead to film a portion of the movie in sound. Hitchcock","title":"Blackmail (1929 film)"},{"id":"3014506","text":"at MGM. Waxman scored a number of pictures during the next few years, but the score for Alfred Hitchcock's \"Rebecca\" (1940) made his name. Waxman was frequently called to work on scores of horror or suspense films, and \"Rebecca\" was the culmination of the genre for Waxman. \"Rebecca\" was Hitchcock's first Hollywood film as part of his contract with David O. Selznick, and thus it was the first time he was allowed a full symphonic score. Selznick financed the film at the same time as he was making \"Gone With the Wind\". Waxman's score for \"Rebecca\" is eerie and ethereal,","title":"Franz Waxman"},{"id":"1275569","text":"yet to be adapted to sound. The technical innovation of synchronized dialogue into film raised concerns among directors as to its potential influence on the visual techniques available to directors. Internationally, filmmakers such as Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Hitchcock and Vertov wished to avoid oppressive forms of ”theatrically-influenced dialogue” even as audiences clamored for the novelty of naturalistic speech. Sternberg welcomed sound as a means to achieve complete control over his picture - \"no longer at the mercy of movie house organists\" - and eschewing any \"atmospheric\" or background music. \"Thunderbolt\" (as well as his next three sound films) used source music","title":"Thunderbolt (1929 film)"},{"id":"8566455","text":"Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds. In 1948, Hitchcock directed \"Rope\" which starred James Stewart. The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot. Three years later he directed \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951). Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films: \"Dial M for Murder\" (1954), \"Rear Window\" (1954) and \"To Catch a Thief\" (1955). For \"Rear Window\", Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards. 1955 marked his debut on television as","title":"Alfred Hitchcock filmography"},{"id":"3638","text":"Ben Hecht consulted Robert Millikan of the California Institute of Technology about the development of a uranium bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was \"science fiction\", only to be confronted by the news of the detonation of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945. Hitchcock formed an independent production company, Transatlantic Pictures, with his friend Sidney Bernstein. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With \"Rope\" (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with \"Lifeboat\" (1944). The film appears to","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"3690","text":"these islands and given the age its character\". In June 2013 nine restored versions of Hitchcock's early silent films, including \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925), were shown at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Harvey Theatre; known as \"The Hitchcock 9\", the travelling tribute was organised by the British Film Institute. The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16 mm film shot on the set of \"Blackmail\" (1929) and \"Frenzy\" (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive preserves many of his home movies. The Alfred","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"2969626","text":"film stages in 1925. The first film produced there was \"Madame Pompadour\" (1927). The company was renamed British International Pictures (BIP) and a second stage was ready for production in 1928. Alfred Hitchcock made \"Blackmail\" (1929), the first British talkie at the studios in 1929. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation. BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933. During World War II, the studios were used by the War Office for storage. In 1946, Warner Brothers acquired a substantial","title":"Elstree Studios"},{"id":"7539687","text":"cut here skips over the courting, the marriage proposal, and the actual marriage of the two characters who had for much of the film been adversaries. Another Hitchcock film to employ the use of a match cut is \"Psycho\". Right after Marion Crane is murdered in the famous \"shower scene\", the camera shows blood flowing down the drain of the tub, then cuts (dissolves) to a shot of Marion's eye. German director Fritz Lang provided early uses of match cuts in his silent and first sound films. In \"Dr. Mabuse the Gambler\", he shows a circular casino from above and","title":"Match cut"},{"id":"8070142","text":"Wallace novel. \"Crimson\" was filmed in DeForest Phonofilm, and \"Pin\" was made in British Phototone, a sound-on-disc process using 12-inch phonograph records synchronized with the film. However, the UK divisions of both Phonofilm and British Phototone soon closed. The last films made in the UK in Phonofilm were released in early 1929, due to competition from Vitaphone, and sound-on-film systems such as Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone. The release of Alfred Hitchcock's sound feature film \"Blackmail\" in June 1929, made in RCA Photophone, sealed the fate of Phonofilm in the UK. In June 1925, Phonofilm opened its first Australian office","title":"Phonofilm"},{"id":"18743922","text":"and Hollywood firms. Along with the facilities in Elstree, the company also acquired Welwyn Studios in Welwyn Garden City. With BIP (which was renamed Associated British Picture Corporation in 1933) John Maxwell began a major production programme. Maxwell imported top filmmakers from Europe as well as signing up leading British talent such as Alfred Hitchcock. Under Maxwell's leadership BIP produced several masterpieces of late silent cinema. With Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\" (1929) the company successfully made the transition to sound. While it continued to make some more expensive films, it increasingly relied on large numbers of medium or low-budget comedies and musicals","title":"John Maxwell (producer)"},{"id":"15577626","text":"time as \"The American Prisoner\", both films following on from the company's first sound release Alfred Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\" in June. A review in \"Close Up\" suggested it \"has perhaps the best direction yet produced from a British studio\". Under the Greenwood Tree (1929 film) Under the Greenwood Tree is a 1929 British historical drama film directed by Harry Lachman and starring Marguerite Allan, Nigel Barrie and Wilfred Shine. It is an adaptation of the novel \"Under the Greenwood Tree\" by Thomas Hardy. The film's sets were designed by Wilfred Arnold. It was made at Elstree Studios by the leading British","title":"Under the Greenwood Tree (1929 film)"},{"id":"3614","text":"Mountain Eagle\" (1926), released in the United States as \"Fear o' God\". The film is lost; Hitchcock called it \"a very bad movie\". Hitchcock's luck changed with his first thriller, \"\" (1927), about the hunt for a serial killer who, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays. A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to be innocent. To convey that footsteps were being heard from an upper floor, Hitchcock had a glass floor made so that the audience could see the","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"3620","text":"for the company, \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" (1934), was a success; his second, \"The 39 Steps\" (1935), was acclaimed in the UK and made Hitchcock a star in the US. It also established the quintessential English \"Hitchcock blonde\" (Madeleine Carroll) as the template for his succession of ice-cold, elegant leading ladies. Screenwriter Robert Towne remarked, \"It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with \"The 39 Steps\"\". This film was one of the first to introduce the \"MacGuffin\" plot device, a term coined by the English screenwriter Angus MacPhail. The MacGuffin is","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"827248","text":"the director wanted the film to sound in 1958. Harris and Katz sometimes added extra sound effects to camouflage defects in the old soundtrack (\"hisses, pops, and bangs\"); in particular they added extra seagull cries and a foghorn to the scene at Cypress Point. The new mix has also been accused of putting too much emphasis on the score at the expense of the sound effects. In 1996, director Harrison Engle produced a documentary about the making of Hitchcock's classic, \"Obsessed with Vertigo\". Narrated by Roddy McDowell, the film played on American Movie Classics, and has since been included with","title":"Vertigo (film)"},{"id":"13539049","text":"Rope (film) Rope is a 1948 American psychological crime thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, based on the 1929 play of the same name by Patrick Hamilton. The film was adapted by Hume Cronyn with a screenplay by Arthur Laurents. The film was produced by Hitchcock and Sidney Bernstein as the first of their Transatlantic Pictures productions. Starring James Stewart, John Dall and Farley Granger, this is the first of Hitchcock's Technicolor films, and is notable for taking place in real time and being edited so as to appear as a single continuous shot through the use of long takes.","title":"Rope (film)"},{"id":"12628341","text":"the original novella starred, as Ruth, Mary Anderson who, in the previous five years, had played the female lead or second lead in six major studio films, including 1944's \"Lifeboat\" and \"Wilson\", 1946's \"To Each His Own\" and 1947's \"Whispering City\". Art was portrayed, in his TV debut, by John Dall who, a few months earlier, in 1948, had co-starred as one of the two Leopold and Loeb-like thrill killers in Alfred Hitchcock's first Technicolor film, \"Rope\" and, two years before that, at the 18th Academy Awards, was one of the nominees for Best Supporting Actor as a result of","title":"Miracle in the Rain"},{"id":"2696827","text":"incoming shot is heard briefly in the outgoing shot. Overlapping sound may be used to connect, dynamically, two separate pieces of dramatic action or to enhance the pace of story development. It is the advancement of a sound, to be heard in a new shot or scene, taken from the end of the preceding scene. Sound advances, common in modern films, are actually combined with cut transitions to pull the action of the story forward in a dynamic manner. Alfred Hitchcock fairly well patented the sound advance in his 1929 classic \"Blackmail\". A young woman (Anny Ondra) wandering the streets","title":"Film transition"},{"id":"1983898","text":"Lang, whose influence can be seen in the ominous camera angles and claustrophobic lighting. While Hitchcock had made two previous films, in later years the director would refer to \"The Lodger\" as the first true \"Hitchcock film\". Beginning with \"The Lodger\", Hitchcock helped shape the modern-day thriller genre in film. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Hitchcock's birth, a new orchestral soundtrack was composed by Ashley Irwin. The composer's recording of the score with the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg was broadcast over the ARTE TV network in Europe on 13 August 1999. Its first live performance was given on 29","title":"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog"},{"id":"9358393","text":"in 1873. The final scene of the movie was filmed as a shot of the liner sinking, but it was cut at the last minute for fear of upsetting \"Titanic\" survivors. \"Atlantic\" was one of the first British films made with the soundtrack optically recorded on the film (sound-on-film), and was Germany's first sound movie feature. In England, it was released in both sound and silent prints. The French version was the fourth French feature with sound-on-film. As the first sound film about the sinking of the \"Titanic\", it is also the first to feature the song \"Nearer, My God","title":"Atlantic (film)"},{"id":"8453470","text":"when a harried David Selznick borrowed the prolific Ratoff from Fox to direct his new Swedish protege Ingrid Bergman in her American debut. The original director, William Wyler, had walked out after a quarrel with Selznick, whose hands were full completing his troubled \"Gone With The Wind\" and making newly arrived Alfred Hitchcock's first American film, \"Rebecca\". The story was a remake of the Swedish film that had made Bergman a star, a tale of doomed love between a famous but married violin virtuoso (Leslie Howard) and his brilliant young piano accompanist (Bergman). Bergman was none too impressed with Ratoff,","title":"Gregory Ratoff"},{"id":"14766172","text":"film \"M\" (1931), directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre (in his first film role) as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing \"Foreign Correspondent\" (1940), the Oscar-winning \"Rebecca\" (1940), \"Suspicion\" (1941), \"Saboteur\" (1942) and \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943), which was Hitchcock's own personal favorite. Notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include \"The Spiral Staircase\" (1946) and \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" (1948). In the late 1940s, Hitchcock added Technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales. Hitchcock's first Technicolor film was \"Rope\" (1948). He reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic","title":"Thriller film"},{"id":"1983894","text":"is shown to have fully recovered from his injuries and he and Daisy are happily living together as a couple. Alfred Hitchcock cameos: Alfred Hitchcock appears sitting at a desk in the newsroom with his back to the camera and while operating a telephone (5:33 minutes into the film). This is Alfred Hitchcock's first recognisable film cameo and was to become a standard practice for the remainder of his films. Hitchcock's cameo happened because the actor who was supposed to play the part of the telephone operator failed to show up, and Hitchcock filled the breach. He also appeared toward","title":"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog"},{"id":"17817140","text":"films, and the new studio at Borehamwood was the first purpose-built sound studio in Europe. \"Blackmail\" (1929), directed by Alfred Hitchcock and the first British talkie, was made at the facility by the company. Other filmmakers who worked for British and Dominions Imperial included producer Anthony Havelock-Allan, who made \"Lancashire Luck\" (1937) there. Alexander Korda's London Films produced \"The Private Life of Henry VIII\", which featured an Oscar-winning performance by Charles Laughton, at British and Dominion Imperial. The studio was destroyed by fire on 9 February 1936. The Herbert Wilcox production \"London Melody\" (1937) had to be completed at Pinewood","title":"British and Dominions Imperial Studios"},{"id":"3599","text":"progression from shot to shot. A Hitchcock film is an organism, with the whole implied in every detail and every detail related to the whole.\" By 1960 Hitchcock had directed four films often ranked among the greatest of all time: \"Rear Window\" (1954), \"Vertigo\" (1958), \"North by Northwest\" (1959), and \"Psycho\" (1960). In 2012 \"Vertigo\" replaced Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941) as the British Film Institute's greatest film ever made. By 2016 seven of his films had been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, including his personal favourite, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). He received the","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"12375314","text":"Sellers, Julie Andrews, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and Daniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all-time. Hitchcock's first thriller, \"\" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, \"Blackmail\", is often regarded as the first British feature film. Major film studios in England include Pinewood, Elstree and Shepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises (\"Harry Potter\" and \"James Bond\"). Ealing Studios in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously","title":"Culture of England"},{"id":"385468","text":"Germany, well played and well made. The script had Nevsky utter a number of traditional Russian proverbs, verbally rooting his fight against the Germanic invaders in Russian traditions. This was started, completed, and placed in distribution all within the year 1938, and represented not only Eisenstein's first film in nearly a decade but also his first sound film. Within months of its release, Stalin entered into a pact with Hitler, and \"Alexander Nevsky\" was promptly pulled from distribution. Eisenstein returned to teaching and was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's \"Die Walküre\" at the Bolshoi Theatre. After the outbreak of war","title":"Sergei Eisenstein"},{"id":"14766174","text":"of its release was \"Wait Until Dark\" (1967) by director Terence Young, with Audrey Hepburn as a victimized blind woman in her Manhattan apartment. The 1970s saw an increase of violence in the thriller genre, beginning with Canadian director Ted Kotcheff's \"Wake in Fright\" (1971), which almost completely overlapped with the horror genre, and \"Frenzy\" (1972), Hitchcock's first British film in almost two decades, which was given an R rating for its vicious and explicit strangulation scene. One of the first films about a fan's being disturbingly obsessed with their idol was Clint Eastwood's directorial debut, \"Play Misty for Me\"","title":"Thriller film"},{"id":"11695661","text":"associated with violent behavior. In \"The Lodger\" and \"Psycho\", this association is the whole basis of the film. Biographers have noted how Hitchcock continued to challenge film censorship throughout his career, until he was allowed to show nudity in \"Frenzy\". Hitchcock had a dramatic preference for blonde women, stating that the audience would be more suspicious of a brunette. Many of these blondes were of the Grace Kelly variety: perfect, aloof ice goddesses, who also have a hidden red-hot inner fire. In \"Vertigo\" James Stewart forces a woman to dye her hair blonde. One of Hitchcock's earliest films, \"\" (1927),","title":"Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films"},{"id":"6915070","text":"it he said, \"oh my God, what a masterpiece.\" In 1939, Welles starred in a radio adaption of the same source novel with The Mercury Theatre on the Air. The film currently holds a 96% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 45 reviews with an average rating of 8.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Packed with twists and turns, this essential early Alfred Hitchcock feature hints at the dazzling heights he'd reach later in his career.\" Due to overlapping changing in British copyright law, the film never fell into the public domain in the UK, and","title":"The 39 Steps (1935 film)"},{"id":"788611","text":"film—not only in the United States, but also in the West as a whole—was 1929; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures (\"Pandora's Box\" [1929], \"Zemlya\" [1930], \"City Lights\" [1931]) and zero talkies in the \"Time Out\" poll. (\"City Lights\", like \"Sunrise\", was released with a recorded score and sound effects, but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a \"silent\"—spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema.) The earliest sound film to place is the French \"L'Atalante\" (1934), directed by Jean Vigo; the earliest","title":"Sound film"},{"id":"12899933","text":"a week) to star in his picture opposite his newest discovery, Miss Transylvania—Linda! After the success of Steckler's first independent feature, \"The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies\" (1963), he and producer George J. Morgan decided to cash in on the \"psycho-killer\" craze in Hollywood, brought upon by Alfred Hitchcock's \"Psycho\". The original film was to focus around the three mental patients, but Steckler found that while directing the film (with little to no set script) that the film was not running long enough and therefore began to shoot scenes with him as Click. On a","title":"The Thrill Killers"},{"id":"1918433","text":"when he was caught under a water-activator making waves for a storm scene. He was saved by a lifeguard. The film is unique among Hitchcock's American films for having no musical score during the narrative (apart from the singing of the U-boat captain, accompanied by flute); the Fox studio orchestra was used only for the opening and closing credits. Hitchcock dismissed the idea of having music in a film about people stranded at sea by asking, \"Where would the orchestra come from?\" Hugo Friedhofer is said to have asked in reply, \"Where would the cameras come from?\" Director Alfred Hitchcock","title":"Lifeboat (film)"},{"id":"4708459","text":"Fortunately for Sternberg, Paramount's sister studio in Germany, UFA, offered him the opportunity to direct Emil Jannings in his first sound film. Jannings was the Oscar-winning star of Sternberg's 1928 movie \"The Last Command\", and had specially requested Sternberg's participation, despite an \"early clash of temperaments\" on the set. Though \"The Blue Angel\" and \"Morocco\", both from 1930, are often cited as his first sound films, Sternberg had already directed \"a startling experiment\" in asynchronous sound techniques with his 1929 \"Thunderbolt\". Singer Lucie Mannheim was favored by UFA producer Erich Pommer for the part of Lola, with support from leading","title":"The Blue Angel"},{"id":"14766171","text":"Ripper story. His next thriller was \"Blackmail\" (1929), his and Britain's first sound film. His notable 1930s thrillers include \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" (1934), \"The 39 Steps\" (1935) and \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938), the latter two ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th century. One of the earliest spy films was Fritz Lang's \"Spies\" (1928), the director's first independent production, with an anarchist international conspirator and criminal spy character named Haghi (Rudolf Klein-Rogge), who is pursued by good-guy Agent No. 326 (Willy Fritsch)—this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films. The German","title":"Thriller film"},{"id":"11573424","text":"Joan Barry (British actress) Joan Barry, born Ina Florence Marshman Bell (5 November 1903 - 10 April 1989) was an English stage and film actress, whose career straddled the development of talkies. She was a daughter of Francis Marshman Bell, who went to Sydney, and wife Norah Cavanagh. Born in Carlisle, she had her first role at the age of 15. Barry appeared at St James's Theatre, London when seventeen. She memorably dubbed the voice of Anny Ondra in the early Alfred Hitchcock thriller \"Blackmail\" (1929). The limited sound technology available at the time meant that Barry had to dub","title":"Joan Barry (British actress)"},{"id":"144371","text":"quota. The \"quota quickies\", as they became known, are often blamed by historians for holding back the development of the industry. However, some British film makers, such as Michael Powell, learnt their craft making such films. Ironically, the biggest star of the silent era, English comedian Charlie Chaplin, was Hollywood-based. Scottish solicitor John Maxwell founded British International Pictures (BIP) in 1927. Based at the former British National Studios in Elstree, the facilities original owners, including producer-director Herbert Wilcox, had run into financial difficulties. One of the company's early films, Alfred Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\" (1929), is often regarded as the first British","title":"Cinema of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"788609","text":"true boundaries of the cinema.\" Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form; Alfred Hitchcock, though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe, held that \"the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema\" and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside \"photographs of people talking\". In Germany, Max Reinhardt, stage producer and movie director, expressed the belief that the talkies, \"bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for","title":"Sound film"},{"id":"880747","text":"film of all time. The 1959 film directed by Ralph Thomas was the first colour version, starring Kenneth More as Hannay and Taina Elg as Miss Fisher. The film is closely based on Hitchcock's adaptation, including the music-hall finale with \"Mr Memory\" and Hannay's escape from a train on the Forth Bridge, scenes not present in the book. It features a musical score by Clifton Parker. The 1978 version was directed by Don Sharp and starred Robert Powell as Hannay, Karen Dotrice as Alex, John Mills as Colonel Scudder and a host of other well-known British actors in smaller parts.","title":"The Thirty-Nine Steps"},{"id":"3616","text":"was the first of his to be influenced by the Expressionist techniques he had witnessed in Germany: \"In truth, you might almost say that \"The Lodger\" was my first picture.\" He made his first cameo appearances in the film, purely because an extra body was needed, sitting in a newsroom and later standing in a crowd as the leading man is arrested. On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock and Alma Reville (1899–1982) married at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. The couple honeymooned in Paris, Lake Como and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"2718141","text":"separate title sequence. The opening credits for the 1993 film \"The Fugitive\" continued intermittently over several opening scenes, and did not finish until fifteen minutes into the film. The opening credits for the 1968 film \"Once Upon a Time in the West\" lasted for fourteen minutes. The first sound film to begin without any opening credits was Walt Disney's \"Fantasia\", released in 1940. In the film's general release, a title card and the credit \"Color by Technicolor\" were spliced onto the beginning of the film, but otherwise there were no credits, although closing credits were added to the 1990 re-release","title":"Opening credits"},{"id":"827247","text":"to stay as close as possible to the original, and had access to the original music recordings that had been stored in the vaults at Paramount. However, as the project demanded a new 6-channel DTS stereo soundtrack, it was necessary to re-record some sound effects using the Foley process. The soundtrack was remixed at the Alfred Hitchcock Theatre at Universal Studios. Aware that the film had a considerable following, the restoration team knew that they were under particular pressure to restore the film as accurately as possible. To achieve this, they used Hitchcock's original dubbing notes for guidance of how","title":"Vertigo (film)"},{"id":"4759095","text":"his role as Gordon Druce in \"Mary\", though the character's name was changed to Gordon Moore. In addition to the original music composed by John Reynders, the film uses the opening of Richard Wagner's \"Tristan und Isolde\" prelude as background (supposedly a radio broadcast that Sir John is listening to) in the shaving scene. For the filming, an orchestra played the music live on the set. Hitchcock described the filming of this scene to François Truffaut in the book-length interview \"Hitchcock/Truffaut\" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1967). In the early days of sound film, there was no way to post-dub","title":"Murder! (1930 film)"},{"id":"1446145","text":"comic characters. Powell made his film début as a \"comic English tourist\" in \"The Magician\" (1926). Returning to England in 1928, Powell worked at a diverse series of jobs for various filmmakers including as a stills photographer on Alfred Hitchcock's silent film \"Champagne\" (1928). He also signed on in a similar role on Hitchcock's first \"talkie\", \"Blackmail\" (1929). In his autobiography, Powell claims he suggested the ending in the British Museum which was the first of Hitchcock's \"monumental\" climaxes to his films. Powell and Hitchcock remained friends for the remainder of Hitchcock's life. After scriptwriting on two productions, Powell entered","title":"Michael Powell"},{"id":"4699471","text":"\"The Trouble with Harry\" (1955) through \"Marnie\" (1964). It is one of the most subdued scores Herrmann ever wrote, and one of the few he composed with some jazz elements, here primarily to represent Fonda's appearance as a musician in the nightclub scenes. This was Hitchcock's final film for Warner Bros. It completed a contract commitment that had begun with two films produced for Transatlantic Pictures and released by Warner Brothers: \"Rope\" (1948) and \"Under Capricorn\" (1949), his first two films in Technicolor. After \"The Wrong Man\", Hitchcock returned to Paramount Pictures. Contemporary reviews were mixed to negative, with many","title":"The Wrong Man"},{"id":"76713","text":"of Jesus of Nazareth, which was acclaimed for its sensitivity and reached more than 800 million viewers. \"The Sign of the Cross\" (1932) was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. \"Cleopatra\" (1934) was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. After more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with \"Samson and Delilah\" (1949), a biblical epic which did \"an all-time record business\". Along with biblical and historical narratives, he also directed films oriented toward \"neo-naturalism\", which tried to portray the laws of","title":"Cecil B. DeMille"},{"id":"2756642","text":"and longtime collaborator Alma had a stroke. As a result, some sequences were shot without Hitchcock on the set so he could tend to his wife. The film was the first Hitchcock film to have nudity (with the arguable exception of the shower scene in \"Psycho\"). There are a number of classic Hitchcock set pieces in the film, particularly the long tracking shot down the stairs when Babs is murdered. The camera moves down the stairs, out the doorway (with a rather clever edit just after the camera exits the door which marks where the scene moves from the studio","title":"Frenzy"},{"id":"3627","text":"Joel McCrea. Mixing footage of European scenes with scenes filmed on a Hollywood backlot, the film avoided direct references to Nazism, Nazi Germany, and Germans to comply with Hollywood's Motion Picture Production Code censorship at the time. In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air, purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the romantic comedy \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\" (1941) to the bleak film noir \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). \"Suspicion\" (1941) marked Hitchcock's first","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"14766170","text":"leading to murder. In 2001, the American Film Institute made its selection of the top 100 greatest American \"heart-pounding\" and \"adrenaline-inducing\" films of all time. The 400 nominated films had to be American-made films whose thrills have \"enlivened and enriched America's film heritage\". AFI also asked jurors to consider \"the total adrenaline-inducing impact of a film's artistry and craft\". One of the earliest thriller films was Harold Lloyd's comedy \"Safety Last!\" (1923), with a character performing a daredevil stunt on the side of a skyscraper. Alfred Hitchcock's first thriller was his third silent film, \"\" (1926), a suspenseful Jack the","title":"Thriller film"},{"id":"1422111","text":"by Australian-born composer Arthur Benjamin written for the earlier Hitchcock film of the same name). However, this film did give Herrmann the opportunity for an on-screen appearance: he is the conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra in the Albert Hall scene. Herrmann's most recognizable music is from another Hitchcock film, \"Psycho\". Unusual for a thriller at the time, the score uses only the string section of the orchestra. The screeching violin music heard during the famous shower scene (which Hitchcock originally suggested have no music at all) is one of the most famous moments in film score history. Hitchcock admitted","title":"Bernard Herrmann"},{"id":"9421732","text":"by the horrific sound, which is personified by Bush herself as she changed from an angelic woman into a banshee (a horrifying screaming apparition of Irish lore). The song features Nigel Kennedy on violin, who at one point replicates the screeching violins from Bernard Herrmann's famous scoring of the shower scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film \"Psycho\". The B-sides of both the 7\" and 12\" singles included a re-working of \"Wuthering Heights\", the single which catapulted her to stardom in 1978. On the 12\" single, the 1980 song \"December Will Be Magic Again\" was included as an additional B-side. An","title":"Experiment IV"},{"id":"4318329","text":"job with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company as an office boy. Later, through his mother's contacts in the British film industry, Neame started at Elstree Studios as a messenger boy. He was fortunate enough to be hired as an assistant cameraman on \"Blackmail\" (1929), the first British talkie, directed by a young Alfred Hitchcock. Neame's own career as a cinematographer began with the musical comedy \"Happy\" (1933), and he continued to develop his skills in various \"quota quickies\" films for several years. His credits as cinematographer include \"Major Barbara\" (1941), \"In Which We Serve\" (1942), \"This Happy Breed\" (1944), and \"Blithe","title":"Ronald Neame"},{"id":"11695664","text":"follows \"Madeleine,\" or the Albert Hall sequence in the 1956 version of \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\". Some Hitchcock films include use of the number 13, popularly an \"unlucky number.\" \"Number 13\" is also the title of an unfinished Hitchcock film which would have been his directorial debut. Tennis is often mentioned in Hitchcock films. In \"Strangers on a Train\", the main character is a tennis player. In \"Dial M for Murder\", Tony Wendice (Ray Milland) is an ex-tennis player. In \"Rebecca\", the second Mrs. DeWinter (Joan Fontaine) claims to be taking tennis lessons from Max DeWinter (Laurence Olivier).","title":"Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films"},{"id":"13101062","text":"Thalberg's discovery that the studio already owned the rights to Alfred Klabund's 1927 novel \"Rasputin\". In June 1932 M-G-M had announced that the three Barrymores would star in the movie. This film marked Ethel Barrymore's sound film debut and is the earliest known recording of her famous voice. The highly fictionalized story takes place in the Russian Empire during the last years of the reign of Czar Nicholas II (Ralph Morgan) and the Czarina Alexandra (Ethel Barrymore). Reform-minded Prince Paul (John Barrymore) has long been concerned about the plight of the common people and knows a revolution is brewing. Prince","title":"Rasputin and the Empress"},{"id":"3625","text":"Selznick picture \"Rebecca\" (1940) was Hitchcock's first American film, set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a novel by English novelist Daphne du Maurier. The film stars Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. The story concerns a naïve (and unnamed) young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She goes to live in his huge English country house, and struggles with the lingering reputation of his elegant and worldly first wife Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won Best Picture at the 13th Academy Awards; the statuette was given to Selznick, as the film's producer. Hitchcock","title":"Alfred Hitchcock"},{"id":"8424486","text":"Universal, and Paramount) to win the Best Picture Oscar. \"Rebecca\" was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and the only film from him to win Best Picture. Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture, the other being \"Foreign Correspondent\". Two other directors also had two films in the running this year: Sam Wood (\"Our Town\" and \"Kitty Foyle\") and John Ford (\"The Long Voyage Home\" and \"The Grapes of Wrath\", which won Best Director). \"Pinocchio\" was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars, for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song, starting a long","title":"13th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2367542","text":"title role and a musical score by Sergei Prokofiev, \"Alexander Nevsky\" was the first and most popular of Eisenstein's three sound films. In 1941 Eisenstein, Pavlenko, Cherkasov and Abrikosov were awarded the Stalin Prize for the film. In 1978 the film was included in the world's 100 best motion pictures according to an opinion poll conducted by the Italian publishing house Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Russia Beyond considers the film one of the 10 best Russian war films. The Teutonic Knights invade and conquer the city of Pskov with the help of the traitor Tverdilo and massacre its population. In the","title":"Alexander Nevsky (film)"},{"id":"14010780","text":"of boxes. An organ was installed and used during intermissions. Total seating was 1,700. In May 1928, Walter Gibbons company General Theatres Corporation was taken over by Gaumont British Theatres. The cinema is noted as the location of the first run of the first British 'talkie', Alfred Hitchcock's \"Blackmail\" in 1929. In its basement the \"Kit Kat Club\" was located, one of the most famous London nightclubs of the roaring 1920s (not to be mixed up with an older political club similarly named). In 1935, Gaumont decided to completely reconstruct the Capitol, by lowering the auditorium to take in the","title":"Odeon Haymarket"},{"id":"4497402","text":"Body Double Body Double is a 1984 American erotic thriller film co-written and directed by Brian De Palma and starring Craig Wasson, Gregg Henry, Melanie Griffith, and Deborah Shelton. The original musical score was composed by Pino Donaggio. The film was a direct homage to the films of Alfred Hitchcock, specifically \"Rear Window\" (1954), \"Vertigo\" (1958), and \"Dial M for Murder\" (1954) taking plot lines and themes (such as voyeurism and obsession) from the first two films. The film received a lukewarm result at the box office, but has subsequently become a cult film. When Twilight Time released the film","title":"Body Double"},{"id":"1984031","text":"and was asked by Hitchcock to play the leading role in his upcoming film \"The Birds\". \"I was so stunned. It never occurred to me that I would be given a leading role in a major motion picture. I had great big tears in my eyes\", Hedren later recalled. \"The Birds\" (1963) was Hedren's screen debut. Hitchcock became her drama coach, and gave her an education in film-making as she attended many of the production meetings such as script, music or photography conferences. Hedren said, \"I probably learned in three years what it would have taken me 15 years to","title":"Tippi Hedren"},{"id":"1821408","text":"with her dog Peter, attended the rehearsals of \"Alibi\" and found its \"novelty\" enjoyable. However, \"she was sufficiently irritated by the changes to the original to want to write a play of her own.\" The play was turned into the first sound film to be based on a Christie work. Running 75 minutes, it was released on 28 April 1931, by Twickenham Film Studios and produced by Julius S. Hagan. Austin Trevor played Poirot, a role he reprised later that year in the film adaptation of Christie's 1930 play, \"Black Coffee\". Orson Welles adapted the novel as a one-hour radio","title":"The Murder of Roger Ackroyd"},{"id":"6096378","text":"\"Shane\" in 1952 and his novel, \"The Big Sky\", was made into a successful Western by Howard Hawks that same year. Hecht and Lancaster hired famed composer Bernard Herrmann for the soundtrack, already renowned at the time for his work with Orson Welles. Herrmann is now best remembered as a close collaborator of Alfred Hitchcock, composing the soundtracks to \"Psycho\", \"Vertigo\" and \"North By Northwest\". In addition to starring Lancaster, \"The Kentuckian\" featured Dianne Foster, Diana Lynn, John McIntire and was the film debut of Walter Matthau, who played the heavy. As part of its publicity, Hecht hired artist Thomas","title":"Harold Hecht"},{"id":"828879","text":"of Santa Rosa that are seen in the film were damaged or destroyed by earthquakes in 1969; much of the area was cleared of debris and largely rebuilt. The library was a Carnegie Library which was demolished in the mid-1960s due to seismic concerns. The film was scored by Dimitri Tiomkin, his first collaboration with Hitchcock (the others being \"Strangers on a Train\", \"I Confess\" and \"Dial M for Murder\"). In his score, Tiomkin quotes the famous \"Merry Widow Waltz\" of Franz Lehár, often in somewhat distorted forms, as a leitmotif for Uncle Charlie and his serial murders. During the","title":"Shadow of a Doubt"},{"id":"4205528","text":"is the version now generally available although some critics consider the silent version superior. Alfred Hitchcock filmed the silent version with Sam Livesey as the Chief Inspector and the sound version with Harvey Braban in the same role. Alfred Hitchcock's cameo, a signature occurrence in many of Hitchcock's films, shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. This is probably the lengthiest of Hitchcock's cameo appearances and he appears around 10 minutes after the start. As the director became better known to audiences, especially when he appeared as the host of","title":"Blackmail (1929 film)"},{"id":"4205526","text":"purpose-built sound studio in Europe. Lead actress Anny Ondra was raised in Prague and had a pronounced Czech accent that was felt unsuitable for the film. Sound was in its infancy at the time and it wasn't possible to post-dub Ondra's voice. Rather than replace her and reshoot her scenes, actress Joan Barry was hired to actually speak the dialogue off-camera while Ondra lip-synched her lines. This makes Ondra's performance seem slightly awkward. Hitchcock used several elements that would become Hitchcock \"trademarks\" including a beautiful blonde in peril and a famous landmark in the finale. Without informing the producers, Hitchcock","title":"Blackmail (1929 film)"},{"id":"856773","text":"and a 1992 BBC radio production starring Kenneth Branagh.) Olivier's first biographer, Felix Barker, described how the actor-director created the sound effects for the three appearances of the ghost:To produce the eerie noise which preceded the appearance of the ghost Olivier...went to enormous trouble. He made as many as fourteen separate sound tracks. On one he had recorded fifty women shrieking; on another the groans of as many men; a third consisted of a dozen violinists scraping their bows across the strings on a single screeching note. These various tracks had then to be blended in different volumes and intensity","title":"Hamlet (1948 film)"},{"id":"16051086","text":"version of the script (the very original script) had Alex be killed by a flesh eating virus. He was briefly mentioned in \"Final Destination 3\" and appeared in \"Final Destination 5\", along with his class, being removed from Flight 180 and giving a warning that the aircraft would explode on takeoff revealing this film to be a prequel of the first 4 films. In the alternate ending of the film, Alex and Clear had made love on the beach before meeting Carter and Billy Hitchcock at their school, resulting in Clear's pregnancy. Later on, Alex dies after the live wire","title":"Alex Browning"},{"id":"8875037","text":"latter was Hitchcock's directorial debut. In 1926–7 he made a series of pioneering sound films. Later he collaborated with Alma Reville, Hitchcock's wife, on the script of \"The First Born\" (1928), his feature debut as director, in which he co-starred with Madeleine Carroll. Carroll reappeared in his third film, \"Fascination\" (1931). Mander is better remembered for his character portrayals of oily villains, many of them English gentlemen or upper crust cads – such as Cardinal Richelieu in the musical film \"The Three Musketeers\" (1939), a spoof in which the Ritz Brothers played lackeys who substituted for the real Musketeers. In","title":"Miles Mander"},{"id":"8418971","text":"as the sky is lightening, the narrator can dimly see a grotesquely misshapen figure in the rowboat, scarcely recognisable as human. The story has been filmed twice. The first and more faithful adaptation, under the title \"Voice in the Night,\" was made as an episode of the television series \"Suspicion\" (1958). This was one of 10 episodes of \"Suspicion\" made by Shamley Productions, the company established by Alfred Hitchcock to produce his television series. It was directed by Arthur Hiller from a script by Stirling Silliphant. It starred (in the order they were billed in the titles and credits) Barbara","title":"The Voice in the Night"},{"id":"880746","text":"directed by Alfred Hitchcock departs substantially from the book. It stars Robert Donat as Hannay and Madeleine Carroll as the woman he meets on the train. It is regarded by critics as the superior film version. This was the first Hitchcock film based upon the idea of an \"innocent man on the run,\" such as \"Saboteur\" and \"North by Northwest.\" Scholars of his films regard this film as one of his best variations upon this particular theme. In 1999 it came 4th in a BFI poll of British films and in 2004 \"Total Film\" named it the 21st greatest British","title":"The Thirty-Nine Steps"},{"id":"7083532","text":"$5 million to build the freeway set. Notable examples of set pieces include the Snake Pit in \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", the Death Star Trench Run from \"Star Wars\", the storming of the volcano lair in the James Bond film \"You Only Live Twice\", and the burning oil rig in \"There Will Be Blood\". Alfred Hitchcock referred to set pieces as crescendoes or \"bumps\" and tried to put three of them in each of his movies. In \"Psycho\", these are the shower murder, the murder on the stairs, and the discovery of \"Mother\". One of the most well known","title":"Set piece"},{"id":"6053651","text":"When Seamus explains about Pelican's Reef, Peter looks back on when he out-farted Michael Moore. The farting was made to sound like Dueling Banjos. The name of the hurricane that Peter gets caught in is named RuPaul which \"made his or her way up the coast\" as \"Tom Tucker\" claimed on the news in reference to the famous drag queen. Peter claims to have built the first time machine, a DeLorean DMC-12 he crashes, a reference to \"Back to the Future\". When Peter and Lois are in the motel, the famous silhouette of Alfred Hitchcock is seen through the window.","title":"Perfect Castaway"},{"id":"827245","text":"break even upon its original release, earning $2.8 million in gross rental in the United States alone against its $2,479,000 cost, it earned significantly less than other Hitchcock productions. In October 1983, \"Rear Window\" and \"Vertigo\" were the first two films re-released by Hitchcock's estate after his death. These two films and three others – \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" (1956), \"The Trouble with Harry\" (1955), and \"Rope\" (1948) – had been kept out of distribution by Hitchcock since 1968. Cleaning and restoration were performed on each film when new 35mm prints were struck. In 1996, the film was","title":"Vertigo (film)"},{"id":"16072616","text":"the Pavilion, later known as the Shepherd’s Bush Pavilion, was constructed. Originally built as a cinema, it is today being converted into a hotel, and though most of the building was demolished in 2012, it remains a Grade II listed building. In the 1930s Alfred Hitchcock filmed sequences for many of his films in Lime Grove Studios, including, in 1935, \"The 39 Steps\". Like other parts of London, Shepherd's Bush suffered from bomb damage during World War II, especially from V-1 flying bomb attacks (known as \"doodlebugs\" or \"buzzbombs\"), which struck randomly and with little warning. Damaged buildings included the","title":"History of Shepherd's Bush"},{"id":"4656147","text":"freighter. The ballerina, desperate to reveal the fugitives' hiding place, identifies the wrong crates, which are machine-gunned while they are already dangling over the pier. Meanwhile, Armstrong and Sherman have escaped by jumping overboard and swimming to a Swedish dock. By the time \"Torn Curtain\", his fiftieth film, was conceived, Alfred Hitchcock was the most famous film director in Hollywood, having already reached the pinnacle of commercial success six years before with \"Psycho\" (1960). Audiences eagerly anticipated his next film. To find a gripping plot, Hitchcock turned towards the spy thriller genre, which was greatly in fashion since the early","title":"Torn Curtain"},{"id":"9472799","text":"the raison d'être of Sidney Bernstein and Hitchcock's first co-production, the experimental \"Rope\", starring James Stewart. In 1945–46, Bernstein formed Transatlantic Pictures in partnership with Alfred Hitchcock in preparation for the end of Hitchcock's contract with David O. Selznick in 1947. Bernstein was an uncredited producer on two of Hitchcock's films, \"Rope\" (1948), filmed in Hollywood, and \"Under Capricorn\" (1949) filmed at MGM-British in Borehamwood, near London. Hitchcock's \"Stage Fright\" (1950) started out as a Transatlantic production, but became a Warner Brothers production after the failure of \"Under Capricorn\". In 1954, Bernstein and Hitchcock dissolved their partnership, after one final","title":"Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein"},{"id":"2568846","text":"plot from Hitchcock sources.\" At the 35th Golden Globe Awards, the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture - Musical/Comedy and Best Motion Picture Actor - Musical/Comedy for Mel Brooks. After viewing the film, Hitchcock sent Brooks a case containing six magnums of 1961 Château Haut-Brion wine with a note that read, \"A small token of my pleasure, have no anxiety about this.\" High Anxiety High Anxiety is a 1977 American satirical comedy film produced and directed by Mel Brooks, who also plays the lead. This is Brooks' first film as a producer and first speaking lead role (his first","title":"High Anxiety"},{"id":"6826921","text":"and attempted to present a relatively non-stereotyped view of African-American life. \"Hallelujah\" was King Vidor's first sound film, and combined sound recorded on location and sound recorded post-production in Hollywood. King Vidor was nominated for a Best Director Oscar for the film. In 2008, \"Hallelujah\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" Years before creating \"Hallelujah\", King Vidor had longed to make a film employing an all-Black cast. He had floated the idea around for years but “the studio kept turning the idea down”.","title":"Hallelujah (film)"},{"id":"20339515","text":"months after the release of \"\". But the album had been indefinitely shelved when finding band members became a priority. \"Un Automne En Solitude\" was released on March 14, 2008, through Mortification Records and was a direct sequel to the debut EP. The story picked up following the same heartbreak and incorporated the theme from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 motion picture \"Vertigo\", where \"\"man meets woman, man loses woman, man meets woman again, man loses woman again\"\". \"Un Automne En Solitude\" was promoted throughout the year with the single \"Season In Absence\", which landed two music videos; one directed by Belgian","title":"Vision Éternel"},{"id":"4748328","text":"The Ring (1927 film) The Ring is a 1927 British silent sports film directed and written by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Carl Brisson, Lillian Hall-Davis and Ian Hunter. It is one of Hitchcock's nine surviving silent films. The film was made at Elstree Studios by the newly established British International Pictures, which emerged as one of the two British major studios during the late 1920s and began hiring leading directors from Britain and abroad. It was Hitchcock's first film for the company, after joining from Gainsborough Pictures. It was also the first film to be released by the company. Hitchcock","title":"The Ring (1927 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1951131\",\n \"text\": \"coined the term \\\"documentary\\\" to describe a non-fiction film in 1926. Ranked by many as the best British filmmaker, Hitchcock's first thriller, \\\"\\\" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, \\\"Blackmail\\\", is often regarded as the first British sound feature film. \\\"The 39 Steps\\\" (1935) features a signature Hitchcock cameo, and established the quintessential English 'Hitchcock blonde' Madeleine Carroll as the template for his succession of ice cold and elegant leading ladies. Alexander Korda's \\\"The Private Life of Henry VIII\\\" (1933), was the first British production to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788619\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Modern Times\\\", a half-decade later. A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling, beyond the obvious function of recording speech. In \\\"Blackmail\\\", Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character's monologue so the word \\\"knife\\\" would leap out from a blurry stream of sound, reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist, who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing. In his first film, the Paramount \\\"Applause\\\" (1929), Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion\",\n \"title\": \"Sound film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8566453\",\n \"text\": \"the run. It also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances. Two years later he directed \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929) which was his first sound film. In 1935 Hitchcock directed \\\"The 39 Steps\\\". Three years later he directed \\\"The Lady Vanishes,\\\" starring Margaret Lockwood and Michael Redgrave. Hitchcock's British films – and many of his early American ones – are often mistakenly believed to be in the public domain. In fact, all of his films are under copyright in the US and UK. Nonetheless, bootlegs of his work continue to be widely disseminated. In 1940, Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions, the\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6900465\",\n \"text\": \"Benn Levy Benn Wolfe Levy (7 March 1900 – 7 December 1973) was a Labour Party Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and a successful playwright. He was educated at Repton School and University College, Oxford and served in uniform in both World Wars. Before entering politics, Levy was a successful playwright and screenwriter. He was the dialogue writer for \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929); directed by Alfred Hitchcock, it was the first British sound film. Later, he wrote the adapted screenplay for James Whale's macabre horror film \\\"The Old Dark House\\\" (1932) in\",\n \"title\": \"Benn Levy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5467982\",\n \"text\": \"production of \\\"Cyrano de Bergerac\\\". Bennett had the biggest success of his career to date when Al Woods decided to finance a production of \\\"Blackmail\\\" in 1928, produced by Raymond Massey and starring Tallulah Bankhead. The play was not well received at first, but had a hugely successful run on tour. The play was seen by Alfred Hitchcock who arranged for British International Pictures to buy the film rights and adapted Bennett's play into a script, with Benn Levy doing the dialogue. His film of \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929) is generally credited as the first British sound film, and was a huge\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Bennett (screenwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14676954\",\n \"text\": \"the LNER. The notice stated \\\"For the purposes of the film, dramatic licence has been taken in regard to the safety equipment used on The Flying Scotsman\\\". Film historian John Huntley claimed that Gresley subsequently forbade any further filming on the LNER. Along with Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\", this was one of the first British sound films. Like that film, it was initially intended to be a silent film, with the decision to switch to speech made during production. As a result, early scenes feature speech captions and music instead of recorded voices, with character dialogue only appearing towards the end\",\n \"title\": \"The Flying Scotsman (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788568\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Clue of the New Pin\\\", a British Lion production using the sound-on-disc British Photophone system. In May, \\\"Black Waters\\\", a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all-talker, received its initial trade screening; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound-on-film system. None of these pictures made much impact. The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all-British \\\"Blackmail\\\". Directed by twenty-nine-year-old Alfred Hitchcock, the movie had its London debut June 21, 1929. Originally shot as a silent, \\\"Blackmail\\\" was restaged to include dialogue sequences, along with a score and sound effects,\",\n \"title\": \"Sound film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14834466\",\n \"text\": \"repatriated to England for treatment and faces a long and painful physical rehabilitation and the struggle to regain his memory, while at the same time a battle of wills is being waged by his mother and Kitty, both trying to convince him that the other is lying. Eventually Kitty succeeds in rekindling his love for her, and Mrs. St. George is crushed. \\\"Kitty\\\", released in May 1929, is sometimes cited as the first British sound film as it was released in cinemas before Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\", the other candidate for the honour. Opponents of this view however point out that\",\n \"title\": \"Kitty (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1502283\",\n \"text\": \"of Anabel Donald's 1994 novel is the ceiling of the Reading Room, where the denouement is set. Alfred Hitchcock used the Reading Room and the dome of the British Museum as a location for the climax of his first sound film \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929). Other movies with key scenes in the Reading Room include \\\"Night of the Demon\\\" (1957) and in the 2001 Japanese anime OVA \\\"Read or Die\\\", the Reading Room is used as the secret entrance to the British Library's fictional \\\"Special Operations Division\\\". Probably the first work of fiction in which the British Museum Reading Room plays an\",\n \"title\": \"British Museum Reading Room\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3619\",\n \"text\": \"as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series \\\"The Men Who Made The Movies\\\", Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word \\\"knife\\\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue, \\\"Elstree Calling\\\" (1930), and directed a short film, \\\"An Elastic Affair\\\" (1930), featuring two \\\"Film Weekly\\\" scholarship winners. \\\"An Elastic Affair\\\" is one of the lost films. In 1933 Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon at Gaumont British. His first film\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11695662\",\n \"text\": \"features a serial killer who stalks blonde women. Blonde actress Anny Ondra starred in Hitchcock's first sound film \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929). Hitchcock said he used blonde actresses in his films, not because of an attraction to them, but because of a tradition that began with silent star Mary Pickford. The director said that blondes were \\\"a symbol of the heroine\\\". He also thought they photographed better in black and white, which was the predominant film for most dramas for many years. In \\\"Family Plot\\\", Karen Black plays a kidnapper who wears a blonde wig and sunglasses as a disguise. Other notable\",\n \"title\": \"Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205518\",\n \"text\": \"Blackmail (1929 film) Blackmail is a 1929 British thriller drama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Anny Ondra, John Longden, and Cyril Ritchard. Based on the 1928 play of the same name by Charles Bennett, the film is about a London woman who is blackmailed after killing a man who tries to rape her. After starting production as a silent film, British International Pictures decided to adapt \\\"Blackmail\\\" into a separate sound film. It became the first successful European talkie; a silent version was released for theaters not equipped for sound (at 6,740 feet), with the sound version (7,136\",\n \"title\": \"Blackmail (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10376161\",\n \"text\": \"Films insured Wilcox for £100,000. There was some talk he would make a film of the Burke and Wills story. Instead he made what he described as \\\"a series of unimportant but profitable films\\\": \\\"The Bondman\\\" (1929), \\\"The Woman in White\\\" (1929), Generally, Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\" is regarded as the first film with sound, but Wilcox's \\\"Black Waters\\\" was trade-shown several weeks earlier in May, 1929. He produced more than a hundred films, of which he directed about half. \\\"His film production team were never laid off, even during the worst depressions of the British film industry. They were on\",\n \"title\": \"Herbert Wilcox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3618\",\n \"text\": \"wrote in 1982: \\\"The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's.\\\" Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), when its production company, British International Pictures (BIP), converted its Elstree studios to sound. The film was the first British \\\"\\\"; it followed the first American sound feature film, \\\"The Jazz Singer\\\" (1927). \\\"Blackmail\\\" began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"144059\",\n \"text\": \"front of and behind the camera struggled with the stringent limitations of the early sound equipment and their own uncertainty as to how to utilize the new medium. Many stage performers, directors and writers were introduced to cinema as producers sought personnel experienced in dialogue-based storytelling. Many major silent filmmakers and actors were unable to adjust and found their careers severely curtailed or even ended. This awkward period was fairly short-lived. 1929 was a watershed year: William Wellman with \\\"Chinatown Nights\\\" and \\\"The Man I Love\\\", Rouben Mamoulian with \\\"Applause\\\", Alfred Hitchcock with \\\"Blackmail\\\" (Britain's first sound feature), were among\",\n \"title\": \"History of film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205530\",\n \"text\": \"Susie\\\" (1932). As an early \\\"talkie\\\", \\\"Blackmail\\\" is frequently cited by film historians as a landmark film, and is often cited as the first truly British \\\"all-talkie\\\" feature film. Two future directors worked on this production: Ronald Neame operated the clapperboard and Michael Powell took on-set publicity photographs. Earlier British sound films include: In March 1929, \\\"Pin\\\" and \\\"Circle\\\" were trade-shown at the same screening for film exhibitors in London. New restorations of \\\"Blackmail\\\" were completed in 2012, as part of the BFI's £2 million \\\"Save the Hitchcock 9\\\" project to restore all of the director's surviving silent films. Like\",\n \"title\": \"Blackmail (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19152745\",\n \"text\": \"(BIP) and the second stage was ready for production in 1928. Maxwell placed Alfred Hitchcock under contract in a 3-year, 12-picture deal, and after several silents, he was responsible for \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), the first British talkie released, which was produced at the studios. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation (see below) with BIP retaining the remaining stages. \\\"Elstree Calling\\\" (1930), made by BIP, was reputedly Britain's first musical film. BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933. Maxwell died in\",\n \"title\": \"Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2005949\",\n \"text\": \"The Manxman The Manxman is a 1929 British silent drama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Anny Ondra, Carl Brisson and Malcolm Keen. The film is based on a popular 1894 romantic novel \\\"The Manxman\\\" by Hall Caine, which had previously been made into a film 13 years earlier. It was the last fully silent production that Hitchcock directed before he made the transition to sound film with his next film \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929). The film tells the story of two close childhood friends, a handsome but poor fisherman, Pete Quilliam (Carl Brisson), and a well-educated middle-class lawyer, Philip Christian\",\n \"title\": \"The Manxman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3597\",\n \"text\": \"title card designer after training as a technical clerk and copy writer for a telegraph-cable company. He made his directorial debut with the silent film \\\"The Pleasure Garden\\\" (1925). His first successful film, \\\"\\\" (1927), helped to shape the thriller genre, while his 1929 film, \\\"Blackmail\\\", was the first British \\\"\\\". Two of his 1930s thrillers, \\\"The 39 Steps\\\" (1935) and \\\"The Lady Vanishes\\\" (1938), are ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th century. By 1939 Hitchcock was a filmmaker of international importance, and film producer David O. Selznick persuaded him to move to Hollywood. A string of\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15683153\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Bower Dallas Bower (25 July 1907, London18 October 1999, London) was a British film and television director and producer. After early employment as the sound technician on Alfred Hitchcock's first sound movie \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929) Bower joined film impresario Paul Czinner, producer of \\\"As You Like it,\\\" starring Laurence Olivier. Bower joined the BBC's experimental television unit in 1936 and presented broadcasts of several Shakespeare plays before TV trials were terminated in wartime. He then directed the Ministry of Information's film division and in 1941 joined BBC Radio where he produced a radio version of the Russian film \\\"Alexander Nevsky\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7595763\",\n \"text\": \"yet. She comes out of their apartment wielding a gigantic vase and, despite Mr. Kennedy's efforts to protect himself, crashes it over his head, putting him out for the count. Having evaded a beating, Stan then leaves as though nothing has happened, but falls down the stairs (offscreen) as Ollie watches and flinches with every thump and loud crash as he reaches the bottom. \\\"Unaccustomed As We Are\\\" is notable for being Laurel and Hardy's first sound film (the title was drawn from the popular cliché \\\"Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking ...\\\"). The soundtrack was lost for 50\",\n \"title\": \"Unaccustomed As We Are\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205524\",\n \"text\": \"him, the inspector receives a telephone call and asks Frank to deal with Alice. She finally tells Frank the truth—that it was self-defense against an attack she cannot bear to speak of—and they leave together. As they do, a policeman walks past, carrying the damaged painting of the laughing clown and the cartoon canvas where Alice painted over her name. The film began production as a silent film. To cash in on the new popularity of talkies, the film's producer, John Maxwell of British International Pictures, gave Hitchcock the go-ahead to film a portion of the movie in sound. Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"Blackmail (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3014506\",\n \"text\": \"at MGM. Waxman scored a number of pictures during the next few years, but the score for Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Rebecca\\\" (1940) made his name. Waxman was frequently called to work on scores of horror or suspense films, and \\\"Rebecca\\\" was the culmination of the genre for Waxman. \\\"Rebecca\\\" was Hitchcock's first Hollywood film as part of his contract with David O. Selznick, and thus it was the first time he was allowed a full symphonic score. Selznick financed the film at the same time as he was making \\\"Gone With the Wind\\\". Waxman's score for \\\"Rebecca\\\" is eerie and ethereal,\",\n \"title\": \"Franz Waxman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1275569\",\n \"text\": \"yet to be adapted to sound. The technical innovation of synchronized dialogue into film raised concerns among directors as to its potential influence on the visual techniques available to directors. Internationally, filmmakers such as Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Hitchcock and Vertov wished to avoid oppressive forms of ”theatrically-influenced dialogue” even as audiences clamored for the novelty of naturalistic speech. Sternberg welcomed sound as a means to achieve complete control over his picture - \\\"no longer at the mercy of movie house organists\\\" - and eschewing any \\\"atmospheric\\\" or background music. \\\"Thunderbolt\\\" (as well as his next three sound films) used source music\",\n \"title\": \"Thunderbolt (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8566455\",\n \"text\": \"Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds. In 1948, Hitchcock directed \\\"Rope\\\" which starred James Stewart. The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot. Three years later he directed \\\"Strangers on a Train\\\" (1951). Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films: \\\"Dial M for Murder\\\" (1954), \\\"Rear Window\\\" (1954) and \\\"To Catch a Thief\\\" (1955). For \\\"Rear Window\\\", Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards. 1955 marked his debut on television as\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3638\",\n \"text\": \"Ben Hecht consulted Robert Millikan of the California Institute of Technology about the development of a uranium bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was \\\"science fiction\\\", only to be confronted by the news of the detonation of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945. Hitchcock formed an independent production company, Transatlantic Pictures, with his friend Sidney Bernstein. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With \\\"Rope\\\" (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with \\\"Lifeboat\\\" (1944). The film appears to\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3690\",\n \"text\": \"these islands and given the age its character\\\". In June 2013 nine restored versions of Hitchcock's early silent films, including \\\"The Pleasure Garden\\\" (1925), were shown at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Harvey Theatre; known as \\\"The Hitchcock 9\\\", the travelling tribute was organised by the British Film Institute. The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16 mm film shot on the set of \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929) and \\\"Frenzy\\\" (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive preserves many of his home movies. The Alfred\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2969626\",\n \"text\": \"film stages in 1925. The first film produced there was \\\"Madame Pompadour\\\" (1927). The company was renamed British International Pictures (BIP) and a second stage was ready for production in 1928. Alfred Hitchcock made \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), the first British talkie at the studios in 1929. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation. BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933. During World War II, the studios were used by the War Office for storage. In 1946, Warner Brothers acquired a substantial\",\n \"title\": \"Elstree Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7539687\",\n \"text\": \"cut here skips over the courting, the marriage proposal, and the actual marriage of the two characters who had for much of the film been adversaries. Another Hitchcock film to employ the use of a match cut is \\\"Psycho\\\". Right after Marion Crane is murdered in the famous \\\"shower scene\\\", the camera shows blood flowing down the drain of the tub, then cuts (dissolves) to a shot of Marion's eye. German director Fritz Lang provided early uses of match cuts in his silent and first sound films. In \\\"Dr. Mabuse the Gambler\\\", he shows a circular casino from above and\",\n \"title\": \"Match cut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8070142\",\n \"text\": \"Wallace novel. \\\"Crimson\\\" was filmed in DeForest Phonofilm, and \\\"Pin\\\" was made in British Phototone, a sound-on-disc process using 12-inch phonograph records synchronized with the film. However, the UK divisions of both Phonofilm and British Phototone soon closed. The last films made in the UK in Phonofilm were released in early 1929, due to competition from Vitaphone, and sound-on-film systems such as Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone. The release of Alfred Hitchcock's sound feature film \\\"Blackmail\\\" in June 1929, made in RCA Photophone, sealed the fate of Phonofilm in the UK. In June 1925, Phonofilm opened its first Australian office\",\n \"title\": \"Phonofilm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18743922\",\n \"text\": \"and Hollywood firms. Along with the facilities in Elstree, the company also acquired Welwyn Studios in Welwyn Garden City. With BIP (which was renamed Associated British Picture Corporation in 1933) John Maxwell began a major production programme. Maxwell imported top filmmakers from Europe as well as signing up leading British talent such as Alfred Hitchcock. Under Maxwell's leadership BIP produced several masterpieces of late silent cinema. With Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929) the company successfully made the transition to sound. While it continued to make some more expensive films, it increasingly relied on large numbers of medium or low-budget comedies and musicals\",\n \"title\": \"John Maxwell (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15577626\",\n \"text\": \"time as \\\"The American Prisoner\\\", both films following on from the company's first sound release Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\" in June. A review in \\\"Close Up\\\" suggested it \\\"has perhaps the best direction yet produced from a British studio\\\". Under the Greenwood Tree (1929 film) Under the Greenwood Tree is a 1929 British historical drama film directed by Harry Lachman and starring Marguerite Allan, Nigel Barrie and Wilfred Shine. It is an adaptation of the novel \\\"Under the Greenwood Tree\\\" by Thomas Hardy. The film's sets were designed by Wilfred Arnold. It was made at Elstree Studios by the leading British\",\n \"title\": \"Under the Greenwood Tree (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3614\",\n \"text\": \"Mountain Eagle\\\" (1926), released in the United States as \\\"Fear o' God\\\". The film is lost; Hitchcock called it \\\"a very bad movie\\\". Hitchcock's luck changed with his first thriller, \\\"\\\" (1927), about the hunt for a serial killer who, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays. A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to be innocent. To convey that footsteps were being heard from an upper floor, Hitchcock had a glass floor made so that the audience could see the\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3620\",\n \"text\": \"for the company, \\\"The Man Who Knew Too Much\\\" (1934), was a success; his second, \\\"The 39 Steps\\\" (1935), was acclaimed in the UK and made Hitchcock a star in the US. It also established the quintessential English \\\"Hitchcock blonde\\\" (Madeleine Carroll) as the template for his succession of ice-cold, elegant leading ladies. Screenwriter Robert Towne remarked, \\\"It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with \\\"The 39 Steps\\\"\\\". This film was one of the first to introduce the \\\"MacGuffin\\\" plot device, a term coined by the English screenwriter Angus MacPhail. The MacGuffin is\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827248\",\n \"text\": \"the director wanted the film to sound in 1958. Harris and Katz sometimes added extra sound effects to camouflage defects in the old soundtrack (\\\"hisses, pops, and bangs\\\"); in particular they added extra seagull cries and a foghorn to the scene at Cypress Point. The new mix has also been accused of putting too much emphasis on the score at the expense of the sound effects. In 1996, director Harrison Engle produced a documentary about the making of Hitchcock's classic, \\\"Obsessed with Vertigo\\\". Narrated by Roddy McDowell, the film played on American Movie Classics, and has since been included with\",\n \"title\": \"Vertigo (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13539049\",\n \"text\": \"Rope (film) Rope is a 1948 American psychological crime thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, based on the 1929 play of the same name by Patrick Hamilton. The film was adapted by Hume Cronyn with a screenplay by Arthur Laurents. The film was produced by Hitchcock and Sidney Bernstein as the first of their Transatlantic Pictures productions. Starring James Stewart, John Dall and Farley Granger, this is the first of Hitchcock's Technicolor films, and is notable for taking place in real time and being edited so as to appear as a single continuous shot through the use of long takes.\",\n \"title\": \"Rope (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12628341\",\n \"text\": \"the original novella starred, as Ruth, Mary Anderson who, in the previous five years, had played the female lead or second lead in six major studio films, including 1944's \\\"Lifeboat\\\" and \\\"Wilson\\\", 1946's \\\"To Each His Own\\\" and 1947's \\\"Whispering City\\\". Art was portrayed, in his TV debut, by John Dall who, a few months earlier, in 1948, had co-starred as one of the two Leopold and Loeb-like thrill killers in Alfred Hitchcock's first Technicolor film, \\\"Rope\\\" and, two years before that, at the 18th Academy Awards, was one of the nominees for Best Supporting Actor as a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Miracle in the Rain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2696827\",\n \"text\": \"incoming shot is heard briefly in the outgoing shot. Overlapping sound may be used to connect, dynamically, two separate pieces of dramatic action or to enhance the pace of story development. It is the advancement of a sound, to be heard in a new shot or scene, taken from the end of the preceding scene. Sound advances, common in modern films, are actually combined with cut transitions to pull the action of the story forward in a dynamic manner. Alfred Hitchcock fairly well patented the sound advance in his 1929 classic \\\"Blackmail\\\". A young woman (Anny Ondra) wandering the streets\",\n \"title\": \"Film transition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1983898\",\n \"text\": \"Lang, whose influence can be seen in the ominous camera angles and claustrophobic lighting. While Hitchcock had made two previous films, in later years the director would refer to \\\"The Lodger\\\" as the first true \\\"Hitchcock film\\\". Beginning with \\\"The Lodger\\\", Hitchcock helped shape the modern-day thriller genre in film. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Hitchcock's birth, a new orchestral soundtrack was composed by Ashley Irwin. The composer's recording of the score with the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg was broadcast over the ARTE TV network in Europe on 13 August 1999. Its first live performance was given on 29\",\n \"title\": \"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9358393\",\n \"text\": \"in 1873. The final scene of the movie was filmed as a shot of the liner sinking, but it was cut at the last minute for fear of upsetting \\\"Titanic\\\" survivors. \\\"Atlantic\\\" was one of the first British films made with the soundtrack optically recorded on the film (sound-on-film), and was Germany's first sound movie feature. In England, it was released in both sound and silent prints. The French version was the fourth French feature with sound-on-film. As the first sound film about the sinking of the \\\"Titanic\\\", it is also the first to feature the song \\\"Nearer, My God\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8453470\",\n \"text\": \"when a harried David Selznick borrowed the prolific Ratoff from Fox to direct his new Swedish protege Ingrid Bergman in her American debut. The original director, William Wyler, had walked out after a quarrel with Selznick, whose hands were full completing his troubled \\\"Gone With The Wind\\\" and making newly arrived Alfred Hitchcock's first American film, \\\"Rebecca\\\". The story was a remake of the Swedish film that had made Bergman a star, a tale of doomed love between a famous but married violin virtuoso (Leslie Howard) and his brilliant young piano accompanist (Bergman). Bergman was none too impressed with Ratoff,\",\n \"title\": \"Gregory Ratoff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14766172\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"M\\\" (1931), directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre (in his first film role) as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing \\\"Foreign Correspondent\\\" (1940), the Oscar-winning \\\"Rebecca\\\" (1940), \\\"Suspicion\\\" (1941), \\\"Saboteur\\\" (1942) and \\\"Shadow of a Doubt\\\" (1943), which was Hitchcock's own personal favorite. Notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include \\\"The Spiral Staircase\\\" (1946) and \\\"Sorry, Wrong Number\\\" (1948). In the late 1940s, Hitchcock added Technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales. Hitchcock's first Technicolor film was \\\"Rope\\\" (1948). He reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic\",\n \"title\": \"Thriller film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1983894\",\n \"text\": \"is shown to have fully recovered from his injuries and he and Daisy are happily living together as a couple. Alfred Hitchcock cameos: Alfred Hitchcock appears sitting at a desk in the newsroom with his back to the camera and while operating a telephone (5:33 minutes into the film). This is Alfred Hitchcock's first recognisable film cameo and was to become a standard practice for the remainder of his films. Hitchcock's cameo happened because the actor who was supposed to play the part of the telephone operator failed to show up, and Hitchcock filled the breach. He also appeared toward\",\n \"title\": \"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17817140\",\n \"text\": \"films, and the new studio at Borehamwood was the first purpose-built sound studio in Europe. \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), directed by Alfred Hitchcock and the first British talkie, was made at the facility by the company. Other filmmakers who worked for British and Dominions Imperial included producer Anthony Havelock-Allan, who made \\\"Lancashire Luck\\\" (1937) there. Alexander Korda's London Films produced \\\"The Private Life of Henry VIII\\\", which featured an Oscar-winning performance by Charles Laughton, at British and Dominion Imperial. The studio was destroyed by fire on 9 February 1936. The Herbert Wilcox production \\\"London Melody\\\" (1937) had to be completed at Pinewood\",\n \"title\": \"British and Dominions Imperial Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3599\",\n \"text\": \"progression from shot to shot. A Hitchcock film is an organism, with the whole implied in every detail and every detail related to the whole.\\\" By 1960 Hitchcock had directed four films often ranked among the greatest of all time: \\\"Rear Window\\\" (1954), \\\"Vertigo\\\" (1958), \\\"North by Northwest\\\" (1959), and \\\"Psycho\\\" (1960). In 2012 \\\"Vertigo\\\" replaced Orson Welles's \\\"Citizen Kane\\\" (1941) as the British Film Institute's greatest film ever made. By 2016 seven of his films had been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, including his personal favourite, \\\"Shadow of a Doubt\\\" (1943). He received the\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12375314\",\n \"text\": \"Sellers, Julie Andrews, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and Daniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all-time. Hitchcock's first thriller, \\\"\\\" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, \\\"Blackmail\\\", is often regarded as the first British feature film. Major film studios in England include Pinewood, Elstree and Shepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises (\\\"Harry Potter\\\" and \\\"James Bond\\\"). Ealing Studios in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385468\",\n \"text\": \"Germany, well played and well made. The script had Nevsky utter a number of traditional Russian proverbs, verbally rooting his fight against the Germanic invaders in Russian traditions. This was started, completed, and placed in distribution all within the year 1938, and represented not only Eisenstein's first film in nearly a decade but also his first sound film. Within months of its release, Stalin entered into a pact with Hitler, and \\\"Alexander Nevsky\\\" was promptly pulled from distribution. Eisenstein returned to teaching and was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's \\\"Die Walküre\\\" at the Bolshoi Theatre. After the outbreak of war\",\n \"title\": \"Sergei Eisenstein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14766174\",\n \"text\": \"of its release was \\\"Wait Until Dark\\\" (1967) by director Terence Young, with Audrey Hepburn as a victimized blind woman in her Manhattan apartment. The 1970s saw an increase of violence in the thriller genre, beginning with Canadian director Ted Kotcheff's \\\"Wake in Fright\\\" (1971), which almost completely overlapped with the horror genre, and \\\"Frenzy\\\" (1972), Hitchcock's first British film in almost two decades, which was given an R rating for its vicious and explicit strangulation scene. One of the first films about a fan's being disturbingly obsessed with their idol was Clint Eastwood's directorial debut, \\\"Play Misty for Me\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Thriller film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11695661\",\n \"text\": \"associated with violent behavior. In \\\"The Lodger\\\" and \\\"Psycho\\\", this association is the whole basis of the film. Biographers have noted how Hitchcock continued to challenge film censorship throughout his career, until he was allowed to show nudity in \\\"Frenzy\\\". Hitchcock had a dramatic preference for blonde women, stating that the audience would be more suspicious of a brunette. Many of these blondes were of the Grace Kelly variety: perfect, aloof ice goddesses, who also have a hidden red-hot inner fire. In \\\"Vertigo\\\" James Stewart forces a woman to dye her hair blonde. One of Hitchcock's earliest films, \\\"\\\" (1927),\",\n \"title\": \"Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915070\",\n \"text\": \"it he said, \\\"oh my God, what a masterpiece.\\\" In 1939, Welles starred in a radio adaption of the same source novel with The Mercury Theatre on the Air. The film currently holds a 96% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 45 reviews with an average rating of 8.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \\\"Packed with twists and turns, this essential early Alfred Hitchcock feature hints at the dazzling heights he'd reach later in his career.\\\" Due to overlapping changing in British copyright law, the film never fell into the public domain in the UK, and\",\n \"title\": \"The 39 Steps (1935 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788611\",\n \"text\": \"film—not only in the United States, but also in the West as a whole—was 1929; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures (\\\"Pandora's Box\\\" [1929], \\\"Zemlya\\\" [1930], \\\"City Lights\\\" [1931]) and zero talkies in the \\\"Time Out\\\" poll. (\\\"City Lights\\\", like \\\"Sunrise\\\", was released with a recorded score and sound effects, but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a \\\"silent\\\"—spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema.) The earliest sound film to place is the French \\\"L'Atalante\\\" (1934), directed by Jean Vigo; the earliest\",\n \"title\": \"Sound film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12899933\",\n \"text\": \"a week) to star in his picture opposite his newest discovery, Miss Transylvania—Linda! After the success of Steckler's first independent feature, \\\"The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies\\\" (1963), he and producer George J. Morgan decided to cash in on the \\\"psycho-killer\\\" craze in Hollywood, brought upon by Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Psycho\\\". The original film was to focus around the three mental patients, but Steckler found that while directing the film (with little to no set script) that the film was not running long enough and therefore began to shoot scenes with him as Click. On a\",\n \"title\": \"The Thrill Killers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1918433\",\n \"text\": \"when he was caught under a water-activator making waves for a storm scene. He was saved by a lifeguard. The film is unique among Hitchcock's American films for having no musical score during the narrative (apart from the singing of the U-boat captain, accompanied by flute); the Fox studio orchestra was used only for the opening and closing credits. Hitchcock dismissed the idea of having music in a film about people stranded at sea by asking, \\\"Where would the orchestra come from?\\\" Hugo Friedhofer is said to have asked in reply, \\\"Where would the cameras come from?\\\" Director Alfred Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"Lifeboat (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4708459\",\n \"text\": \"Fortunately for Sternberg, Paramount's sister studio in Germany, UFA, offered him the opportunity to direct Emil Jannings in his first sound film. Jannings was the Oscar-winning star of Sternberg's 1928 movie \\\"The Last Command\\\", and had specially requested Sternberg's participation, despite an \\\"early clash of temperaments\\\" on the set. Though \\\"The Blue Angel\\\" and \\\"Morocco\\\", both from 1930, are often cited as his first sound films, Sternberg had already directed \\\"a startling experiment\\\" in asynchronous sound techniques with his 1929 \\\"Thunderbolt\\\". Singer Lucie Mannheim was favored by UFA producer Erich Pommer for the part of Lola, with support from leading\",\n \"title\": \"The Blue Angel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14766171\",\n \"text\": \"Ripper story. His next thriller was \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), his and Britain's first sound film. His notable 1930s thrillers include \\\"The Man Who Knew Too Much\\\" (1934), \\\"The 39 Steps\\\" (1935) and \\\"The Lady Vanishes\\\" (1938), the latter two ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th century. One of the earliest spy films was Fritz Lang's \\\"Spies\\\" (1928), the director's first independent production, with an anarchist international conspirator and criminal spy character named Haghi (Rudolf Klein-Rogge), who is pursued by good-guy Agent No. 326 (Willy Fritsch)—this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films. The German\",\n \"title\": \"Thriller film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11573424\",\n \"text\": \"Joan Barry (British actress) Joan Barry, born Ina Florence Marshman Bell (5 November 1903 - 10 April 1989) was an English stage and film actress, whose career straddled the development of talkies. She was a daughter of Francis Marshman Bell, who went to Sydney, and wife Norah Cavanagh. Born in Carlisle, she had her first role at the age of 15. Barry appeared at St James's Theatre, London when seventeen. She memorably dubbed the voice of Anny Ondra in the early Alfred Hitchcock thriller \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929). The limited sound technology available at the time meant that Barry had to dub\",\n \"title\": \"Joan Barry (British actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"144371\",\n \"text\": \"quota. The \\\"quota quickies\\\", as they became known, are often blamed by historians for holding back the development of the industry. However, some British film makers, such as Michael Powell, learnt their craft making such films. Ironically, the biggest star of the silent era, English comedian Charlie Chaplin, was Hollywood-based. Scottish solicitor John Maxwell founded British International Pictures (BIP) in 1927. Based at the former British National Studios in Elstree, the facilities original owners, including producer-director Herbert Wilcox, had run into financial difficulties. One of the company's early films, Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), is often regarded as the first British\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788609\",\n \"text\": \"true boundaries of the cinema.\\\" Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form; Alfred Hitchcock, though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe, held that \\\"the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema\\\" and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside \\\"photographs of people talking\\\". In Germany, Max Reinhardt, stage producer and movie director, expressed the belief that the talkies, \\\"bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for\",\n \"title\": \"Sound film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"880747\",\n \"text\": \"film of all time. The 1959 film directed by Ralph Thomas was the first colour version, starring Kenneth More as Hannay and Taina Elg as Miss Fisher. The film is closely based on Hitchcock's adaptation, including the music-hall finale with \\\"Mr Memory\\\" and Hannay's escape from a train on the Forth Bridge, scenes not present in the book. It features a musical score by Clifton Parker. The 1978 version was directed by Don Sharp and starred Robert Powell as Hannay, Karen Dotrice as Alex, John Mills as Colonel Scudder and a host of other well-known British actors in smaller parts.\",\n \"title\": \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3616\",\n \"text\": \"was the first of his to be influenced by the Expressionist techniques he had witnessed in Germany: \\\"In truth, you might almost say that \\\"The Lodger\\\" was my first picture.\\\" He made his first cameo appearances in the film, purely because an extra body was needed, sitting in a newsroom and later standing in a crowd as the leading man is arrested. On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock and Alma Reville (1899–1982) married at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. The couple honeymooned in Paris, Lake Como and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2718141\",\n \"text\": \"separate title sequence. The opening credits for the 1993 film \\\"The Fugitive\\\" continued intermittently over several opening scenes, and did not finish until fifteen minutes into the film. The opening credits for the 1968 film \\\"Once Upon a Time in the West\\\" lasted for fourteen minutes. The first sound film to begin without any opening credits was Walt Disney's \\\"Fantasia\\\", released in 1940. In the film's general release, a title card and the credit \\\"Color by Technicolor\\\" were spliced onto the beginning of the film, but otherwise there were no credits, although closing credits were added to the 1990 re-release\",\n \"title\": \"Opening credits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827247\",\n \"text\": \"to stay as close as possible to the original, and had access to the original music recordings that had been stored in the vaults at Paramount. However, as the project demanded a new 6-channel DTS stereo soundtrack, it was necessary to re-record some sound effects using the Foley process. The soundtrack was remixed at the Alfred Hitchcock Theatre at Universal Studios. Aware that the film had a considerable following, the restoration team knew that they were under particular pressure to restore the film as accurately as possible. To achieve this, they used Hitchcock's original dubbing notes for guidance of how\",\n \"title\": \"Vertigo (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4759095\",\n \"text\": \"his role as Gordon Druce in \\\"Mary\\\", though the character's name was changed to Gordon Moore. In addition to the original music composed by John Reynders, the film uses the opening of Richard Wagner's \\\"Tristan und Isolde\\\" prelude as background (supposedly a radio broadcast that Sir John is listening to) in the shaving scene. For the filming, an orchestra played the music live on the set. Hitchcock described the filming of this scene to François Truffaut in the book-length interview \\\"Hitchcock/Truffaut\\\" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1967). In the early days of sound film, there was no way to post-dub\",\n \"title\": \"Murder! (1930 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446145\",\n \"text\": \"comic characters. Powell made his film début as a \\\"comic English tourist\\\" in \\\"The Magician\\\" (1926). Returning to England in 1928, Powell worked at a diverse series of jobs for various filmmakers including as a stills photographer on Alfred Hitchcock's silent film \\\"Champagne\\\" (1928). He also signed on in a similar role on Hitchcock's first \\\"talkie\\\", \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929). In his autobiography, Powell claims he suggested the ending in the British Museum which was the first of Hitchcock's \\\"monumental\\\" climaxes to his films. Powell and Hitchcock remained friends for the remainder of Hitchcock's life. After scriptwriting on two productions, Powell entered\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4699471\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Trouble with Harry\\\" (1955) through \\\"Marnie\\\" (1964). It is one of the most subdued scores Herrmann ever wrote, and one of the few he composed with some jazz elements, here primarily to represent Fonda's appearance as a musician in the nightclub scenes. This was Hitchcock's final film for Warner Bros. It completed a contract commitment that had begun with two films produced for Transatlantic Pictures and released by Warner Brothers: \\\"Rope\\\" (1948) and \\\"Under Capricorn\\\" (1949), his first two films in Technicolor. After \\\"The Wrong Man\\\", Hitchcock returned to Paramount Pictures. Contemporary reviews were mixed to negative, with many\",\n \"title\": \"The Wrong Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"76713\",\n \"text\": \"of Jesus of Nazareth, which was acclaimed for its sensitivity and reached more than 800 million viewers. \\\"The Sign of the Cross\\\" (1932) was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. \\\"Cleopatra\\\" (1934) was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. After more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with \\\"Samson and Delilah\\\" (1949), a biblical epic which did \\\"an all-time record business\\\". Along with biblical and historical narratives, he also directed films oriented toward \\\"neo-naturalism\\\", which tried to portray the laws of\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil B. DeMille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2756642\",\n \"text\": \"and longtime collaborator Alma had a stroke. As a result, some sequences were shot without Hitchcock on the set so he could tend to his wife. The film was the first Hitchcock film to have nudity (with the arguable exception of the shower scene in \\\"Psycho\\\"). There are a number of classic Hitchcock set pieces in the film, particularly the long tracking shot down the stairs when Babs is murdered. The camera moves down the stairs, out the doorway (with a rather clever edit just after the camera exits the door which marks where the scene moves from the studio\",\n \"title\": \"Frenzy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3627\",\n \"text\": \"Joel McCrea. Mixing footage of European scenes with scenes filmed on a Hollywood backlot, the film avoided direct references to Nazism, Nazi Germany, and Germans to comply with Hollywood's Motion Picture Production Code censorship at the time. In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air, purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the romantic comedy \\\"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\\\" (1941) to the bleak film noir \\\"Shadow of a Doubt\\\" (1943). \\\"Suspicion\\\" (1941) marked Hitchcock's first\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14766170\",\n \"text\": \"leading to murder. In 2001, the American Film Institute made its selection of the top 100 greatest American \\\"heart-pounding\\\" and \\\"adrenaline-inducing\\\" films of all time. The 400 nominated films had to be American-made films whose thrills have \\\"enlivened and enriched America's film heritage\\\". AFI also asked jurors to consider \\\"the total adrenaline-inducing impact of a film's artistry and craft\\\". One of the earliest thriller films was Harold Lloyd's comedy \\\"Safety Last!\\\" (1923), with a character performing a daredevil stunt on the side of a skyscraper. Alfred Hitchcock's first thriller was his third silent film, \\\"\\\" (1926), a suspenseful Jack the\",\n \"title\": \"Thriller film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422111\",\n \"text\": \"by Australian-born composer Arthur Benjamin written for the earlier Hitchcock film of the same name). However, this film did give Herrmann the opportunity for an on-screen appearance: he is the conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra in the Albert Hall scene. Herrmann's most recognizable music is from another Hitchcock film, \\\"Psycho\\\". Unusual for a thriller at the time, the score uses only the string section of the orchestra. The screeching violin music heard during the famous shower scene (which Hitchcock originally suggested have no music at all) is one of the most famous moments in film score history. Hitchcock admitted\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Herrmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9421732\",\n \"text\": \"by the horrific sound, which is personified by Bush herself as she changed from an angelic woman into a banshee (a horrifying screaming apparition of Irish lore). The song features Nigel Kennedy on violin, who at one point replicates the screeching violins from Bernard Herrmann's famous scoring of the shower scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film \\\"Psycho\\\". The B-sides of both the 7\\\" and 12\\\" singles included a re-working of \\\"Wuthering Heights\\\", the single which catapulted her to stardom in 1978. On the 12\\\" single, the 1980 song \\\"December Will Be Magic Again\\\" was included as an additional B-side. An\",\n \"title\": \"Experiment IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4318329\",\n \"text\": \"job with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company as an office boy. Later, through his mother's contacts in the British film industry, Neame started at Elstree Studios as a messenger boy. He was fortunate enough to be hired as an assistant cameraman on \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929), the first British talkie, directed by a young Alfred Hitchcock. Neame's own career as a cinematographer began with the musical comedy \\\"Happy\\\" (1933), and he continued to develop his skills in various \\\"quota quickies\\\" films for several years. His credits as cinematographer include \\\"Major Barbara\\\" (1941), \\\"In Which We Serve\\\" (1942), \\\"This Happy Breed\\\" (1944), and \\\"Blithe\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Neame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11695664\",\n \"text\": \"follows \\\"Madeleine,\\\" or the Albert Hall sequence in the 1956 version of \\\"The Man Who Knew Too Much\\\". Some Hitchcock films include use of the number 13, popularly an \\\"unlucky number.\\\" \\\"Number 13\\\" is also the title of an unfinished Hitchcock film which would have been his directorial debut. Tennis is often mentioned in Hitchcock films. In \\\"Strangers on a Train\\\", the main character is a tennis player. In \\\"Dial M for Murder\\\", Tony Wendice (Ray Milland) is an ex-tennis player. In \\\"Rebecca\\\", the second Mrs. DeWinter (Joan Fontaine) claims to be taking tennis lessons from Max DeWinter (Laurence Olivier).\",\n \"title\": \"Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13101062\",\n \"text\": \"Thalberg's discovery that the studio already owned the rights to Alfred Klabund's 1927 novel \\\"Rasputin\\\". In June 1932 M-G-M had announced that the three Barrymores would star in the movie. This film marked Ethel Barrymore's sound film debut and is the earliest known recording of her famous voice. The highly fictionalized story takes place in the Russian Empire during the last years of the reign of Czar Nicholas II (Ralph Morgan) and the Czarina Alexandra (Ethel Barrymore). Reform-minded Prince Paul (John Barrymore) has long been concerned about the plight of the common people and knows a revolution is brewing. Prince\",\n \"title\": \"Rasputin and the Empress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3625\",\n \"text\": \"Selznick picture \\\"Rebecca\\\" (1940) was Hitchcock's first American film, set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a novel by English novelist Daphne du Maurier. The film stars Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. The story concerns a naïve (and unnamed) young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She goes to live in his huge English country house, and struggles with the lingering reputation of his elegant and worldly first wife Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won Best Picture at the 13th Academy Awards; the statuette was given to Selznick, as the film's producer. Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8424486\",\n \"text\": \"Universal, and Paramount) to win the Best Picture Oscar. \\\"Rebecca\\\" was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and the only film from him to win Best Picture. Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture, the other being \\\"Foreign Correspondent\\\". Two other directors also had two films in the running this year: Sam Wood (\\\"Our Town\\\" and \\\"Kitty Foyle\\\") and John Ford (\\\"The Long Voyage Home\\\" and \\\"The Grapes of Wrath\\\", which won Best Director). \\\"Pinocchio\\\" was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars, for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song, starting a long\",\n \"title\": \"13th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2367542\",\n \"text\": \"title role and a musical score by Sergei Prokofiev, \\\"Alexander Nevsky\\\" was the first and most popular of Eisenstein's three sound films. In 1941 Eisenstein, Pavlenko, Cherkasov and Abrikosov were awarded the Stalin Prize for the film. In 1978 the film was included in the world's 100 best motion pictures according to an opinion poll conducted by the Italian publishing house Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Russia Beyond considers the film one of the 10 best Russian war films. The Teutonic Knights invade and conquer the city of Pskov with the help of the traitor Tverdilo and massacre its population. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Nevsky (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14010780\",\n \"text\": \"of boxes. An organ was installed and used during intermissions. Total seating was 1,700. In May 1928, Walter Gibbons company General Theatres Corporation was taken over by Gaumont British Theatres. The cinema is noted as the location of the first run of the first British 'talkie', Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Blackmail\\\" in 1929. In its basement the \\\"Kit Kat Club\\\" was located, one of the most famous London nightclubs of the roaring 1920s (not to be mixed up with an older political club similarly named). In 1935, Gaumont decided to completely reconstruct the Capitol, by lowering the auditorium to take in the\",\n \"title\": \"Odeon Haymarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4497402\",\n \"text\": \"Body Double Body Double is a 1984 American erotic thriller film co-written and directed by Brian De Palma and starring Craig Wasson, Gregg Henry, Melanie Griffith, and Deborah Shelton. The original musical score was composed by Pino Donaggio. The film was a direct homage to the films of Alfred Hitchcock, specifically \\\"Rear Window\\\" (1954), \\\"Vertigo\\\" (1958), and \\\"Dial M for Murder\\\" (1954) taking plot lines and themes (such as voyeurism and obsession) from the first two films. The film received a lukewarm result at the box office, but has subsequently become a cult film. When Twilight Time released the film\",\n \"title\": \"Body Double\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1984031\",\n \"text\": \"and was asked by Hitchcock to play the leading role in his upcoming film \\\"The Birds\\\". \\\"I was so stunned. It never occurred to me that I would be given a leading role in a major motion picture. I had great big tears in my eyes\\\", Hedren later recalled. \\\"The Birds\\\" (1963) was Hedren's screen debut. Hitchcock became her drama coach, and gave her an education in film-making as she attended many of the production meetings such as script, music or photography conferences. Hedren said, \\\"I probably learned in three years what it would have taken me 15 years to\",\n \"title\": \"Tippi Hedren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1821408\",\n \"text\": \"with her dog Peter, attended the rehearsals of \\\"Alibi\\\" and found its \\\"novelty\\\" enjoyable. However, \\\"she was sufficiently irritated by the changes to the original to want to write a play of her own.\\\" The play was turned into the first sound film to be based on a Christie work. Running 75 minutes, it was released on 28 April 1931, by Twickenham Film Studios and produced by Julius S. Hagan. Austin Trevor played Poirot, a role he reprised later that year in the film adaptation of Christie's 1930 play, \\\"Black Coffee\\\". Orson Welles adapted the novel as a one-hour radio\",\n \"title\": \"The Murder of Roger Ackroyd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6096378\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Shane\\\" in 1952 and his novel, \\\"The Big Sky\\\", was made into a successful Western by Howard Hawks that same year. Hecht and Lancaster hired famed composer Bernard Herrmann for the soundtrack, already renowned at the time for his work with Orson Welles. Herrmann is now best remembered as a close collaborator of Alfred Hitchcock, composing the soundtracks to \\\"Psycho\\\", \\\"Vertigo\\\" and \\\"North By Northwest\\\". In addition to starring Lancaster, \\\"The Kentuckian\\\" featured Dianne Foster, Diana Lynn, John McIntire and was the film debut of Walter Matthau, who played the heavy. As part of its publicity, Hecht hired artist Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Hecht\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"828879\",\n \"text\": \"of Santa Rosa that are seen in the film were damaged or destroyed by earthquakes in 1969; much of the area was cleared of debris and largely rebuilt. The library was a Carnegie Library which was demolished in the mid-1960s due to seismic concerns. The film was scored by Dimitri Tiomkin, his first collaboration with Hitchcock (the others being \\\"Strangers on a Train\\\", \\\"I Confess\\\" and \\\"Dial M for Murder\\\"). In his score, Tiomkin quotes the famous \\\"Merry Widow Waltz\\\" of Franz Lehár, often in somewhat distorted forms, as a leitmotif for Uncle Charlie and his serial murders. During the\",\n \"title\": \"Shadow of a Doubt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205528\",\n \"text\": \"is the version now generally available although some critics consider the silent version superior. Alfred Hitchcock filmed the silent version with Sam Livesey as the Chief Inspector and the sound version with Harvey Braban in the same role. Alfred Hitchcock's cameo, a signature occurrence in many of Hitchcock's films, shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. This is probably the lengthiest of Hitchcock's cameo appearances and he appears around 10 minutes after the start. As the director became better known to audiences, especially when he appeared as the host of\",\n \"title\": \"Blackmail (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205526\",\n \"text\": \"purpose-built sound studio in Europe. Lead actress Anny Ondra was raised in Prague and had a pronounced Czech accent that was felt unsuitable for the film. Sound was in its infancy at the time and it wasn't possible to post-dub Ondra's voice. Rather than replace her and reshoot her scenes, actress Joan Barry was hired to actually speak the dialogue off-camera while Ondra lip-synched her lines. This makes Ondra's performance seem slightly awkward. Hitchcock used several elements that would become Hitchcock \\\"trademarks\\\" including a beautiful blonde in peril and a famous landmark in the finale. Without informing the producers, Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"Blackmail (1929 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"856773\",\n \"text\": \"and a 1992 BBC radio production starring Kenneth Branagh.) Olivier's first biographer, Felix Barker, described how the actor-director created the sound effects for the three appearances of the ghost:To produce the eerie noise which preceded the appearance of the ghost Olivier...went to enormous trouble. He made as many as fourteen separate sound tracks. On one he had recorded fifty women shrieking; on another the groans of as many men; a third consisted of a dozen violinists scraping their bows across the strings on a single screeching note. These various tracks had then to be blended in different volumes and intensity\",\n \"title\": \"Hamlet (1948 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16051086\",\n \"text\": \"version of the script (the very original script) had Alex be killed by a flesh eating virus. He was briefly mentioned in \\\"Final Destination 3\\\" and appeared in \\\"Final Destination 5\\\", along with his class, being removed from Flight 180 and giving a warning that the aircraft would explode on takeoff revealing this film to be a prequel of the first 4 films. In the alternate ending of the film, Alex and Clear had made love on the beach before meeting Carter and Billy Hitchcock at their school, resulting in Clear's pregnancy. Later on, Alex dies after the live wire\",\n \"title\": \"Alex Browning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8875037\",\n \"text\": \"latter was Hitchcock's directorial debut. In 1926–7 he made a series of pioneering sound films. Later he collaborated with Alma Reville, Hitchcock's wife, on the script of \\\"The First Born\\\" (1928), his feature debut as director, in which he co-starred with Madeleine Carroll. Carroll reappeared in his third film, \\\"Fascination\\\" (1931). Mander is better remembered for his character portrayals of oily villains, many of them English gentlemen or upper crust cads – such as Cardinal Richelieu in the musical film \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" (1939), a spoof in which the Ritz Brothers played lackeys who substituted for the real Musketeers. In\",\n \"title\": \"Miles Mander\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8418971\",\n \"text\": \"as the sky is lightening, the narrator can dimly see a grotesquely misshapen figure in the rowboat, scarcely recognisable as human. The story has been filmed twice. The first and more faithful adaptation, under the title \\\"Voice in the Night,\\\" was made as an episode of the television series \\\"Suspicion\\\" (1958). This was one of 10 episodes of \\\"Suspicion\\\" made by Shamley Productions, the company established by Alfred Hitchcock to produce his television series. It was directed by Arthur Hiller from a script by Stirling Silliphant. It starred (in the order they were billed in the titles and credits) Barbara\",\n \"title\": \"The Voice in the Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"880746\",\n \"text\": \"directed by Alfred Hitchcock departs substantially from the book. It stars Robert Donat as Hannay and Madeleine Carroll as the woman he meets on the train. It is regarded by critics as the superior film version. This was the first Hitchcock film based upon the idea of an \\\"innocent man on the run,\\\" such as \\\"Saboteur\\\" and \\\"North by Northwest.\\\" Scholars of his films regard this film as one of his best variations upon this particular theme. In 1999 it came 4th in a BFI poll of British films and in 2004 \\\"Total Film\\\" named it the 21st greatest British\",\n \"title\": \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7083532\",\n \"text\": \"$5 million to build the freeway set. Notable examples of set pieces include the Snake Pit in \\\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\", the Death Star Trench Run from \\\"Star Wars\\\", the storming of the volcano lair in the James Bond film \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\", and the burning oil rig in \\\"There Will Be Blood\\\". Alfred Hitchcock referred to set pieces as crescendoes or \\\"bumps\\\" and tried to put three of them in each of his movies. In \\\"Psycho\\\", these are the shower murder, the murder on the stairs, and the discovery of \\\"Mother\\\". One of the most well known\",\n \"title\": \"Set piece\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6053651\",\n \"text\": \"When Seamus explains about Pelican's Reef, Peter looks back on when he out-farted Michael Moore. The farting was made to sound like Dueling Banjos. The name of the hurricane that Peter gets caught in is named RuPaul which \\\"made his or her way up the coast\\\" as \\\"Tom Tucker\\\" claimed on the news in reference to the famous drag queen. Peter claims to have built the first time machine, a DeLorean DMC-12 he crashes, a reference to \\\"Back to the Future\\\". When Peter and Lois are in the motel, the famous silhouette of Alfred Hitchcock is seen through the window.\",\n \"title\": \"Perfect Castaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827245\",\n \"text\": \"break even upon its original release, earning $2.8 million in gross rental in the United States alone against its $2,479,000 cost, it earned significantly less than other Hitchcock productions. In October 1983, \\\"Rear Window\\\" and \\\"Vertigo\\\" were the first two films re-released by Hitchcock's estate after his death. These two films and three others – \\\"The Man Who Knew Too Much\\\" (1956), \\\"The Trouble with Harry\\\" (1955), and \\\"Rope\\\" (1948) – had been kept out of distribution by Hitchcock since 1968. Cleaning and restoration were performed on each film when new 35mm prints were struck. In 1996, the film was\",\n \"title\": \"Vertigo (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16072616\",\n \"text\": \"the Pavilion, later known as the Shepherd’s Bush Pavilion, was constructed. Originally built as a cinema, it is today being converted into a hotel, and though most of the building was demolished in 2012, it remains a Grade II listed building. In the 1930s Alfred Hitchcock filmed sequences for many of his films in Lime Grove Studios, including, in 1935, \\\"The 39 Steps\\\". Like other parts of London, Shepherd's Bush suffered from bomb damage during World War II, especially from V-1 flying bomb attacks (known as \\\"doodlebugs\\\" or \\\"buzzbombs\\\"), which struck randomly and with little warning. Damaged buildings included the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Shepherd's Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4656147\",\n \"text\": \"freighter. The ballerina, desperate to reveal the fugitives' hiding place, identifies the wrong crates, which are machine-gunned while they are already dangling over the pier. Meanwhile, Armstrong and Sherman have escaped by jumping overboard and swimming to a Swedish dock. By the time \\\"Torn Curtain\\\", his fiftieth film, was conceived, Alfred Hitchcock was the most famous film director in Hollywood, having already reached the pinnacle of commercial success six years before with \\\"Psycho\\\" (1960). Audiences eagerly anticipated his next film. To find a gripping plot, Hitchcock turned towards the spy thriller genre, which was greatly in fashion since the early\",\n \"title\": \"Torn Curtain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9472799\",\n \"text\": \"the raison d'être of Sidney Bernstein and Hitchcock's first co-production, the experimental \\\"Rope\\\", starring James Stewart. In 1945–46, Bernstein formed Transatlantic Pictures in partnership with Alfred Hitchcock in preparation for the end of Hitchcock's contract with David O. Selznick in 1947. Bernstein was an uncredited producer on two of Hitchcock's films, \\\"Rope\\\" (1948), filmed in Hollywood, and \\\"Under Capricorn\\\" (1949) filmed at MGM-British in Borehamwood, near London. Hitchcock's \\\"Stage Fright\\\" (1950) started out as a Transatlantic production, but became a Warner Brothers production after the failure of \\\"Under Capricorn\\\". In 1954, Bernstein and Hitchcock dissolved their partnership, after one final\",\n \"title\": \"Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2568846\",\n \"text\": \"plot from Hitchcock sources.\\\" At the 35th Golden Globe Awards, the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture - Musical/Comedy and Best Motion Picture Actor - Musical/Comedy for Mel Brooks. After viewing the film, Hitchcock sent Brooks a case containing six magnums of 1961 Château Haut-Brion wine with a note that read, \\\"A small token of my pleasure, have no anxiety about this.\\\" High Anxiety High Anxiety is a 1977 American satirical comedy film produced and directed by Mel Brooks, who also plays the lead. This is Brooks' first film as a producer and first speaking lead role (his first\",\n \"title\": \"High Anxiety\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6826921\",\n \"text\": \"and attempted to present a relatively non-stereotyped view of African-American life. \\\"Hallelujah\\\" was King Vidor's first sound film, and combined sound recorded on location and sound recorded post-production in Hollywood. King Vidor was nominated for a Best Director Oscar for the film. In 2008, \\\"Hallelujah\\\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\\\" Years before creating \\\"Hallelujah\\\", King Vidor had longed to make a film employing an all-Black cast. He had floated the idea around for years but “the studio kept turning the idea down”.\",\n \"title\": \"Hallelujah (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20339515\",\n \"text\": \"months after the release of \\\"\\\". But the album had been indefinitely shelved when finding band members became a priority. \\\"Un Automne En Solitude\\\" was released on March 14, 2008, through Mortification Records and was a direct sequel to the debut EP. The story picked up following the same heartbreak and incorporated the theme from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 motion picture \\\"Vertigo\\\", where \\\"\\\"man meets woman, man loses woman, man meets woman again, man loses woman again\\\"\\\". \\\"Un Automne En Solitude\\\" was promoted throughout the year with the single \\\"Season In Absence\\\", which landed two music videos; one directed by Belgian\",\n \"title\": \"Vision Éternel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4748328\",\n \"text\": \"The Ring (1927 film) The Ring is a 1927 British silent sports film directed and written by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Carl Brisson, Lillian Hall-Davis and Ian Hunter. It is one of Hitchcock's nine surviving silent films. The film was made at Elstree Studios by the newly established British International Pictures, which emerged as one of the two British major studios during the late 1920s and began hiring leading directors from Britain and abroad. It was Hitchcock's first film for the company, after joining from Gainsborough Pictures. It was also the first film to be released by the company. Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"The Ring (1927 film)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Culture of the United Kingdom context: coined the term \\\"documentary\\\" to describe a non-fiction film in 1926. Ranked by many as the best British filmmaker, Hitchcock's first thriller, \\\"\\\" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, \\\"Blackmail\\\", is often regarded as the first British sound feature film. \\\"The 39 Steps\\\" (1935) features a signature Hitchcock cameo, and established the quintessential English 'Hitchcock blonde' Madeleine Carroll as the template for his succession of ice cold and elegant leading ladies. Alexander Korda's \\\"The Private Life of Henry VIII\\\" (1933), was the first British production to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best\\n\\nWhat was Hitchcock's first sound movie?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 200,\n \"origin_tokens\": 200,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Dallas Bower context: Dallas B Dallas Bower (25 July 1907, London18 October 1999, London) was a British film and television director and producer. After early employment as the sound technician on Alfred Hitchcock's first sound movie \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929) Bower joined film impresario Paul Czinner, producer of \\\"As You Like it,\\\" starring Laurence Olivier. Bower joined the BBC's experimental television unit in 1936 and presented broadcasts of several Shakespeare plays before TV trials were terminated in wartime. He then directed the Ministry of Information's film division and in 1941 joined BBC Radio where he produced a radio version of the Russian film \\\"Alexander Nevsky\\\",\\n\\ntitle Themes and devices in Hitch films context: features serial killer who stalks blonde women Blonde actress Anny Ondra starred in Hitchcock's first \\\"Blackmail\\\" (1929 Hitchcock said he used blonde actresses in his films not because an attraction to them, but of tradition began with silent star Mary Pickford The director said blondes were \\\"a symbol the hero\\\". He also thought they photographed better in black and white, which was the predominant for dramas for many yearsFamily Plot Karen Black plays a kidnapper who wears a blonde wig and sunglasses as a disguise Other notable\\ntitle: John Maxwell (producer) context and firms. Al the Elstree, the company also acquired Welwyn in Welw.which was renamed Associated British Corporation933 Max began a production programme Maxwell imported top as as leading British talent as Alfred H Under Maxwell' masterpieces late silent cinema Hitchcock \\\"192 the company successfully made the to While it to make films, it increasing relied on numbers of or low-get comies and musicals\\n: Sound film \\\"\\\", using sound-c Britishone. In MayBlack Waters a and Dominions promoted as firster,ing it with Western sound. of these pictures made much impact. The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all-British \\\"Blackmail\\\". Directed by twenty-nine-year-old Alfred Hitchcock, the movie had its London debut June 21, 1929. Originally shot as a silent, \\\"Blackmail\\\" was restaged to include dialogue sequences, along with a score and sound effects,\\n\\nWhat was Hitchcock's first sound movie?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 500,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14836,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":98,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":98,"string":"98"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which newspaper did Jackie Kennedy work for just before her marriage?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Washington Times (original)","Washington Times-Herald","Washington Times Herald"],"string":"[\n \"Washington Times (original)\",\n \"Washington Times-Herald\",\n \"Washington Times Herald\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Washington Times Herald"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"741828","text":"London for \"The Washington Times-Herald\". After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. Bouvier and Kennedy were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding dress, now housed in the","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"6428605","text":"and had two children together: Auchincloss was responsible for getting Jacqueline Bouvier her first job in journalism at the \"Washington Times-Herald\". He gave her away at her wedding to future president John F. Kennedy, the reception of which was held at Hammersmith Farm on September 12, 1953. A long-time financial contributor to the Republican Party, he contributed to the campaign of his Democratic stepson-in-law, saying \"I want to live in harmony with Mrs. Auchincloss and all the other members of the family.\" Auchincloss died at his home in Georgetown on November 20, 1976 and was later buried at Island Cemetery","title":"Hugh D. Auchincloss"},{"id":"741811","text":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American book editor and socialite who was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, John F. Kennedy, from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and his wife, Janet Lee Bouvier, in 1929. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University and went on to work for the \"Washington Times-Herald\" as an","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"7343220","text":"Jackie (magazine) Jackie was a weekly British magazine for girls. The magazine was published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd of Dundee from 11 January 1964 until its closure on 3 July 1993—a total of 1534 issues. The name was chosen from a list of girls' names, although it was nearly dropped due to the association with Jackie Kennedy following her husband's assassination in 1963. An urban legend exists that it was named after Jacqueline Wilson who worked there at the time, before she became a notable children's author. Although the author has attempted to perpetuate this claim, this","title":"Jackie (magazine)"},{"id":"6759481","text":"edited the post newspaper, and took wedding photos for base marriages. Meanwhile, he worked full-time at night as a copy editor for the erstwhile Times-Herald in nearby Washington. D.C. .One of his colleagues, an inquiring photographer for the newspaper was Jackie Lee Bouvier (later Kennedy Onassis). Following his discharge, Ginzburg worked briefly at NBC, then joined Look magazine as circulation promotion manager. He also worked for Reader's Digest, Collier's, and, as he put it, \"other pillars of communications industry respectability\". An article he wrote during his spare time, An Unhurried View of Erotica, impressed Esquire's publisher Arnold Gingrich, and therefore","title":"Ralph Ginzburg"},{"id":"741825","text":"circles. Bouvier followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work. Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was hired as a part-time receptionist at the \"Washington Times-Herald\". A week later, she approached editor Frank Waldrop and requested more challenging work; she was given the position of \"Inquiring Camera Girl\", despite Waldrop's initial concerns about her competence. The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses. In addition to the random \"man","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"7796997","text":"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mother Teresa) in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century. Kennedy was a life member of the National Rifle Association. Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Lee \"Jackie\" Bouvier (1929–1994), when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. After suffering a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter Caroline was born in 1957 and is the only surviving member of JFK's immediate family.","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"741813","text":"She was also the first Catholic to serve as First Lady. On November 22, 1963, Jacqueline Kennedy was riding with the President in an open-air motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. Following his funeral, she and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. Following Aristotle Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a publishing editor in New York City. She died on May 19, 1994 of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aged 64. During her lifetime, Jacqueline Kennedy was regarded as an international fashion icon. Her famous ensemble of a","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"741823","text":"program through Smith College. Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. While attending George Washington, Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at \"Vogue\" magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide. The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris. Before beginning","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"19304184","text":"and accepted that she was female. For this reason she has been referred to as \"female sportswriters' own Jackie Robinson.\" In the summer of 1945, Walt Daley returned from war and hit it off with Adeline on his visit back to the newspaper's office. A few months later, he and Adeline married, with Walter insisting he did so to get his job back. She took a break from journalism to raise their seven children. In 1961, she began writing humorous articles about raising a family for magazines including \"Coronet\" and \"Pageant\". In 1963, the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" hired her to","title":"Adeline Daley"},{"id":"3263208","text":"Express\". She moved to the \"Cork Examiner\" after less than a year, but spent only a few years there before joining \"The Irish Times\". On the foundation of the \"Sunday Tribune\" in 1980, Kennedy joined it as the paper's political correspondent. The paper's publisher, John Mulcahy, had become familiar with Kennedy when she had contributed to his journal \"Hibernia\". When the \"Tribune\" briefly ceased production, Kennedy moved to the \"Sunday Press\". Early in 1987, Kennedy successfully sued the incumbent Charles Haughey-led Fianna Fáil government for illegally tapping her phone. Kennedy stood in the 1987 general election as a candidate for","title":"Geraldine Kennedy"},{"id":"741838","text":"her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed. Kennedy was portrayed by the media as the ideal woman, leading academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she \"created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors\". Nevertheless, the First Lady attracted worldwide positive public attention and","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"18195044","text":"Lou Grant (cartoonist) Lou Grant (December 3, 1919 – September 7, 2001) was an American editorial cartoonist. He mainly worked for the \"Oakland Tribune\" for 40 years and was the syndicated political cartoonist for the \"Los Angeles Times\". His work was syndicated with the \"Los Angeles Times\", and was seen daily throughout the country, as well periodically worldwide in \"Newsweek,\" (1960-1986) and \"Time Magazine\" (1960-1986). His life's work covered comedy and political satire, sports, radio, and political cartoons. Lou Grant started his career in the newspaper business as a copy boy for the \"Los Angeles Examiner\" in 1937. He illustrated","title":"Lou Grant (cartoonist)"},{"id":"10117041","text":"\"Mail on Sunday\". She has also worked in television as features editor of TV-am (1982–1983) and devised the series \"Frocks-on-the-Box\" for the ITV contractor TVS during the 1980s, a series which ran for two thirteen-part series. She has often appeared on radio and TV and was a regular participant in \"Through the Keyhole\". In 2003 Pollard was a guest panellist on the award-winning talk show \"Loose Women\". She has been a member of the Competition Commission’s Newspaper Takeover Panel, appointed in 1999. Her publications include \"Jackie\", a biography of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1971), and she has jointly written four novels:","title":"Eve Pollard"},{"id":"19316838","text":"page of the \"New York Journal-American\" using the byline Robin Chandler. Later, after marrying actor Jeffrey Lynn, with whom she had two children, she found work at NBC-affiliate WCAU-TV in Philadelphia as a news reader. In 1952 she became an anchor-reporter with Dave Garroway, and covered national political conventions and the marriage of Jacqueline Bouvier to John F. Kennedy in 1953. She was a broker at Orvis Brothers from 1953 to 1958. She was then vice-president for public relations at Pepsi-Cola until 1962. Chandler Duke was active in organizations relating to women's rights, family planning, and population studies. In addition","title":"Robin Chandler Duke"},{"id":"17683212","text":"later changing its name to the American League for Peace and Democracy and the People's Committee Against William Randolph Hearst. Solomonick then became a circulation manager of \"The Daily Worker\" the newspaper published by the Communist Party USA. Solomonick became an anti-communist with the signing of the 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact. Finding himself unemployed and possibly unemployable due to his anti-communism, Solomonick conferred with his friend Andrew Loewi, whose family owned the Park Management Corporation, and Solomonick decided on changing his name upon seeing a sign reading \"Kennedy\". Kennedy went into business partnership in a tool and die firm called","title":"Jay Richard Kennedy"},{"id":"20746141","text":"retiring president's address:\"I am not a feminist\"...\"I have never been one, and although I may offend some of my women friends by saying so, I do not think it was the fact that they chained themselves to railings which obtained the vote for women. They showed their worth during the war. It is the ability in either men or women which should give them the opportunity to do what they want\" As a teenager, Kennedy had aspirations to become a reporter for a London daily newspaper. She obtained a position at a suburban weekly paper but was rejected as the","title":"Elizabeth M. Kennedy"},{"id":"741827","text":"Representative John F. Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad. Kennedy was busy running for the U.S. Senate in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"4141052","text":"\"Journal-American\" contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States. Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym \"Cholly Knickerbocker\", became famous and coined the term \"Café Society\". John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a brief career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase (1898–1974) was the sports editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke. Jack O'Brian (1914–2000) was television critic for the \"Journal-American\" and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that","title":"New York Journal-American"},{"id":"14313003","text":"final exams. During 1938 she developed a consuming interest in marionettes and seriously considered embarking on a career as a puppeteer. In 1939 she married Victor Teich, an official of the US Communist Party and a friend from their school days. This marriage broke down after a short time. Her initial break into journalism, which lasted only for a few months, came unexpectedly in 1942 when her friend Milton Wolff joined the US army and recruited her to succeed him as Culture Editor with the New York based \"Daily Worker\", a communist newspaper. She was never invited to join the","title":"Edith Anderson"},{"id":"2095051","text":"Colorliner presses. In 2002, the paper completed installation of a MAN Roland UNISET press, which is now used to print regional editions of \"USA Today\", as well as commercial printing jobs. John Seigenthaler joined \"The Tennessean\" in 1949, resigning in 1960 to act as Robert F. Kennedy's administrative assistant. He rejoined \"The Tennessean\" as editor in 1962, publisher in 1973, and chairman in 1982 before retiring as chairman emeritus in 1991. Ellen Leifeld was named as publisher in September 2005, succeeding Leslie Giallombardo, who became the newspaper's first female publisher in April 2002. Carol Hudler was named publisher in 2009","title":"The Tennessean"},{"id":"4046257","text":"Latchmere, she attended Coombe Girls' School, which she still visits regularly. A lecture hall at Kingston University's Penrhyn Road campus has been named after her. After leaving school at age 16, she began training as a secretary but then applied to work with the Dundee-based publishing company DC Thomson on a new girls' magazine, \"Jackie\". DC Thomson offered the 17-year-old a job after she penned a piece on the horrors of teen discos. She fell in love with a printer named Millar Wilson. When he joined the police force, the couple moved south for his work, marrying in 1965 when","title":"Jacqueline Wilson"},{"id":"2210677","text":"in 1975. She was a photographer's assistant at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1977, she worked as a summer intern at the New York \"Daily News\", earning $156 a week (~$600 in 2013 dollars adjusted for inflation), \"fetching coffee for harried editors and reporters, changing typewriter ribbons and delivering messages.\" Kennedy reportedly \"sat on a bench alone for two hours the first day before other employees even said hello to her\"; and, according to Richard Licata, a former \"News\" reporter, \"Everyone was too scared.\" Kennedy also wrote for \"Rolling Stone\" about visiting Graceland shortly after the death","title":"Caroline Kennedy"},{"id":"13430229","text":"editor, as Newton transformed the \"Financial Times\" from a trade publication into an internationally respected newspaper. In 1958, he hired Sheila Black, a former actor and \"FT\"’s first female journalist, who introduced the \"How to Spend It\" consumer goods feature in 1967. Newton received a knighthood in 1967, and served as a director of the paper between 1967 and 1972. Newton voluntarily stepped down from his responsibilities with the \"Financial Times\" in 1972 after reaching the age of 65. He took up a chairmanship of a financial company that collapsed amidst the secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975, but subsequently served","title":"Gordon Newton"},{"id":"9649958","text":"her novel \"Windy Peaks\" for their consideration. The story was about the staff and guests at a resort hotel in the mountains. Her manuscript was rejected. Godwin also worked as a waitress at Mayview Manor at Blowing Rock, North Carolina during her sophomore and junior years. Godwin's first job out of college was at \"The Miami Herald\", where she worked as a journalist for one year. There she met and briefly married photographer and co-worker, Douglas Kennedy. They were married in 1960 and divorced several months later in 1961. According to Godwin, she \"worked very hard\", but her stories were","title":"Gail Godwin"},{"id":"5165213","text":"in China. His former editor, Geraldine Kennedy, was paid more than the editor of the UK's top non-tabloid newspaper \"The Daily Telegraph\", which has a circulation about nine times that of \"The Irish Times\". Later, O'Toole told a rival Irish paper, the \"Sunday Independent\": We as a paper are not shy of preaching about corporate pay and fat cats but with this there is a sense of excess. Some of the sums mentioned are disturbing. This is not an attack on Ms Kennedy, it is an attack on the executive level of pay. There is double-standard of seeking more job","title":"Fintan O'Toole"},{"id":"2095059","text":"figure John Jay Hooker, businessman Brownlee Currey and Franklin banker Irby Simpkins for about $25 million. It then purchased the \"Tennessean\" from the Evans family for about $50 million. John Seigenthaler became president, publisher, and editor of the Gannett-owned \"Tennessean\". Historian E. Thomas Wood says that \"without question\" Seigenthaler ran the newspaper as a liberal one. In 1976, when it was revealed that \"Tennessean\" reporter Jacqueline Srouji had for many years been working as an informant (and possibly \"agent provocateur\") for the FBI, including spying on her colleagues at the paper, Seigenthaler fired her immediately. Srouji claimed that when she","title":"The Tennessean"},{"id":"194151","text":"soon after his arrival. Thompson applied for a job with the Puerto Rican English-language daily \"The San Juan Star\", but its managing editor, future novelist William J. Kennedy, turned him down. Nonetheless, the two became friends, and after the demise of \"El Sportivo\", Thompson worked as a stringer for the \"New York Herald Tribune\" and for a few stateside papers on Caribbean issues, with Kennedy working as his editor. After returning to the States, Thompson hitchhiked across the United States along U.S. Highway 40, eventually ending up in Big Sur working as a security guard and caretaker at Slates Hot","title":"Hunter S. Thompson"},{"id":"7713497","text":"study for an MA in Economics at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. She holds honorary degrees from Trinity College Dublin, City University, and the universities of Glasgow, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Loughborough and Kingston. She became a Fellow of St Anne's College in 1993. Cairncross married journalist Hamish McRae in 1971. The couple have two daughters. Her uncle, John Cairncross was an intelligence officer, spy and double agent. From 1973-1984, Cairncross was on the staff of \"The Guardian\" newspaper. She was its as economics correspondent from 1973-1981 and women's page editor from 1981-1984. Previous to her time at The Guardian she","title":"Frances Cairncross"},{"id":"9826288","text":"article by Henry Miller. In the December 1972 issue, \"Playmen\" obtained an international scoop: it published the photo of Jacqueline Kennedy, then wife of Aristotle Onassis, while she was naked in the swimming pool of their villa in the island of Skorpios. The photos were not published in the United States until Hustler Magazine printed them in 1975. In addition to naked women it occasionally also depicted naked men. It paid John Paul Getty III (who was 16 at the time) $1,000 for a naked photo spread and cover of the August 1973 issue – on newsstands a month after","title":"Playmen"},{"id":"10246940","text":"variants in both spelling and pronunciation have come into use, such as Jacquelyn, Jackeline, Jackielyn, Jacklyn, and Jaclyn. The diminutive for Jacqueline is Jacquie, Jackie, Jacque or Jacqui, which also has many variants. Jacqueline is a very popular female first name, used in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Australia, South Africa and elsewhere. One of the most famous persons to bear the name in the twentieth century is Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, née Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, often referred to as Jackie Kennedy following her marriage to U.S. President John F. Kennedy from 1953 to 1963. The name's popular image","title":"Jacqueline (given name)"},{"id":"2004853","text":"instead joining the Women’s Timber Corps at age 19. The Corps were a British civilian organization which took over forestry duties from men who had gone off to fight. Kennedy did not like cutting down trees, so she was delegated to measuring tree trunks instead. In 1953, Kennedy migrated to Canada, living there for three years doing a number of jobs, including running a film library and selling Wedgewood china. On a last-minute decision, Kennedy decided to visit Haiti in 1957. There she met Paul P. Kennedy, a correspondent for \"The New York Times\" in Mexico, Central America and the","title":"Diana Kennedy"},{"id":"8342558","text":"they had no children. They remained married until her death in 1956, although he left her at intervals for various mistresses. He was editor of Northcliffe's \"Weekly Dispatch\" and then helped develop the \"Daily Mirror\", originally a paper for women, into a mass-market title. In 1913, he initiated \"Mr Gossip\" for the \"Daily Sketch\". He also began \"Mr London\" for \"The Daily Graphic\", and contributed the \"Plays and Players\" column to \"The Sunday Times\". Swaffer was appointed editor of \"The People\" in 1924, but was unsuited to the duties of editing a paper, and held the post for only a","title":"Hannen Swaffer"},{"id":"4432175","text":"of her first co-editors before becoming a journalist at \"Private Eye\" magazine, recalled a \"likeable, skinny, hollow-eyed girl who was very ambitious\". After school she worked for the French magazine \"L'architecture d'aujourd'hui\" in Paris, before returning to Britain to work for Eddy Shah's Messenger Group. Graham Ball, the then features editor at \"The Post\" newspaper, recalled that she was a notably astute and intelligent staff member. When \"The Post\" was disbanded, Brooks then moved to the \"News of the World\". She joined the Sunday newspaper \"News of the World\" in 1989 as a secretary, before working as a feature writer","title":"Rebekah Brooks"},{"id":"12924157","text":"Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in \"The Kennedys\" (2011), an 8-part miniseries. He is played by Peter Sarsgaard in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, \"Jackie\" (2016). Robert F. Kennedy Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. Kennedy, like his brothers John and Edward, was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by","title":"Robert F. Kennedy"},{"id":"1306758","text":"almost €3 million in 2002, the paper returned to profit in 2003. John Waters, a columnist who spoke out about the perceived vast salaries of the editor, managing director and deputy editor, was sacked and re-hired a week later, in November 2003. Former editor Geraldine Kennedy was paid more than the editor of the UK's top non-tabloid newspaper \"The Daily Telegraph\", which has a circulation of about nine times that of \"The Irish Times\". Later, columnist Fintan O'Toole told the \"Sunday Independent\": \"We as a paper are not shy of preaching about corporate pay and fat cats but with this","title":"The Irish Times"},{"id":"19802692","text":"in a room above the garage), he saw a woman in sunglasses and a headscarf walk along the narrow path that led to the entrance of a next door property. The woman was Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, the former American First Lady and widow of President John F. Kennedy, and who was now married to Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. The nearby property and house belonged to Mrs. Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale and her daughter Edith Bouvier Beale, aunt and first cousin to Mrs. Onassis. Torre approached the house one day and introduced himself to Edith “Little Edie” Beale and asked","title":"Jerry Torre"},{"id":"17699942","text":"in Chicago. She was raised by an aunt in Kentucky and had a hardscrabble life during the Great Depression. Her mother died when she was young. Her father, George Rumrill, was a famous potter in the 1920s. She was a photo illustrator in New York City and her work included photographs Jacqueline Bouvier (Jackie Kennedy). She moved to Florida in 1961. Thomas Mickler had a camera store in Orlando where the two met and fell in love. She established a part of the store for books and it grew. In 1963 the couple moved to Chuluota and set up shop","title":"Mickler's Floridiana"},{"id":"13535093","text":"Rose Kennedy Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy, Countess Kennedy (July 22, 1890 – January 22, 1995) was an American philanthropist, socialite, and the matriarch of the Kennedy family. She was deeply embedded in the \"lace curtain\" Irish Catholic community in Boston, where her father was mayor. She was the wife of businessman and investor Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., who was United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, formally known as Ambassador to the Court of St. James's in the UK. Their nine children included President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. In 1951 she was","title":"Rose Kennedy"},{"id":"7796888","text":"son's candidacy, while John Kennedy's younger brother Robert Kennedy emerged as an important member of the campaign. In the presidential election, General Dwight D. Eisenhower carried Massachusetts by a margin of 208,000 votes, but Kennedy defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes for the Senate seat. The following year, he married Jacqueline Bouvier. Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic last rites. During his convalescence in 1956, he published \"Profiles in Courage\", a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs,","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"14476698","text":"its stablemate, the \"Daily Star\". He increased its sales, at the expense of the \"Daily Mirror\", but was sacked in 1987 after being convicted of libelling Jeffrey Archer, by claiming that he had had sex with prostitute Monica Coghlan. Archer was awarded a then-record £500,000 in damages but, in 2001, Archer was convicted of perjury and perverting the course of justice at the 1987 trial, and was imprisoned. Out of journalism, Turner bought a farm and began rearing bulls, but returned to journalism as an assistant editor of \"Today\", serving until the paper closed. He then worked as an advisor","title":"Lloyd Turner (journalist)"},{"id":"10969487","text":"career with Cox Enterprises in 1972, working in a variety of media roles. He began his career with Cox Newspapers where he held several positions in the newspaper industry, including production assistant, reporter, copy editor, advertising salesman, business manager, and executive vice president/general manager in Atlantaa. He was named president of Grand Junction Newspapers, Inc. in 1979 and was quickly named publisher of the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, where he worked the back shop as well as on the newsroom floor. He was known as the \"New Kid.\" Soon after, Kennedy returned to Atlanta where in 1986, he was named","title":"James C. Kennedy"},{"id":"2074970","text":"high-profile libel action brought by Jeffrey Archer, leading to an award of £500,000 in damages, over allegations of Archer's involvement with a prostitute, Monica Coghlan. The editor of the \"Daily Star\", Lloyd Turner, was sacked six weeks after the trial. However, the newspaper always stood by its story, and on 19 July 2001 Archer was found guilty of perjury and perverting the course of justice at the 1987 trial and was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment. The paper later launched a bid to reclaim £2.2m – the original payout plus interest and damages. On 18 April 1989,","title":"Daily Star (United Kingdom)"},{"id":"13576756","text":"attorney who likes rich women, but doesn't consider Dolores--with just $30,000 a year--quite rich enough. Finally, Dolores agrees to marry a fabulously wealthy shipping tycoon, who leaves her on their wedding night to go to his mistress. The book, in actuality a novella, is by far the shortest fiction of Susann's career, at just 201 pages. Susann wrote the story for the \"Ladies' Home Journal\", and it was first published in that magazine's February 1974 issue. \"Journal\" editor Lenore Hershey had asked Susann to write a piece about Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (\"Jackie S on Jackie O\"), but Susann was unwilling","title":"Dolores (Susann novel)"},{"id":"4432176","text":"for its Sunday magazine, eventually becoming the paper's deputy editor. In 1994, she prepared for the \"News of the World\"s interview with James Hewitt, a lover of Diana, Princess of Wales, by reserving a hotel suite and hiring a team to \"kit it out with secret tape devices in various flowerpots and cupboards\", Piers Morgan, her former boss, wrote in his memoir \"\", \"The New York Times\" relayed in July 2011. In 1998, she transferred to the \"News of the World\"s daily counterpart, \"The Sun\" for a short time. She then returned to the \"News of the World\" in 2000","title":"Rebekah Brooks"},{"id":"2434799","text":"Katharine Graham Katharine Meyer Graham (June 16, 1917 – July 17, 2001) was an American publisher and the second female publisher of a major American newspaper, following Eliza Jane Nicholson's ownership of the New Orleans Daily Picayune (1876-1896). She led her family's newspaper, \"The Washington Post\", for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period: the Watergate coverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Her memoir, \"Personal History\", won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Katharine Meyer was born in 1917 into a wealthy family in New York City, to Agnes Elizabeth (née Ernst) and Eugene","title":"Katharine Graham"},{"id":"1505470","text":"became editor of the \"Mail\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \"Daily Express\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \"Express\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not","title":"Daily Mail"},{"id":"1298678","text":"writer, and Chief Foreign Correspondent for the title. While living and working in the United States for the \"Daily Mirror\", on 5 June 1968 he witnessed the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy in Los Angeles during his presidential campaign. During the next twenty years, Pilger became the \"Daily Mirror\"s star reporter, particularly on social issues. He was a war correspondent in Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh and Biafra. Nearly eighteen months after Robert Maxwell bought the \"Mirror\" (on 12 July 1984), Pilger was sacked by Richard Stott, the newspaper's editor, on 31 December 1985. With the actor David Swift, and the film","title":"John Pilger"},{"id":"13219210","text":"time of his father's death, and Jack Kennedy, of Santa Barbara, California. He also had a daughter, Anne Kennedy Stromsted of Norway, with the actress Liv Stromsted. At his death he was married to the actress and radio host Susan Adams. According to his former agent, Kennedy died at the age of seventy-five of a heart attack at home in Kent in Litchfield County in western Connecticut. Adam Kennedy (actor) Adam Kennedy (March 10, 1922 – October 16, 1997) was an American actor, screenwriter, novelist, and painter, who starred as the Irish-American newspaper editor Dion Patrick during the first season,","title":"Adam Kennedy (actor)"},{"id":"3263210","text":"the editor. She avoided party-political journalism for several years, but she returned to covering politics in the early 1990s, and became \"The Irish Times\"' political editor in 1999. She became the newspaper's first female editor upon the departure of Conor Brady in late 2002. One of her rivals for the editor's chair was the paper's high-profile columnist, Fintan O'Toole. Kennedy was paid more than the editor of Britain's top non-tabloid newspaper \"The Daily Telegraph\", which has a circulation of about 9 times that of \"The Irish Times\". Later columnist Fintan O'Toole told the \"Sunday Independent\": \"We as a paper are","title":"Geraldine Kennedy"},{"id":"4627023","text":"the Ninth Precinct in Northeast Washington. Eugene Meyer, Graham's maternal grandfather, bought \"The Washington Post\" at a bankruptcy sale in 1933. Graham's father was publisher of \"The Washington Post\" from 1946 until 1961 and president of the Washington Post Company from 1947 until his death in 1963. Graham's mother, Katharine, was the head of \"The Washington Post\" newspaper for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period, the Watergate coverage that helped bring down President Richard Nixon. She has been widely described as one of the most powerful American women of the 20th century. In 1971, Donald Graham joined","title":"Donald E. Graham"},{"id":"14282864","text":"first marriage. Her second marriage, from 1998 until her death, was to Dominic Pearson. In 2005 the Harvard Kennedy School established a fund in Lithgow's honor to support students with an interest in journalism. Lynette Lithgow Lynette Pearson (1950 - c. 11 December 2001), known professionally as Lynette Lithgow), was a Trinidad-born, British-based newsreader and journalist who is best remembered for her career as a newsreader for BBC News. Her first media job was as a broadcaster for Radio Television Brunei during the 1970s. During the 1980s, she moved to Britain and after working as a presenter for Midlands Today","title":"Lynette Lithgow"},{"id":"13612062","text":"Ambassador, Jefferson Caffery. Stephens met and married an American who was working in Paris. Realizing the need for an education, they returned to America. He took his discharge, and with an appointment from Ambassador Caffery, entered the Foreign Service School, Georgetown University. One of his classmates was Jackie Kennedy, wife of then Senator John F. Kennedy. Graduating from Georgetown in 1955, Stephens studied law, but ultimately dropped out to work with the National Security Agency. He soon decided that working for the government was far worse than the steel mills of Pennsylvania. At the same time, his marriage began to","title":"Harold Stephens (author)"},{"id":"3657689","text":"In 1939–1940 he was law clerk to United States Supreme Court Justice Stanley F. Reed, and the following year he was clerk to Justice Felix Frankfurter, who had been one of his professors at Harvard. On June 5, 1940, he married Katharine Meyer, a daughter of Eugene Meyer, a multi-millionaire and the owner of \"The Washington Post\", then a struggling newspaper. The couple settled down in a two-story row house. During World War II, Graham enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps as a private in 1942 and rose to the rank of major by war's end. His wife","title":"Phil Graham"},{"id":"16945032","text":"in Lexington, Kentucky. Rather than move out of New York so soon after moving there, he went to Helena Rubinstein at 52nd and Fifth instead, for whom he worked for the next five years. While at Rubinstein, Kenneth styled the hair of models and individuals from the media, who Rubinstein insisted be coiffed for free in exchange for publicity and magazine credits. He first met Jacqueline Kennedy through Rubinstein in 1954, when the newly-wed Mrs. Kennedy dropped in to see her usual hairdresser, Lawrence, and found he was off work sick. Kenneth stepped in, and by suggesting his unknown-to-him client","title":"Mr. Kenneth"},{"id":"6227367","text":"defended Meyer and he remained with the CIA. However, by early 1954, Cord Meyer had become unhappy with his CIA career. He used contacts from his covert operations in Operation Mockingbird to approach several New York publishers for a job but was rebuffed. During the summer of 1954, John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie Kennedy bought the house next door to the Meyers'; Pinchot Meyer and Jackie Kennedy became acquainted and \"they went on walks together.\" By the end of 1954, Cord Meyer was still with the CIA and often in Europe, running Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and","title":"Mary Pinchot Meyer"},{"id":"6335237","text":"and George Wallace. Synon met George Wallace as a young woman. Synon's paternal ancestors came from the area near Doneraile, County Cork. After studying at Trinity College, Dublin, she worked briefly for the \"Daily News\" in Durban, South Africa, and for publications in New York before joining the staff of \"The Daily Telegraph\" in London as a reporter. While she was at the \"Telegraph\", she was a member of the Institute of Journalists, and served as a trade union official and negotiator. She was also awarded a Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship which allowed her to be based in Paris for","title":"Mary Ellen Synon"},{"id":"18571053","text":"reviewer for the \"Dublin Evening Mail\" and the \"Dublin Daily Express\"; editor of the theatre page for the Sunday paper \"London Budget\"; fashion editor of \"Vanity Fair\"; the \"Pall Mall Gazette\" woman's page editor; theatre critic for \"Nash's Magazine\" and contributor of \"The Strand Magazine\". She began to contribute to \"The Times\" in May 1914 and on 1 February 1917 became its first woman staff reporter until 31 March 1942. After a long and distinguished career as a professional journalist, Kennedy retired in 1942 and returned to Dublin where she died on 18 December 1943 after a long illness. Her","title":"Mary Olivia Kennedy"},{"id":"116786","text":"a newsboy when the \"Toronto Star\" was still called the \"Daily Star\". Shuster has claimed that Metropolis was visually inspired by Toronto. However, over the years, Metropolis has served as a fictional analogue to New York City. When Superman first appeared in comics (specifically 1938's \"Action Comics\" #1), his alter ego Clark Kent worked for a newspaper named the \"Daily Star\", under editor George Taylor. Superman co-creator Joe Shuster named the \"Daily Star\" after the \"Toronto Daily Star\" newspaper in Toronto, Ontario, which had been the newspaper that Shuster's parents received and for which Shuster had worked as a newsboy.","title":"Daily Planet"},{"id":"3263213","text":"the correct balance between the journalists’ right to protect their source and the tribunal’s right to confidentiality. Kennedy announced on 12 March 2011 her intention to retire from \"The Irish Times\" by September, after a nine-year term as editor. She actually retired in June, and was succeeded by news editor, Kevin O'Sullivan, who succeeded her as editor on 23 June 2011. In August 2012, she was appointed Adjunct Professor of Journalism at the University of Limerick. She has been awarded five honorary doctorates from Irish universities. Geraldine Kennedy Geraldine Helen Kennedy (born 1 September 1951) is an Irish journalist and","title":"Geraldine Kennedy"},{"id":"6747235","text":"visual appearance of Clark Kent on himself and movie star Harold Lloyd, and that of Superman on Douglas Fairbanks Senior. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanne Carter, who would later marry Jerry Siegel after the comic became a success. The skyscape of Metropolis was inspired by that of the city of Toronto, where Shuster had spent most of his childhood, and the newspaper employing Clark Kent, originally the \"Daily Star\", was named after the \"Toronto Star\" for which Shuster had been a paperboy. (Mietkewicz, above) With Superman's quick success, the demand for Superman stories exceeded the creator's ability to produce","title":"Publication history of Superman"},{"id":"12924046","text":"his wife and daughter to a townhouse in Georgetown in Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice; the section was charged with investigating suspected Soviet agents. In February 1952, he was transferred to the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn to prosecute fraud cases. On June 6, 1952, Kennedy resigned to manage his brother John's successful 1952 U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts. JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedy family, elevating him to national prominence, and turning him into a serious","title":"Robert F. Kennedy"},{"id":"9562730","text":"Daily Globe (comics) The Daily Globe is a fictional New York City newspaper appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It was introduced in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" #27 (August, 1965), and for a long time its Editor was Barney Bushkin. Compared with its rival, \"The Daily Bugle\", the staff and nature of the publication are far less revealed. Peter Parker has occasionally worked for the paper, where he met April Maye and worked alongside her in several occasions. So has Eddie Brock, before he was fired when Spider-Man inadvertently exposed his poor reporting. The paper's editorship (including long-time","title":"Daily Globe (comics)"},{"id":"17377511","text":"John Patrick Kennedy John Patrick Kennedy (7 June 1926 – 20 March 1994) was a New Zealand Catholic journalist who served as the editor of the weekly Catholic newspaper \"The New Zealand Tablet\" from 1967 to 1989. Born in Methven, Canterbury, Kennedy was educated at St Bede's College and at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch. He also worked as a journalist for several newspapers including the \"Christchurch Star-Sun\" and the Melbourne-based \"The Herald\", before returning to New Zealand to become the editor of \"The Tablet\" in Dunedin. During his work as a journalist, he won several awards including the","title":"John Patrick Kennedy"},{"id":"2513304","text":"Award for personal achievement. After a stint in the United States Army in the Korean War assigned to an anti-aircraft unit, he joined the Associated Press as a sports editor and rewriter in New York, New Jersey and Kentucky. In 1962 he was hired by \"The Arizona Republic\" newspaper, published at the time by Eugene C. Pulliam, where he quickly found a spot on the investigative beat and gained a reputation for dogged reporting of influence peddling, bribery, and land fraud. Former colleagues say he seemed to grow disillusioned about his job in late 1975 and early 1976, and that","title":"Don Bolles"},{"id":"696253","text":"staunchly Conservative paper, harshly attacking Labour in 1945 in a high-profile campaign that backfired. In the 1960s, the paper was upstaged by \"The Evening News\", which sold over 1 million copies nightly. During the decade, the paper also began to publish the comic strip \"Modesty Blaise\", which bolstered its sales throughout the 1970s. The \"Evening Standard\" ceased publishing on Saturdays on 30 Nov 1974, when it still produced six editions daily. In 1980, Express Newspapers merged the \"Standard\" with Associated Newspapers' \"Evening News\" in a Joint Operating Agreement. The new paper was known as the \"New Standard\" until 1985, when","title":"Evening Standard"},{"id":"10176860","text":"Rothermere, included: \"Sporting Chronicle\", \"Athletic News\",\"Sunday Chronicle\", \"Empire News\", \"Evening Standard\", \"Daily Sketch\", \"Sunday Herald\", \"Daily Dispatch\" and \"Evening Chronicle\". Most of these newspapers were sold again soon afterwards, to the Allied Newspapers consortium formed in 1924 (renamed Kemsley Newspapers in 1943 and bought by Roy Thomson in 1959). The newspapers Hulton founded have since merged with other newspapers. In 1955 the \"Daily Dispatch\" merged with the \"News Chronicle\", which was subsequently absorbed into the \"Daily Mail\" in 1960. The \"Evening Chronicle\" merged with the \"Manchester Evening News\" in 1963. The \"Daily Sketch\" merged with the \"Daily Mail\" in 1971.","title":"Sir Edward Hulton, 1st Baronet"},{"id":"984418","text":"she retained a position as chairman of the executive committee until her death in 2001. Her tenure is credited with seeing the newspaper rise in national stature through effective investigative reporting after it began to live down its reputation as a house organ for the Kennedy and Johnson administration, working to ensure that \"The New York Times\" did not surpass its Washington reporting of the Pentagon Papers and Watergate scandal. Graham took The Washington Post Company public on June 15, 1971 in the midst of the Pentagon Papers controversy. A total of 1,294,000 shares were offered to the public at","title":"The Washington Post"},{"id":"17113642","text":"writer in the National Affairs section. His first cover story was on Jacqueline Kennedy’s new life after the assassination of her husband. Over the next fifteen years, Kosner wrote more than a score of cover stories, started a section on urban problems, and held all the top editorial positions on the magazine under Osborn Elliott. He directed the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. In 1975, at 37, he was named editor of \"Newsweek\". During his editorship, the magazine set records for advertising and circulation. But he was","title":"Edward Kosner"},{"id":"4887095","text":"White Shah, whom he first met while he was working for Granada Television. The company was producing \"The Caesars\" (1968) and Jennifer White was an actress playing Caligula's sister in the series. They have three children, and live in Chippenham. Eddy Shah Selim Jehan Shah (born 20 January 1944), commonly known as Eddy Shah or Eddie Shah, is a Manchester-based businessman, the founder of the then technologically advanced UK newspaper \"Today\" in 1986, and of the short-lived tabloid \"The Post\". He is also the former owner of the Messenger Group. Eddy Shah was born in Cambridge. His mother was English","title":"Eddy Shah"},{"id":"741824","text":"the job, Bouvier celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer. The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, \"One Special Summer\", co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline's drawings. On her first day at \"Vogue\", the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"2434816","text":"Cemetery, across the street from her former home in Georgetown. Katharine Graham Katharine Meyer Graham (June 16, 1917 – July 17, 2001) was an American publisher and the second female publisher of a major American newspaper, following Eliza Jane Nicholson's ownership of the New Orleans Daily Picayune (1876-1896). She led her family's newspaper, \"The Washington Post\", for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period: the Watergate coverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Her memoir, \"Personal History\", won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Katharine Meyer was born in 1917 into a wealthy family in","title":"Katharine Graham"},{"id":"16945037","text":"on \"Glamour\"'s front cover. The idea that a hairdresser would write how-to articles was quite controversial at the time, with his colleagues saying he would destroy their business. In addition, since the inauguration of John F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961, Kenneth had been \"Secretary of Grooming\" to the Kennedy administration. This made him a household name, and a recognizable celebrity whose name on magazine covers ensured a boost in sales. His hairstyles were a key part of Jacqueline Kennedy's look, with judicious use of hairspray to ensure that her hair did not readily blow out of position, but just","title":"Mr. Kenneth"},{"id":"20035248","text":"Beebe, agonizing about publishing. Bradlee, a close friend of former President John F. Kennedy, tells Graham that their politician friends (including JFK, as shown in the documents) abused their friendships by lying to them; her friendship with McNamara must not factor in on whether to publish. The situation intensifies when the \"Post\"s lawyers discover that Bagdikian's source is the same as the \"Times\"s, possibly putting Graham in contempt of court and potentially destroying the newspaper and her family legacy. Alternately, if the legal challenges are overcome, the \"Post\" could emerge as a significant journalistic institution. Graham runs the story. The","title":"The Post (film)"},{"id":"14757975","text":"After signing, Smith backed out of the deal, apparently out of seller's remorse. By the time Smith finally sold the paper, in December 1952 to Congressman Clinton D. McKinnon, who was leaving office after losing a Senate primary bid, the \"Daily News\" was losing over $100,000 a month. McKinnon had no better luck than anyone else in reviving the paper, and in December 1954, the paper was sold to the Chandler family, owners of the Los Angeles \"Mirror\". Under the sale agreement, the \"Mirror\" became the \"Mirror & Daily News\" (before again being renamed the \"Mirror-News\") and all \"Daily News\"","title":"Illustrated Daily News"},{"id":"741902","text":"AWFJ, AFCA, and BSFC, and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society. Jodi Balfour portrays Kennedy in the eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's original drama series, \"The Crown\", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to the Buckingham Palace and the events that followed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American book editor and socialite who was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, John F. Kennedy, from","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"15799691","text":"and Fidel Castro. George S. Vlasto died at the age of 86 in August 2014. James S. Vlasto, the youngest son of Solon G. Vlasto joined the \"Atlantis\" in 1955 after two years service in the United States Army. He worked on the business side of the newspaper and later as a reporter and editor until he resigned in 1964 to join the campaign staff of United States Senator Kenneth B. Keating of New York. Mr. Vlasto served as traveling press officer for Senator Keating during his reelection campaign. Senator Keating lost the election to Robert F. Kennedy. Mr. Vlasto","title":"Atlantis (newspaper)"},{"id":"4822425","text":"on the July 15, 1956 episode. Clifton Daniel Elbert Clifton Daniel, Jr. (September 19, 1912 – February 21, 2000) was the managing editor of \"The New York Times\" from 1964 to 1969. Before assuming the top editorial job at the paper, he served as the paper's London and Moscow bureau chief. Clifton Daniel was married to former United States President Harry S Truman's daughter, Margaret. They married on April 21, 1956 at Trinity Episcopal Church in Independence, Missouri. The couple reared four sons and resided in Washington D.C., and New York City during their marriage. Daniel was born to Elbert","title":"Clifton Daniel"},{"id":"13632456","text":"the former leader of the SNP, called \"The Telegraph\" \"extreme\" on \"Question Time\" in September 2015. \"The Daily Telegraph\"s sister Sunday paper was founded in 1961. The writer Sir Peregrine Worsthorne is probably the best known journalist associated with the title (1961–97), eventually being editor for three years from 1986. In 1989 the Sunday title was briefly merged into a seven-day operation under Max Hastings's overall control. In 2005 the paper was revamped, with Stella being added to the more traditional television and radio section. It costs £2.00 and includes separate Money, Living, Sport and Business supplements. Circulation of \"The","title":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"id":"17215211","text":"in the lobby at the \"Daily Express\", who took the opportunity to speak to Lord Beaverbrook about taking her on as a journalist. This succeeded and in 1956 she moved to the paper where she worked for eleven years, before moving on to \"The Times\". She was recruited to her new post as part of an attempt to liven up the paper. She was one of the first women reporters employed by the paper. In 1974 she was appointed Home News Editor, where she expanded the scope of reporting beyond politics and crime. In 1976 Charles Douglas-Home became home editor","title":"Rita Marshall"},{"id":"7796852","text":"John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P.","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"7370536","text":"down-to-earth Denning is the hardest worker, while Fourcade sniffs the client air to gauge if it's socially registered before he goes beyond the fringe.\" Early clients included old friends that he had known socially such as Michel David-Weill. Jackie Kennedy met his mark and two of her notes to him survive, the first thanking him for his letter after the assassination of her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy, with the cancellation over her signature since as the widow of a president of the United States she still had franking privileges. She lost this when she remarried. The other, a handwritten note","title":"Vincent Fourcade"},{"id":"11018632","text":"its nude photos became increasingly graphic. It targeted working-class men and grew from a shaky start to a peak circulation of around 3 million (current circulation is below 500,000). In November 1974, Hustler showed the first \"pink-shots,\" or photos of open vaginas. Flynt had to fight to publish each issue as many people, including his distribution company, found the magazine too sexually explicit and threatened to have it removed from the market. Shortly thereafter, Flynt was approached by a paparazzo who had taken nude pictures of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis while she was sunbathing on vacation in 1971.","title":"Larry Flynt Publications"},{"id":"741817","text":"prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil\". Bouvier's mother attributed her daughter's behavior to the way that she finished her assignments ahead of classmates and then acted out in boredom. Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave. The marriage of Bouvier's parents was strained by her father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"10206540","text":"public collections in the United States, including the Smithsonian, the Library of Congress, and the White House. In 1996, an original Berghaus sketch belonging to Jacqueline Kennedy that was purchased during her time as First Lady was sold at the Sotheby's auction of her belongings. Very few Berghaus originals exist in private hands. Albert Berghaus Albert Berghaus (fl. 1869–1880) was an important American illustrator from the period immediately prior to the Civil War up to about the 1880s/1890s. He worked for \"Frank Leslie's Weekly\", also known as \"Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper\", producing sketches and wood engravings of important events in","title":"Albert Berghaus"},{"id":"20674428","text":"neighborhoods. She won a second term running as an independent after losing the Democratic nomination in 2015. Kennedy was born in Salmon, Idaho, on October 25, 1944, to alcoholic parents. At the age of ten, Kennedy was responsible for her family when necessity forced her mother to take on a full-time job as a store clerk, while her father worked two jobs day and night. Three years later, Kennedy and her family moved to Baker City, Oregon. After graduating from high school, Kennedy married James Kennedy in 1964 and worked as a dental assistant. She filed for divorce in 1981","title":"Judy Kennedy"},{"id":"14396816","text":"John Seigenthaler John Lawrence Seigenthaler (; July 27, 1927 – July 11, 2014) was an American journalist, writer, and political figure. He was known as a prominent defender of First Amendment rights. Seigenthaler joined the Nashville newspaper \"The Tennessean\" in 1949, resigning in 1960 to act as Robert F. Kennedy's administrative assistant. He rejoined \"The Tennessean\" as editor in 1962, publisher in 1973, and chairman in 1982 before retiring as chairman emeritus in 1991. Seigenthaler was also founding editorial director of \"USA Today\" from 1982 to 1991. During this period, he served on the board of directors for the American","title":"John Seigenthaler"},{"id":"1466048","text":"Sue Ann Nivens were fired due to low ratings. Lou's sometime-nemesis, the vacuous Ted Baxter—the real cause for the ratings slide—was retained. Soon thereafter, he wrote to his former co-worker, Charlie Hume (Mason Adams), inquiring about the possibility of work; when Hume confirmed that he knew of a position for him, Grant relocated to Los Angeles, to work with him at the fictitious \"Los Angeles Tribune\", as the paper's City Editor, returning him to newspaper work. His subordinates at that time included staff reporters Joe Rossi (Robert Walden); Billie Newman (Linda Kelsey); her predecessor, Carla Mardigian (Rebecca Balding); and photographer","title":"Lou Grant"},{"id":"13608882","text":"the Licensed Victuallers' Association. Though his attempts to improve the paper soon brought him into conflict with the paper's owners, the disputes attracted the attention of the press tycoon Alfred Harmsworth, who offered Fyfe the opportunity to transform the struggling \"Daily Mirror\" the next year. Fyfe accepted Harmsworth's offer, and converted the paper from a publication catering for women readers into a popular newspaper by the use of photojournalism. In 1907, Fyfe ended his editorship of the \"Daily Mirror\" to become a reporter for another Harmsworth publication, the \"Daily Mail\". He gained considerable renown during this period, initially by covering","title":"Hamilton Fyfe"},{"id":"13971031","text":"Kennedy Jones (journalist) William Kennedy Jones (4 May 1865 – 20 October 1921) was a British journalist, editor, businessman, newspaper manager and Member of Parliament. Born in Glasgow, \"K.J.\" (as he was known to his friends) was educated at a local high school before leaving at the age of sixteen to start a career in journalism. He worked as a reporter and sub-editor for local newspapers, including \"The News\" and the \"Evening News\". Moving south in the late 1880s, he worked for papers in Leicester and Birmingham before moving to London in search of employment there. Though his contribution to","title":"Kennedy Jones (journalist)"},{"id":"13277376","text":"the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940s, circulation reached 40,000. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the \"Recorder\" pushed for action in regards to civil rights and desegregation. During this time, the paper reported on Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X while continuing to report on local church activities and marriages. It was during this troubling period that William Raspberry came to work for the \"Recorder\". Raspberry would go on to achieve national prominence as a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist for \"The Washington Post\". By 1987, George Stewart's era had come to an end. Eunice M. Trotter, a journalist for \"The Indianapolis","title":"Indianapolis Recorder"},{"id":"741826","text":"on the street\" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election. During this time, Bouvier was also briefly engaged to a young stockbroker, John G. W. Husted, Jr. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in \"The New York Times\" in January 1952. She called off the engagement after three months, because she had found him \"immature and boring\" once she got to know him better. Bouvier and U.S.","title":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"},{"id":"3657686","text":"Phil Graham Philip Leslie Graham (July 18, 1915 – August 3, 1963) was an American newspaperman. He served as publisher and later co-owner of \"The Washington Post\" and its parent company, The Washington Post Company. During his years with the Post Company, Graham helped \"The Washington Post\" grow from a struggling local paper to a national publication and the Post Company expand to own other newspapers as well as radio and television stations. He was married to Katharine Graham, a daughter of Eugene Meyer, the previous owner of \"The Washington Post\". Phil Graham, who had bipolar disorder, died by suicide","title":"Phil Graham"},{"id":"5478384","text":"than in the film.\" Summoning up his courage, he approached the 23-year-old dancer and asked her to dance. She would be delighted, she told him, only \"I don't dance very well.\" She was not, Kennedy revealed, a competent ballroom dancer. The couple had one son and three daughters (Alastair, Ailsa, Rachel and Fiona) from a 56-year marriage that ended with her death on 31 January 2006 at the age of 80. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Strathclyde in 1985. He was knighted in 1994 for services to journalism, on the recommendation of John Major's government. Major's","title":"Ludovic Kennedy"},{"id":"18970939","text":"Paramount programs to its affiliates, KFMB instead carried the network's programming via a transmitter link from the broadcast tower of Paramount's Los Angeles affiliate KTLA atop Mount Wilson, from the KFMB-TV transmitter site on Mount Soledad. In November 1950, Gross sold the KFMB stations to John A. Kennedy, a former publisher of the \"San Diego Daily Journal\" newspaper. Gross continued to buy and sell interests in radio and television stations throughout the 1960s and 1970, including KALB-TV, KSDO and others. Later he was a founder of the City Bank of San Diego. Gross was married to Loretta Glazer Gross (1906-1999),","title":"Jack O. Gross"},{"id":"4086606","text":"BBC1's \"EastEnders\" executive producer Matthew Robinson. \"International Herald Tribune\" fashion writer and author Suzy Menkes was the newspaper's first female editor. Some of Sylvia Plath's earliest poems and J. G. Ballard's first published story were written for the paper. Plath also posed in a bathing suit for an article she wrote about summer fashion-wear for the ladies. Meanwhile, comic Peter Cook met his first wife while posing for a \"Varsity\" May Ball photo shoot. The paper has also launched the careers of many news journalists, including in recent times former \"Observer\" Political Editor Gaby Hinsliff, \"Guardian\" New York correspondent Oliver","title":"Varsity (Cambridge)"},{"id":"1470215","text":"women working at the club. The newsletter soon becomes a full-fledged magazine, but sales are weak. After \"Hustler\" publishes nude pictures of former first lady Jackie Kennedy Onassis, sales take off. Flynt becomes smitten with Althea Leasure, a stripper who works at one of his clubs. With Althea and Jimmy's help, Flynt makes a fortune from sales of \"Hustler\". With his success comes enemies - as he finds himself a hated figure of anti-pornography activists. He argues with the activists, saying that \"murder is illegal, but if you take a picture of it, you may get your name in a","title":"The People vs. Larry Flynt"},{"id":"13047750","text":"his respective executives. In 1981, Wintour launched the \"Sunday Express Magazine\" with new wife Audrey Slaughter, and in 1984 they launched \"Working Woman\" magazine. In 1985, Wintour became editor of the \"Press Gazette\", and he advised on the launch of \"Today\", \"The Independent\" and the new \"Daily News\", in addition to TV-am. He wrote two key books drawn from experience: \"Pressures on the Press\" in 1972, a candid account of decision-making during every hour of the newspaper day; and \"The Rise and Fall of Fleet Street\" in 1989, a shrewd analysis of Fleet Street as a publishing centre through those","title":"Charles Wintour"},{"id":"1786714","text":"emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares, emptying his bank account and investing under his wife's name too. In 2002, the \"Mirror\" attempted to move mid-market, claiming to eschew the more trivial stories of show-business and gossip. The paper changed its masthead logo from red to black (and occasionally blue), in an attempt to dissociate itself from the term \"red top\", a term for a sensationalist mass-market tabloid. (On 6 April 2005, the red top came back.) Under then-editor Piers Morgan, the newspaper's editorial stance opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and ran many front pages critical","title":"Daily Mirror"},{"id":"2287692","text":"\"The Independent\". Shortly after the death of Jimmy Savile, because several national newspapers were unwilling to publish, Ingrams' \"The Oldie\" was the first publication to break the story of Savile's history of child abuse. After a series of clashes with James Pembroke, owner and publisher of \"The Oldie\", Ingrams left the magazine at the end of May 2014 having resigned as editor. His most recent book is a biography of Ludovic Kennedy. Ingrams married Mary Morgan on 24 November 1962; they had three children: a son, Fred (b. 14 February 1964), who is an artist; a second son, Arthur, who","title":"Richard Ingrams"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"741828\",\n \"text\": \"London for \\\"The Washington Times-Herald\\\". After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. Bouvier and Kennedy were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding dress, now housed in the\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6428605\",\n \"text\": \"and had two children together: Auchincloss was responsible for getting Jacqueline Bouvier her first job in journalism at the \\\"Washington Times-Herald\\\". He gave her away at her wedding to future president John F. Kennedy, the reception of which was held at Hammersmith Farm on September 12, 1953. A long-time financial contributor to the Republican Party, he contributed to the campaign of his Democratic stepson-in-law, saying \\\"I want to live in harmony with Mrs. Auchincloss and all the other members of the family.\\\" Auchincloss died at his home in Georgetown on November 20, 1976 and was later buried at Island Cemetery\",\n \"title\": \"Hugh D. Auchincloss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741811\",\n \"text\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American book editor and socialite who was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, John F. Kennedy, from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and his wife, Janet Lee Bouvier, in 1929. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University and went on to work for the \\\"Washington Times-Herald\\\" as an\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7343220\",\n \"text\": \"Jackie (magazine) Jackie was a weekly British magazine for girls. The magazine was published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd of Dundee from 11 January 1964 until its closure on 3 July 1993—a total of 1534 issues. The name was chosen from a list of girls' names, although it was nearly dropped due to the association with Jackie Kennedy following her husband's assassination in 1963. An urban legend exists that it was named after Jacqueline Wilson who worked there at the time, before she became a notable children's author. Although the author has attempted to perpetuate this claim, this\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6759481\",\n \"text\": \"edited the post newspaper, and took wedding photos for base marriages. Meanwhile, he worked full-time at night as a copy editor for the erstwhile Times-Herald in nearby Washington. D.C. .One of his colleagues, an inquiring photographer for the newspaper was Jackie Lee Bouvier (later Kennedy Onassis). Following his discharge, Ginzburg worked briefly at NBC, then joined Look magazine as circulation promotion manager. He also worked for Reader's Digest, Collier's, and, as he put it, \\\"other pillars of communications industry respectability\\\". An article he wrote during his spare time, An Unhurried View of Erotica, impressed Esquire's publisher Arnold Gingrich, and therefore\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Ginzburg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741825\",\n \"text\": \"circles. Bouvier followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work. Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was hired as a part-time receptionist at the \\\"Washington Times-Herald\\\". A week later, she approached editor Frank Waldrop and requested more challenging work; she was given the position of \\\"Inquiring Camera Girl\\\", despite Waldrop's initial concerns about her competence. The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses. In addition to the random \\\"man\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796997\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mother Teresa) in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century. Kennedy was a life member of the National Rifle Association. Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Lee \\\"Jackie\\\" Bouvier (1929–1994), when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. After suffering a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter Caroline was born in 1957 and is the only surviving member of JFK's immediate family.\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741813\",\n \"text\": \"She was also the first Catholic to serve as First Lady. On November 22, 1963, Jacqueline Kennedy was riding with the President in an open-air motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. Following his funeral, she and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. Following Aristotle Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a publishing editor in New York City. She died on May 19, 1994 of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aged 64. During her lifetime, Jacqueline Kennedy was regarded as an international fashion icon. Her famous ensemble of a\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741823\",\n \"text\": \"program through Smith College. Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. While attending George Washington, Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at \\\"Vogue\\\" magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide. The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris. Before beginning\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19304184\",\n \"text\": \"and accepted that she was female. For this reason she has been referred to as \\\"female sportswriters' own Jackie Robinson.\\\" In the summer of 1945, Walt Daley returned from war and hit it off with Adeline on his visit back to the newspaper's office. A few months later, he and Adeline married, with Walter insisting he did so to get his job back. She took a break from journalism to raise their seven children. In 1961, she began writing humorous articles about raising a family for magazines including \\\"Coronet\\\" and \\\"Pageant\\\". In 1963, the \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\" hired her to\",\n \"title\": \"Adeline Daley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3263208\",\n \"text\": \"Express\\\". She moved to the \\\"Cork Examiner\\\" after less than a year, but spent only a few years there before joining \\\"The Irish Times\\\". On the foundation of the \\\"Sunday Tribune\\\" in 1980, Kennedy joined it as the paper's political correspondent. The paper's publisher, John Mulcahy, had become familiar with Kennedy when she had contributed to his journal \\\"Hibernia\\\". When the \\\"Tribune\\\" briefly ceased production, Kennedy moved to the \\\"Sunday Press\\\". Early in 1987, Kennedy successfully sued the incumbent Charles Haughey-led Fianna Fáil government for illegally tapping her phone. Kennedy stood in the 1987 general election as a candidate for\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741838\",\n \"text\": \"her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed. Kennedy was portrayed by the media as the ideal woman, leading academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she \\\"created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors\\\". Nevertheless, the First Lady attracted worldwide positive public attention and\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18195044\",\n \"text\": \"Lou Grant (cartoonist) Lou Grant (December 3, 1919 – September 7, 2001) was an American editorial cartoonist. He mainly worked for the \\\"Oakland Tribune\\\" for 40 years and was the syndicated political cartoonist for the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\". His work was syndicated with the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\", and was seen daily throughout the country, as well periodically worldwide in \\\"Newsweek,\\\" (1960-1986) and \\\"Time Magazine\\\" (1960-1986). His life's work covered comedy and political satire, sports, radio, and political cartoons. Lou Grant started his career in the newspaper business as a copy boy for the \\\"Los Angeles Examiner\\\" in 1937. He illustrated\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Grant (cartoonist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10117041\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mail on Sunday\\\". She has also worked in television as features editor of TV-am (1982–1983) and devised the series \\\"Frocks-on-the-Box\\\" for the ITV contractor TVS during the 1980s, a series which ran for two thirteen-part series. She has often appeared on radio and TV and was a regular participant in \\\"Through the Keyhole\\\". In 2003 Pollard was a guest panellist on the award-winning talk show \\\"Loose Women\\\". She has been a member of the Competition Commission’s Newspaper Takeover Panel, appointed in 1999. Her publications include \\\"Jackie\\\", a biography of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1971), and she has jointly written four novels:\",\n \"title\": \"Eve Pollard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19316838\",\n \"text\": \"page of the \\\"New York Journal-American\\\" using the byline Robin Chandler. Later, after marrying actor Jeffrey Lynn, with whom she had two children, she found work at NBC-affiliate WCAU-TV in Philadelphia as a news reader. In 1952 she became an anchor-reporter with Dave Garroway, and covered national political conventions and the marriage of Jacqueline Bouvier to John F. Kennedy in 1953. She was a broker at Orvis Brothers from 1953 to 1958. She was then vice-president for public relations at Pepsi-Cola until 1962. Chandler Duke was active in organizations relating to women's rights, family planning, and population studies. In addition\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Chandler Duke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17683212\",\n \"text\": \"later changing its name to the American League for Peace and Democracy and the People's Committee Against William Randolph Hearst. Solomonick then became a circulation manager of \\\"The Daily Worker\\\" the newspaper published by the Communist Party USA. Solomonick became an anti-communist with the signing of the 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact. Finding himself unemployed and possibly unemployable due to his anti-communism, Solomonick conferred with his friend Andrew Loewi, whose family owned the Park Management Corporation, and Solomonick decided on changing his name upon seeing a sign reading \\\"Kennedy\\\". Kennedy went into business partnership in a tool and die firm called\",\n \"title\": \"Jay Richard Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20746141\",\n \"text\": \"retiring president's address:\\\"I am not a feminist\\\"...\\\"I have never been one, and although I may offend some of my women friends by saying so, I do not think it was the fact that they chained themselves to railings which obtained the vote for women. They showed their worth during the war. It is the ability in either men or women which should give them the opportunity to do what they want\\\" As a teenager, Kennedy had aspirations to become a reporter for a London daily newspaper. She obtained a position at a suburban weekly paper but was rejected as the\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth M. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741827\",\n \"text\": \"Representative John F. Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad. Kennedy was busy running for the U.S. Senate in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4141052\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Journal-American\\\" contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States. Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym \\\"Cholly Knickerbocker\\\", became famous and coined the term \\\"Café Society\\\". John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a brief career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase (1898–1974) was the sports editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke. Jack O'Brian (1914–2000) was television critic for the \\\"Journal-American\\\" and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that\",\n \"title\": \"New York Journal-American\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14313003\",\n \"text\": \"final exams. During 1938 she developed a consuming interest in marionettes and seriously considered embarking on a career as a puppeteer. In 1939 she married Victor Teich, an official of the US Communist Party and a friend from their school days. This marriage broke down after a short time. Her initial break into journalism, which lasted only for a few months, came unexpectedly in 1942 when her friend Milton Wolff joined the US army and recruited her to succeed him as Culture Editor with the New York based \\\"Daily Worker\\\", a communist newspaper. She was never invited to join the\",\n \"title\": \"Edith Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095051\",\n \"text\": \"Colorliner presses. In 2002, the paper completed installation of a MAN Roland UNISET press, which is now used to print regional editions of \\\"USA Today\\\", as well as commercial printing jobs. John Seigenthaler joined \\\"The Tennessean\\\" in 1949, resigning in 1960 to act as Robert F. Kennedy's administrative assistant. He rejoined \\\"The Tennessean\\\" as editor in 1962, publisher in 1973, and chairman in 1982 before retiring as chairman emeritus in 1991. Ellen Leifeld was named as publisher in September 2005, succeeding Leslie Giallombardo, who became the newspaper's first female publisher in April 2002. Carol Hudler was named publisher in 2009\",\n \"title\": \"The Tennessean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4046257\",\n \"text\": \"Latchmere, she attended Coombe Girls' School, which she still visits regularly. A lecture hall at Kingston University's Penrhyn Road campus has been named after her. After leaving school at age 16, she began training as a secretary but then applied to work with the Dundee-based publishing company DC Thomson on a new girls' magazine, \\\"Jackie\\\". DC Thomson offered the 17-year-old a job after she penned a piece on the horrors of teen discos. She fell in love with a printer named Millar Wilson. When he joined the police force, the couple moved south for his work, marrying in 1965 when\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2210677\",\n \"text\": \"in 1975. She was a photographer's assistant at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1977, she worked as a summer intern at the New York \\\"Daily News\\\", earning $156 a week (~$600 in 2013 dollars adjusted for inflation), \\\"fetching coffee for harried editors and reporters, changing typewriter ribbons and delivering messages.\\\" Kennedy reportedly \\\"sat on a bench alone for two hours the first day before other employees even said hello to her\\\"; and, according to Richard Licata, a former \\\"News\\\" reporter, \\\"Everyone was too scared.\\\" Kennedy also wrote for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" about visiting Graceland shortly after the death\",\n \"title\": \"Caroline Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13430229\",\n \"text\": \"editor, as Newton transformed the \\\"Financial Times\\\" from a trade publication into an internationally respected newspaper. In 1958, he hired Sheila Black, a former actor and \\\"FT\\\"’s first female journalist, who introduced the \\\"How to Spend It\\\" consumer goods feature in 1967. Newton received a knighthood in 1967, and served as a director of the paper between 1967 and 1972. Newton voluntarily stepped down from his responsibilities with the \\\"Financial Times\\\" in 1972 after reaching the age of 65. He took up a chairmanship of a financial company that collapsed amidst the secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975, but subsequently served\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Newton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9649958\",\n \"text\": \"her novel \\\"Windy Peaks\\\" for their consideration. The story was about the staff and guests at a resort hotel in the mountains. Her manuscript was rejected. Godwin also worked as a waitress at Mayview Manor at Blowing Rock, North Carolina during her sophomore and junior years. Godwin's first job out of college was at \\\"The Miami Herald\\\", where she worked as a journalist for one year. There she met and briefly married photographer and co-worker, Douglas Kennedy. They were married in 1960 and divorced several months later in 1961. According to Godwin, she \\\"worked very hard\\\", but her stories were\",\n \"title\": \"Gail Godwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5165213\",\n \"text\": \"in China. His former editor, Geraldine Kennedy, was paid more than the editor of the UK's top non-tabloid newspaper \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\", which has a circulation about nine times that of \\\"The Irish Times\\\". Later, O'Toole told a rival Irish paper, the \\\"Sunday Independent\\\": We as a paper are not shy of preaching about corporate pay and fat cats but with this there is a sense of excess. Some of the sums mentioned are disturbing. This is not an attack on Ms Kennedy, it is an attack on the executive level of pay. There is double-standard of seeking more job\",\n \"title\": \"Fintan O'Toole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095059\",\n \"text\": \"figure John Jay Hooker, businessman Brownlee Currey and Franklin banker Irby Simpkins for about $25 million. It then purchased the \\\"Tennessean\\\" from the Evans family for about $50 million. John Seigenthaler became president, publisher, and editor of the Gannett-owned \\\"Tennessean\\\". Historian E. Thomas Wood says that \\\"without question\\\" Seigenthaler ran the newspaper as a liberal one. In 1976, when it was revealed that \\\"Tennessean\\\" reporter Jacqueline Srouji had for many years been working as an informant (and possibly \\\"agent provocateur\\\") for the FBI, including spying on her colleagues at the paper, Seigenthaler fired her immediately. Srouji claimed that when she\",\n \"title\": \"The Tennessean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"194151\",\n \"text\": \"soon after his arrival. Thompson applied for a job with the Puerto Rican English-language daily \\\"The San Juan Star\\\", but its managing editor, future novelist William J. Kennedy, turned him down. Nonetheless, the two became friends, and after the demise of \\\"El Sportivo\\\", Thompson worked as a stringer for the \\\"New York Herald Tribune\\\" and for a few stateside papers on Caribbean issues, with Kennedy working as his editor. After returning to the States, Thompson hitchhiked across the United States along U.S. Highway 40, eventually ending up in Big Sur working as a security guard and caretaker at Slates Hot\",\n \"title\": \"Hunter S. Thompson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7713497\",\n \"text\": \"study for an MA in Economics at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. She holds honorary degrees from Trinity College Dublin, City University, and the universities of Glasgow, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Loughborough and Kingston. She became a Fellow of St Anne's College in 1993. Cairncross married journalist Hamish McRae in 1971. The couple have two daughters. Her uncle, John Cairncross was an intelligence officer, spy and double agent. From 1973-1984, Cairncross was on the staff of \\\"The Guardian\\\" newspaper. She was its as economics correspondent from 1973-1981 and women's page editor from 1981-1984. Previous to her time at The Guardian she\",\n \"title\": \"Frances Cairncross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9826288\",\n \"text\": \"article by Henry Miller. In the December 1972 issue, \\\"Playmen\\\" obtained an international scoop: it published the photo of Jacqueline Kennedy, then wife of Aristotle Onassis, while she was naked in the swimming pool of their villa in the island of Skorpios. The photos were not published in the United States until Hustler Magazine printed them in 1975. In addition to naked women it occasionally also depicted naked men. It paid John Paul Getty III (who was 16 at the time) $1,000 for a naked photo spread and cover of the August 1973 issue – on newsstands a month after\",\n \"title\": \"Playmen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10246940\",\n \"text\": \"variants in both spelling and pronunciation have come into use, such as Jacquelyn, Jackeline, Jackielyn, Jacklyn, and Jaclyn. The diminutive for Jacqueline is Jacquie, Jackie, Jacque or Jacqui, which also has many variants. Jacqueline is a very popular female first name, used in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Australia, South Africa and elsewhere. One of the most famous persons to bear the name in the twentieth century is Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, née Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, often referred to as Jackie Kennedy following her marriage to U.S. President John F. Kennedy from 1953 to 1963. The name's popular image\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline (given name)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2004853\",\n \"text\": \"instead joining the Women’s Timber Corps at age 19. The Corps were a British civilian organization which took over forestry duties from men who had gone off to fight. Kennedy did not like cutting down trees, so she was delegated to measuring tree trunks instead. In 1953, Kennedy migrated to Canada, living there for three years doing a number of jobs, including running a film library and selling Wedgewood china. On a last-minute decision, Kennedy decided to visit Haiti in 1957. There she met Paul P. Kennedy, a correspondent for \\\"The New York Times\\\" in Mexico, Central America and the\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8342558\",\n \"text\": \"they had no children. They remained married until her death in 1956, although he left her at intervals for various mistresses. He was editor of Northcliffe's \\\"Weekly Dispatch\\\" and then helped develop the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\", originally a paper for women, into a mass-market title. In 1913, he initiated \\\"Mr Gossip\\\" for the \\\"Daily Sketch\\\". He also began \\\"Mr London\\\" for \\\"The Daily Graphic\\\", and contributed the \\\"Plays and Players\\\" column to \\\"The Sunday Times\\\". Swaffer was appointed editor of \\\"The People\\\" in 1924, but was unsuited to the duties of editing a paper, and held the post for only a\",\n \"title\": \"Hannen Swaffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432175\",\n \"text\": \"of her first co-editors before becoming a journalist at \\\"Private Eye\\\" magazine, recalled a \\\"likeable, skinny, hollow-eyed girl who was very ambitious\\\". After school she worked for the French magazine \\\"L'architecture d'aujourd'hui\\\" in Paris, before returning to Britain to work for Eddy Shah's Messenger Group. Graham Ball, the then features editor at \\\"The Post\\\" newspaper, recalled that she was a notably astute and intelligent staff member. When \\\"The Post\\\" was disbanded, Brooks then moved to the \\\"News of the World\\\". She joined the Sunday newspaper \\\"News of the World\\\" in 1989 as a secretary, before working as a feature writer\",\n \"title\": \"Rebekah Brooks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12924157\",\n \"text\": \"Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in \\\"The Kennedys\\\" (2011), an 8-part miniseries. He is played by Peter Sarsgaard in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, \\\"Jackie\\\" (2016). Robert F. Kennedy Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. Kennedy, like his brothers John and Edward, was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1306758\",\n \"text\": \"almost €3 million in 2002, the paper returned to profit in 2003. John Waters, a columnist who spoke out about the perceived vast salaries of the editor, managing director and deputy editor, was sacked and re-hired a week later, in November 2003. Former editor Geraldine Kennedy was paid more than the editor of the UK's top non-tabloid newspaper \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\", which has a circulation of about nine times that of \\\"The Irish Times\\\". Later, columnist Fintan O'Toole told the \\\"Sunday Independent\\\": \\\"We as a paper are not shy of preaching about corporate pay and fat cats but with this\",\n \"title\": \"The Irish Times\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19802692\",\n \"text\": \"in a room above the garage), he saw a woman in sunglasses and a headscarf walk along the narrow path that led to the entrance of a next door property. The woman was Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, the former American First Lady and widow of President John F. Kennedy, and who was now married to Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. The nearby property and house belonged to Mrs. Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale and her daughter Edith Bouvier Beale, aunt and first cousin to Mrs. Onassis. Torre approached the house one day and introduced himself to Edith “Little Edie” Beale and asked\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Torre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17699942\",\n \"text\": \"in Chicago. She was raised by an aunt in Kentucky and had a hardscrabble life during the Great Depression. Her mother died when she was young. Her father, George Rumrill, was a famous potter in the 1920s. She was a photo illustrator in New York City and her work included photographs Jacqueline Bouvier (Jackie Kennedy). She moved to Florida in 1961. Thomas Mickler had a camera store in Orlando where the two met and fell in love. She established a part of the store for books and it grew. In 1963 the couple moved to Chuluota and set up shop\",\n \"title\": \"Mickler's Floridiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13535093\",\n \"text\": \"Rose Kennedy Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy, Countess Kennedy (July 22, 1890 – January 22, 1995) was an American philanthropist, socialite, and the matriarch of the Kennedy family. She was deeply embedded in the \\\"lace curtain\\\" Irish Catholic community in Boston, where her father was mayor. She was the wife of businessman and investor Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., who was United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, formally known as Ambassador to the Court of St. James's in the UK. Their nine children included President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. In 1951 she was\",\n \"title\": \"Rose Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796888\",\n \"text\": \"son's candidacy, while John Kennedy's younger brother Robert Kennedy emerged as an important member of the campaign. In the presidential election, General Dwight D. Eisenhower carried Massachusetts by a margin of 208,000 votes, but Kennedy defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes for the Senate seat. The following year, he married Jacqueline Bouvier. Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic last rites. During his convalescence in 1956, he published \\\"Profiles in Courage\\\", a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs,\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14476698\",\n \"text\": \"its stablemate, the \\\"Daily Star\\\". He increased its sales, at the expense of the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\", but was sacked in 1987 after being convicted of libelling Jeffrey Archer, by claiming that he had had sex with prostitute Monica Coghlan. Archer was awarded a then-record £500,000 in damages but, in 2001, Archer was convicted of perjury and perverting the course of justice at the 1987 trial, and was imprisoned. Out of journalism, Turner bought a farm and began rearing bulls, but returned to journalism as an assistant editor of \\\"Today\\\", serving until the paper closed. He then worked as an advisor\",\n \"title\": \"Lloyd Turner (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10969487\",\n \"text\": \"career with Cox Enterprises in 1972, working in a variety of media roles. He began his career with Cox Newspapers where he held several positions in the newspaper industry, including production assistant, reporter, copy editor, advertising salesman, business manager, and executive vice president/general manager in Atlantaa. He was named president of Grand Junction Newspapers, Inc. in 1979 and was quickly named publisher of the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, where he worked the back shop as well as on the newsroom floor. He was known as the \\\"New Kid.\\\" Soon after, Kennedy returned to Atlanta where in 1986, he was named\",\n \"title\": \"James C. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2074970\",\n \"text\": \"high-profile libel action brought by Jeffrey Archer, leading to an award of £500,000 in damages, over allegations of Archer's involvement with a prostitute, Monica Coghlan. The editor of the \\\"Daily Star\\\", Lloyd Turner, was sacked six weeks after the trial. However, the newspaper always stood by its story, and on 19 July 2001 Archer was found guilty of perjury and perverting the course of justice at the 1987 trial and was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment. The paper later launched a bid to reclaim £2.2m – the original payout plus interest and damages. On 18 April 1989,\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Star (United Kingdom)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13576756\",\n \"text\": \"attorney who likes rich women, but doesn't consider Dolores--with just $30,000 a year--quite rich enough. Finally, Dolores agrees to marry a fabulously wealthy shipping tycoon, who leaves her on their wedding night to go to his mistress. The book, in actuality a novella, is by far the shortest fiction of Susann's career, at just 201 pages. Susann wrote the story for the \\\"Ladies' Home Journal\\\", and it was first published in that magazine's February 1974 issue. \\\"Journal\\\" editor Lenore Hershey had asked Susann to write a piece about Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (\\\"Jackie S on Jackie O\\\"), but Susann was unwilling\",\n \"title\": \"Dolores (Susann novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432176\",\n \"text\": \"for its Sunday magazine, eventually becoming the paper's deputy editor. In 1994, she prepared for the \\\"News of the World\\\"s interview with James Hewitt, a lover of Diana, Princess of Wales, by reserving a hotel suite and hiring a team to \\\"kit it out with secret tape devices in various flowerpots and cupboards\\\", Piers Morgan, her former boss, wrote in his memoir \\\"\\\", \\\"The New York Times\\\" relayed in July 2011. In 1998, she transferred to the \\\"News of the World\\\"s daily counterpart, \\\"The Sun\\\" for a short time. She then returned to the \\\"News of the World\\\" in 2000\",\n \"title\": \"Rebekah Brooks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2434799\",\n \"text\": \"Katharine Graham Katharine Meyer Graham (June 16, 1917 – July 17, 2001) was an American publisher and the second female publisher of a major American newspaper, following Eliza Jane Nicholson's ownership of the New Orleans Daily Picayune (1876-1896). She led her family's newspaper, \\\"The Washington Post\\\", for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period: the Watergate coverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Her memoir, \\\"Personal History\\\", won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Katharine Meyer was born in 1917 into a wealthy family in New York City, to Agnes Elizabeth (née Ernst) and Eugene\",\n \"title\": \"Katharine Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505470\",\n \"text\": \"became editor of the \\\"Mail\\\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \\\"Daily Express\\\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \\\"Express\\\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Mail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1298678\",\n \"text\": \"writer, and Chief Foreign Correspondent for the title. While living and working in the United States for the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\", on 5 June 1968 he witnessed the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy in Los Angeles during his presidential campaign. During the next twenty years, Pilger became the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\"s star reporter, particularly on social issues. He was a war correspondent in Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh and Biafra. Nearly eighteen months after Robert Maxwell bought the \\\"Mirror\\\" (on 12 July 1984), Pilger was sacked by Richard Stott, the newspaper's editor, on 31 December 1985. With the actor David Swift, and the film\",\n \"title\": \"John Pilger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13219210\",\n \"text\": \"time of his father's death, and Jack Kennedy, of Santa Barbara, California. He also had a daughter, Anne Kennedy Stromsted of Norway, with the actress Liv Stromsted. At his death he was married to the actress and radio host Susan Adams. According to his former agent, Kennedy died at the age of seventy-five of a heart attack at home in Kent in Litchfield County in western Connecticut. Adam Kennedy (actor) Adam Kennedy (March 10, 1922 – October 16, 1997) was an American actor, screenwriter, novelist, and painter, who starred as the Irish-American newspaper editor Dion Patrick during the first season,\",\n \"title\": \"Adam Kennedy (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3263210\",\n \"text\": \"the editor. She avoided party-political journalism for several years, but she returned to covering politics in the early 1990s, and became \\\"The Irish Times\\\"' political editor in 1999. She became the newspaper's first female editor upon the departure of Conor Brady in late 2002. One of her rivals for the editor's chair was the paper's high-profile columnist, Fintan O'Toole. Kennedy was paid more than the editor of Britain's top non-tabloid newspaper \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\", which has a circulation of about 9 times that of \\\"The Irish Times\\\". Later columnist Fintan O'Toole told the \\\"Sunday Independent\\\": \\\"We as a paper are\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4627023\",\n \"text\": \"the Ninth Precinct in Northeast Washington. Eugene Meyer, Graham's maternal grandfather, bought \\\"The Washington Post\\\" at a bankruptcy sale in 1933. Graham's father was publisher of \\\"The Washington Post\\\" from 1946 until 1961 and president of the Washington Post Company from 1947 until his death in 1963. Graham's mother, Katharine, was the head of \\\"The Washington Post\\\" newspaper for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period, the Watergate coverage that helped bring down President Richard Nixon. She has been widely described as one of the most powerful American women of the 20th century. In 1971, Donald Graham joined\",\n \"title\": \"Donald E. Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14282864\",\n \"text\": \"first marriage. Her second marriage, from 1998 until her death, was to Dominic Pearson. In 2005 the Harvard Kennedy School established a fund in Lithgow's honor to support students with an interest in journalism. Lynette Lithgow Lynette Pearson (1950 - c. 11 December 2001), known professionally as Lynette Lithgow), was a Trinidad-born, British-based newsreader and journalist who is best remembered for her career as a newsreader for BBC News. Her first media job was as a broadcaster for Radio Television Brunei during the 1970s. During the 1980s, she moved to Britain and after working as a presenter for Midlands Today\",\n \"title\": \"Lynette Lithgow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13612062\",\n \"text\": \"Ambassador, Jefferson Caffery. Stephens met and married an American who was working in Paris. Realizing the need for an education, they returned to America. He took his discharge, and with an appointment from Ambassador Caffery, entered the Foreign Service School, Georgetown University. One of his classmates was Jackie Kennedy, wife of then Senator John F. Kennedy. Graduating from Georgetown in 1955, Stephens studied law, but ultimately dropped out to work with the National Security Agency. He soon decided that working for the government was far worse than the steel mills of Pennsylvania. At the same time, his marriage began to\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Stephens (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3657689\",\n \"text\": \"In 1939–1940 he was law clerk to United States Supreme Court Justice Stanley F. Reed, and the following year he was clerk to Justice Felix Frankfurter, who had been one of his professors at Harvard. On June 5, 1940, he married Katharine Meyer, a daughter of Eugene Meyer, a multi-millionaire and the owner of \\\"The Washington Post\\\", then a struggling newspaper. The couple settled down in a two-story row house. During World War II, Graham enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps as a private in 1942 and rose to the rank of major by war's end. His wife\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945032\",\n \"text\": \"in Lexington, Kentucky. Rather than move out of New York so soon after moving there, he went to Helena Rubinstein at 52nd and Fifth instead, for whom he worked for the next five years. While at Rubinstein, Kenneth styled the hair of models and individuals from the media, who Rubinstein insisted be coiffed for free in exchange for publicity and magazine credits. He first met Jacqueline Kennedy through Rubinstein in 1954, when the newly-wed Mrs. Kennedy dropped in to see her usual hairdresser, Lawrence, and found he was off work sick. Kenneth stepped in, and by suggesting his unknown-to-him client\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Kenneth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6227367\",\n \"text\": \"defended Meyer and he remained with the CIA. However, by early 1954, Cord Meyer had become unhappy with his CIA career. He used contacts from his covert operations in Operation Mockingbird to approach several New York publishers for a job but was rebuffed. During the summer of 1954, John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie Kennedy bought the house next door to the Meyers'; Pinchot Meyer and Jackie Kennedy became acquainted and \\\"they went on walks together.\\\" By the end of 1954, Cord Meyer was still with the CIA and often in Europe, running Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Pinchot Meyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6335237\",\n \"text\": \"and George Wallace. Synon met George Wallace as a young woman. Synon's paternal ancestors came from the area near Doneraile, County Cork. After studying at Trinity College, Dublin, she worked briefly for the \\\"Daily News\\\" in Durban, South Africa, and for publications in New York before joining the staff of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" in London as a reporter. While she was at the \\\"Telegraph\\\", she was a member of the Institute of Journalists, and served as a trade union official and negotiator. She was also awarded a Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship which allowed her to be based in Paris for\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Ellen Synon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18571053\",\n \"text\": \"reviewer for the \\\"Dublin Evening Mail\\\" and the \\\"Dublin Daily Express\\\"; editor of the theatre page for the Sunday paper \\\"London Budget\\\"; fashion editor of \\\"Vanity Fair\\\"; the \\\"Pall Mall Gazette\\\" woman's page editor; theatre critic for \\\"Nash's Magazine\\\" and contributor of \\\"The Strand Magazine\\\". She began to contribute to \\\"The Times\\\" in May 1914 and on 1 February 1917 became its first woman staff reporter until 31 March 1942. After a long and distinguished career as a professional journalist, Kennedy retired in 1942 and returned to Dublin where she died on 18 December 1943 after a long illness. Her\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Olivia Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"116786\",\n \"text\": \"a newsboy when the \\\"Toronto Star\\\" was still called the \\\"Daily Star\\\". Shuster has claimed that Metropolis was visually inspired by Toronto. However, over the years, Metropolis has served as a fictional analogue to New York City. When Superman first appeared in comics (specifically 1938's \\\"Action Comics\\\" #1), his alter ego Clark Kent worked for a newspaper named the \\\"Daily Star\\\", under editor George Taylor. Superman co-creator Joe Shuster named the \\\"Daily Star\\\" after the \\\"Toronto Daily Star\\\" newspaper in Toronto, Ontario, which had been the newspaper that Shuster's parents received and for which Shuster had worked as a newsboy.\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Planet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3263213\",\n \"text\": \"the correct balance between the journalists’ right to protect their source and the tribunal’s right to confidentiality. Kennedy announced on 12 March 2011 her intention to retire from \\\"The Irish Times\\\" by September, after a nine-year term as editor. She actually retired in June, and was succeeded by news editor, Kevin O'Sullivan, who succeeded her as editor on 23 June 2011. In August 2012, she was appointed Adjunct Professor of Journalism at the University of Limerick. She has been awarded five honorary doctorates from Irish universities. Geraldine Kennedy Geraldine Helen Kennedy (born 1 September 1951) is an Irish journalist and\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6747235\",\n \"text\": \"visual appearance of Clark Kent on himself and movie star Harold Lloyd, and that of Superman on Douglas Fairbanks Senior. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanne Carter, who would later marry Jerry Siegel after the comic became a success. The skyscape of Metropolis was inspired by that of the city of Toronto, where Shuster had spent most of his childhood, and the newspaper employing Clark Kent, originally the \\\"Daily Star\\\", was named after the \\\"Toronto Star\\\" for which Shuster had been a paperboy. (Mietkewicz, above) With Superman's quick success, the demand for Superman stories exceeded the creator's ability to produce\",\n \"title\": \"Publication history of Superman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12924046\",\n \"text\": \"his wife and daughter to a townhouse in Georgetown in Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice; the section was charged with investigating suspected Soviet agents. In February 1952, he was transferred to the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn to prosecute fraud cases. On June 6, 1952, Kennedy resigned to manage his brother John's successful 1952 U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts. JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedy family, elevating him to national prominence, and turning him into a serious\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9562730\",\n \"text\": \"Daily Globe (comics) The Daily Globe is a fictional New York City newspaper appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It was introduced in \\\"The Amazing Spider-Man\\\" #27 (August, 1965), and for a long time its Editor was Barney Bushkin. Compared with its rival, \\\"The Daily Bugle\\\", the staff and nature of the publication are far less revealed. Peter Parker has occasionally worked for the paper, where he met April Maye and worked alongside her in several occasions. So has Eddie Brock, before he was fired when Spider-Man inadvertently exposed his poor reporting. The paper's editorship (including long-time\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Globe (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17377511\",\n \"text\": \"John Patrick Kennedy John Patrick Kennedy (7 June 1926 – 20 March 1994) was a New Zealand Catholic journalist who served as the editor of the weekly Catholic newspaper \\\"The New Zealand Tablet\\\" from 1967 to 1989. Born in Methven, Canterbury, Kennedy was educated at St Bede's College and at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch. He also worked as a journalist for several newspapers including the \\\"Christchurch Star-Sun\\\" and the Melbourne-based \\\"The Herald\\\", before returning to New Zealand to become the editor of \\\"The Tablet\\\" in Dunedin. During his work as a journalist, he won several awards including the\",\n \"title\": \"John Patrick Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2513304\",\n \"text\": \"Award for personal achievement. After a stint in the United States Army in the Korean War assigned to an anti-aircraft unit, he joined the Associated Press as a sports editor and rewriter in New York, New Jersey and Kentucky. In 1962 he was hired by \\\"The Arizona Republic\\\" newspaper, published at the time by Eugene C. Pulliam, where he quickly found a spot on the investigative beat and gained a reputation for dogged reporting of influence peddling, bribery, and land fraud. Former colleagues say he seemed to grow disillusioned about his job in late 1975 and early 1976, and that\",\n \"title\": \"Don Bolles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"696253\",\n \"text\": \"staunchly Conservative paper, harshly attacking Labour in 1945 in a high-profile campaign that backfired. In the 1960s, the paper was upstaged by \\\"The Evening News\\\", which sold over 1 million copies nightly. During the decade, the paper also began to publish the comic strip \\\"Modesty Blaise\\\", which bolstered its sales throughout the 1970s. The \\\"Evening Standard\\\" ceased publishing on Saturdays on 30 Nov 1974, when it still produced six editions daily. In 1980, Express Newspapers merged the \\\"Standard\\\" with Associated Newspapers' \\\"Evening News\\\" in a Joint Operating Agreement. The new paper was known as the \\\"New Standard\\\" until 1985, when\",\n \"title\": \"Evening Standard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10176860\",\n \"text\": \"Rothermere, included: \\\"Sporting Chronicle\\\", \\\"Athletic News\\\",\\\"Sunday Chronicle\\\", \\\"Empire News\\\", \\\"Evening Standard\\\", \\\"Daily Sketch\\\", \\\"Sunday Herald\\\", \\\"Daily Dispatch\\\" and \\\"Evening Chronicle\\\". Most of these newspapers were sold again soon afterwards, to the Allied Newspapers consortium formed in 1924 (renamed Kemsley Newspapers in 1943 and bought by Roy Thomson in 1959). The newspapers Hulton founded have since merged with other newspapers. In 1955 the \\\"Daily Dispatch\\\" merged with the \\\"News Chronicle\\\", which was subsequently absorbed into the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" in 1960. The \\\"Evening Chronicle\\\" merged with the \\\"Manchester Evening News\\\" in 1963. The \\\"Daily Sketch\\\" merged with the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" in 1971.\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Edward Hulton, 1st Baronet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"984418\",\n \"text\": \"she retained a position as chairman of the executive committee until her death in 2001. Her tenure is credited with seeing the newspaper rise in national stature through effective investigative reporting after it began to live down its reputation as a house organ for the Kennedy and Johnson administration, working to ensure that \\\"The New York Times\\\" did not surpass its Washington reporting of the Pentagon Papers and Watergate scandal. Graham took The Washington Post Company public on June 15, 1971 in the midst of the Pentagon Papers controversy. A total of 1,294,000 shares were offered to the public at\",\n \"title\": \"The Washington Post\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17113642\",\n \"text\": \"writer in the National Affairs section. His first cover story was on Jacqueline Kennedy’s new life after the assassination of her husband. Over the next fifteen years, Kosner wrote more than a score of cover stories, started a section on urban problems, and held all the top editorial positions on the magazine under Osborn Elliott. He directed the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. In 1975, at 37, he was named editor of \\\"Newsweek\\\". During his editorship, the magazine set records for advertising and circulation. But he was\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Kosner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4887095\",\n \"text\": \"White Shah, whom he first met while he was working for Granada Television. The company was producing \\\"The Caesars\\\" (1968) and Jennifer White was an actress playing Caligula's sister in the series. They have three children, and live in Chippenham. Eddy Shah Selim Jehan Shah (born 20 January 1944), commonly known as Eddy Shah or Eddie Shah, is a Manchester-based businessman, the founder of the then technologically advanced UK newspaper \\\"Today\\\" in 1986, and of the short-lived tabloid \\\"The Post\\\". He is also the former owner of the Messenger Group. Eddy Shah was born in Cambridge. His mother was English\",\n \"title\": \"Eddy Shah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741824\",\n \"text\": \"the job, Bouvier celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer. The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, \\\"One Special Summer\\\", co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline's drawings. On her first day at \\\"Vogue\\\", the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2434816\",\n \"text\": \"Cemetery, across the street from her former home in Georgetown. Katharine Graham Katharine Meyer Graham (June 16, 1917 – July 17, 2001) was an American publisher and the second female publisher of a major American newspaper, following Eliza Jane Nicholson's ownership of the New Orleans Daily Picayune (1876-1896). She led her family's newspaper, \\\"The Washington Post\\\", for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period: the Watergate coverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Her memoir, \\\"Personal History\\\", won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Katharine Meyer was born in 1917 into a wealthy family in\",\n \"title\": \"Katharine Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945037\",\n \"text\": \"on \\\"Glamour\\\"'s front cover. The idea that a hairdresser would write how-to articles was quite controversial at the time, with his colleagues saying he would destroy their business. In addition, since the inauguration of John F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961, Kenneth had been \\\"Secretary of Grooming\\\" to the Kennedy administration. This made him a household name, and a recognizable celebrity whose name on magazine covers ensured a boost in sales. His hairstyles were a key part of Jacqueline Kennedy's look, with judicious use of hairspray to ensure that her hair did not readily blow out of position, but just\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Kenneth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20035248\",\n \"text\": \"Beebe, agonizing about publishing. Bradlee, a close friend of former President John F. Kennedy, tells Graham that their politician friends (including JFK, as shown in the documents) abused their friendships by lying to them; her friendship with McNamara must not factor in on whether to publish. The situation intensifies when the \\\"Post\\\"s lawyers discover that Bagdikian's source is the same as the \\\"Times\\\"s, possibly putting Graham in contempt of court and potentially destroying the newspaper and her family legacy. Alternately, if the legal challenges are overcome, the \\\"Post\\\" could emerge as a significant journalistic institution. Graham runs the story. The\",\n \"title\": \"The Post (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14757975\",\n \"text\": \"After signing, Smith backed out of the deal, apparently out of seller's remorse. By the time Smith finally sold the paper, in December 1952 to Congressman Clinton D. McKinnon, who was leaving office after losing a Senate primary bid, the \\\"Daily News\\\" was losing over $100,000 a month. McKinnon had no better luck than anyone else in reviving the paper, and in December 1954, the paper was sold to the Chandler family, owners of the Los Angeles \\\"Mirror\\\". Under the sale agreement, the \\\"Mirror\\\" became the \\\"Mirror & Daily News\\\" (before again being renamed the \\\"Mirror-News\\\") and all \\\"Daily News\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Illustrated Daily News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741902\",\n \"text\": \"AWFJ, AFCA, and BSFC, and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society. Jodi Balfour portrays Kennedy in the eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's original drama series, \\\"The Crown\\\", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to the Buckingham Palace and the events that followed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American book editor and socialite who was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, John F. Kennedy, from\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15799691\",\n \"text\": \"and Fidel Castro. George S. Vlasto died at the age of 86 in August 2014. James S. Vlasto, the youngest son of Solon G. Vlasto joined the \\\"Atlantis\\\" in 1955 after two years service in the United States Army. He worked on the business side of the newspaper and later as a reporter and editor until he resigned in 1964 to join the campaign staff of United States Senator Kenneth B. Keating of New York. Mr. Vlasto served as traveling press officer for Senator Keating during his reelection campaign. Senator Keating lost the election to Robert F. Kennedy. Mr. Vlasto\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantis (newspaper)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4822425\",\n \"text\": \"on the July 15, 1956 episode. Clifton Daniel Elbert Clifton Daniel, Jr. (September 19, 1912 – February 21, 2000) was the managing editor of \\\"The New York Times\\\" from 1964 to 1969. Before assuming the top editorial job at the paper, he served as the paper's London and Moscow bureau chief. Clifton Daniel was married to former United States President Harry S Truman's daughter, Margaret. They married on April 21, 1956 at Trinity Episcopal Church in Independence, Missouri. The couple reared four sons and resided in Washington D.C., and New York City during their marriage. Daniel was born to Elbert\",\n \"title\": \"Clifton Daniel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13632456\",\n \"text\": \"the former leader of the SNP, called \\\"The Telegraph\\\" \\\"extreme\\\" on \\\"Question Time\\\" in September 2015. \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\"s sister Sunday paper was founded in 1961. The writer Sir Peregrine Worsthorne is probably the best known journalist associated with the title (1961–97), eventually being editor for three years from 1986. In 1989 the Sunday title was briefly merged into a seven-day operation under Max Hastings's overall control. In 2005 the paper was revamped, with Stella being added to the more traditional television and radio section. It costs £2.00 and includes separate Money, Living, Sport and Business supplements. Circulation of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Daily Telegraph\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17215211\",\n \"text\": \"in the lobby at the \\\"Daily Express\\\", who took the opportunity to speak to Lord Beaverbrook about taking her on as a journalist. This succeeded and in 1956 she moved to the paper where she worked for eleven years, before moving on to \\\"The Times\\\". She was recruited to her new post as part of an attempt to liven up the paper. She was one of the first women reporters employed by the paper. In 1974 she was appointed Home News Editor, where she expanded the scope of reporting beyond politics and crime. In 1976 Charles Douglas-Home became home editor\",\n \"title\": \"Rita Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796852\",\n \"text\": \"John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \\\"Jack\\\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P.\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7370536\",\n \"text\": \"down-to-earth Denning is the hardest worker, while Fourcade sniffs the client air to gauge if it's socially registered before he goes beyond the fringe.\\\" Early clients included old friends that he had known socially such as Michel David-Weill. Jackie Kennedy met his mark and two of her notes to him survive, the first thanking him for his letter after the assassination of her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy, with the cancellation over her signature since as the widow of a president of the United States she still had franking privileges. She lost this when she remarried. The other, a handwritten note\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Fourcade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11018632\",\n \"text\": \"its nude photos became increasingly graphic. It targeted working-class men and grew from a shaky start to a peak circulation of around 3 million (current circulation is below 500,000). In November 1974, Hustler showed the first \\\"pink-shots,\\\" or photos of open vaginas. Flynt had to fight to publish each issue as many people, including his distribution company, found the magazine too sexually explicit and threatened to have it removed from the market. Shortly thereafter, Flynt was approached by a paparazzo who had taken nude pictures of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis while she was sunbathing on vacation in 1971.\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Flynt Publications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741817\",\n \"text\": \"prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil\\\". Bouvier's mother attributed her daughter's behavior to the way that she finished her assignments ahead of classmates and then acted out in boredom. Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave. The marriage of Bouvier's parents was strained by her father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10206540\",\n \"text\": \"public collections in the United States, including the Smithsonian, the Library of Congress, and the White House. In 1996, an original Berghaus sketch belonging to Jacqueline Kennedy that was purchased during her time as First Lady was sold at the Sotheby's auction of her belongings. Very few Berghaus originals exist in private hands. Albert Berghaus Albert Berghaus (fl. 1869–1880) was an important American illustrator from the period immediately prior to the Civil War up to about the 1880s/1890s. He worked for \\\"Frank Leslie's Weekly\\\", also known as \\\"Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper\\\", producing sketches and wood engravings of important events in\",\n \"title\": \"Albert Berghaus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20674428\",\n \"text\": \"neighborhoods. She won a second term running as an independent after losing the Democratic nomination in 2015. Kennedy was born in Salmon, Idaho, on October 25, 1944, to alcoholic parents. At the age of ten, Kennedy was responsible for her family when necessity forced her mother to take on a full-time job as a store clerk, while her father worked two jobs day and night. Three years later, Kennedy and her family moved to Baker City, Oregon. After graduating from high school, Kennedy married James Kennedy in 1964 and worked as a dental assistant. She filed for divorce in 1981\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14396816\",\n \"text\": \"John Seigenthaler John Lawrence Seigenthaler (; July 27, 1927 – July 11, 2014) was an American journalist, writer, and political figure. He was known as a prominent defender of First Amendment rights. Seigenthaler joined the Nashville newspaper \\\"The Tennessean\\\" in 1949, resigning in 1960 to act as Robert F. Kennedy's administrative assistant. He rejoined \\\"The Tennessean\\\" as editor in 1962, publisher in 1973, and chairman in 1982 before retiring as chairman emeritus in 1991. Seigenthaler was also founding editorial director of \\\"USA Today\\\" from 1982 to 1991. During this period, he served on the board of directors for the American\",\n \"title\": \"John Seigenthaler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1466048\",\n \"text\": \"Sue Ann Nivens were fired due to low ratings. Lou's sometime-nemesis, the vacuous Ted Baxter—the real cause for the ratings slide—was retained. Soon thereafter, he wrote to his former co-worker, Charlie Hume (Mason Adams), inquiring about the possibility of work; when Hume confirmed that he knew of a position for him, Grant relocated to Los Angeles, to work with him at the fictitious \\\"Los Angeles Tribune\\\", as the paper's City Editor, returning him to newspaper work. His subordinates at that time included staff reporters Joe Rossi (Robert Walden); Billie Newman (Linda Kelsey); her predecessor, Carla Mardigian (Rebecca Balding); and photographer\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13608882\",\n \"text\": \"the Licensed Victuallers' Association. Though his attempts to improve the paper soon brought him into conflict with the paper's owners, the disputes attracted the attention of the press tycoon Alfred Harmsworth, who offered Fyfe the opportunity to transform the struggling \\\"Daily Mirror\\\" the next year. Fyfe accepted Harmsworth's offer, and converted the paper from a publication catering for women readers into a popular newspaper by the use of photojournalism. In 1907, Fyfe ended his editorship of the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\" to become a reporter for another Harmsworth publication, the \\\"Daily Mail\\\". He gained considerable renown during this period, initially by covering\",\n \"title\": \"Hamilton Fyfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13971031\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy Jones (journalist) William Kennedy Jones (4 May 1865 – 20 October 1921) was a British journalist, editor, businessman, newspaper manager and Member of Parliament. Born in Glasgow, \\\"K.J.\\\" (as he was known to his friends) was educated at a local high school before leaving at the age of sixteen to start a career in journalism. He worked as a reporter and sub-editor for local newspapers, including \\\"The News\\\" and the \\\"Evening News\\\". Moving south in the late 1880s, he worked for papers in Leicester and Birmingham before moving to London in search of employment there. Though his contribution to\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy Jones (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13277376\",\n \"text\": \"the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940s, circulation reached 40,000. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the \\\"Recorder\\\" pushed for action in regards to civil rights and desegregation. During this time, the paper reported on Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X while continuing to report on local church activities and marriages. It was during this troubling period that William Raspberry came to work for the \\\"Recorder\\\". Raspberry would go on to achieve national prominence as a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist for \\\"The Washington Post\\\". By 1987, George Stewart's era had come to an end. Eunice M. Trotter, a journalist for \\\"The Indianapolis\",\n \"title\": \"Indianapolis Recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"741826\",\n \"text\": \"on the street\\\" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election. During this time, Bouvier was also briefly engaged to a young stockbroker, John G. W. Husted, Jr. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in \\\"The New York Times\\\" in January 1952. She called off the engagement after three months, because she had found him \\\"immature and boring\\\" once she got to know him better. Bouvier and U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3657686\",\n \"text\": \"Phil Graham Philip Leslie Graham (July 18, 1915 – August 3, 1963) was an American newspaperman. He served as publisher and later co-owner of \\\"The Washington Post\\\" and its parent company, The Washington Post Company. During his years with the Post Company, Graham helped \\\"The Washington Post\\\" grow from a struggling local paper to a national publication and the Post Company expand to own other newspapers as well as radio and television stations. He was married to Katharine Graham, a daughter of Eugene Meyer, the previous owner of \\\"The Washington Post\\\". Phil Graham, who had bipolar disorder, died by suicide\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5478384\",\n \"text\": \"than in the film.\\\" Summoning up his courage, he approached the 23-year-old dancer and asked her to dance. She would be delighted, she told him, only \\\"I don't dance very well.\\\" She was not, Kennedy revealed, a competent ballroom dancer. The couple had one son and three daughters (Alastair, Ailsa, Rachel and Fiona) from a 56-year marriage that ended with her death on 31 January 2006 at the age of 80. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Strathclyde in 1985. He was knighted in 1994 for services to journalism, on the recommendation of John Major's government. Major's\",\n \"title\": \"Ludovic Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18970939\",\n \"text\": \"Paramount programs to its affiliates, KFMB instead carried the network's programming via a transmitter link from the broadcast tower of Paramount's Los Angeles affiliate KTLA atop Mount Wilson, from the KFMB-TV transmitter site on Mount Soledad. In November 1950, Gross sold the KFMB stations to John A. Kennedy, a former publisher of the \\\"San Diego Daily Journal\\\" newspaper. Gross continued to buy and sell interests in radio and television stations throughout the 1960s and 1970, including KALB-TV, KSDO and others. Later he was a founder of the City Bank of San Diego. Gross was married to Loretta Glazer Gross (1906-1999),\",\n \"title\": \"Jack O. Gross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4086606\",\n \"text\": \"BBC1's \\\"EastEnders\\\" executive producer Matthew Robinson. \\\"International Herald Tribune\\\" fashion writer and author Suzy Menkes was the newspaper's first female editor. Some of Sylvia Plath's earliest poems and J. G. Ballard's first published story were written for the paper. Plath also posed in a bathing suit for an article she wrote about summer fashion-wear for the ladies. Meanwhile, comic Peter Cook met his first wife while posing for a \\\"Varsity\\\" May Ball photo shoot. The paper has also launched the careers of many news journalists, including in recent times former \\\"Observer\\\" Political Editor Gaby Hinsliff, \\\"Guardian\\\" New York correspondent Oliver\",\n \"title\": \"Varsity (Cambridge)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1470215\",\n \"text\": \"women working at the club. The newsletter soon becomes a full-fledged magazine, but sales are weak. After \\\"Hustler\\\" publishes nude pictures of former first lady Jackie Kennedy Onassis, sales take off. Flynt becomes smitten with Althea Leasure, a stripper who works at one of his clubs. With Althea and Jimmy's help, Flynt makes a fortune from sales of \\\"Hustler\\\". With his success comes enemies - as he finds himself a hated figure of anti-pornography activists. He argues with the activists, saying that \\\"murder is illegal, but if you take a picture of it, you may get your name in a\",\n \"title\": \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13047750\",\n \"text\": \"his respective executives. In 1981, Wintour launched the \\\"Sunday Express Magazine\\\" with new wife Audrey Slaughter, and in 1984 they launched \\\"Working Woman\\\" magazine. In 1985, Wintour became editor of the \\\"Press Gazette\\\", and he advised on the launch of \\\"Today\\\", \\\"The Independent\\\" and the new \\\"Daily News\\\", in addition to TV-am. He wrote two key books drawn from experience: \\\"Pressures on the Press\\\" in 1972, a candid account of decision-making during every hour of the newspaper day; and \\\"The Rise and Fall of Fleet Street\\\" in 1989, a shrewd analysis of Fleet Street as a publishing centre through those\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Wintour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1786714\",\n \"text\": \"emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares, emptying his bank account and investing under his wife's name too. In 2002, the \\\"Mirror\\\" attempted to move mid-market, claiming to eschew the more trivial stories of show-business and gossip. The paper changed its masthead logo from red to black (and occasionally blue), in an attempt to dissociate itself from the term \\\"red top\\\", a term for a sensationalist mass-market tabloid. (On 6 April 2005, the red top came back.) Under then-editor Piers Morgan, the newspaper's editorial stance opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and ran many front pages critical\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Mirror\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2287692\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Independent\\\". Shortly after the death of Jimmy Savile, because several national newspapers were unwilling to publish, Ingrams' \\\"The Oldie\\\" was the first publication to break the story of Savile's history of child abuse. After a series of clashes with James Pembroke, owner and publisher of \\\"The Oldie\\\", Ingrams left the magazine at the end of May 2014 having resigned as editor. His most recent book is a biography of Ludovic Kennedy. Ingrams married Mary Morgan on 24 November 1962; they had three children: a son, Fred (b. 14 February 1964), who is an artist; a second son, Arthur, who\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Ingrams\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis context: London for \\\"The Washington Times-Herald\\\". After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. Bouvier and Kennedy were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding dress, now housed in the\\n\\nWhich newspaper did Jackie Kennedy work for just before her marriage?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: John F. Kennedy context: Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mother Ter) in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century. Kennedy was a life member of the National Rifle Association. Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Lee \\\"Jackie\\\" Bouvier (1929–1994), when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. After suffering a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter Caroline was born in 1957 and is the only surviving member of JFK's immediate family.\\n\\ntitle: Jacqueline Kennedy Onass context: the street\\\" vettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-icia Nixon. Bouvier interviewed few days after her Richard Nixon to the vice presidency 1952 election. During this time, Bouv was also briefly engaged to young stockbroker, G W. Husted Jr. After a month of dating, couple published the announ in New York Times\\\" January 1952. She called off the engagement after three months, because she had found him \\\"immature boring once she got to know better Bouv and U.S.\\n\\ntitle Hugh D. Auchinoss context: and Auchcl was responsible for Jacelineouvier first in journalism at \\\"Washington He gave away to John, which held at Hammersmith on5. long financialutor to the of stepsonin, \\\" to harmony Mrsincl and all the of family.\\\"oss died his homeor2 16 and later at Islandemeterytitle:assis: London \\\"The Washington\\\". After a month, she and proposal She then res at the Their was953. Bouvier and Kennedy were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding dress, now housed in the\\n\\nWhich newspaper did Jackie Kennedy work for just before her marriage?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 508,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14565,\n \"ratio\": \"28.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":99,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":99,"string":"99"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["T.R.","T.r.","Tr.","TR (disambiguation)","TR","Tr","T. R.","T R"],"string":"[\n \"T.R.\",\n \"T.r.\",\n \"Tr.\",\n \"TR (disambiguation)\",\n \"TR\",\n \"Tr\",\n \"T. R.\",\n \"T R\"\n]","isConversational":false},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Tr"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4904375","text":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey"},{"id":"1795231","text":"but without the space, and followed by a smaller T (for Taxi.) Military vehicles have four to six yellow digits on black background, and may be used for all kinds of vehicles from ordinary automobiles to tanks. Turkish car number plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, registration plates are made by authorized private workshops. The registration plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in","title":"Vehicle registration plate"},{"id":"4904379","text":"original 67 provinces are newer additions, these province names go chronologically. Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black.","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey"},{"id":"2790429","text":"ISO 3166-2:TR ISO 3166-2:TR is the entry for Turkey in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Currently for Turkey, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 81 provinces. Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Turkey. The second part is two digits: The digits are currently used in vehicle registration plates and postal codes. The codes","title":"ISO 3166-2:TR"},{"id":"4904376","text":"in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ. The blue stripe was introduced after the entry of Turkey to the European Customs Union in 1995, in accordance to compliance to EU laws. Since then, the blue stripe area is often modified by car owners (even by some parliament members like Devlet Bahçeli). The predominant modification of this sorts is to replace the blue color with red crescent and the star of the Turkish flag. This type of modification is in the grey","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey"},{"id":"2518946","text":"matched the alphabetical order of the province names. After Zonguldak (code 67), the ordering is not alphabetical, but in the order of the creation of provinces, as these provinces were created more recently and thus their plate numbers were assigned after the initial set of codes had been assigned. The province's ISO code suffix number, the first two digits of the vehicle registration plates of Turkey, and the first digits of the postal codes in Turkey are the same. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) codes are different. Provinces of Turkey Turkey is divided into 81 provinces ().","title":"Provinces of Turkey"},{"id":"2490784","text":"system is used for vehicles belonging to the diplomats of foreign countries with license plate from the host country. That system is host country-specific and varies largely from country to country. For example TR on a diplomatic car in the USA indicates Italian, not Turkish. Such markings in Norway are indicated with numbers only, again different from international standards (e.g. 90 means Slovakian. International vehicle registration code The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark.","title":"International vehicle registration code"},{"id":"1795232","text":"black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ğ, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü. Ukrainian regular registration plates are issued in European style, using the format AB1234CE (the prefix refers to the region), using Cyrillic letters that resemble Roman letters (A, B, C, E, H, I, K, M, O, P, T, X). There were single-line plates for vehicles and trailers, double-line plates for vehicles with","title":"Vehicle registration plate"},{"id":"2490783","text":"plate. There are unofficial codes in common use, such as \"AS\" for Asturias, \"CAT\" for Catalonia, \"CYM\" for Wales, \"BZH\" for Brittany, \"VL\" for Flanders, \"V\" for Vojvodina/Vajdaság, \"TS\" for Transylvania,\"PR\" for Puerto Rico, \"SIC\" for Székely Land (from Latin \"Terra Siculorum\") and \"CD\" for \"Corps Diplomatique\". In addition, in some areas, vehicle-style stickers have been used to denote and promote other entities, such as towns, islands, businesses, and even associations. These irregular stickers almost always bear an explanation of the code in small print near the edge of the sticker, as the codes used are so unknown. A separate","title":"International vehicle registration code"},{"id":"4904377","text":"area of the law, for it does not clearly specify which color is to be used in the stripe. Additionally, vehicle inspection stickers are often stuck on this area. The text format on the plates is one of the following: In some provinces, numbering is categorized in groups for tax collecting offices of different districts, for example Dolmuş in Ankara have plates of the form \"06 J 9999\" and a(ny) vehicle from Polatlı, Ankara has plates of the form '06 Pxx 99', \"06 ET XXXX\" from Etimesgut district. On the other hand, a Dolmuş in Eskişehir has a plate of","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey"},{"id":"4904378","text":"the form \"26 M 9999\". 99 - two digits prefix denoting the location, shows the province code number of the main residence of car holder. There are 81 provinces as listed below: X/XX/XXX – one, two or three letters. 9999/999/99 – four, three or two digits, depending on the number of letters before, not exceeding six letters and digits altogether. First two digits indicating the province code: Province names until code 67 go alphabetically, with the exception of Mersin, Kahramanmaraş and Şanlıurfa provinces for their previous names taken in account were İçel, Maraş and Urfa, respectively. The ones after the","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey"},{"id":"1733564","text":"for machine-readable passports, as standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization, with a number of additional codes for special passports; some of these codes are currently reserved and not used at the present stage in ISO 3166-1. The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date the creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes, which are codes used to identify the issuing country of a vehicle registration plate; some of these codes are currently indeterminately reserved in ISO 3166-1. The following is a complete list of the current officially","title":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-3"},{"id":"18757287","text":"license for 6 months. After 6 months he/she has to change it to a Turkish licence. Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office, and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders. Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals, DVLA. The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months, and if they wish to settle back in the UK, the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license. In Turkey you must be at","title":"Driving licence in Turkey"},{"id":"16833478","text":"Cyrillic letters indicating where the vehicle was first registered. 1994 saw the introduction of the current format, which is intended to comply more closely with international norms. Major changes include the switch from Cyrillic letters to Latin, and the presence of the Turkmen flag with the two-letter country code TM on the left of the plate. Unusually, the alphanumerics are rendered in a mix of DIN 1451 and the unnamed font formerly used on French registration plates. The current format is: XX 99 99 XX while the last two letters is based on geographic location. Diplomatic plates are blue with","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkmenistan"},{"id":"17332944","text":"EU license for 6 months. After 6 months he/she has to change it to a Turkish licence. Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office, and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders. Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals, DVLA. The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months, and if they wish to settle back in the UK, the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license. In Turkey you must be","title":"Driver's license"},{"id":"1733602","text":"the \"Official Journal of the European Communities\" specified that and be used to represent Greece and United Kingdom respectively. For VAT administration purposes, the European Commission uses and for Greece and the United Kingdom respectively. The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date the creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes, which are codes used to identify the issuing country of a vehicle registration plate; some of these codes are currently indeterminately reserved in ISO 3166-1. IETF language tags (conforming to the BCP 47 standard track and maintained","title":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2"},{"id":"14626685","text":"Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the","title":"Visa policy of Turkey"},{"id":"14965247","text":"arms and the international code KSA letters written vertically (horizontally since 2014) . The lower sticker is the official seal. The standard plates always have 4 numbers and if necessary they are padded by zeroes. Personalised plates or earlier registrations may contain one, two or three numbers with or without zero padding. The letter translation into the Latin alphabet is done from left to right, although Arabic letters are read from right to left. Furthermore, the translation is not always correct. There are only 17 Arabic letters used on the registration plates. The following Arabic letters are used on Saudi","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"12308507","text":"or 8.5 inch by 3 inch. The size of the letters and numbers on the license plate is defined to be 3.5 inch by 2.5 inch by 0.625 inch for all vehicles except for motorcycles which is defined to be 1.75 inch 2.5 inch by 0.3125 inch. Some of the vehicles of the members of the Brunei Royal Family including the Sultan and the Crown Prince have unique license plates. Some of the plates have different colours (e.g. white on red), initials or fancy script. Number 4 DC Indonesia XX-NN-DC where XX is a sequential number, NN = foreign mission","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Brunei"},{"id":"18757286","text":"Driving licence in Turkey Driving license in Turkey () is a document issued by the relevant government agency, regional or local security force, confirming the rights of the holder to drive motor vehicles. Driving licence exams are regulated by the Ministry of National Education (Turkey) while the licence is issued by the General Directorate of Security. On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented. The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey. A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an EU","title":"Driving licence in Turkey"},{"id":"16342741","text":"president) (Tayyip Erdoğan) in a reference to the tughra of Ottoman sultans. The new Turkish lira sign has been criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign. Turkish lira sign The Turkish lira sign (symbol: ₺; image: ) is the currency symbol used for the Turkish lira, the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The design was presented to the public on March 1, 2012. The international three-letter code (according to ISO 4217) is TRY. In May 2012, Unicode decided the encoding of and it was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012. It","title":"Turkish lira sign"},{"id":"11468461","text":"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar The vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar are similar to those of the United Kingdom, with the same colours and typeface, which conform to 1998 European standard design. The international vehicle registration code for Gibraltar is GBZ (Great Britain and Northern GBG is used for Guernsey. Number plates in Gibraltar have the same measurements as those in the UK: From 1912 to 2001 Gibraltar number plates consisted of the letter 'G' (for Gibraltar) followed by a series of digits issued in numerical order. The maximum number of digits was five, so the first registration plate should","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar"},{"id":"14626687","text":"Cuba, Djibouti, Egypt, Grenada, Guyana, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Libya , Maldives , Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal , Spain, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Spain, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Yemen and for holders of diplomatic passports of Afghanistan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Palestine, Russia, Senegal, South Sudan , Sudan , Uganda and United Kingdom – provided holding diplomatic, service and special passports for a maximum","title":"Visa policy of Turkey"},{"id":"11468463","text":"in series D. The European flag is also now featured, along with Gibraltar's international vehicle registration GBZ. Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar The vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar are similar to those of the United Kingdom, with the same colours and typeface, which conform to 1998 European standard design. The international vehicle registration code for Gibraltar is GBZ (Great Britain and Northern GBG is used for Guernsey. Number plates in Gibraltar have the same measurements as those in the UK: From 1912 to 2001 Gibraltar number plates consisted of the letter 'G' (for Gibraltar) followed by a series of digits","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar"},{"id":"16833479","text":"white characters (rendered in DIN 1451) of the form ## CD ### – where # is any digit in the range 0-9. The first two digits indicate the embassy to whom the vehicle belongs, whilst the remaining three are serial numbers. The Turkmen flag appears to the left of the plate, above the letters 'TM'. Plates issued to foreign nationals or companies residing in Turkmenistan resemble closely those found in Azerbaijan. They feature black alphanumerics rendered in DIN 1451 on a yellow background, and take the form of: #H ##### (e.g. 2H 50035). They feature black alphanumerics rendered in DIN","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Turkmenistan"},{"id":"12626978","text":"Jordan) 9: Temporary 10-23: Passenger cars 38-39: Crew cabs 41-42: Light goods vehicles 44: Tractors 46: Motorcycles and scooters 50: Taxi (green square that says Jordan) 56: Small buses (green square that says Jordan) 58: Coaches 60: HGVs 70: Rental Cars (green square that says Jordan with yellow letters) 71: Trailer 90: Army (says The Army) 95: Ambulance 96: Gendarmerie 99: Police For passenger cars, private plates are also available. As of August 2013, the normal series had reached 21-30000; however, private plates going up to a 35 prefix have been seen. Generally, the lower the suffix number, the more","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Jordan"},{"id":"8503085","text":"transportation and also work with registration of vehicles. The Turkish Police also play a big part in important intelligence and counter-terrorist operations. The high command of the Turkish Police, situated in Ankara, is called the General Directorate of Security (). Every district also hosts a District Directorate (). The organization has a centralized hierarchy similar to that of the Turkish Armed Forces. In Turkey, police officers wear navy-blue uniforms and caps. Patrol cars can be identified using the unique blue-white design and the writing \"\"Polis\"\", usually in capital letters, on the side doors and hood. Lieutenants and captains wear silver","title":"Law enforcement in Turkey"},{"id":"17332943","text":"since 1963, and application to accede to the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union (EU), was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council. On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented. The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey. A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an","title":"Driver's license"},{"id":"16342738","text":"Turkish lira sign The Turkish lira sign (symbol: ₺; image: ) is the currency symbol used for the Turkish lira, the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The design was presented to the public on March 1, 2012. The international three-letter code (according to ISO 4217) is TRY. In May 2012, Unicode decided the encoding of and it was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012. It was the only character addition in version 6.2. On Microsoft Windows operating systems, when using Turkish-Q or Turkish-F keyboard layouts, it can be typed with the combination . In order to","title":"Turkish lira sign"},{"id":"3742249","text":"suffix alphabets, many vanity or personal license plates are possible to be created. For example, a Toyota Fortuner owner may choose the plate B 42 NER which sounds like B \"four-two-NER\". Syahrini, an Indonesian singer, has \"B 1 SYR\" as her license plate number, with \"SYR\" being her initials. Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia All motorized vehicles including motorcycles in Indonesia are required to have registration plates. The plates must be displayed in front and at the back of the vehicles. Except for some special cases (see below), every vehicle license plate in Indonesia follows the following format: LL NNNN","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia"},{"id":"2256095","text":"for registrations made through Internet. European-style licence plates, introduced on 15 November 2010, have seven characters: a leading digit followed by three letters and three digits (1-AAA-111). Distribution of the 111-AAA series stopped at that moment, so that even though plates were printed in this series up to number 999-CFQ, the last ones have never been issued. This and all older series remain valid and no date is set for their expiration. Plates for motorcycles with a capacity of more than 50 cc issued before November 2010 have black letters on a yellow background and begin with the letters \"M\"","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium"},{"id":"14965249","text":"always have D as the rightmost letter. The other letters denote the country, either from left to right, or from right to left. For example, United States diplomatic plates have the USD letters, which in Arabic reads DSU from right to left. The diplomatic plates for Romania have the ZRD letters, which in Arabic reads DRM (M is translated as Z in Latin alphabet). The Saudi Police uses standard registration plates. Some letter combinations are banned, either for their Arabic or Latin translation. Among them are \" 'S' 'E' 'X' \", \" 'A' 'S' 'S' \", and others. The KSA","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"12009645","text":"are yellow on both sides and rental car plates are red on both sides, but no longer carry the \"T\" and \"Z\" prefix, respectively. Following Cyprus' entry to the European Union in 2004, plates produced since have a blue band on the left edge with the Union's circle and stars in the top half and the country's international vehicle registration code (CY) in the bottom half and using FE-Schrift as the typeface after 2013, replacing the DIN 1451 typeface previously in use as mandatory. before 1930 <small> 1930–1950 1950–1956 1956–1973 1973–1990 1990–2003 2003–2013 2013–present 1973-1990 1990–present Red font ΔΟΚΙΜΗ (\"test\")","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus"},{"id":"4038149","text":"plate contains the European strip followed by blue text. The text consists of a code which can be codice_24 (Diplomatic Corps), codice_25 (Consular Transport), or codice_26 (Consulate), followed by 6 digits. The first three digits stand for the country or international organization, the last three usually for the rank of the owner. The lowest number for both sets of 3 is 101. Thus, a car with license plate number codice_27 would refer to Switzerland's (codice_3) ambassador (ambassadors and heads of mission are usually assigned code codice_29). This type of license plate is issued exclusively to diplomats, and cars having such","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Romania"},{"id":"19836247","text":"on civilian plates, was issued to the Kurgan region instead, and for Krasnoyarsk Krai itself the code \"ЦЦ\" was used. Diplomatic plates changed as well: The format changed to \"L NNN NNN\", and private vehicled used by consuls had the formal \"CMD NNN N\". In addition, the plates were distinguished by color: Vehicles belonging to diplomatic missions have a white-on-red scheme, while all others bore a black-on-light-orange scheme. The first three numbers on all red diplomatic plates and light-orange plates starting with letters К or М is the country code, which ranges from 001 to 130, while the first three","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union"},{"id":"7168475","text":"Vehicle registration plates of Montenegro Present Montenegrin car plates have black characters on a rectangular white background, with blue strip on the left. The plates follow the 520 mm x 110 mm format, except for motorcycles. The present licence plates format was introduced on 6 June 2008, and replaced the old format (format of Yugoslav licence plates) gradually over the following year. The new format is on par with common European Union format. The plate is in following layout: to the left, a blue-colored field contains Montenegro's international automobile code (MNE); continuing in white background, the two-letter code of the","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Montenegro"},{"id":"18757288","text":"least 18 years old in order to drive a car and at least 17 to drive a motorbike. The driving test comprises a practical and theory test, which has been recently made tougher in order to meet European Union regulations. In order to get a licence, applicant must fulfill these requirements: Application forms available from the Driver’s Association office (Şoförler Odasi) at the local Transport Registration Department. Requirements: Driving licence in Turkey Driving license in Turkey () is a document issued by the relevant government agency, regional or local security force, confirming the rights of the holder to drive motor","title":"Driving licence in Turkey"},{"id":"5553739","text":"hopes of picking up a few more riders. A foreign passenger described the ride as being \"terrifying, awe-inspiring, confusing, incomprehensible, charming, hospitable and alien\", and those unfamiliar with them may be surprised by the speed of \"dolmuş\" travel. In Turkey the vehicles used are often brand-new minibuses, but in some parts of Cyprus you can–as of 2009–still see aging Mercedes-Benz stretch limos serving as \"dolmuş\". In Turkey the industry is regulated. Despite the meaning of their name, laws prevent these minibuses from becoming too crowded. In Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus, \"dolmuş\" routes are leased and vehicles are licensed. Dolmuş In","title":"Dolmuş"},{"id":"382780","text":"translate the name of Switzerland in the four national languages, Latin is used on the coins of the Swiss franc (\"Helvetia\" or \"Confoederatio Helvetica\") and on Swiss stamps (\"Helvetia\"). The country code top-level domain for Switzerland on the internet is .ch, the abbreviation of the Latin name, \"Confoederatio Helvetica\" (Swiss Confederation); similarly, the International vehicle registration code for Swiss automobiles is \"CH\". The Federal Palace of Switzerland bears the inscription \"Curia Confoederationis Helveticae\". To have a unique name across the country (without favoring German or English), several Swiss foundations and associations have Latin names, such as Pro Helvetia, Pro Infirmis,","title":"Languages of Switzerland"},{"id":"1795220","text":"M, diplomatique plates are white with NG wrote in red, company members vehicles are also white registration plate bearing LD letters in black. Military registration plates are red with white letter. For example, 51X-XXXX would be used for civilian vehicles, 80X-XXXX with blue background for central government vehicles, 80-NG-XXX-XX for diplomatic vehicles, TC-XX-XX for military vehicles and XXLD-XXX.XX for company vehicles. In the European Union (EU), white or yellow number plates of a common format and size are issued throughout, although they are still optional in some member states. Nevertheless, some individual member states still use differing non-EU formats -","title":"Vehicle registration plate"},{"id":"16833473","text":"table shows the codes: The three digit number is assigned in increasing order. Numbers 001 to 099 are assigned to diplomatic missions, and numbers 100 to 999 to private cars of the diplomats. On the right end, the date of the issuance of the plate is posted, with the month on the top, and the year on the bottom. Honorary Consulate plates are white on red, and have the format HC ####, where the four digit number is the country code. On the right end, the date of the issuance of the plate is posted, with the month on the","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"19320879","text":"flag on the left edge and the letter Z, which stands for Zandarimaria gendarmerie or T carry the letter Z (Tafika = military), which is for traffic military. The execution of this indicator is always with white letters on a black background. Vehicles of diplomats and international organizations have green license plate with black or white text and the letters CD (Corps Diplomatique), CMD (Chef de Mission Diplomatique), CMC (Chef de Mission Consulaire) or PE (Pays étranger). The first three digits form a code for the country of origin of the diplomat (as 009 for France), the digits after the","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Madagascar"},{"id":"2842784","text":"vehicles and drivers; for example in New Zealand under NZTA regulations, shuttles are only allowed to have up to eleven passenger seats, and the driver must have a passenger endorsement (P) on their drivers' licence. In Cyprus, there are privately owned share taxis that travel to set destinations and board additional passengers en route called service taxis. In Turkey and Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus \"dolmuş\" (pronounced \"dolmush\") are share taxis that run on set routes within and between cities. Each of these cars or minibuses displays their particular route on signboards behind the windscreen. Some cities may only allow \"dolmuş\"","title":"Share taxi"},{"id":"3742237","text":"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia All motorized vehicles including motorcycles in Indonesia are required to have registration plates. The plates must be displayed in front and at the back of the vehicles. Except for some special cases (see below), every vehicle license plate in Indonesia follows the following format: LL NNNN LL where \"L\" are letters of the Latin alphabet, and \"N\" numbers from \"0\" to \"9\" (note that the first number is never a \"0\"). The first single or double letters denote the area of registration. This is followed by numbers, which can range from one to four digits.","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia"},{"id":"2490779","text":"International vehicle registration code The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark. The sign must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. The sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate, or be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. The allocation of codes is maintained by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe as the \"Distinguishing Signs Used on Vehicles in International Traffic\" (sometimes abbreviated to DSIT), authorised by the UN's Geneva","title":"International vehicle registration code"},{"id":"16966719","text":"were in previous cards; like marital status, religion, blood type, issuing place, previous surname (for females), hometown (State, District, Village) and register numbers (volume, family and line numbers). Turkish identity card The Republic of Turkey Identity Card () is compulsory for all Turkish citizens from birth. The Turkish police are allowed to ask any person to show ID, and refusing to comply may lead to arrest. It can be used as a travel document to enter Northern Cyprus, Georgia (since 2011), Moldova (pending ratification) and Ukraine (since 2017) instead of a passport. Identity cards, theoretically obligatory for all citizens, male","title":"Turkish identity card"},{"id":"1630851","text":"Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras. The letters of the Turkish alphabet are: Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the","title":"Turkish alphabet"},{"id":"20718973","text":"registered to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Taxpayers are civil and legal persons who own motor vehicles registered in their own names in the traffic register and civil aviation records kept by the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications. In every year, at the beginning of January, MVT is assessed and accrued. There are two equal installments in January and July each year. There are three categories for motor vehicles according to motor vehicle tax: Taxation in Turkey Taxation has an important part in Turkish economy. Turkey has 25.5% tax-GDP ration (in 2016). Most of the taxes are","title":"Taxation in Turkey"},{"id":"4198016","text":".tr .tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by NIC.TR (under Middle East Technical University) Computer Center and Turkey Internet Society (Local Chapter of ISOC).. .nc.tr is used as a second-level domain for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is a self declared state and not recognised by the United Nations, and as such has no country code assigned. As of March 2017, around 15.53% of all the .tr domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let s Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Microsoft-IIS is the","title":".tr"},{"id":"16780679","text":"Colombia 49 CD - India 50 CD - Somalia 51 CD - Brazil 52 CD - Turkey 53 CD - Lesotho 54 CD - Zambia 55 CD - Madagascar 56 CD - Malaysia 57 CD - D.R. Congo (DRC) 58 CD - Swaziland 59 CD - Sri Lanka 60 CD - Iraq 61 CD - Rwanda 62 UN - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees / UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) 63 UN - United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Eastern & Southern African Regional Office 64 CD - Iran 65 CD - Cyprus 66 CD - Argentina 67 UN - United","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Kenya"},{"id":"12009651","text":"the civilian vehicles, except with prefix \"ZZ\" and blue letters. Since 2004 they are no longer issued. Temporary follows the format of the civilian vehicles except with \"ZT\" prefix and blue letters, with addition of the prefix in after numbers. Previously, the presidential plate had no serial numbers but just the abbreviation of KKTCB () However, this was changed in 2015, with the coat of arms being displayed in gold on a red plate. Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus The vehicle registration plates of Cyprus are composed of three letters and three digits (e.g. \"ABC 123\"). A simple incremental numbering","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus"},{"id":"4198017","text":"most popular web server, serving 35.31% of the .tr domains, followed by Apache serving 35.14% of the total .tr domains. Initially, nic.tr, the official registry's domain, was the only second-level domain under this TLD and other second-level domains were prohibited. .tr .tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by NIC.TR (under Middle East Technical University) Computer Center and Turkey Internet Society (Local Chapter of ISOC).. .nc.tr is used as a second-level domain for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is a self declared state and not recognised by the United Nations, and","title":".tr"},{"id":"2714395","text":"December 2019). The E-9 banknotes will refer to the currency as \"lira\" rather than \"new lira\", and will include a 200 lira denomination. Revaluation of the Turkish Lira The new Turkish lira () was the currency of Turkey and the de facto independent state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2008 which was a transition period for the removal of six zeroes from the currency. The new lira was subdivided into 100 \"new kurush\" (\"yeni kuruş\"). The symbol was \"YTL\" and the ISO 4217 code was \"TRY\". Because of the chronic inflation","title":"Revaluation of the Turkish Lira"},{"id":"3742246","text":"design. License plates for vehicles belonging to foreign countries or international organizations adopt a different convention. They contain black letters on a white background. The plates have the letter CD followed by two or three digits denoting the country or organization, followed by up to three digits of the serial number. For example, a car with number CD 66 88 is owned by Vietnam. Generally, the number 01 is reserved for the ambassador's official vehicle. The numbers are ordered based on when they recognized Indonesia as a country. The United States was originally assigned CD 13; due to the stigma","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia"},{"id":"10263796","text":"which Greek border guards cover the letters \"MK\" on Macedonian vehicle plates with a sticker, in Greek and English, reading: “Recognized by Greece as FYROM”. Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia Macedonian registration plates of vehicle consist of a two-letter region code, followed by a 4-digit numeric (before 2012 was 3-digits) and a 2-letter alpha code (e.g. SK 2345 MG). There is a blue field on the left side with the international country code for Macedonia - MK. License numeric code contains combination of four digits (0-9), while two letter alpha code is made of combination of letters","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia"},{"id":"14964178","text":"left hand side, the code AM was printed. In 2014, the style changed to the one used in Germany. The country's flag was added above AM on the top left hand side. The fonts were changed to FE-Schrift, and the letters and digits now have the same font size. In addition, a silver identifier band has been added on the right side of the flag and code. Currently the following 22 letters are used: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, Օ, P, Q, R, Տ, T, Ս, V, X, Z. The letters used on","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Armenia"},{"id":"17769958","text":"are the languages used on the licence card. Driving licence in Northern Cyprus The Driving licence in Northern Cyprus is the official document issued in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to authorise its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on public roads. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus drivers licences can be obtained by TRNC citizens and citizens of other nations if they have a residency permit. Without either citizenship or a residency permit, TRNC licences cannot be obtained. TRNC car and motorcycle licences can be obtained at the age of 18, following a theory and practical exam","title":"Driving licence in Northern Cyprus"},{"id":"14626686","text":"following 78 countries and territories do not require a visa to visit Turkey for the durations described below for tourism or business purposes (unless otherwise stated). For visits of up to 90 days within a 180-day period, an identity card is accepted in lieu of a passport for citizens of some countries. Visa is also not required for holders of a \"Laissez-Passer\" issued by the United Nations. The visa-free regime also applies to the citizens of the following countries under certain conditions: Citizens of Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Bulgaria , Cambodia , China, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia,","title":"Visa policy of Turkey"},{"id":"20049726","text":"(152 × 300 mm). Front and rear are both black-on-yellow for private cars, black-on-white for hire cars, red-on-yellow for disabled drivers, red-on-white for taxis, and black-on-orange for HGVs and trailers. The Governor's car has a crown on the front only. In 2003, quincentennial plates (known as Q-plates) were issued; they had four blue numbers following a 'Q' on a background depicting a picturesque Cayman scene with celebratory logos. Initially, Q-plates were issued with white characters but these were recalled and replaced. Turks and Caicos Islands plates have five digits on them, sometimes with the text 'Beautiful by Nature' and 'Turks","title":"Vehicle registration plates of British overseas territories"},{"id":"3978454","text":"12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the register country in the third and fourth digit. The keeper of a vehicle is indicated with a company abbreviation of maximum five letters, called Vehicle Keeper Marking (VKM) which must be registered with OTIF and ERA and is unique throughout Europe and parts of Asia and Northern Africa. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits. The VKM is preceded by the code for the country (according to the alphabetical coding system described in Appendix 4 to the 1949 convention and Article 45(4) of","title":"Reporting mark"},{"id":"20049727","text":"and Caicos Islands', other times starting with the letters 'TC'. Different colours are used for private (red), commercial (green), government (black) and hire (yellow) cars. The Governor's cars do not display a number plate, simply a plate with a crown. Montserrat plates start with a letter indicating the type of car ('R' for rental, 'M' for private, etc.), followed by up to four numbers. The background colour can vary but the letters and numbers are always in white. The number plates of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia all begin \"SBAA\" and are followed by two numbers. The","title":"Vehicle registration plates of British overseas territories"},{"id":"10202184","text":"States 6%, Italy 5.6%). Turkey has a sizeable automotive industry, which produced over 1.3 million motor vehicles in 2015, ranking as the 14th largest producer in the world. Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US$1.2 billion in 2011. The major export markets are Malta, Marshall Islands, Panama and the United Kingdom. Turkish shipyards have 15 floating docks of different sizes and one dry dock. Tuzla, Yalova, and İzmit have developed into dynamic shipbuilding centres. In 2011, there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey, with another 56 being built. Turkish shipyards are highly regarded both for the production of chemical and oil","title":"Turkey"},{"id":"17062427","text":"registered. Example of front and rear plates on a private vehicle manufactured in 1963, and registered in Blida Example of front and rear plates on a private vehicle manufactured in 2001, and registered in Mostaganem Diplomatic vehicles are issued with plates featuring three groups of black digits, separated by hyphens, on a light teal background. The first group are the vehicle's actual registration/serial number (up to 3 digits in length); the second is composed of two digits indicating whether the vehicle belongs to a diplomat or embassy staff. The final two digits identify the embassy itself (e.g. 27 for Italy;","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Algeria"},{"id":"2490780","text":"Convention on Road Traffic of 1949 and the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968. Many vehicle codes created since the adoption of ISO 3166 coincide with ISO two- or three-letter codes. The 2004 South-East Asian \"Agreement ... for the Facilitation of Cross-Border Transport of Goods and People\" uses a mixture of ISO and DSIT codes: Myanmar uses MYA, China CHN, and Cambodia KH (ISO codes), Thailand uses T (DSIT code), Laos LAO, and Vietnam VN (coincident ISO and DSIT codes). The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic was concluded in Vienna on 8 November 1968. Since its entry into force","title":"International vehicle registration code"},{"id":"11468462","text":"have been G 1 - in fact the first plate was GBZ 1 - and the last was G 99999. A new system was introduced in October 2001, in anticipation of running out of registration numbers once reaching G 99999. The new system consists of the letter 'G' followed by four digits from 1000 to 9999 and another letter. The last letter represents the series. For example, series A consists of all registration plates from G 1000 A to G 9999 A. The next series is B, and so on. Currently, as of October 2012 registration plates in Gibraltar are","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar"},{"id":"16833476","text":"with the Sinhala script letter Sri (ශ්රී) in the middle was introduced, this started from Reg no \"1 Sri 1\". The current version started in 2000. It was developed by the German Utsch AG using a variation of the FE-Schrift. As of 2013 a new system with 3 English letters starting from AAA 0001 has been introduced. The international vehicle registration code for Sri Lanka is CL. Vehicle registration plates of Sri Lanka Vehicle registration plates of Sri Lanka (known in Sri Lanka as \"number plates\") started soon after introduction of motorcars in 1903. Initially the numbers started with Q,","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"4152663","text":"Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which in Annex 2 requires registration numbers to be displayed in capital Latin characters and Arabic numerals. The rule applies in a similar way in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria. Combinations used for overseas residents are codice_6 (where L = letter and N = number) and are limited. Until 2003, taxis used codice_6; the plate was aligned with the prefecture and the letters were colored red. Up until 1954 Greek number plates were quite simple: black numbers on a white background, indicating the serial number shown on the car's license. These started","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Greece"},{"id":"1630854","text":"\"ye\", \"ze\" The letters \"h\" and \"k\" are sometimes named \"ha\" and \"ka\" (as in German), especially in acronyms such as CHP, KKTC and TSK. However, the Turkish Language Association advises against this usage. Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is usually identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script, also known as the Old Turkic alphabet, the first surviving evidence of which","title":"Turkish alphabet"},{"id":"13204137","text":"members (Junta Municipal) authorities, and the \"PJx nnn\" plates indicates official vehicles of judges. Motorcycles are numbered in the same series as cars, but with the letters and numbers group transposed (\"nnn XXX\"). Provisionally, new-registered vehicles may obtain a series starting with P (beginning from \"PRx\"), which is changed to the formal plate once completed the registration. In October 2014 the design of the new license plate to be used by all Mercosur countries was officially presented. This consists of a plate of , with a white background, the characters and frame in black and a blue band at the","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Paraguay"},{"id":"152902","text":"1929. Older roads in Gibraltar, primarily in the city centre, are fairly narrow with a typical speed limit of . Gibraltar has ten fuelling stations, and fuel prices are lower than in neighbouring Spain. Some people from Spain even enter Gibraltar for the sole purpose of filling their cars' fuel tanks. Gibraltar's international vehicle registration is GBZ, and Gibraltar car number plates consist of the letter 'G' followed by up to five digits (1-99999) or four digits (1000-9999) and a single letter. These are as standard, the same shape, type face and colours as those in the UK, however non-standard","title":"Transport in Gibraltar"},{"id":"11470890","text":"by 38.7 centimeters in size, with the format \"ท 01 - 1234\". On the top left is a letter denoting the status of the registrant (\"ท\" for diplomatic agents, \"พ\" for members of special embassy agencies, \"ก\" for consular agents, and \"อ\" for international organizations or United Nations agencies). On the bottom left is a number code denoting the country or organization. On the right is a serial number string of up to four digits, with a separating horizontal line in the middle. Motorcycle plates have a similar appearance but with a size of . Plates issued to diplomatic agents","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Thailand"},{"id":"2714389","text":"Revaluation of the Turkish Lira The new Turkish lira () was the currency of Turkey and the de facto independent state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2008 which was a transition period for the removal of six zeroes from the currency. The new lira was subdivided into 100 \"new kurush\" (\"yeni kuruş\"). The symbol was \"YTL\" and the ISO 4217 code was \"TRY\". Because of the chronic inflation experienced in Turkey from the 1970s through to the 1990s, the old lira experienced severe depreciation. Turkey has had high inflation rates compared","title":"Revaluation of the Turkish Lira"},{"id":"16842883","text":"origination of the plate. The diplomatic plates are black on orange with 3 digits, following CD standing for \" corps diplomatique\", MD for \"mission diplomatique\" or CMD \"chef du mission diplomatique\" followed by 2 digits (1 for CMD series). These plates are white on green with the same type of identifier as private cars. They have the letter IT for \"Immatriculation temporaire\". Vehicle registration plates of Ivory Coast The license plates in Ivory Coast are made with European Standard sizes. These plates are unique because of their color scheme and the location of its identifier band. The plate is white","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Ivory Coast"},{"id":"10442278","text":"Serkan Çalık Serkan Çalık (born 15 March 1986 in Dinslaken, West Germany) is a German-born Turkish footballer who plays for Silivrispor. He played for Galatasaray, after arriving from Rot-Weiss Essen (2. Bundesliga) in June 2007. He is a forward and wears the 61 shirt which is the car number plate location codes for Trabzon, Turkey, where his parents are from. During his days at Galatasaray, he has been used as a right winger by Galatasaray coach Karl Heinz Feldkamp, as he has a very good acceleration and pace. He signed for Ankara club Gençlerbirliği afterwards in 2010 which was followed","title":"Serkan Çalık"},{"id":"19836237","text":"for plates belonging to foreign entities was in force, which sets the format as \"L-NN-NNN\", where a \"D\" in the place of L meant a member of diplomatic representatives, a K for correspondents, and an M for sales representatives. It is worth noting that there was a slight change for the plates beginning with M, which removed the dash between the letter and the first number. For example, \"M51 01-10\" where the first two numbers succeeding the M is the country code. In the same year, three more variants were introduced, which replaced the regional code with the word \"проба\",","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union"},{"id":"2256080","text":"For the remaining letters, all letters of the alphabet are used. Initially the letters I, M, Q and W were never used as the 2nd or 3rd letter, but they were added later to extend the number of available combinations. The letter \"O\" was not used as the 2nd/3rd letter on the six-character plates; on the seven-character plates it is used however. The initial letters (CD - \"Corps Diplomatique\") are printed in green or red, followed by a dot \".\" and 4 symbols (5 symbols in 2010) printed in red. By chronological order of registration, these symbols can be: Plates","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium"},{"id":"4038142","text":"with the letter codice_6. The three-letter code may not start with codice_7 or codice_6, as they can be mistaken for codice_9 or codice_10. (Until 1999, codice_7 and codice_6 were not used at all). Several letter groups have been reserved for special use and may not be assigned to regular cars. These include codice_13 (Romanian Police), codice_14 (Chamber of Deputies), codice_15 (Romanian Senate), codice_16 (Romanian Intelligence Service), codice_17 (Romanian Government). It is common for companies or organizations with large car fleets to use the same letter combination on all their cars. Such combinations are done only as a convenience; they are","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Romania"},{"id":"16685431","text":"registrations, have been issued to embassies and high commissions for use instead of a “D” or “X” registration on its vehicles. For example: United States’ embassy is allowed to use the registration USA 1; Zimbabwe's embassy ZIM 1; Jamaica's high commission JAM 1 and South Korea's embassy ROK 1 – 'Republic of Korea'. The North Korean embassy, however, had to buy a vanity plate: PRK 1D. Diplomats are exempt from payment of vehicle tax (motor car road fund licence duty). By default, a UK registration plate will accompany a vehicle throughout the vehicle's lifetime. There is no requirement to re-register","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"2490781","text":"on 21 May 1977, in signatory countries it replaces previous road traffic conventions, notably the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, in accordance with its Article 48. One of the main benefits of the convention for motorists is the obligation on signatory countries to recognize the legality of vehicles from other signatory countries. When driving in other signatory countries, the distinguishing sign of the country of registration must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. The sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate as a white oval plate or sticker, or be incorporated in the vehicle","title":"International vehicle registration code"},{"id":"17769956","text":"Driving licence in Northern Cyprus The Driving licence in Northern Cyprus is the official document issued in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to authorise its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on public roads. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus drivers licences can be obtained by TRNC citizens and citizens of other nations if they have a residency permit. Without either citizenship or a residency permit, TRNC licences cannot be obtained. TRNC car and motorcycle licences can be obtained at the age of 18, following a theory and practical exam on public roads. Despite the TRNC being an","title":"Driving licence in Northern Cyprus"},{"id":"415701","text":"km) and 6447 bridges (total length 296.3 km) on the network. There are numerous private bus companies providing connections between cities in Turkey. For local trips to villages there are dolmuşes, small vans that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2010, number of road vehicles is around 15 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows. According to the figures released by Turkey's statistics authority (TurkStat) the total number of motor vehicles in Turkey reached 15.023 million as of November 2010. The provinces with the highest rates of car ownership were:- Total number of passenger cars","title":"Transport in Turkey"},{"id":"12308504","text":"introduction of motorised vehicles in the country's British colonial era, typically begin with one or more letters followed by up to four numerical digits with no leading zeros. Thus, the configuration of a common Brunei number plate may be in the form of \"BB 1234\". Brunei number plates bears similarity to Malaysian state of Selangor and Kedah number plates which also begin with \"B\" and \"K\". The sequence of licenced numbers, since 1 January 1984, issued begins with \"xA 1\" to \"xY 9999\". \"x\" is either \"B\" for cars registered with the Brunei-Muara Land Transport Department prior to 2006, or","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Brunei"},{"id":"10263793","text":"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia Macedonian registration plates of vehicle consist of a two-letter region code, followed by a 4-digit numeric (before 2012 was 3-digits) and a 2-letter alpha code (e.g. SK 2345 MG). There is a blue field on the left side with the international country code for Macedonia - MK. License numeric code contains combination of four digits (0-9), while two letter alpha code is made of combination of letters using English alphabetical order. The standard registration plates of vehicle, dimensions are 520 × 110 mm. Issuance of current registration plates started from February 20,","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia"},{"id":"12666275","text":"Security Council and a Supreme Board for Highway Security have been established in order to deal with traffic problems more effectively. The TNP hosts the Istanbul Conference on Democracy and Global Security. All Turkish police officers wear navy-blue uniforms and caps. Patrol cars can be identified by their unique blue-white design and the writing \"“Polis”\" (Turkish for 'Police') on the side doors and hood. Superintendents and inspectors wear silver stars rank on their shoulders. Highest-ranking officers wear gold stars. Some well-known police units in Turkey are: The TNP receives two categories of training, the first being in-service training provided by","title":"General Directorate of Security (Turkey)"},{"id":"20267915","text":"Turkish State Highway System The State Highways of the Republic of Turkey (), abbreviated as T.C.K. are an integrated network of highways and roads in Turkey, consisting of a numbered grid spanning across the country. They are more commonly called State roads () and are the primary road network in Turkey. The network is mostly maintained by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM), except for within large cities () where the respective city municipality assumes responsibility. In the early 21st century, the network was greatly expanded to accommodate four-lane highways throughout the country. As of 2017, of the total system","title":"Turkish State Highway System"},{"id":"3742238","text":"This is then followed by one or two letters although they may be optional. For example: DK 1126 GI is a vehicle registered in Bali region, because it begins with DK. A smaller numbers being added to the bottom or the top of the plate (mainly at the bottom), indicates the month and year where the plate will expire, so the owner must repay the tax to get the new one every five years (for example, \"11-23\" means \"November 2023\"). A new format was recently introduced which have three ending letters, due to the increase of motorized vehicle numbers. At","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia"},{"id":"2256092","text":"and coloured white on a red background, as previously, following a ZA - ## - AAA pattern. The first character is either a X for vehicles intended for export within 30 days, or W for temporarily registered vehicles. The two middle digits are the last two of a calendar year (for example, \"16\". for 2016). A three-letter indication of the month when the plate becomes effective appears below the second separator. Plates are issued in pairs for all vehicles (one front, one rear), except for motorcylcles, mopeds and trailers. Prior to 2016, these plates only bore numbers (no letters). In","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium"},{"id":"13993587","text":"Turkish Identification Number Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as \"T.C. Kimlik No.\") is a unique personal identification number that is assigned to every citizen of Turkey. Foreigners residing in Turkey at least six months for any purpose receive a Foreigner Identification Number, which is different from the Turkish Identification Number. The purpose of identification number's introduction is to resolve the problems that arise by same names of different citizens and to speed up the information transfer between the public institutions. With the identification number, services like taxation, security, voting, education, social security, health care, military recruitment, banking and many","title":"Turkish Identification Number"},{"id":"13993582","text":"Turkish Identification Number Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as \"T.C. Kimlik No.\") is a unique personal identification number that is assigned to every citizen of Turkey. Foreigners residing in Turkey at least six months for any purpose receive a Foreigner Identification Number, which is different from the Turkish Identification Number. The purpose of identification number's introduction is to resolve the problems that arise by same names of different citizens and to speed up the information transfer between the public institutions. With the identification number, services like taxation, security, voting, education, social security, health care, military recruitment, banking and many","title":"Turkish Identification Number"},{"id":"6110354","text":"code plus numbers. Diplomatic plates are either red, yellow or blue and start with the letters \"CD\" (red) for diplomatic cars, \"CC\" (green) for consular cars, \"TA\" (yellow) for auxiliary workers cars or \"OI\" (blue) for cars belonging to international organisations. The first set of numbers stands for the embassy or organisation and the second for the specific car from an organisation. Up until 1972 U.S. Military personnel were required to have special plates. There are other plates with different background colours for trailers and the so-called \"tourist plates\", provisory plates that allow foreigners to use a vehicle bought in","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Spain"},{"id":"13646837","text":"for producing Renault models. Other global automotive manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Opel, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz and MAN Truck & Bus produce automobiles, vans, buses and trucks in their Turkish factories. There are also a number of Turkish bus and truck brands, such as BMC, Otokar and TEMSA. By 2004, Turkey was exporting 518,000 vehicles a year, mostly to the European Union member states. In 2006, the European Investment Bank loaned Tofaş €175 million to jointly develop and produce with PSA Peugeot Citroën and Fiat Auto small commercial vehicles for the European market. The loan, part-financing for total investments estimated at","title":"Automotive industry in Turkey"},{"id":"12009643","text":"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus The vehicle registration plates of Cyprus are composed of three letters and three digits (e.g. \"ABC 123\"). A simple incremental numbering system is used; numbers run from 001 to 999 per letter sequence (alphabetic), so that, for example, the plate to be issued after \"MAA 999\" would be \"MAB 001\". However, registrants may be allowed to choose a number from available numbers in the extant letter sequence. The exact permitted dimensions of Cyprus plates were similar to their British counterparts, and until 2004, characters were printed in black and in the same typeface as used","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus"},{"id":"2256087","text":"of a leading digit followed by three letters and three digits, with the leading digit \"8\" as identifier (8-AAA-111). The so-called 8-plates are no longer issued and Staff of the International Organizations such as NATO, European Union, EuroControl, etc. are issued a regular Belgian plate. Since 2014 registered cars are provided with a standard red Belgian plate in the format N-LLL-NNN where N is a digit and L is a letter, those cars with 8-LLL-NNN structure will remain assigned until the expiration. Employees of the Eurocontrol Organisation could previously get a blue number plate consisting of three numbers followed by","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium"},{"id":"20267918","text":"the north will have lower numbers that get higher towards the south. Main roads are designated as multiples of 100 and 50, with the exception being D.010. Multiples of 100 are main east-west roads, while multiples of 50 are main north-south roads. D.010 is the only exception to this rule. Turkish State Highway System The State Highways of the Republic of Turkey (), abbreviated as T.C.K. are an integrated network of highways and roads in Turkey, consisting of a numbered grid spanning across the country. They are more commonly called State roads () and are the primary road network in","title":"Turkish State Highway System"},{"id":"1795221","text":"Belgium, for example, still permits vehicles to display the older small white number plates with red lettering, and the registration plates that are issued by the government body which assigns these are of the smaller format, too. In 1908 number plates were only three numbers and one letter long. Italy still permits smaller plates to be attached to the front of a vehicle, while the rear plate complies to the usual EU format. The common design consists of a blue strip on the left of the plate, which has the EU motif (12 yellow stars), along with the country code","title":"Vehicle registration plate"},{"id":"4649717","text":"Turkish citizen is assigned a unique personal identification number called Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as \"T.C. Kimlik No.\"), an 11-digit number with two trailing check digits. This assignment is organized through the MERNIS (abbreviation for ) project that started on 28 October 2000. The national ID card is compulsory for every citizen and is issued at birth. Parents need to register to the authorities with the child's birth certificate. The identification number is used by public institutions in their certificates and documents like identity card, passport, international family book, driving license, form and manifesto they issue to citizens.","title":"National identification number"},{"id":"19208539","text":"diplomatic license plates vary from country to country. They often feature the letters \"CD\" (for \"\"Corps Diplomatique\"\"), \"D\" (for \"Diplomat\") or prefix of international organisations with diplomatic privileges, such as \"EU\" (for \"EUROPEAN UNION\") and \"OSCE\" (for \"Organization For Security And Co-operation In Europe\"). Diplomatic vehicle registration plate Most countries issue diplomatic license plates to accredited diplomats. Per the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, these are special vehicle registration plates which typically have distinctive features to allow diplomatic vehicles to be distinguished from other vehicles by police and other bodies, allowing them to give diplomatic vehicles special treatment and warning","title":"Diplomatic vehicle registration plate"},{"id":"7692928","text":"\"В\" in red on a white plate) and 6 digits — the form is \"BA NNN NNN\". The same form is adopted for the new license plates of the Civil Protection Service of Bulgaria, beginning with \"CP\" (for Civil Protection, formerly \"ГЗ\") followed by 5 digits — \"CP NN NNN\". On the left side of both kinds of plates there is a blue EU-standard vertical strip. Cars belonging to foreigners and imported into Bulgaria for a limited period of time are light blue with white characters, starting with \"ХХ\", followed by four (semantically meaningless) digits and two small digits denoting","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Bulgaria"},{"id":"12308508","text":"number (e.g. USA = 9) and DC stands for diplomat's car. The plates have a white background with black letters and numbers. The numbers for taxis and buses are the same as those for private vehicles, but the plates have a green background instead of black background instead. The letters and numbers on the plate is white in colour as with private vehicles. Temporary license plates are given to car dealerships to enable the car to be transported to the showroom, for test drives, etc. These plates have a white background with red letters and numbers. Military vehicles have a","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Brunei"},{"id":"2256096","text":"or \"W\". These plates have a square design, with the three letters on the first row and the three numbers on the second. The newer European plates are red on white like standard vehicle plates and begin with 1-MAA-001. Motorcycles with a capacity less than 50 cc carry no licence plates. Belgium was supposed to start issuing the European registration plates in July 2010. However, with the unexpected collapse of the federal government, the introduction of the new scheme was postponed to 15 November 2010. The last plate from the old series, 999-CFQ, was pressed by State Secretary for Mobility","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4904375\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \\\"TR\\\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1795231\",\n \"text\": \"but without the space, and followed by a smaller T (for Taxi.) Military vehicles have four to six yellow digits on black background, and may be used for all kinds of vehicles from ordinary automobiles to tanks. Turkish car number plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, registration plates are made by authorized private workshops. The registration plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \\\"TR\\\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4904379\",\n \"text\": \"original 67 provinces are newer additions, these province names go chronologically. Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \\\"TR\\\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black.\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2790429\",\n \"text\": \"ISO 3166-2:TR ISO 3166-2:TR is the entry for Turkey in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Currently for Turkey, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 81 provinces. Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Turkey. The second part is two digits: The digits are currently used in vehicle registration plates and postal codes. The codes\",\n \"title\": \"ISO 3166-2:TR\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4904376\",\n \"text\": \"in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ. The blue stripe was introduced after the entry of Turkey to the European Customs Union in 1995, in accordance to compliance to EU laws. Since then, the blue stripe area is often modified by car owners (even by some parliament members like Devlet Bahçeli). The predominant modification of this sorts is to replace the blue color with red crescent and the star of the Turkish flag. This type of modification is in the grey\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2518946\",\n \"text\": \"matched the alphabetical order of the province names. After Zonguldak (code 67), the ordering is not alphabetical, but in the order of the creation of provinces, as these provinces were created more recently and thus their plate numbers were assigned after the initial set of codes had been assigned. The province's ISO code suffix number, the first two digits of the vehicle registration plates of Turkey, and the first digits of the postal codes in Turkey are the same. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) codes are different. Provinces of Turkey Turkey is divided into 81 provinces ().\",\n \"title\": \"Provinces of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490784\",\n \"text\": \"system is used for vehicles belonging to the diplomats of foreign countries with license plate from the host country. That system is host country-specific and varies largely from country to country. For example TR on a diplomatic car in the USA indicates Italian, not Turkish. Such markings in Norway are indicated with numbers only, again different from international standards (e.g. 90 means Slovakian. International vehicle registration code The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark.\",\n \"title\": \"International vehicle registration code\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1795232\",\n \"text\": \"black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ğ, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü. Ukrainian regular registration plates are issued in European style, using the format AB1234CE (the prefix refers to the region), using Cyrillic letters that resemble Roman letters (A, B, C, E, H, I, K, M, O, P, T, X). There were single-line plates for vehicles and trailers, double-line plates for vehicles with\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490783\",\n \"text\": \"plate. There are unofficial codes in common use, such as \\\"AS\\\" for Asturias, \\\"CAT\\\" for Catalonia, \\\"CYM\\\" for Wales, \\\"BZH\\\" for Brittany, \\\"VL\\\" for Flanders, \\\"V\\\" for Vojvodina/Vajdaság, \\\"TS\\\" for Transylvania,\\\"PR\\\" for Puerto Rico, \\\"SIC\\\" for Székely Land (from Latin \\\"Terra Siculorum\\\") and \\\"CD\\\" for \\\"Corps Diplomatique\\\". In addition, in some areas, vehicle-style stickers have been used to denote and promote other entities, such as towns, islands, businesses, and even associations. These irregular stickers almost always bear an explanation of the code in small print near the edge of the sticker, as the codes used are so unknown. A separate\",\n \"title\": \"International vehicle registration code\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4904377\",\n \"text\": \"area of the law, for it does not clearly specify which color is to be used in the stripe. Additionally, vehicle inspection stickers are often stuck on this area. The text format on the plates is one of the following: In some provinces, numbering is categorized in groups for tax collecting offices of different districts, for example Dolmuş in Ankara have plates of the form \\\"06 J 9999\\\" and a(ny) vehicle from Polatlı, Ankara has plates of the form '06 Pxx 99', \\\"06 ET XXXX\\\" from Etimesgut district. On the other hand, a Dolmuş in Eskişehir has a plate of\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4904378\",\n \"text\": \"the form \\\"26 M 9999\\\". 99 - two digits prefix denoting the location, shows the province code number of the main residence of car holder. There are 81 provinces as listed below: X/XX/XXX – one, two or three letters. 9999/999/99 – four, three or two digits, depending on the number of letters before, not exceeding six letters and digits altogether. First two digits indicating the province code: Province names until code 67 go alphabetically, with the exception of Mersin, Kahramanmaraş and Şanlıurfa provinces for their previous names taken in account were İçel, Maraş and Urfa, respectively. The ones after the\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1733564\",\n \"text\": \"for machine-readable passports, as standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization, with a number of additional codes for special passports; some of these codes are currently reserved and not used at the present stage in ISO 3166-1. The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date the creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes, which are codes used to identify the issuing country of a vehicle registration plate; some of these codes are currently indeterminately reserved in ISO 3166-1. The following is a complete list of the current officially\",\n \"title\": \"ISO 3166-1 alpha-3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18757287\",\n \"text\": \"license for 6 months. After 6 months he/she has to change it to a Turkish licence. Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office, and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders. Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals, DVLA. The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months, and if they wish to settle back in the UK, the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license. In Turkey you must be at\",\n \"title\": \"Driving licence in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16833478\",\n \"text\": \"Cyrillic letters indicating where the vehicle was first registered. 1994 saw the introduction of the current format, which is intended to comply more closely with international norms. Major changes include the switch from Cyrillic letters to Latin, and the presence of the Turkmen flag with the two-letter country code TM on the left of the plate. Unusually, the alphanumerics are rendered in a mix of DIN 1451 and the unnamed font formerly used on French registration plates. The current format is: XX 99 99 XX while the last two letters is based on geographic location. Diplomatic plates are blue with\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17332944\",\n \"text\": \"EU license for 6 months. After 6 months he/she has to change it to a Turkish licence. Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office, and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders. Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals, DVLA. The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months, and if they wish to settle back in the UK, the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license. In Turkey you must be\",\n \"title\": \"Driver's license\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1733602\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Official Journal of the European Communities\\\" specified that and be used to represent Greece and United Kingdom respectively. For VAT administration purposes, the European Commission uses and for Greece and the United Kingdom respectively. The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date the creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes, which are codes used to identify the issuing country of a vehicle registration plate; some of these codes are currently indeterminately reserved in ISO 3166-1. IETF language tags (conforming to the BCP 47 standard track and maintained\",\n \"title\": \"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14626685\",\n \"text\": \"Timor, Grenada, Ireland, Kiribati, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Norway, Netherlands, Palau, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. On the other hand, Turkey grants visa-free access to citizens of other countries and territories – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iran, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter, reside, study, and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions: Citizens of the\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14965247\",\n \"text\": \"arms and the international code KSA letters written vertically (horizontally since 2014) . The lower sticker is the official seal. The standard plates always have 4 numbers and if necessary they are padded by zeroes. Personalised plates or earlier registrations may contain one, two or three numbers with or without zero padding. The letter translation into the Latin alphabet is done from left to right, although Arabic letters are read from right to left. Furthermore, the translation is not always correct. There are only 17 Arabic letters used on the registration plates. The following Arabic letters are used on Saudi\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12308507\",\n \"text\": \"or 8.5 inch by 3 inch. The size of the letters and numbers on the license plate is defined to be 3.5 inch by 2.5 inch by 0.625 inch for all vehicles except for motorcycles which is defined to be 1.75 inch 2.5 inch by 0.3125 inch. Some of the vehicles of the members of the Brunei Royal Family including the Sultan and the Crown Prince have unique license plates. Some of the plates have different colours (e.g. white on red), initials or fancy script. Number 4 DC Indonesia XX-NN-DC where XX is a sequential number, NN = foreign mission\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Brunei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18757286\",\n \"text\": \"Driving licence in Turkey Driving license in Turkey () is a document issued by the relevant government agency, regional or local security force, confirming the rights of the holder to drive motor vehicles. Driving licence exams are regulated by the Ministry of National Education (Turkey) while the licence is issued by the General Directorate of Security. On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented. The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey. A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an EU\",\n \"title\": \"Driving licence in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16342741\",\n \"text\": \"president) (Tayyip Erdoğan) in a reference to the tughra of Ottoman sultans. The new Turkish lira sign has been criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign. Turkish lira sign The Turkish lira sign (symbol: ₺; image: ) is the currency symbol used for the Turkish lira, the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The design was presented to the public on March 1, 2012. The international three-letter code (according to ISO 4217) is TRY. In May 2012, Unicode decided the encoding of and it was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012. It\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish lira sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11468461\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar The vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar are similar to those of the United Kingdom, with the same colours and typeface, which conform to 1998 European standard design. The international vehicle registration code for Gibraltar is GBZ (Great Britain and Northern GBG is used for Guernsey. Number plates in Gibraltar have the same measurements as those in the UK: From 1912 to 2001 Gibraltar number plates consisted of the letter 'G' (for Gibraltar) followed by a series of digits issued in numerical order. The maximum number of digits was five, so the first registration plate should\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14626687\",\n \"text\": \"Cuba, Djibouti, Egypt, Grenada, Guyana, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Libya , Maldives , Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal , Spain, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Spain, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Yemen and for holders of diplomatic passports of Afghanistan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Palestine, Russia, Senegal, South Sudan , Sudan , Uganda and United Kingdom – provided holding diplomatic, service and special passports for a maximum\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11468463\",\n \"text\": \"in series D. The European flag is also now featured, along with Gibraltar's international vehicle registration GBZ. Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar The vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar are similar to those of the United Kingdom, with the same colours and typeface, which conform to 1998 European standard design. The international vehicle registration code for Gibraltar is GBZ (Great Britain and Northern GBG is used for Guernsey. Number plates in Gibraltar have the same measurements as those in the UK: From 1912 to 2001 Gibraltar number plates consisted of the letter 'G' (for Gibraltar) followed by a series of digits\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16833479\",\n \"text\": \"white characters (rendered in DIN 1451) of the form ## CD ### – where # is any digit in the range 0-9. The first two digits indicate the embassy to whom the vehicle belongs, whilst the remaining three are serial numbers. The Turkmen flag appears to the left of the plate, above the letters 'TM'. Plates issued to foreign nationals or companies residing in Turkmenistan resemble closely those found in Azerbaijan. They feature black alphanumerics rendered in DIN 1451 on a yellow background, and take the form of: #H ##### (e.g. 2H 50035). They feature black alphanumerics rendered in DIN\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Turkmenistan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12626978\",\n \"text\": \"Jordan) 9: Temporary 10-23: Passenger cars 38-39: Crew cabs 41-42: Light goods vehicles 44: Tractors 46: Motorcycles and scooters 50: Taxi (green square that says Jordan) 56: Small buses (green square that says Jordan) 58: Coaches 60: HGVs 70: Rental Cars (green square that says Jordan with yellow letters) 71: Trailer 90: Army (says The Army) 95: Ambulance 96: Gendarmerie 99: Police For passenger cars, private plates are also available. As of August 2013, the normal series had reached 21-30000; however, private plates going up to a 35 prefix have been seen. Generally, the lower the suffix number, the more\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Jordan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8503085\",\n \"text\": \"transportation and also work with registration of vehicles. The Turkish Police also play a big part in important intelligence and counter-terrorist operations. The high command of the Turkish Police, situated in Ankara, is called the General Directorate of Security (). Every district also hosts a District Directorate (). The organization has a centralized hierarchy similar to that of the Turkish Armed Forces. In Turkey, police officers wear navy-blue uniforms and caps. Patrol cars can be identified using the unique blue-white design and the writing \\\"\\\"Polis\\\"\\\", usually in capital letters, on the side doors and hood. Lieutenants and captains wear silver\",\n \"title\": \"Law enforcement in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17332943\",\n \"text\": \"since 1963, and application to accede to the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union (EU), was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council. On 1 January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented. The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey. A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an\",\n \"title\": \"Driver's license\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16342738\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish lira sign The Turkish lira sign (symbol: ₺; image: ) is the currency symbol used for the Turkish lira, the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The design was presented to the public on March 1, 2012. The international three-letter code (according to ISO 4217) is TRY. In May 2012, Unicode decided the encoding of and it was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012. It was the only character addition in version 6.2. On Microsoft Windows operating systems, when using Turkish-Q or Turkish-F keyboard layouts, it can be typed with the combination . In order to\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish lira sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3742249\",\n \"text\": \"suffix alphabets, many vanity or personal license plates are possible to be created. For example, a Toyota Fortuner owner may choose the plate B 42 NER which sounds like B \\\"four-two-NER\\\". Syahrini, an Indonesian singer, has \\\"B 1 SYR\\\" as her license plate number, with \\\"SYR\\\" being her initials. Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia All motorized vehicles including motorcycles in Indonesia are required to have registration plates. The plates must be displayed in front and at the back of the vehicles. Except for some special cases (see below), every vehicle license plate in Indonesia follows the following format: LL NNNN\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2256095\",\n \"text\": \"for registrations made through Internet. European-style licence plates, introduced on 15 November 2010, have seven characters: a leading digit followed by three letters and three digits (1-AAA-111). Distribution of the 111-AAA series stopped at that moment, so that even though plates were printed in this series up to number 999-CFQ, the last ones have never been issued. This and all older series remain valid and no date is set for their expiration. Plates for motorcycles with a capacity of more than 50 cc issued before November 2010 have black letters on a yellow background and begin with the letters \\\"M\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14965249\",\n \"text\": \"always have D as the rightmost letter. The other letters denote the country, either from left to right, or from right to left. For example, United States diplomatic plates have the USD letters, which in Arabic reads DSU from right to left. The diplomatic plates for Romania have the ZRD letters, which in Arabic reads DRM (M is translated as Z in Latin alphabet). The Saudi Police uses standard registration plates. Some letter combinations are banned, either for their Arabic or Latin translation. Among them are \\\" 'S' 'E' 'X' \\\", \\\" 'A' 'S' 'S' \\\", and others. The KSA\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12009645\",\n \"text\": \"are yellow on both sides and rental car plates are red on both sides, but no longer carry the \\\"T\\\" and \\\"Z\\\" prefix, respectively. Following Cyprus' entry to the European Union in 2004, plates produced since have a blue band on the left edge with the Union's circle and stars in the top half and the country's international vehicle registration code (CY) in the bottom half and using FE-Schrift as the typeface after 2013, replacing the DIN 1451 typeface previously in use as mandatory. before 1930 <small> 1930–1950 1950–1956 1956–1973 1973–1990 1990–2003 2003–2013 2013–present 1973-1990 1990–present Red font ΔΟΚΙΜΗ (\\\"test\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4038149\",\n \"text\": \"plate contains the European strip followed by blue text. The text consists of a code which can be codice_24 (Diplomatic Corps), codice_25 (Consular Transport), or codice_26 (Consulate), followed by 6 digits. The first three digits stand for the country or international organization, the last three usually for the rank of the owner. The lowest number for both sets of 3 is 101. Thus, a car with license plate number codice_27 would refer to Switzerland's (codice_3) ambassador (ambassadors and heads of mission are usually assigned code codice_29). This type of license plate is issued exclusively to diplomats, and cars having such\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Romania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19836247\",\n \"text\": \"on civilian plates, was issued to the Kurgan region instead, and for Krasnoyarsk Krai itself the code \\\"ЦЦ\\\" was used. Diplomatic plates changed as well: The format changed to \\\"L NNN NNN\\\", and private vehicled used by consuls had the formal \\\"CMD NNN N\\\". In addition, the plates were distinguished by color: Vehicles belonging to diplomatic missions have a white-on-red scheme, while all others bore a black-on-light-orange scheme. The first three numbers on all red diplomatic plates and light-orange plates starting with letters К or М is the country code, which ranges from 001 to 130, while the first three\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7168475\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Montenegro Present Montenegrin car plates have black characters on a rectangular white background, with blue strip on the left. The plates follow the 520 mm x 110 mm format, except for motorcycles. The present licence plates format was introduced on 6 June 2008, and replaced the old format (format of Yugoslav licence plates) gradually over the following year. The new format is on par with common European Union format. The plate is in following layout: to the left, a blue-colored field contains Montenegro's international automobile code (MNE); continuing in white background, the two-letter code of the\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Montenegro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18757288\",\n \"text\": \"least 18 years old in order to drive a car and at least 17 to drive a motorbike. The driving test comprises a practical and theory test, which has been recently made tougher in order to meet European Union regulations. In order to get a licence, applicant must fulfill these requirements: Application forms available from the Driver’s Association office (Şoförler Odasi) at the local Transport Registration Department. Requirements: Driving licence in Turkey Driving license in Turkey () is a document issued by the relevant government agency, regional or local security force, confirming the rights of the holder to drive motor\",\n \"title\": \"Driving licence in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5553739\",\n \"text\": \"hopes of picking up a few more riders. A foreign passenger described the ride as being \\\"terrifying, awe-inspiring, confusing, incomprehensible, charming, hospitable and alien\\\", and those unfamiliar with them may be surprised by the speed of \\\"dolmuş\\\" travel. In Turkey the vehicles used are often brand-new minibuses, but in some parts of Cyprus you can–as of 2009–still see aging Mercedes-Benz stretch limos serving as \\\"dolmuş\\\". In Turkey the industry is regulated. Despite the meaning of their name, laws prevent these minibuses from becoming too crowded. In Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus, \\\"dolmuş\\\" routes are leased and vehicles are licensed. Dolmuş In\",\n \"title\": \"Dolmuş\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382780\",\n \"text\": \"translate the name of Switzerland in the four national languages, Latin is used on the coins of the Swiss franc (\\\"Helvetia\\\" or \\\"Confoederatio Helvetica\\\") and on Swiss stamps (\\\"Helvetia\\\"). The country code top-level domain for Switzerland on the internet is .ch, the abbreviation of the Latin name, \\\"Confoederatio Helvetica\\\" (Swiss Confederation); similarly, the International vehicle registration code for Swiss automobiles is \\\"CH\\\". The Federal Palace of Switzerland bears the inscription \\\"Curia Confoederationis Helveticae\\\". To have a unique name across the country (without favoring German or English), several Swiss foundations and associations have Latin names, such as Pro Helvetia, Pro Infirmis,\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Switzerland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1795220\",\n \"text\": \"M, diplomatique plates are white with NG wrote in red, company members vehicles are also white registration plate bearing LD letters in black. Military registration plates are red with white letter. For example, 51X-XXXX would be used for civilian vehicles, 80X-XXXX with blue background for central government vehicles, 80-NG-XXX-XX for diplomatic vehicles, TC-XX-XX for military vehicles and XXLD-XXX.XX for company vehicles. In the European Union (EU), white or yellow number plates of a common format and size are issued throughout, although they are still optional in some member states. Nevertheless, some individual member states still use differing non-EU formats -\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16833473\",\n \"text\": \"table shows the codes: The three digit number is assigned in increasing order. Numbers 001 to 099 are assigned to diplomatic missions, and numbers 100 to 999 to private cars of the diplomats. On the right end, the date of the issuance of the plate is posted, with the month on the top, and the year on the bottom. Honorary Consulate plates are white on red, and have the format HC ####, where the four digit number is the country code. On the right end, the date of the issuance of the plate is posted, with the month on the\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Kyrgyzstan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19320879\",\n \"text\": \"flag on the left edge and the letter Z, which stands for Zandarimaria gendarmerie or T carry the letter Z (Tafika = military), which is for traffic military. The execution of this indicator is always with white letters on a black background. Vehicles of diplomats and international organizations have green license plate with black or white text and the letters CD (Corps Diplomatique), CMD (Chef de Mission Diplomatique), CMC (Chef de Mission Consulaire) or PE (Pays étranger). The first three digits form a code for the country of origin of the diplomat (as 009 for France), the digits after the\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Madagascar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2842784\",\n \"text\": \"vehicles and drivers; for example in New Zealand under NZTA regulations, shuttles are only allowed to have up to eleven passenger seats, and the driver must have a passenger endorsement (P) on their drivers' licence. In Cyprus, there are privately owned share taxis that travel to set destinations and board additional passengers en route called service taxis. In Turkey and Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus \\\"dolmuş\\\" (pronounced \\\"dolmush\\\") are share taxis that run on set routes within and between cities. Each of these cars or minibuses displays their particular route on signboards behind the windscreen. Some cities may only allow \\\"dolmuş\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Share taxi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3742237\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia All motorized vehicles including motorcycles in Indonesia are required to have registration plates. The plates must be displayed in front and at the back of the vehicles. Except for some special cases (see below), every vehicle license plate in Indonesia follows the following format: LL NNNN LL where \\\"L\\\" are letters of the Latin alphabet, and \\\"N\\\" numbers from \\\"0\\\" to \\\"9\\\" (note that the first number is never a \\\"0\\\"). The first single or double letters denote the area of registration. This is followed by numbers, which can range from one to four digits.\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490779\",\n \"text\": \"International vehicle registration code The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark. The sign must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. The sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate, or be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. The allocation of codes is maintained by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe as the \\\"Distinguishing Signs Used on Vehicles in International Traffic\\\" (sometimes abbreviated to DSIT), authorised by the UN's Geneva\",\n \"title\": \"International vehicle registration code\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16966719\",\n \"text\": \"were in previous cards; like marital status, religion, blood type, issuing place, previous surname (for females), hometown (State, District, Village) and register numbers (volume, family and line numbers). Turkish identity card The Republic of Turkey Identity Card () is compulsory for all Turkish citizens from birth. The Turkish police are allowed to ask any person to show ID, and refusing to comply may lead to arrest. It can be used as a travel document to enter Northern Cyprus, Georgia (since 2011), Moldova (pending ratification) and Ukraine (since 2017) instead of a passport. Identity cards, theoretically obligatory for all citizens, male\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish identity card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1630851\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras. The letters of the Turkish alphabet are: Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20718973\",\n \"text\": \"registered to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Taxpayers are civil and legal persons who own motor vehicles registered in their own names in the traffic register and civil aviation records kept by the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications. In every year, at the beginning of January, MVT is assessed and accrued. There are two equal installments in January and July each year. There are three categories for motor vehicles according to motor vehicle tax: Taxation in Turkey Taxation has an important part in Turkish economy. Turkey has 25.5% tax-GDP ration (in 2016). Most of the taxes are\",\n \"title\": \"Taxation in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4198016\",\n \"text\": \".tr .tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by NIC.TR (under Middle East Technical University) Computer Center and Turkey Internet Society (Local Chapter of ISOC).. .nc.tr is used as a second-level domain for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is a self declared state and not recognised by the United Nations, and as such has no country code assigned. As of March 2017, around 15.53% of all the .tr domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let s Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Microsoft-IIS is the\",\n \"title\": \".tr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16780679\",\n \"text\": \"Colombia 49 CD - India 50 CD - Somalia 51 CD - Brazil 52 CD - Turkey 53 CD - Lesotho 54 CD - Zambia 55 CD - Madagascar 56 CD - Malaysia 57 CD - D.R. Congo (DRC) 58 CD - Swaziland 59 CD - Sri Lanka 60 CD - Iraq 61 CD - Rwanda 62 UN - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees / UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) 63 UN - United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Eastern & Southern African Regional Office 64 CD - Iran 65 CD - Cyprus 66 CD - Argentina 67 UN - United\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Kenya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12009651\",\n \"text\": \"the civilian vehicles, except with prefix \\\"ZZ\\\" and blue letters. Since 2004 they are no longer issued. Temporary follows the format of the civilian vehicles except with \\\"ZT\\\" prefix and blue letters, with addition of the prefix in after numbers. Previously, the presidential plate had no serial numbers but just the abbreviation of KKTCB () However, this was changed in 2015, with the coat of arms being displayed in gold on a red plate. Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus The vehicle registration plates of Cyprus are composed of three letters and three digits (e.g. \\\"ABC 123\\\"). A simple incremental numbering\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4198017\",\n \"text\": \"most popular web server, serving 35.31% of the .tr domains, followed by Apache serving 35.14% of the total .tr domains. Initially, nic.tr, the official registry's domain, was the only second-level domain under this TLD and other second-level domains were prohibited. .tr .tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by NIC.TR (under Middle East Technical University) Computer Center and Turkey Internet Society (Local Chapter of ISOC).. .nc.tr is used as a second-level domain for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is a self declared state and not recognised by the United Nations, and\",\n \"title\": \".tr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2714395\",\n \"text\": \"December 2019). The E-9 banknotes will refer to the currency as \\\"lira\\\" rather than \\\"new lira\\\", and will include a 200 lira denomination. Revaluation of the Turkish Lira The new Turkish lira () was the currency of Turkey and the de facto independent state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2008 which was a transition period for the removal of six zeroes from the currency. The new lira was subdivided into 100 \\\"new kurush\\\" (\\\"yeni kuruş\\\"). The symbol was \\\"YTL\\\" and the ISO 4217 code was \\\"TRY\\\". Because of the chronic inflation\",\n \"title\": \"Revaluation of the Turkish Lira\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3742246\",\n \"text\": \"design. License plates for vehicles belonging to foreign countries or international organizations adopt a different convention. They contain black letters on a white background. The plates have the letter CD followed by two or three digits denoting the country or organization, followed by up to three digits of the serial number. For example, a car with number CD 66 88 is owned by Vietnam. Generally, the number 01 is reserved for the ambassador's official vehicle. The numbers are ordered based on when they recognized Indonesia as a country. The United States was originally assigned CD 13; due to the stigma\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10263796\",\n \"text\": \"which Greek border guards cover the letters \\\"MK\\\" on Macedonian vehicle plates with a sticker, in Greek and English, reading: “Recognized by Greece as FYROM”. Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia Macedonian registration plates of vehicle consist of a two-letter region code, followed by a 4-digit numeric (before 2012 was 3-digits) and a 2-letter alpha code (e.g. SK 2345 MG). There is a blue field on the left side with the international country code for Macedonia - MK. License numeric code contains combination of four digits (0-9), while two letter alpha code is made of combination of letters\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964178\",\n \"text\": \"left hand side, the code AM was printed. In 2014, the style changed to the one used in Germany. The country's flag was added above AM on the top left hand side. The fonts were changed to FE-Schrift, and the letters and digits now have the same font size. In addition, a silver identifier band has been added on the right side of the flag and code. Currently the following 22 letters are used: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, Օ, P, Q, R, Տ, T, Ս, V, X, Z. The letters used on\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Armenia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17769958\",\n \"text\": \"are the languages used on the licence card. Driving licence in Northern Cyprus The Driving licence in Northern Cyprus is the official document issued in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to authorise its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on public roads. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus drivers licences can be obtained by TRNC citizens and citizens of other nations if they have a residency permit. Without either citizenship or a residency permit, TRNC licences cannot be obtained. TRNC car and motorcycle licences can be obtained at the age of 18, following a theory and practical exam\",\n \"title\": \"Driving licence in Northern Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14626686\",\n \"text\": \"following 78 countries and territories do not require a visa to visit Turkey for the durations described below for tourism or business purposes (unless otherwise stated). For visits of up to 90 days within a 180-day period, an identity card is accepted in lieu of a passport for citizens of some countries. Visa is also not required for holders of a \\\"Laissez-Passer\\\" issued by the United Nations. The visa-free regime also applies to the citizens of the following countries under certain conditions: Citizens of Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Bulgaria , Cambodia , China, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia,\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049726\",\n \"text\": \"(152 × 300 mm). Front and rear are both black-on-yellow for private cars, black-on-white for hire cars, red-on-yellow for disabled drivers, red-on-white for taxis, and black-on-orange for HGVs and trailers. The Governor's car has a crown on the front only. In 2003, quincentennial plates (known as Q-plates) were issued; they had four blue numbers following a 'Q' on a background depicting a picturesque Cayman scene with celebratory logos. Initially, Q-plates were issued with white characters but these were recalled and replaced. Turks and Caicos Islands plates have five digits on them, sometimes with the text 'Beautiful by Nature' and 'Turks\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of British overseas territories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3978454\",\n \"text\": \"12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the register country in the third and fourth digit. The keeper of a vehicle is indicated with a company abbreviation of maximum five letters, called Vehicle Keeper Marking (VKM) which must be registered with OTIF and ERA and is unique throughout Europe and parts of Asia and Northern Africa. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits. The VKM is preceded by the code for the country (according to the alphabetical coding system described in Appendix 4 to the 1949 convention and Article 45(4) of\",\n \"title\": \"Reporting mark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049727\",\n \"text\": \"and Caicos Islands', other times starting with the letters 'TC'. Different colours are used for private (red), commercial (green), government (black) and hire (yellow) cars. The Governor's cars do not display a number plate, simply a plate with a crown. Montserrat plates start with a letter indicating the type of car ('R' for rental, 'M' for private, etc.), followed by up to four numbers. The background colour can vary but the letters and numbers are always in white. The number plates of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia all begin \\\"SBAA\\\" and are followed by two numbers. The\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of British overseas territories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10202184\",\n \"text\": \"States 6%, Italy 5.6%). Turkey has a sizeable automotive industry, which produced over 1.3 million motor vehicles in 2015, ranking as the 14th largest producer in the world. Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US$1.2 billion in 2011. The major export markets are Malta, Marshall Islands, Panama and the United Kingdom. Turkish shipyards have 15 floating docks of different sizes and one dry dock. Tuzla, Yalova, and İzmit have developed into dynamic shipbuilding centres. In 2011, there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey, with another 56 being built. Turkish shipyards are highly regarded both for the production of chemical and oil\",\n \"title\": \"Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17062427\",\n \"text\": \"registered. Example of front and rear plates on a private vehicle manufactured in 1963, and registered in Blida Example of front and rear plates on a private vehicle manufactured in 2001, and registered in Mostaganem Diplomatic vehicles are issued with plates featuring three groups of black digits, separated by hyphens, on a light teal background. The first group are the vehicle's actual registration/serial number (up to 3 digits in length); the second is composed of two digits indicating whether the vehicle belongs to a diplomat or embassy staff. The final two digits identify the embassy itself (e.g. 27 for Italy;\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490780\",\n \"text\": \"Convention on Road Traffic of 1949 and the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968. Many vehicle codes created since the adoption of ISO 3166 coincide with ISO two- or three-letter codes. The 2004 South-East Asian \\\"Agreement ... for the Facilitation of Cross-Border Transport of Goods and People\\\" uses a mixture of ISO and DSIT codes: Myanmar uses MYA, China CHN, and Cambodia KH (ISO codes), Thailand uses T (DSIT code), Laos LAO, and Vietnam VN (coincident ISO and DSIT codes). The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic was concluded in Vienna on 8 November 1968. Since its entry into force\",\n \"title\": \"International vehicle registration code\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11468462\",\n \"text\": \"have been G 1 - in fact the first plate was GBZ 1 - and the last was G 99999. A new system was introduced in October 2001, in anticipation of running out of registration numbers once reaching G 99999. The new system consists of the letter 'G' followed by four digits from 1000 to 9999 and another letter. The last letter represents the series. For example, series A consists of all registration plates from G 1000 A to G 9999 A. The next series is B, and so on. Currently, as of October 2012 registration plates in Gibraltar are\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16833476\",\n \"text\": \"with the Sinhala script letter Sri (ශ්රී) in the middle was introduced, this started from Reg no \\\"1 Sri 1\\\". The current version started in 2000. It was developed by the German Utsch AG using a variation of the FE-Schrift. As of 2013 a new system with 3 English letters starting from AAA 0001 has been introduced. The international vehicle registration code for Sri Lanka is CL. Vehicle registration plates of Sri Lanka Vehicle registration plates of Sri Lanka (known in Sri Lanka as \\\"number plates\\\") started soon after introduction of motorcars in 1903. Initially the numbers started with Q,\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Sri Lanka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4152663\",\n \"text\": \"Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which in Annex 2 requires registration numbers to be displayed in capital Latin characters and Arabic numerals. The rule applies in a similar way in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria. Combinations used for overseas residents are codice_6 (where L = letter and N = number) and are limited. Until 2003, taxis used codice_6; the plate was aligned with the prefecture and the letters were colored red. Up until 1954 Greek number plates were quite simple: black numbers on a white background, indicating the serial number shown on the car's license. These started\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Greece\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1630854\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"ye\\\", \\\"ze\\\" The letters \\\"h\\\" and \\\"k\\\" are sometimes named \\\"ha\\\" and \\\"ka\\\" (as in German), especially in acronyms such as CHP, KKTC and TSK. However, the Turkish Language Association advises against this usage. Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is usually identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script, also known as the Old Turkic alphabet, the first surviving evidence of which\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13204137\",\n \"text\": \"members (Junta Municipal) authorities, and the \\\"PJx nnn\\\" plates indicates official vehicles of judges. Motorcycles are numbered in the same series as cars, but with the letters and numbers group transposed (\\\"nnn XXX\\\"). Provisionally, new-registered vehicles may obtain a series starting with P (beginning from \\\"PRx\\\"), which is changed to the formal plate once completed the registration. In October 2014 the design of the new license plate to be used by all Mercosur countries was officially presented. This consists of a plate of , with a white background, the characters and frame in black and a blue band at the\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Paraguay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152902\",\n \"text\": \"1929. Older roads in Gibraltar, primarily in the city centre, are fairly narrow with a typical speed limit of . Gibraltar has ten fuelling stations, and fuel prices are lower than in neighbouring Spain. Some people from Spain even enter Gibraltar for the sole purpose of filling their cars' fuel tanks. Gibraltar's international vehicle registration is GBZ, and Gibraltar car number plates consist of the letter 'G' followed by up to five digits (1-99999) or four digits (1000-9999) and a single letter. These are as standard, the same shape, type face and colours as those in the UK, however non-standard\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Gibraltar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11470890\",\n \"text\": \"by 38.7 centimeters in size, with the format \\\"ท 01 - 1234\\\". On the top left is a letter denoting the status of the registrant (\\\"ท\\\" for diplomatic agents, \\\"พ\\\" for members of special embassy agencies, \\\"ก\\\" for consular agents, and \\\"อ\\\" for international organizations or United Nations agencies). On the bottom left is a number code denoting the country or organization. On the right is a serial number string of up to four digits, with a separating horizontal line in the middle. Motorcycle plates have a similar appearance but with a size of . Plates issued to diplomatic agents\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Thailand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2714389\",\n \"text\": \"Revaluation of the Turkish Lira The new Turkish lira () was the currency of Turkey and the de facto independent state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2008 which was a transition period for the removal of six zeroes from the currency. The new lira was subdivided into 100 \\\"new kurush\\\" (\\\"yeni kuruş\\\"). The symbol was \\\"YTL\\\" and the ISO 4217 code was \\\"TRY\\\". Because of the chronic inflation experienced in Turkey from the 1970s through to the 1990s, the old lira experienced severe depreciation. Turkey has had high inflation rates compared\",\n \"title\": \"Revaluation of the Turkish Lira\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16842883\",\n \"text\": \"origination of the plate. The diplomatic plates are black on orange with 3 digits, following CD standing for \\\" corps diplomatique\\\", MD for \\\"mission diplomatique\\\" or CMD \\\"chef du mission diplomatique\\\" followed by 2 digits (1 for CMD series). These plates are white on green with the same type of identifier as private cars. They have the letter IT for \\\"Immatriculation temporaire\\\". Vehicle registration plates of Ivory Coast The license plates in Ivory Coast are made with European Standard sizes. These plates are unique because of their color scheme and the location of its identifier band. The plate is white\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10442278\",\n \"text\": \"Serkan Çalık Serkan Çalık (born 15 March 1986 in Dinslaken, West Germany) is a German-born Turkish footballer who plays for Silivrispor. He played for Galatasaray, after arriving from Rot-Weiss Essen (2. Bundesliga) in June 2007. He is a forward and wears the 61 shirt which is the car number plate location codes for Trabzon, Turkey, where his parents are from. During his days at Galatasaray, he has been used as a right winger by Galatasaray coach Karl Heinz Feldkamp, as he has a very good acceleration and pace. He signed for Ankara club Gençlerbirliği afterwards in 2010 which was followed\",\n \"title\": \"Serkan Çalık\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19836237\",\n \"text\": \"for plates belonging to foreign entities was in force, which sets the format as \\\"L-NN-NNN\\\", where a \\\"D\\\" in the place of L meant a member of diplomatic representatives, a K for correspondents, and an M for sales representatives. It is worth noting that there was a slight change for the plates beginning with M, which removed the dash between the letter and the first number. For example, \\\"M51 01-10\\\" where the first two numbers succeeding the M is the country code. In the same year, three more variants were introduced, which replaced the regional code with the word \\\"проба\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2256080\",\n \"text\": \"For the remaining letters, all letters of the alphabet are used. Initially the letters I, M, Q and W were never used as the 2nd or 3rd letter, but they were added later to extend the number of available combinations. The letter \\\"O\\\" was not used as the 2nd/3rd letter on the six-character plates; on the seven-character plates it is used however. The initial letters (CD - \\\"Corps Diplomatique\\\") are printed in green or red, followed by a dot \\\".\\\" and 4 symbols (5 symbols in 2010) printed in red. By chronological order of registration, these symbols can be: Plates\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4038142\",\n \"text\": \"with the letter codice_6. The three-letter code may not start with codice_7 or codice_6, as they can be mistaken for codice_9 or codice_10. (Until 1999, codice_7 and codice_6 were not used at all). Several letter groups have been reserved for special use and may not be assigned to regular cars. These include codice_13 (Romanian Police), codice_14 (Chamber of Deputies), codice_15 (Romanian Senate), codice_16 (Romanian Intelligence Service), codice_17 (Romanian Government). It is common for companies or organizations with large car fleets to use the same letter combination on all their cars. Such combinations are done only as a convenience; they are\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Romania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16685431\",\n \"text\": \"registrations, have been issued to embassies and high commissions for use instead of a “D” or “X” registration on its vehicles. For example: United States’ embassy is allowed to use the registration USA 1; Zimbabwe's embassy ZIM 1; Jamaica's high commission JAM 1 and South Korea's embassy ROK 1 – 'Republic of Korea'. The North Korean embassy, however, had to buy a vanity plate: PRK 1D. Diplomats are exempt from payment of vehicle tax (motor car road fund licence duty). By default, a UK registration plate will accompany a vehicle throughout the vehicle's lifetime. There is no requirement to re-register\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490781\",\n \"text\": \"on 21 May 1977, in signatory countries it replaces previous road traffic conventions, notably the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, in accordance with its Article 48. One of the main benefits of the convention for motorists is the obligation on signatory countries to recognize the legality of vehicles from other signatory countries. When driving in other signatory countries, the distinguishing sign of the country of registration must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. The sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate as a white oval plate or sticker, or be incorporated in the vehicle\",\n \"title\": \"International vehicle registration code\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17769956\",\n \"text\": \"Driving licence in Northern Cyprus The Driving licence in Northern Cyprus is the official document issued in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to authorise its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on public roads. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus drivers licences can be obtained by TRNC citizens and citizens of other nations if they have a residency permit. Without either citizenship or a residency permit, TRNC licences cannot be obtained. TRNC car and motorcycle licences can be obtained at the age of 18, following a theory and practical exam on public roads. Despite the TRNC being an\",\n \"title\": \"Driving licence in Northern Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415701\",\n \"text\": \"km) and 6447 bridges (total length 296.3 km) on the network. There are numerous private bus companies providing connections between cities in Turkey. For local trips to villages there are dolmuşes, small vans that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2010, number of road vehicles is around 15 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows. According to the figures released by Turkey's statistics authority (TurkStat) the total number of motor vehicles in Turkey reached 15.023 million as of November 2010. The provinces with the highest rates of car ownership were:- Total number of passenger cars\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12308504\",\n \"text\": \"introduction of motorised vehicles in the country's British colonial era, typically begin with one or more letters followed by up to four numerical digits with no leading zeros. Thus, the configuration of a common Brunei number plate may be in the form of \\\"BB 1234\\\". Brunei number plates bears similarity to Malaysian state of Selangor and Kedah number plates which also begin with \\\"B\\\" and \\\"K\\\". The sequence of licenced numbers, since 1 January 1984, issued begins with \\\"xA 1\\\" to \\\"xY 9999\\\". \\\"x\\\" is either \\\"B\\\" for cars registered with the Brunei-Muara Land Transport Department prior to 2006, or\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Brunei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10263793\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia Macedonian registration plates of vehicle consist of a two-letter region code, followed by a 4-digit numeric (before 2012 was 3-digits) and a 2-letter alpha code (e.g. SK 2345 MG). There is a blue field on the left side with the international country code for Macedonia - MK. License numeric code contains combination of four digits (0-9), while two letter alpha code is made of combination of letters using English alphabetical order. The standard registration plates of vehicle, dimensions are 520 × 110 mm. Issuance of current registration plates started from February 20,\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Macedonia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12666275\",\n \"text\": \"Security Council and a Supreme Board for Highway Security have been established in order to deal with traffic problems more effectively. The TNP hosts the Istanbul Conference on Democracy and Global Security. All Turkish police officers wear navy-blue uniforms and caps. Patrol cars can be identified by their unique blue-white design and the writing \\\"“Polis”\\\" (Turkish for 'Police') on the side doors and hood. Superintendents and inspectors wear silver stars rank on their shoulders. Highest-ranking officers wear gold stars. Some well-known police units in Turkey are: The TNP receives two categories of training, the first being in-service training provided by\",\n \"title\": \"General Directorate of Security (Turkey)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267915\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish State Highway System The State Highways of the Republic of Turkey (), abbreviated as T.C.K. are an integrated network of highways and roads in Turkey, consisting of a numbered grid spanning across the country. They are more commonly called State roads () and are the primary road network in Turkey. The network is mostly maintained by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM), except for within large cities () where the respective city municipality assumes responsibility. In the early 21st century, the network was greatly expanded to accommodate four-lane highways throughout the country. As of 2017, of the total system\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish State Highway System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3742238\",\n \"text\": \"This is then followed by one or two letters although they may be optional. For example: DK 1126 GI is a vehicle registered in Bali region, because it begins with DK. A smaller numbers being added to the bottom or the top of the plate (mainly at the bottom), indicates the month and year where the plate will expire, so the owner must repay the tax to get the new one every five years (for example, \\\"11-23\\\" means \\\"November 2023\\\"). A new format was recently introduced which have three ending letters, due to the increase of motorized vehicle numbers. At\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2256092\",\n \"text\": \"and coloured white on a red background, as previously, following a ZA - ## - AAA pattern. The first character is either a X for vehicles intended for export within 30 days, or W for temporarily registered vehicles. The two middle digits are the last two of a calendar year (for example, \\\"16\\\". for 2016). A three-letter indication of the month when the plate becomes effective appears below the second separator. Plates are issued in pairs for all vehicles (one front, one rear), except for motorcylcles, mopeds and trailers. Prior to 2016, these plates only bore numbers (no letters). In\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13993587\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish Identification Number Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as \\\"T.C. Kimlik No.\\\") is a unique personal identification number that is assigned to every citizen of Turkey. Foreigners residing in Turkey at least six months for any purpose receive a Foreigner Identification Number, which is different from the Turkish Identification Number. The purpose of identification number's introduction is to resolve the problems that arise by same names of different citizens and to speed up the information transfer between the public institutions. With the identification number, services like taxation, security, voting, education, social security, health care, military recruitment, banking and many\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish Identification Number\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13993582\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish Identification Number Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as \\\"T.C. Kimlik No.\\\") is a unique personal identification number that is assigned to every citizen of Turkey. Foreigners residing in Turkey at least six months for any purpose receive a Foreigner Identification Number, which is different from the Turkish Identification Number. The purpose of identification number's introduction is to resolve the problems that arise by same names of different citizens and to speed up the information transfer between the public institutions. With the identification number, services like taxation, security, voting, education, social security, health care, military recruitment, banking and many\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish Identification Number\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6110354\",\n \"text\": \"code plus numbers. Diplomatic plates are either red, yellow or blue and start with the letters \\\"CD\\\" (red) for diplomatic cars, \\\"CC\\\" (green) for consular cars, \\\"TA\\\" (yellow) for auxiliary workers cars or \\\"OI\\\" (blue) for cars belonging to international organisations. The first set of numbers stands for the embassy or organisation and the second for the specific car from an organisation. Up until 1972 U.S. Military personnel were required to have special plates. There are other plates with different background colours for trailers and the so-called \\\"tourist plates\\\", provisory plates that allow foreigners to use a vehicle bought in\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Spain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13646837\",\n \"text\": \"for producing Renault models. Other global automotive manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Opel, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz and MAN Truck & Bus produce automobiles, vans, buses and trucks in their Turkish factories. There are also a number of Turkish bus and truck brands, such as BMC, Otokar and TEMSA. By 2004, Turkey was exporting 518,000 vehicles a year, mostly to the European Union member states. In 2006, the European Investment Bank loaned Tofaş €175 million to jointly develop and produce with PSA Peugeot Citroën and Fiat Auto small commercial vehicles for the European market. The loan, part-financing for total investments estimated at\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12009643\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus The vehicle registration plates of Cyprus are composed of three letters and three digits (e.g. \\\"ABC 123\\\"). A simple incremental numbering system is used; numbers run from 001 to 999 per letter sequence (alphabetic), so that, for example, the plate to be issued after \\\"MAA 999\\\" would be \\\"MAB 001\\\". However, registrants may be allowed to choose a number from available numbers in the extant letter sequence. The exact permitted dimensions of Cyprus plates were similar to their British counterparts, and until 2004, characters were printed in black and in the same typeface as used\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2256087\",\n \"text\": \"of a leading digit followed by three letters and three digits, with the leading digit \\\"8\\\" as identifier (8-AAA-111). The so-called 8-plates are no longer issued and Staff of the International Organizations such as NATO, European Union, EuroControl, etc. are issued a regular Belgian plate. Since 2014 registered cars are provided with a standard red Belgian plate in the format N-LLL-NNN where N is a digit and L is a letter, those cars with 8-LLL-NNN structure will remain assigned until the expiration. Employees of the Eurocontrol Organisation could previously get a blue number plate consisting of three numbers followed by\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267918\",\n \"text\": \"the north will have lower numbers that get higher towards the south. Main roads are designated as multiples of 100 and 50, with the exception being D.010. Multiples of 100 are main east-west roads, while multiples of 50 are main north-south roads. D.010 is the only exception to this rule. Turkish State Highway System The State Highways of the Republic of Turkey (), abbreviated as T.C.K. are an integrated network of highways and roads in Turkey, consisting of a numbered grid spanning across the country. They are more commonly called State roads () and are the primary road network in\",\n \"title\": \"Turkish State Highway System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1795221\",\n \"text\": \"Belgium, for example, still permits vehicles to display the older small white number plates with red lettering, and the registration plates that are issued by the government body which assigns these are of the smaller format, too. In 1908 number plates were only three numbers and one letter long. Italy still permits smaller plates to be attached to the front of a vehicle, while the rear plate complies to the usual EU format. The common design consists of a blue strip on the left of the plate, which has the EU motif (12 yellow stars), along with the country code\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4649717\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish citizen is assigned a unique personal identification number called Turkish Identification Number ( or abbreviated as \\\"T.C. Kimlik No.\\\"), an 11-digit number with two trailing check digits. This assignment is organized through the MERNIS (abbreviation for ) project that started on 28 October 2000. The national ID card is compulsory for every citizen and is issued at birth. Parents need to register to the authorities with the child's birth certificate. The identification number is used by public institutions in their certificates and documents like identity card, passport, international family book, driving license, form and manifesto they issue to citizens.\",\n \"title\": \"National identification number\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19208539\",\n \"text\": \"diplomatic license plates vary from country to country. They often feature the letters \\\"CD\\\" (for \\\"\\\"Corps Diplomatique\\\"\\\"), \\\"D\\\" (for \\\"Diplomat\\\") or prefix of international organisations with diplomatic privileges, such as \\\"EU\\\" (for \\\"EUROPEAN UNION\\\") and \\\"OSCE\\\" (for \\\"Organization For Security And Co-operation In Europe\\\"). Diplomatic vehicle registration plate Most countries issue diplomatic license plates to accredited diplomats. Per the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, these are special vehicle registration plates which typically have distinctive features to allow diplomatic vehicles to be distinguished from other vehicles by police and other bodies, allowing them to give diplomatic vehicles special treatment and warning\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic vehicle registration plate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7692928\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"В\\\" in red on a white plate) and 6 digits — the form is \\\"BA NNN NNN\\\". The same form is adopted for the new license plates of the Civil Protection Service of Bulgaria, beginning with \\\"CP\\\" (for Civil Protection, formerly \\\"ГЗ\\\") followed by 5 digits — \\\"CP NN NNN\\\". On the left side of both kinds of plates there is a blue EU-standard vertical strip. Cars belonging to foreigners and imported into Bulgaria for a limited period of time are light blue with white characters, starting with \\\"ХХ\\\", followed by four (semantically meaningless) digits and two small digits denoting\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Bulgaria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12308508\",\n \"text\": \"number (e.g. USA = 9) and DC stands for diplomat's car. The plates have a white background with black letters and numbers. The numbers for taxis and buses are the same as those for private vehicles, but the plates have a green background instead of black background instead. The letters and numbers on the plate is white in colour as with private vehicles. Temporary license plates are given to car dealerships to enable the car to be transported to the showroom, for test drives, etc. These plates have a white background with red letters and numbers. Military vehicles have a\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Brunei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2256096\",\n \"text\": \"or \\\"W\\\". These plates have a square design, with the three letters on the first row and the three numbers on the second. The newer European plates are red on white like standard vehicle plates and begin with 1-MAA-001. Motorcycles with a capacity less than 50 cc carry no licence plates. Belgium was supposed to start issuing the European registration plates in July 2010. However, with the unexpected collapse of the federal government, the introduction of the new scheme was postponed to 15 November 2010. The last plate from the old series, 999-CFQ, was pressed by State Secretary for Mobility\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of Belgium\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Vehicle registration plates of Turkey context: Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \\\"TR\\\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one\\n\\nWhat are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 176,\n \"origin_tokens\": 176,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: International vehicle registration code context: system is used for vehicles belonging to the diplomats of foreign countries license plate from the host country. That system is host country-specific and varies largely from country to country. For example TR on a diplomatic car in the USA indicates Italian, not Turkish. Such markings in Norway are indicated with numbers only, again different from international standards (e.g. 90 means Slovakian. International vehicle registration code The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark.\\n\\ntitle Provinces of Turkey context matchedical order of names Afteronguldak 67), ordering is not alphabetical, but in the order of the creation of provinces, as provinces were created more and thus numbers were after set of codes had assigned. The province's ISO code suffix number, the first two digits of the vehicle plates of, and the digits of the postal codes in Turkey are the same.omenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) codes are different. Provinces of Turkey Turkey is divided into 81 provinces ().\\n\\ntitle: Veicle plates of Turkey are newer additions names chronologically. Veicle pl of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license pl found on vehicles The pl use an associated with the ge. Turkey, license plates madeized private worksh. plate rectangular shape made aluminum. On the left, the country code \\\"\\\" ×10 cm blue in EU countries (without the 2 golden stars). The is black characters background, and for official white on black.\\n\\ntitle Veicleates ofus, but no longer \\\", Following lefts circles international vehicle and F as3 mand. <> 150–1956 1956–1973 1973–1990 1990–2003 2003–2013 2013–present 1973-1990 1990–present Red font ΔΟΚΙΜΗ (\\\"test\\\")\\n\\nWhat are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 459,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14313,\n \"ratio\": \"31.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":0,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":78785,"offset":0,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3OTQyNTAxMywic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL1huaHlhY2ludGgvVFFBLUltYWdlIiwiZXhwIjoxNzc5NDI4NjEzLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.21yqenNa8lyW6XcoJUY58ETnP6dJREKMtX-xhdl1g5oNmwaMTbW9_ucG32DwB9PxDzyXOjLkCIOUaSWHqN2mBw","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":78785,"numBytesParquet":3116781630},{"config":"default","split":"eval","numRows":8837,"numBytesParquet":351091139},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":11313,"numBytesParquet":450091897}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
id int64 0 78.8k | question stringlengths 18 1.2k | answers list | target stringlengths 1 603 | ctxs list | compressed_ctxs_1 dict | compressed_ctxs_100 dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Who was President when the first Peanuts cartoon was published? | [
"Presidency of Harry S. Truman",
"Hary truman",
"Harry Shipp Truman",
"Harry Truman's",
"Harry S. Truman",
"Harry S.Truman",
"Harry S Truman",
"H. S. Truman",
"President Harry Truman",
"Truman administration",
"Presidency of Harry Truman",
"Mr. Citizen",
"HST (president)",
"H.S. Truman",
... | Harry Truman | [
{
"id": "525783",
"text": "the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Fr... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Peanuts context: the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eve... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Peanuts context: four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together wi... |
1 | Which American-born Sinclair won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930? | [
"(Harry) Sinclair Lewis",
"Harry Sinclair Lewis",
"Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair",
"Grace Hegger",
"Sinclair Lewis"
] | Sinclair Lewis | [
{
"id": "612144",
"text": "Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and gra... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sinclair Lewis context: Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10,... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sinclair Lewis context of alcoholism \"per se\". He reported that Lewis had a heart attack ... |
2 | Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born? | [
"Park Grove (1895)",
"York UA",
"Yorkish",
"UN/LOCODE:GBYRK",
"York, UK",
"Eoforwic",
"Park Grove School",
"York Ham",
"The weather in York",
"City of York",
"York, England",
"York, Yorkshire",
"York ham",
"County Borough of York",
"YORK",
"Eoferwic",
"Park Grove Primary School",
"... | York | [
{
"id": "874654",
"text": "She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2001, and the Special Olivier Award in 2004. In June 2011, she received a fellowship from the British Film Institute (BFI). Dench is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA). Dench was born in Heworth, North Riding of Yorkshir... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Judi Dench context: She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2001, and the Special Oli... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Judi Dench context: She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2001, and the Special Oli... |
3 | William Christensen of Madison, New Jersey, has claimed to have the world's biggest collection of what? | [
"Beer Cans"
] | Beer Cans | [
{
"id": "19461963",
"text": "William Joseph Hammer started to collect incandescent light bulbs from 1879 while they were being developed in the Edison laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was an associate of Thomas Edison and in his engineering career he was able to collect early filament electric light... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hammer Historical Collection of Incandescent Electric Lamps context: William Joseph Hammer ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle:ucrology context: stick them inside a book is not recommended as it can damage the packet. S... |
4 | In which decade did Billboard magazine first publish and American hit chart? | [
"30's",
"30’s",
"30s",
"30s AD",
"30-39"
] | 30s | [
{
"id": "1458464",
"text": "current charts in the 21st century as a loan word in several countries and languages of mainland Europe. Hit parade A hit parade is a ranked list of the most popular recordings at a given point in time, usually determined by sales and/or airplay. The term originated in the 1930s;... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hit parade context: current charts in the 21st century as a loan word in several countries ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Music history of the United States in the 1960s context: recorded songs issued after deaths... |
5 | Where was horse racing's Breeders' Cup held in 1988? | [
"Churchill Downs, Louisville, Kentucky"
] | Churchill Downs, Louisville, Kentucky | [
{
"id": "2858432",
"text": "in 1994, which was until then exclusively devoted to thoroughbred racing. On July 4, 2010 Queen Elizabeth II visited the Racetrack as part of her state visit to Canada, viewing the 151st running of The Queen's Plate Stakes, as well as taking part in the presentation of trophies. ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Woodbine Racetrack context: in 1994, which was until then exclusively devoted to thoroughbr... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Breeders' Cup context: The 1988 Breeders' Cup marked the first time a woman jockey competed... |
6 | From which country did Angola achieve independence in 1975? | [
"Portogało",
"Republic of Portugal",
"PORTUGAL",
"Portekiz",
"Portugallu",
"O Papagaio",
"ISO 3166-1:PT",
"Portunga",
"Phu-to-ga",
"Potigal",
"Portûnga",
"Portugul",
"An Phortaingéil",
"Portugāle",
"Portugale",
"Portingale",
"Potiti",
"Portugali",
"Portugall",
"Portekîz",
"Bo... | Portugal | [
{
"id": "11391664",
"text": "peace agreement did not last, as Savimbi rejected the election results and fighting resumed across the country until 2002. People's Republic of Angola The People's Republic of Angola () was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 unt... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: People's Republic of Angola context: peace agreement did not last, as Savimbi rejected the ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 1970s in Angola context: governments of Angola Zambia, and Zaire signed a non-aggression pa... |
7 | Which city does David Soul come from? | [
"Chi-Beria",
"Sayre language academy",
"Chicago",
"Chicago, Illinois",
"Hog Butcher for the World",
"Land of smelly onions",
"Ariel Community Academy",
"The weather in Chicago",
"Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.",
"Chicago, Illionis",
"Near North Montessori",
"Religion in Chicago",
"Chicago Finance... | Chicago | [
{
"id": "2962261",
"text": "his fifth wife, Helen Snell, in June 2010. They had been in a relationship since 2002, after meeting when Soul was working in the British stage production of \"Deathtrap.\" David Soul David Soul (born David Richard Solberg, August 28, 1943) is an American-British actor and singer... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: David Soul context: his fifth wife, Helen Snell, in June 2010. They had been in a relations... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: David Soul context: theatrical feature film in some countries. During the mid- to late 1970... |
8 | Who won Super Bowl XX? | [
"Chicago Bears",
"Chicago Staleys",
"Decatur Staleys",
"Chicago Bears football",
"Chicago bears",
"Save Da Planet",
"Chicago Gators"
] | Chicago Bears | [
{
"id": "397144",
"text": "Super Bowl XX Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The B... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Super Bowl XX context: Super Bowl XX Super Bowl XX was an American football game between th... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jim McMahon context: Jim McMahon James Robert McMahon, Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is a form... |
9 | Which was the first European country to abolish capital punishment? | [
"Norvège",
"Mainland Norway",
"Norway",
"Norvege",
"Noregur",
"NORWAY",
"Norwegian state",
"Etymology of Norway",
"Noruega",
"Norwegen",
"ISO 3166-1:NO",
"Noreg",
"Republic of Norway",
"Norwegian kingdom",
"Kongeriket Noreg",
"Name of Norway",
"Kongeriket Norge",
"Noorwegen",
"Ki... | Norway | [
{
"id": "14192531",
"text": "Capital punishment in San Marino Capital punishment is no longer applied in San Marino: the last execution was carried out in 1468, by hanging. San Marino is one of only two countries in the world to have carried out no executions since prior to 1800 (the other is Liechtenstein,... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Capital punishment in San Marino context: Capital punishment in San Marino Capital punishme... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Capital punishment in Europe context: states. In 2006 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Cou... |
10 | What first appeared in Ohio in 1914 to affect transport? | [
"First Traffic Lights"
] | First Traffic Lights | [
{
"id": "7778112",
"text": "and could not see the patent process through. Five years after Wire's invention, Salt Lake City became the first interconnected traffic signal system in the United States. Based on Wire's designs the lights were first installed on August 5, 1914 in Cleveland, Ohio on the corner o... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Lester Wire context: and could not see the patent process through. Five years after Wire's ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Xenia (automobile) context: first in thecar races held in Columbus, Ohio in August 1914. Th... |
11 | In what field did the brother of the author of The Turn of the Screw find fame? | [
"Psychology (William James was the brother of Henry)"
] | Psychology (William James was the brother of Henry) | [
{
"id": "742104",
"text": "Frank Bridge. Britten first came to public attention with the \"a cappella\" choral work \"A Boy was Born\" in 1934. With the premiere of \"Peter Grimes\" in 1945, he leapt to international fame. Over the next 28 years, he wrote 14 more operas, establishing himself as one of the l... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Benjamin Britten context: Frank Bridge. Britten first came to public attention with the \"a... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jane Marcet context: Normal School became the first school in America to teach science to w... |
12 | In which country did he widespread use of ISDN begin in 1988? | [
"日本國",
"State of Japan",
"Ja-pan",
"Nihon",
"Nippon",
"Japang",
"Modern–era Japan",
"Etymology of Japan",
"Japan (country)",
"Republic of Japan",
"Japanese financial sector",
"Nihon-koku",
"ISO 3166-1:JP",
"日本",
"Japian",
"Japan",
"JapaN",
"The State of Japan",
"Riben",
"Nippon... | Japan | [
{
"id": "1399869",
"text": "Plain old telephone service Plain old telephone service (POTS), or plain ordinary telephone service, is a retronym for voice-grade telephone service employing analog signal transmission over copper loops. POTS was the standard service offering from telephone companies from 1876 u... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Plain old telephone service context: Plain old telephone service Plain old telephone servic... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Integrated Services Digital Network context: Integrated Services Digital Network Integrated ... |
13 | What is Bruce Willis' real first name? | [
"Walter (TV Series)",
"Walter",
"Walter (disambiguation)",
"Walter (TV series)"
] | Walter | [
{
"id": "745039",
"text": "Bruce Willis Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. Born to a German mother and American father in Idar-Oberstein, Germany, he moved to the United States with his family in 1957. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage in the 1970s... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bruce Willis context: Bruce Willis Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bruce Willis context: him as the main character. notable roles: Willis has won a variety of... |
14 | Which William wrote the novel Lord Of The Flies? | [
"Golding",
"Golding (surname)",
"Golding (disambiguation)"
] | Golding | [
{
"id": "466995",
"text": "William Golding Sir William Gerald Golding, (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his novel \"Lord of the Flies\", he won a Nobel Prize in Literature and was awarded the Booker Prize for fiction in 1980 for his novel \"Rite... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: William Golding context: William Golding Sir William Gerald Golding, (19 September 1911 – 1... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: William Golding context: William Golding Sir William Gerald Golding, (19 September 1911 – 1... |
15 | Which innovation for the car was developed by Prince Henry of Prussia in 1911? | [
"Rear-window wiper",
"Headlight washer",
"Windshield wiper",
"Windshield wipers",
"Wipers (car)",
"Headlamp wiper",
"Windscreen wipers",
"MAGIC VISION CONTROL",
"Intermittent windshield wiper",
"Windscreen washer",
"Headlight wiper",
"Headlamp washer",
"Wiper blade",
"Windshield washer",
... | Windshield wipers | [
{
"id": "5924011",
"text": "Vauxhall Prince Henry The Vauxhall Prince Henry was a car manufactured by Vauxhall from 1911 to 1914. It had a length of around and a weight of depending on the model and the coachwork fitted. It is often thought of as the first sports car insofar as its high performance depends ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Vauxhall Prince Henry context: Vauxhall Prince Henry The Vauxhall Prince Henry was a car ma... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929) context: became the club's patron. Henry was interested... |
16 | How is musician William Lee Conley better known? | [
"Bill Broonzy",
"Big Bill Broonzey",
"William Lee Conley Broonzy",
"Big Bill Broonzy",
"William Broonzy"
] | Big Bill Broonzy | [
{
"id": "1794139",
"text": "Big Bill Broonzy Big Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he su... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Big Bill Broonzy context: Big Bill Broonzy Big Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Mast (musician) context: it feels composed with an ear tuned to jagged jazz and dark pop, wh... |
17 | To ten thousand square miles what it the area of New Mexico? | [
"121,364 square miles",
"121364 area",
"one hundred and twenty-one thousand, three hundred and sixty-four area"
] | 121,364 square miles | [
{
"id": "293515",
"text": "New Mexico New Mexico ( , ) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States of America. It is one of the Mountain States and shares the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; its other neighboring states are Oklahoma to the northeast, Texas to the east-so... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: New Mexico context: New Mexico New Mexico ( , ) is a state in the Southwestern region of th... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Gila Wilderness context is a wilderness, visitors must minimize their impact on the natural... |
18 | How is Joan Molinsky better known? | [
"Queen of Comedy",
"Heidi Abromowitz",
"Joan Rivers (TV) Show",
"Joan Alexandra Molinsky",
"Diary of a Mad Diva",
"Joan rivers",
"Heidi abromowitz",
"Joan River",
"Joan Rivers Show",
"Joan Rivers"
] | Joan Rivers | [
{
"id": "1923112",
"text": "Joan Rivers Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, actress, writer, producer, and television host. She was noted for her often controversial comedic persona—heavily self-deprecating or sharply ace... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Joan Rivers context: Joan Rivers Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014)... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Joan Rivers context: television Jack Gould called Rivers \"quite possibly the most intuitiv... |
19 | In which branch of the arts is Patricia Neary famous? | [
"Ballet",
"Ballet competitions",
"Ballet schools",
"Balet, India",
"Balletti",
"Ballet dancing",
"1938 ballet premieres",
"Balletto",
"Balletomane",
"2011 ballet premieres",
"1940 ballet premieres",
"Balletomanes",
"1939 ballet premieres",
"Ballet characters",
"Ballet teachers",
"Balle... | Ballet | [
{
"id": "17887079",
"text": "Patricia Neary Patricia Neary (born October 27, 1942) is an American ballerina, choreographer and ballet director, who has been particularly active in Switzerland. She has also been a highly successful ambassador for the Balanchine Trust, bringing George Balanchine's ballets to ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Patricia Neary context: Patricia Neary Patricia Neary (born October 27, 1942) is an America... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ballett Zürich context: Ballett Zürich Ballett Zürich, formerly known as Zürich Ballet, is... |
20 | Which country is Europe's largest silk producer? | [
"Environment of Italy",
"Italiën",
"Subdivisions of Italy",
"Republic of Italy",
"ItalY",
"ISO 3166-1:IT",
"Etymology of Italy",
"Itali",
"Pollution in Italy",
"Administrative divisions of Italy",
"Austrian Empire (Italy)",
"Italija",
"Italie",
"Italia",
"Italian Republic",
"Second Ita... | Italy | [
{
"id": "10095143",
"text": "of synthetic fibres and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan's silk industry, and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of silk. With its recent economic reforms, the People's Republic of China has become the world's largest silk producer.... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of silk context: of synthetic fibres and loosening of the protectionist economy con... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Silk industry China context: Silk industry in China China is the world's largest silk produ... |
21 | At which university did Joseph Goebbels become a doctor of philosophy? | [
"Heidelberg romantics",
"UN/LOCODE:DEHEI",
"Heidelberg, West Germany",
"Wieblingen",
"Heidelberg",
"Heidelberg, Germany"
] | Heidelberg | [
{
"id": "210634",
"text": "Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was one of Adolf Hitler's close associates and most devoted followers, and was known for his skills in public s... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Joseph Goebbels context: Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 19... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Joseph Goebbels context: universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a s... |
22 | Which prince is Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son? | [
"Eadweard",
"Edward"
] | Edward | [
{
"id": "1840369",
"text": "became extinct. During the period leading up to the 1999 wedding of Prince Edward, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II, experts speculated that the dukedom of Cambridge or Sussex were the most likely to be granted to him, and \"The Sunday Telegraph\" later reported that Prince... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Duke of Cambridge context: became extinct. During the period leading up to the 1999 wedding... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex context: with the subsidiary title of Viscount Severn (derive... |
23 | When did the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses say the world would end? | [
"one thousand, nine hundred and fourteen",
"1914"
] | 1914 | [
{
"id": "630702",
"text": "1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called \"the Gentile Times,\" at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, \"Herald of the Morning\". In Ju... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jehovah's Witnesses context: 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called \"the Gen... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses context: rapture was expected \"before the close of A.D.... |
24 | Who found the remains of the Titanic? | [
"Bob Ballard",
"Robert Duane Ballard",
"Robert Ballard",
"Robert %22Bob%22 Ballard",
"Robert d. ballard"
] | Robert Ballard | [
{
"id": "12455739",
"text": "the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors, they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A, ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: RMS Titanic context: the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Colla... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Wreck of RMS Titanic context: day of the expedition, an object that looked like a propeller... |
25 | What was the profession of Sir David Frost's father? | [
"Clergyman",
"Clergy man",
"Priest hood",
"Clerically",
"Clerics",
"Spiritual Leader",
"Lead a religious assembly",
"Clergywomen",
"Cleric",
"Religious leader",
"Ecclesiast",
"Clergymen",
"Clergy men",
"Clergical",
"Religieux",
"History of the Priesthood",
"Clergial",
"Regular Cler... | Clergyman | [
{
"id": "2420429",
"text": "had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. His 31-year-old son Miles Frost died from the same condition in 2015. David Frost Sir David Paradine Frost (7 April 1939 – 31 August 2013) was an English television host, media personality, journalist, comedian, and writer. After graduating from t... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: David Frost context: had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. His 31-year-old son Miles Frost died ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: David Frost context: hadpertrophic cardiomyopathy. His 31-year-old son Miles Frost died fro... |
26 | Who was the only Spice Girl not to have a middle name? | [
"My Love Is For Real (Victoria Beckham song",
"Romeo James Beckham",
"Harper Seven Beckham",
"Posh Spice",
"Victoria addams",
"Victoria Beckham",
"Victoria Adams Beckham",
"Harper Beckham",
"Victoria Caroline Beckham",
"I'd Give It All Away",
"Come Together (Victoria Beckham album)",
"Posh spi... | Posh Spice | [
{
"id": "387019",
"text": "Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). Th... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Spice Girls context: Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 19... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Spice Girls dolls context: Stage\"set and additional \"Spiceworld Fashions\" costumes. The ... |
27 | What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Algeria? | [
"DZ (disambiguation)",
"Dz.",
"DZs",
"Dz",
"D.z.",
"DZ",
"D Z",
"D.Z."
] | Dz | [
{
"id": "17062425",
"text": "Vehicle registration plates of Algeria Algerian registration plates are manufactured according to the same standards as their French counterparts, using the same font and dimensions – although there has been a recent tendency to apply custom typefaces (Impact and Century Gothic ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Vehicle registration plates of Algeria context: Vehicle registration plates of Algeria Alge... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: International vehicle registration code context: system is used for vehicles belonging to t... |
28 | How did Jock die in Dallas? | [
"Helicopter accident"
] | Helicopter accident | [
{
"id": "9073995",
"text": "began dating Digger's business partner, friend Jock Ewing, who had just begun making his fortune in the oil business and building Ewing Oil. On the day that her family was going to lose Southfork, Miss Ellie married Jock, and Jock was the only man in Dallas known to have the mone... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Miss Ellie Ewing context: began dating Digger's business partner, friend Jock Ewing, who ha... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jock Ewing context: beside Miss Ellie's headstone and grave. In a storyline during the 1986... |
29 | "Who said, ""Anybody wishing to banish theft from the world must cut off the thief's hands?" | [
"Khomeinist",
"Air France Khomeini return flight",
"Ayatollah Khomeni",
"Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini",
"Khomeni",
"روح الله موسوی خمینی",
"Rudollah Khomeini",
"Khomaini",
"Imam Khumayni",
"Khomeini, Ayatollah",
"Ayat Allah Khomeini",
"Ayatullah Khomeini",
"Ayat Allah Ruh Allah Khomeini... | Ayatollah Khomeini | [
{
"id": "422482",
"text": "Quran which states \"As to the thief, Male or female, cut off his or her hands: a punishment by way of example, from Allah, for their crime: and Allah is Exalted in power.\" This is viewed as being a deterrent. In Buddhism, one of the five precepts prohibits theft, and involves th... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Theft context: Quran which states \"As to the thief, Male or female, cut off his or her han... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Persecution of Christians context: ears According to Mr. Silva of Gangolim, a survivor of t... |
30 | To the nearest 10,000 square miles, what is the area of Arkansas? | [
"53,187",
"fifty-three thousand, one hundred and eighty-seven",
"53187"
] | 53,187 | [
{
"id": "11793451",
"text": "however, span from the Arkansas River in the south through north central Arkansas. The Boston Mountains subset contain highest peaks in the Ozarks. Arkansas is located in the southeastern United States, in the West South Central Census Bureau division. Arkansas covers an area of... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Geography of Arkansas context: however, span from the Arkansas River in the south through n... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Rice cultivation in Arkansas context: million subsidies, respectively, from 1995-2010 . Of ... |
31 | What star sign is Michael Caine? | [
"Pisces (disambiguation)",
"Piscean",
"Picese",
"Pisces",
"Piscese",
"Pisese"
] | Pisces | [
{
"id": "718784",
"text": "Michael Caine Sir Michael Caine, (; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, 14 March 1933) is an English actor, producer and author. He has appeared in more than 125 films in a career spanning 50 years and is considered a British film icon. Known for his cockney accent, Caine was born in... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Michael Caine context: Michael Caine Sir Michael Caine, (; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite,... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Harris Caine context: work he was knighted in 1988. With his first wife, Janice Mercer, he ... |
32 | Who wrote the novel Evening Class? | [
"Maeve Binchy"
] | Maeve Binchy | [
{
"id": "10374798",
"text": "Evening Class (novel) Evening Class is a novel by Maeve Binchy. It was adapted as the award-winning film \"Italian for Beginners\" (2000) by writer-director Lone Scherfig, who failed to formally acknowledge the source, although at the very end of the closing credits is the line ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Evening Class (novel) context: Evening Class (novel) Evening Class is a novel by Maeve Binc... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Evening Class (novel) context Evening Class (novel) Evening Class is a novel by Maeve Binch... |
33 | Which country does the airline Air Pacific come from? | [
"Fiji Islands",
"Pacific/Fiji",
"Fidji",
"Matanitu Ko Viti",
"Fijis",
"Fijian Islands",
"Feejee",
"Ripablik ăph Phījī",
"Cannibal Isles",
"Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji",
"ISO 3166-1:FJ",
"Name of Fiji",
"Etymology of Fiji",
"Fiji Islander",
"Holidays in fiji",
"Fiji's",
"Rep... | Fiji | [
{
"id": "19917166",
"text": "reluctantly left Fiji to become Governor of the British Virgin Islands (BVI). He was appointed in the 1968 Birthday Honours. In 1971 he returned to Fiji after being invited by the Prime Minister of the newly independent Dominion of Fiji, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to chair the boar... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ian Thomson (Fiji) context: reluctantly left Fiji to become Governor of the British Virgin ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Fiji Link context: off a legal challenge against the handover by the now-defunct rival domes... |
34 | In which branch of the arts does Allegra Kent work? | [
"Ballet",
"Ballet competitions",
"Ballet schools",
"Balet, India",
"Balletti",
"Ballet dancing",
"1938 ballet premieres",
"Balletto",
"Balletomane",
"2011 ballet premieres",
"1940 ballet premieres",
"Balletomanes",
"1939 ballet premieres",
"Ballet characters",
"Ballet teachers",
"Balle... | Ballet | [
{
"id": "8650668",
"text": "McGowan and artistic director Barbara Zinn Krieger. The adaptation received positive reviews by \"The New York Times\", \"Time Out New York Kids\", and others. Due to its success, in December 2015, New York City Children's Theater produced a revival of \"Ballerina Swan.\" Kent cu... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Allegra Kent context: McGowan and artistic director Barbara Zinn Krieger. The adaptation re... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Allegra Kent context: [own] parents. borrowed a neighbor's working papers and took a job at... |
35 | Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Billy, Don't Be A Hero? | [
"Bo donaldson and the heywoods",
"Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods",
"Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods",
"The Heywoods",
"Bo Donaldson & the Haywoods",
"Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods",
"Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods",
"Bo Donaldson",
"Rick Joswick",
"Bo Donaldson and the Haywoods"
] | Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods | [
{
"id": "4389950",
"text": "Phil Wright's Original 70s Paper Lace) the band initially questioned appearing. However, with the show having weekly viewing figures of 7 million, they concluded that going on the programme was a \"no brainer\", and the band won Opportunity Knocks for five consecutive weeks. Base... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Paper Lace context: Phil Wright's Original 70s Paper Lace) the band initially questioned ap... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 190s in music context: known European groups ever, as well as one of the few groups from a ... |
36 | Banting and Best pioneered the use of what? | [
"Insulin antagonists",
"Human Mixtard",
"Insulin recombinant purified human",
"INS (gene)",
"Insulin Human",
"C65R",
"Insulin recombinant human",
"C257H383N65O77S6",
"Insulin purified pork",
"Actraphane",
"Insulin zinc susp recombinant human",
"Insuline",
"Insulin zinc susp prompt beef",
"... | Insulin | [
{
"id": "16213098",
"text": "an excess of a kind of sugar (called glucose) in the urine and blood. The first recorded doctors notes regarding the treatment of diabetes came in 1797 by John Rollo, which largely recommended a meat heavy diet. Although diabetes has been recognized since antiquity, and treatmen... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of diabetes context: an excess of a kind of sugar (called glucose) in the urine and... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: James S Havens context: James S. Havens James Smith Havens (May 28, 1859 – February 27, 192... |
37 | Who directed the movie La Dolce Vita? | [
"Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI",
"Felini",
"Felliniesque",
"Fellini",
"Frederico Fellini",
"Federico Fellini"
] | Federico Fellini | [
{
"id": "2879585",
"text": "La Dolce Vita La Dolce Vita (; Italian for \"the sweet life\" or \"the good life\") is a 1960 Italian drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini (Marcello Mastroianni), a journalist writing for gossip magazines, over seven days and ni... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: La Dolce Vita context: La Dolce Vita La Dolce Vita (; Italian for \"the sweet life\" or \"t... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 8½ context: bian\" (1952), \"I Vitelloni\" (1953), \"La Strada\" (1954), \"Il bidone\" (195... |
38 | Which country does the airline LACSA come from? | [
"Countries: Costa Rica",
"Costarrica",
"Republic of Costa Rica",
"Sport in Costa Rica",
"Costarica",
"The Republic of Costa Rica",
"Costa rica",
"Rich Coast",
"Costa-Rica",
"Climate of Costa Rica",
"Costa Rica",
"Costa Rican",
"República de Costa Rica",
"Climate of costa rica",
"Cosat Ri... | Costa Rica | [
{
"id": "2482692",
"text": "Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Costa Rica, formerly known as LACSA (\"Spanish: Lineas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A.\"), minority owned by the Synergy Group, is the national airline of Costa Rica and is based in San José. It operates international scheduled services to over 35 destinatio... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Avianca Costa Rica context: Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Costa Rica, formerly known as LACSA (... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle:ignes Aériennes Congolaises (2005–2013) context: its fleet, but 6 MA-60s are on order. LAC ... |
39 | Who directed 2001: A Space Odyssey? | [
"Stanley Q-Brick",
"Stanley kubrick",
"Stan Kubrick",
"Stanley Kubrik",
"Kubricks",
"List of Stanley Kubrick films",
"Stanley Kubrick",
"Uncompleted Kubrick films",
"Toba metz",
"Stanley kubrik",
"Kubrick",
"Kubrik",
"Kubrickian"
] | Stanley Kubrick | [
{
"id": "13676659",
"text": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film) 2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, and was inspired by Clarke's short story \"The Sentinel\". A , written concurrently with t... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) context: 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) 2001: A Space Odyssey is... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 2001: A Space Odyssey context but Saturn. 2001: A Space Odyssey was the name of an oversize... |
40 | Which is the largest of the Japanese Volcano Islands? | [
"Mount Surabachi",
"Iō-tō",
"Iwō Tō",
"Iwo-Jima",
"Io-jima",
"Ivo jima",
"Io To",
"Iōtō",
"Iwo To",
"Iwo Jima Island",
"Iwo Jima",
"Ioto",
"Iwoto",
"Iwo jima",
"Iwojima",
"Io Jima",
"Iō Tō",
"Iwōtō"
] | Iwo Jima | [
{
"id": "2328876",
"text": "Volcano Islands The or are a group of three Japanese islands south of the Bonin Islands that belong to the municipality of Ogasawara, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. The islands are all active volcanoes lying atop an island arc that stretches south to the Marianas. They have an area of ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Volcano Islands context: Volcano Islands The or are a group of three Japanese islands south... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Volcano Islands context: or central mountain) on Iwo Jima; and two settlements on Kita Iwo ... |
41 | Who was the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic? | [
"Amelia airheart",
"Amelia Airhardt",
"Disappearance of Amelia Earhart",
"Amelia Airhart",
"Amelia Erhart",
"Emelia Earhart",
"Amelia Mary Earhart",
"Amelia Aerhart",
"Amelia Erhardt",
"Amelia Earheart",
"Amelia Earnhart",
"Amelia Earhart Putnam",
"Emelia Airheart",
"Amelia earhart",
"Am... | Amelia Earhart | [
{
"id": "12109467",
"text": "flight of Earhart was known as \"World Flight 1997.\" Finch's flight marked the 60th anniversary of Earhart's failed effort as well as centennial of her birth. History records that Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, the first woman to fly nonstop... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Linda Finch context: flight of Earhart was known as \"World Flight 1997.\" Finch's flight m... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ruth Rowland Nichols context: set the women' world speed record of 210.7 miles per hour (33... |
42 | Which port lies between Puget Sound and Lake Washington? | [
"Seattle, Washington.",
"Seattle Weekly news",
"Jet City",
"Seattle, Washington, USA",
"Seattle WA",
"Seattle, United States of America",
"舍路",
"City of Seattle",
"Seattle Washington",
"Seattle, US-WA",
"Seattle (WA)",
"Seattle, Wa",
"Seattle, WA",
"Seattle, Washington",
"St. Anne Seattl... | Seattle | [
{
"id": "4686797",
"text": "Bodies of water of Seattle Located on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound on the west and Lake Washington on the east, water comprises approximately 41% of the total area of the city of Seattle, Washington, USA. It was founded on the harbor of Elliott Bay, home to the Port of Se... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bodies of water of Seattle context: Bodies of water of Seattle Located on a narrow isthmus ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Commencement Bay context: Commencement Bay Commencement Bay is a bay of Puget Sound in the U... |
43 | Who became US Vice President when Spiro Agnew resigned? | [
"President Gerald R. Ford",
"Gerald R. Ford Jr.",
"Assassination attempts on Gerald Ford",
"Leslie Lynch King Jr.",
"Leslie L King",
"Leslie King, Jr.",
"Ford administration",
"Gerald R Ford",
"Leslie Lynch King, Jr",
"Birth and life of Gerald Ford",
"Leslie Lynch King",
"Presidency of Gerald ... | Gerald Ford | [
{
"id": "507544",
"text": "Spiro Agnew Spiro Theodore Agnew (; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second and more recent officeholder to resign the position, after John C. Calhoun in 1832. Agnew was born ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Spiro Agnew context: Spiro Agnew Spiro Theodore Agnew (; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Arthur Sohmer context: After Agnew's resignation in 1973 Sohmer held positions with the Gen... |
44 | In which decade of the 20th century was Billy Crystal born? | [
"The Forties",
"1940–1949",
"%6040s",
"1940s",
"Nineteen-forties",
"1940s literature",
"'40s",
"1940-1949",
"1940's",
"1940s (decade)"
] | 1940s | [
{
"id": "51320",
"text": "Billy Crystal William Edward Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, director, comedian, and television host. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom \"Soap\" and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s a... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Billy Crystal context: Billy Crystal William Edward Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an Ame... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Billy Crystal context: is Jewish (his family emigrated from Austria and Russia). The three ... |
45 | Which George invented the Kodak roll-film camera? | [
"Eastman",
"Eastman (disambiguation)"
] | Eastman | [
{
"id": "704148",
"text": "was 15 years old. The young George left school early and started working to help support the family. As Eastman began to have success with his photography business, he vowed to repay his mother for the hardships she had endured in raising him. In 1884, Eastman patented the first f... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: George Eastman context: was 15 years old. The young George left school early and started wo... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: George Eastman context: was 15 years old. The young George left school early and started wo... |
46 | Which series had the characters Felix Unger and Oscar Madison? | [
"The Odd Couple",
"The Female Odd Couple",
"Oscar madison",
"Murray Greshler",
"Oscar Madison"
] | The Odd Couple | [
{
"id": "8456576",
"text": "The Odd Couple (1970 TV series) The Odd Couple, formally titled onscreen Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, is an American television situation comedy broadcast from September 24, 1970, to March 7, 1975, on ABC. It stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison, an... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Odd Couple (1970 TV series) context: The Odd Couple (1970 TV series) The Odd Couple, fo... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Odd Couple (1970 TV series) context: \"Pink Panther\" cartoons: David DePatie and Friz ... |
47 | Who along with Philips developed the CD in the late 70s? | [
"Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo",
"DCR-DVD405E",
"DSC-P93",
"ソニー株式会社",
"DSC-T10",
"Sony Corporation",
"DCR-TRV38",
"DCR-SR35E",
"List of Sony shareholders and subsidiaries",
"Sony Style",
"Sony Corp.",
"MODEL-NAME",
"Sony Entertainment",
"S0ny",
"Sony corporation",
"The Sony Corporation",
"List... | Sony | [
{
"id": "1583470",
"text": "in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s. The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information densi... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: CD player context: in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's paten... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Optical recording context: Warner Communications did not sign, and was sued ORC. In 1992, t... |
48 | Where is the multinational Nestle based? | [
"ISO 3166-1:CH",
"Svissland",
"Etymology of Switzerland",
"Confederation Helvetia",
"Swizerland",
"Confederatio Helvetica",
"Environmental Integrity Group",
"Confoederatio Helvetica",
"Svizra",
"SWITZERLAND",
"Confédération suisse",
"SwissEnergy",
"Schweitz",
"Švýcarsko",
"Die Schweiz",
... | Switzerland | [
{
"id": "2604040",
"text": "Vevey Vevey () is a town in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, on the north shore of Lake Geneva, near Lausanne. It was the seat of the district of the same name until 2006, and is now part of the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District. It is part of the French-speaking area of Switzerla... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Vevey context: Vevey Vevey () is a town in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, on the north ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Blue Bottle Coffee context: not disclosed, the \"Financial Times\" reported \"Nestle is unde... |
49 | Do You Know Where You're Going To? was the theme from which film? | [
"Mahoganies",
"Mahoganier",
"Mahogony",
"Mahagany",
"Mahogany",
"Mahoganish",
"Mogany",
"Mahoganyish"
] | Mahogany | [
{
"id": "17944253",
"text": "Mahogany (soundtrack) Mahogany was the second original motion picture soundtrack by Diana Ross, following her 1972 release \"Lady Sings the Blues\". The soundtrack from the film \"Mahogany\" (her second film, following \"Lady Sings the Blues\") included the chart-topping single ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Mahogany (soundtrack) context: Mahogany (soundtrack) Mahogany was the second original motion... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mahogany (soundtrack) context: Mahogany (soundtrack) Mahogany was the second original motio... |
50 | 19969 was the Chinese year of which creature? | [
"🐀",
"Species of rat",
"Ratus (genus)",
"Rats",
"Rattus rattus domesticus",
"True rat",
"Rat subspecies",
"Rat IQ",
"Rat",
"Subspecies of rat",
"Rattus",
"Rat feces",
"Stenomys",
"Ringie",
"List of rat species",
"Rat species"
] | Rat | [
{
"id": "11112160",
"text": "Scott Mellanby reacted by \"one-timing\" the rat against the wall, killing it . That night he scored two goals, which goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck quipped was \"a rat trick\". Two nights later, as the story found its way into the world, a few fans threw rubber rats on the ice i... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 1995–96 Florida Panthers season context: Scott Mellanby reacted by \"one-timing\" the rat a... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tiger in Chinese culture context: in China7000 years ago; the Year of the Tiger, tiger shoe... |
51 | In the 90s how many points have been awarded for finishing second in a Grand Prix? | [
"six",
"6"
] | 6 | [
{
"id": "4028670",
"text": "23 and Nannini eighth with 21. In the constructors, McLaren were champions with 121 points with Ferrari second with 110, Benetton third with 71 and Williams fourth with 55. Points towards the 1990 FIA Formula One World Championship for Drivers were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 1990 Formula One World Championship context: 23 and Nannini eighth with 21. In the construc... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ayrton Senna context: Brazilian cyclist Murilo Fischer wore a helmet based on Senna's helme... |
52 | Stapleton international airport is in which US state? | [
"Colorado (State)",
"Colorful Colorado",
"Special districts of Colorado",
"Insignia of the State of Colorado",
"List of military facilities in Colorado",
"Coloradan",
"Cuisines of Colorado",
"Colorado (U.S. state)",
"List of professional sports teams in Colorado",
"Religion in Colorado",
"Profes... | Colorado | [
{
"id": "107155",
"text": "the world. Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area. Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC) is north-northwest, Centennial Airport (KAPA) is south-southeast, and Front Range Airport (KFTG) is east of the state capitol. In the past, Denver has been home to several ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Denver context: the world. Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area. Rocky Mou... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Goodland Municipal Airport context: with NE/SW 3,600' long. Former NW/SE runway now paved an... |
53 | What was Kevin Kline's first movie? | [
"Sophie's Choice",
"Sophie's Choice (disambiguation)",
"Sophies Choice",
"Sophie's choice"
] | Sophie's Choice | [
{
"id": "1726414",
"text": "Actor in a Play for the 2017 revival of \"Present Laughter\". He made his film debut in \"Sophie's Choice\" (1982). For his role in the 1988 comedy hit \"A Fish Called Wanda\", he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2003, he starred as Falstaff in the Broadway pro... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kevin Kline context: Actor in Play for the 2017 revival of \"Present Laughter\". He made hi... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kevin Kline context: the early 140s, and sold toys during the 1960s and 1970s; his father's... |
54 | Which actor had a Doberman Pinscher called Kirk? | [
"Gloria Rabinowitz",
"Star Trek (Shatnerverse Novels)",
"Shatastic",
"William Shatner",
"A Twist in the Tale (1998 TV series)",
"Shatneresque",
"The Shat",
"Bill Shatner",
"Shatnerian",
"Nerine Kidd",
"The Shatters",
"Gloria Rand",
"Willem shatner",
"William Alan Shatner",
"Shatner, Will... | William Shatner | [
{
"id": "16958212",
"text": "feature films \"Robin Hood\" (1973), \"The Rescuers\" (1976) and \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" (1977), one of many Disney to draw on A. A. Milne's characters. Many UK actors have achieved international fame and critical success, including Julie Andrews, Christian Ba... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hollywood and the United Kingdom context: feature films \"Robin Hood\" (1973), \"The Rescue... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kirk Douglas context: Kirk Douglas Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch Demsky, December 9... |
55 | Which country became the first in the world to issue the dreaded parking ticket? | [
"La Republique francaise",
"Franciaország",
"La Republique française",
"Belle France",
"FRANCE",
"Republique française",
"France",
"Ranska",
"Franciaorszag",
"French Republic",
"République francaise",
"République française",
"ISO 3166-1:FR",
"Frankreich",
"France (country)",
"Etymology... | France | [
{
"id": "11341343",
"text": "design that includes the International Symbol of Access wheelchair logo, and a blue clock face in line with the EU blue badge system introduced in 2000. Disc parking was first introduced in Paris in 1957 and adopted in Kassel in 1961—in both cases the new parking system was intr... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Disc parking context: design that includes the International Symbol of Access wheelchair lo... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Visa policy of Ireland context: Bulgaria and Romania (18 December 2006), Taiwan (1 July 2009... |
56 | What day of the week was the Wall Street Crash? | [
"Thor's Day",
"Guruvaar",
"Thor's day",
"Thursdays",
"Thursday",
"Thurs.",
"Thorsday",
"Jupiter's day"
] | Thursday | [
{
"id": "1378949",
"text": "and mid October, with sharp down days punctuated by a few up days. Panic selling on huge volume started the week of October 21 and intensified and culminated on October 24, the 28th, and especially the 29th (\"Black Tuesday\"). The president of the Chase National Bank said at the... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Wall Street Crash of 1929 context: and mid October, with sharp down days punctuated by a fe... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Wall Street Crash of 1929 context: percent However, the American economy showed ominous sig... |
57 | The US signed a treaty with which country to allow the construction of the Panama Canal? | [
"Columbia",
"Columbia (municipality)",
"Columbia (song)",
"Columbia automobile",
"Columbia (yacht)",
"Columbia (disambiguation)",
"Columbia (town)"
] | Columbia | [
{
"id": "314632",
"text": "Hubbard, sent a small party ashore and, with the support of the American superintendent of the Panama Railroad, prevented the Colombians from taking the train to Panama City. On November 13, 1903, after 57 years of policing Bogotá's interests, the US formally recognized the countr... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of Panama context: Hubbard, sent a small party ashore and, with the support of the ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty context: The events of January 9 were considered to be a significa... |
58 | What was Prince's last No 1 of the 80s? | [
"Batdance"
] | Batdance | [
{
"id": "15907006",
"text": "Place of Your Man\" and \"U Got the Look\". His success in Europe and Asia increased throughout the late-1980s with his 1988 album \"Lovesexy\" which crafted the top-40 hits \"Alphabet St.\", \"Glam Slam\", and \"I Wish U Heaven\". Prince closed the 1980s recording the soundtrac... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Prince singles discography context Place of Your Man\" and \"U Got the Look\". His success ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Prince singles discography context: He was the most successful artist on the \"Billboard\" ... |
59 | Man In The Mirror first featured on which Michel Jackson album? | [
"Bad (disambiguation)",
"Bad (song)",
"Bad",
"BAD",
"BAD (disambiguation)",
"Badness"
] | Bad | [
{
"id": "5472397",
"text": "Mendes, appearing on three of his albums. In 1987 Garrett was involved in Michael Jackson's \"Bad\" album, singing a duet with Jackson on \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\" in several different languages (among which were French and Spanish). She co-wrote the #1 single \"Man in the... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Siedah Garrett context: Mendes, appearing on three of his albums. In 1987 Garrett was invol... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Man in the Mirror context: as the of the concert during the Bad World Tour's second leg, an... |
60 | Where was the first battle with US involvement in the Korean War? | [
"水原",
"Suwon, Puwan",
"Suwŏn",
"Suwon Airfield",
"Suwon",
"Suweon",
"수원",
"Suwon City",
"Sannam Elementary School"
] | Suwon | [
{
"id": "17281510",
"text": "late July 1950 Task Force Smith was overrun in the city of Taejon. Troops from the Army's 25th Infantry Division were deployed to Taejon to establish a new line and pullout the decimated 24th I.D. This addition of combat troops did not stop the North Korean advance and both Amer... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: United States in the Korean War context: late July 1950 Task Force Smith was overrun in the... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: United States in the Korean War context were destroyed. The US had lost the battle, reveali... |
61 | On which Caribbean island did Princess Diana spend he first Christmas after her divorce was announced? | [
"Barbuda Island, Antigua and Barbuda",
"Barbuda Island",
"Barbuda colony",
"Dependency of Barbuda, Antigua and Barbuda",
"Barbuda, Antigua and Barbuda",
"Dependency of Barbuda",
"Barbuda Dependency, Antigua and Barbuda",
"Barbuda",
"Island of Barbuda"
] | Barbuda | [
{
"id": "12368020",
"text": "minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, S... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Carib context: minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Sa... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Unomer Group context: England. The company was established in the Caribbean region since 19... |
62 | In which decade was Arnold Schwarzenegger born? | [
"The Fifties",
"1950s",
"1950-1959",
"50's",
"1950’s",
"1950–1959",
"Nineteen-fifties",
"1950s (decade)",
"1950ies",
"1950's",
"'50s",
"195%3F",
"Fifties"
] | 1950s | [
{
"id": "17700",
"text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Arnold Schwarzenegger context: Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Thal, Styria context: Thal, Styria Thal () is a small village in the Austrian state of Styri... |
63 | Which musical featured the song Thank Heaven for Little Girls? | [
"Gigi",
"GiGi"
] | Gigi | [
{
"id": "694727",
"text": "Fair Lady\" and \"Camelot\". \"Gigi\" was a box-office and critical success which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. From it came several hit songs, including \"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\", \"I Remember It Well\", the \"Waltz at Maxim's\", and the Oscar-winning t... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer context: Fair Lady\" and \"Camelot\". \"Gigi\" was a box-office and cri... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Thank Heaven for Little Girls context: French accent, Peter Sellers. In the \"Happy Days\" ... |
64 | The Queen Elizabeth liner was destroyed by fire in the 70s in which harbour? | [
"Kong Hong",
"Hong Kong, city",
"Hong kong as a financial center",
"Hongkong,China",
"Hsian kang",
"Hongkong",
"Hong-kong",
"Hon Kon",
"Hong Kong S. A. R.",
"Hong Kong/China",
"Hong Kong City",
"HK",
"Name of Hong Kong",
"Hong Kong,China",
"Heung Gong",
"Hsiankang",
"Hong Kong/Infobo... | Hong Kong | [
{
"id": "1430565",
"text": "the ship. The fact that C.Y. Tung had acquired the vessel for $3.5 million, and had insured it for $8 million, led some to speculate that the inferno was part of a fraud to collect on the insurance claim. Others speculated that the fires were the result of a conflict between Tung... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: RMS Queen Elizabeth context: the ship. The fact that C.Y. Tung had acquired the vessel for ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: RMS Queen Elizabeth context: scrap between 1974 and 1975.ions of the hull that were not sal... |
65 | What breed of dog did Columbo own? | [
"Basset Hound",
"Bassett hound",
"Basset hounds",
"Basset hound",
"Basid hound"
] | Basset hound | [
{
"id": "769852",
"text": "Lassie had a Basset friend named Pokey early in the \"Lassie\" television series. Other famous TV Bassets are the wisecracking Cleo from \"The People's Choice\", Columbo's dog Dog, and the sheriff's dog Flash in \"The Dukes of Hazzard\". Basset Hounds are often used as advertising... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Basset Hound context: Lassie had a Basset friend named Pokey early in the \"Lassie\" televi... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Columbo context: reactions to Columbo's antics more genuine. Some of the episodes establish... |
66 | What combined with Metro Pictures and Goldwyn Pictures to form MGM? | [
"Louis B Mayer Company"
] | Louis B Mayer Company | [
{
"id": "694694",
"text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (initialized as MGM; common metonym: the Lion or Leo) is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. One of the world's oldest film studios, MGM's he... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer context: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-M Studios Inc. (initialized ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Leo the Lion (MGM) context: in use since 1957 (a total of years), was actually named \"Leo ... |
67 | Which Oscar-winning actress was born on exactly the same day as actress Lindsay Wagner? | [
"Meryl streep",
"Meryl Streep",
"Mary Streep",
"Streep",
"Mary Louise Streep",
"Merril Streep",
"Meril streep"
] | Meryl Streep | [
{
"id": "900356",
"text": "Bonnie Franklin, Melissa Gilbert, Danielle Brisebois, Erika Eleniak, Max Pomeranc, Christina Ricci, Shelley Fabares, Candace Cameron Bure, Karron Graves, Gaby Hoffmann, Hilary Duff, Molly Ringwald, Stacy Ferguson, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Lisa Whelchel, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Soleil ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Child actor context: Bonnie Franklin, Melissa Gilbert, Danielle Brisebois, Erika Eleniak, Ma... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Lindsay Wagner context: stuntman Henry Kingi, whom she met on the set of \"The Bionic.\" Wa... |
68 | Which Amendment to the Constitution brought in prohibition in 1920? | [
"18",
"18th",
"eighteen"
] | 18th | [
{
"id": "428921",
"text": "transport, and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, though it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol. Shortly after the amendment was ratified, Congress passed the Volstead Act to provide for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. The Volstead Act declared that liquor,... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution context: transport, and sale of into... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Temperance movement in the United States context: Amendment. Upon ratification by three-fou... |
69 | In Richard Nixon's famous Checkers speech, who or what was Checkers? | [
"His daughter's dog"
] | His daughter's dog | [
{
"id": "2408053",
"text": "heard the announcement of the pick from a news bulletin while at the 1952 Republican National Convention. During the Presidential campaign of 1952, Pat Nixon's attitude toward politics changed when her husband was accused of accepting illegal campaign contributions. Pat encourage... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pat Nixon context: heard the announcement of the pick from a news bulletin while at the 195... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Checkers speech context: the Coast to fly to Los Angeles to make a television and radio bro... |
70 | Which oil scandal hit the US in 1924? | [
"Teapot dome affair",
"Teapot dome scandal",
"Tea Pot Dome scandal",
"Tea Pot Dome",
"Teapot Dome Scandal",
"Teapot Dome",
"Elk Hills oil field",
"Teapot Dome scandal",
"Teapot scandal",
"Tea Pot Dome Scandal",
"Tea Pot Dome Scandel"
] | Teapot Dome Scandal | [
{
"id": "17449260",
"text": "Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company (PAT) was an oil company founded in 1916 by the American oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny after he had made a huge oil strike in Mexico. Pan American profited from fuel demand during World W... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company context: Pan American Petroleum and Transport ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Edward L. Doheny context: taint by a bribe paid to the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B.... |
71 | Phil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams? | [
"Hook",
"HOOK"
] | Hook | [
{
"id": "1355472",
"text": "cameo appearances in Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\" (1991) and the AIDS docudrama \"And the Band Played On\" (1993). He starred in \"Frauds\", which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. He supplied voices to two animated features: Amblin's \"Balto\" (1995) a... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Phil context: cameo appearances in Steven Spielberg's \"Hook\" (1991) and the AIDS docudram... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Robin Williams context:ullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Danger... |
72 | 1998 was the Chinese year of which creature? | [
"Tigress",
"🐅",
"Tigers in captivity",
"Tigris striatus",
"Tigers (animal)",
"Mating tigers",
"Sexual behavior of tigers",
"🐯",
"Endangered Subspecies of Tiger",
"Tiger populations",
"Tigers",
"Tigris regalis",
"Panthera Tigris",
"Tiger",
"F tigris",
"Tiger blood",
"Naahar",
"Afr... | Tiger | [
{
"id": "7656901",
"text": "he attempted to ski down Everest’s North Face, but due to the constant monsoon weather was never able to reach the summit. Unfortunately the best time to ski Everest from its summit is during the monsoon season, thus why the prize of skiing Everest from its summit has been elusiv... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Craig Calonica context: he attempted to ski down Everest’s North Face, but due to the const... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Miss Chinese International Pageant 1998 context: polls Miss Chinese International Pageant 1... |
73 | Theodore Francis international airport is in which US state? | [
"RhodeIsland",
"Villages of rhode island",
"Rogue's Island",
"Rhode Island Treasurer",
"Rhode Island (U.S. state)",
"Education in Rhode Island",
"Rhode Island General Treasurer",
"Rhode island agriculture",
"Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations",
"Demographics of Rhode Island",
"Rhode isl... | Rhode Island | [
{
"id": "1932209",
"text": "T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officially Theodore Francis Green Memorial State Airport) is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, six miles (10 km) south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: T. F. Green Airport context: T. F. Green Airport T. F. Green International Airport (officia... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: T. F. Green Airport context: on July 21, 201) has two concourses, North and South. The Sout... |
74 | In which soap did Demi Moore find fame? | [
"Everyday Heroes",
"Genaral Hospital",
"General Hospital",
"General Hospital (US TV series)",
"General Hospital (US TV Series)",
"General Hospital (U.S. TV series)",
"General Hospital (1963-1977)"
] | General Hospital | [
{
"id": "1561584",
"text": "Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore ( ), is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career and appeared in the men's pornographic magazine \"Oui\" in 198... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Demi Moore context: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally kn... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Demi Moore context: Demi Moore Demi Gene Guynes (born November 11, 1962), professionally kn... |
75 | To the nearest million, what is the population of London, England? | [
"seven million",
"7million",
"7 million"
] | 7 million | [
{
"id": "432861",
"text": "Demography of the United Kingdom According to the 2011 census, the total population of the United Kingdom was around 63,182,000. It is the 21st-most populated country in the world. Its overall population density is 259 people per square kilometre (671 people per sq mi), with Engla... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Demography of the United Kingdom context: Demography of the United Kingdom According to the... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: London context: of's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second lar... |
76 | What did Clarice Cliff create? | [
"Pots",
"Pottery and porcelain",
"Pottery maker",
"Art ware",
"Pottery-makers",
"Pottery-maker",
"Vase painting",
"Fine art pot",
"Clay pottery",
"Ceramics",
"Pottery",
"Ceramicware",
"Art pottery",
"Painted vase",
"Ceramic pot",
"Ceramic ware",
"Ceramics art",
"Pot throwing",
"P... | Pottery | [
{
"id": "2333820",
"text": "cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 \"Ravel\" (seen on Cliff's Conical shape ware) which was an abstract leaf and flower pattern named after the composer. The image shows a Conical coffee pot, and sugar bowl and cream with four triangular feet, another of C... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Clarice Cliff context: cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 \"Ravel\"... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Clarice Cliff context: shared passion with Shorter. After the war, although Cliff was occas... |
77 | Which James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong? | [
"Ohmss",
"OHMSS",
"On Her Majesty's Secret Service",
"On Her Majestys Secret Service",
"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (disambiguation)"
] | On Her Majesty's Secret Service | [
{
"id": "6302179",
"text": "We Have All the Time in the World \"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secre... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: We Have All the Time in the World context: We Have All the Time in the World \"We Have All ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Motifs in the James Bond film series context: sequence for \"Spectre\". A contemporary arti... |
78 | In which decade of the 20th century was William Hurt born? | [
"The Fifties",
"1950s",
"1950-1959",
"50's",
"1950’s",
"1950–1959",
"Nineteen-fifties",
"1950s (decade)",
"1950ies",
"1950's",
"'50s",
"195%3F",
"Fifties"
] | 1950s | [
{
"id": "1455283",
"text": "William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \"Altere... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: William Hurt context: William H William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American a... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: William Hurt context: his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in... |
79 | In what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam? | [
"one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-five",
"1965"
] | 1965 | [
{
"id": "20414346",
"text": "1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle RMK-BRJ context: 1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government afte... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: CIA activities in Vietnam context planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on ... |
80 | In 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what? | [
"Bras",
"Bras (disambiguation)"
] | Bras | [
{
"id": "10150",
"text": "subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks an... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Anna Kournikova context: subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kirsty Hume context: has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 196 Gucci presentati... |
81 | Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC? | [
"Peter Thorkelson",
"Peter Tork"
] | Peter Tork | [
{
"id": "507207",
"text": "songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: w... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated Solo: wi... |
82 | In what decade were video recorders first developed? | [
"The Fifties",
"1950s",
"1950-1959",
"50's",
"1950’s",
"50s",
"1950–1959",
"Nineteen-fifties",
"1950s (decade)",
"1950ies",
"1950's",
"'50s",
"195%3F",
"Fifties"
] | 50s | [
{
"id": "626737",
"text": "VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape vid... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: VHS context: VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video ... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Videot context: hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, ... |
83 | Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s? | [
"Leonard Cyril Deighton",
"Len Deighton",
"Len Deighton's London Dossier"
] | Len Deighton | [
{
"id": "8414802",
"text": "Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Line\... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deight... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deight... |
84 | the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments? | [
"Eateries",
"Cookshop",
"Restuarant",
"Restarant",
"Resteraunt",
"Piqueteadero",
"Restaurant",
"Restaraunt",
"Restaurants",
"Resturants",
"Resturant",
"Public food facility",
"Eatery",
"Theatre restaurant",
"Resturaunt",
"Restuarent",
"Restauraunt",
"Chef's table",
"Resterant"
] | Restaurants | [
{
"id": "9158472",
"text": "a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to un... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Fuel card context: a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump wit... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: American Express context: consider the. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed... |
85 | In which country was Ursula Andrews born? | [
"ISO 3166-1:CH",
"Svissland",
"Etymology of Switzerland",
"Confederation Helvetia",
"Swizerland",
"Confederatio Helvetica",
"Environmental Integrity Group",
"Confoederatio Helvetica",
"Svizra",
"SWITZERLAND",
"Confédération suisse",
"SwissEnergy",
"Schweitz",
"Švýcarsko",
"Die Schweiz",
... | Switzerland | [
{
"id": "8365645",
"text": "students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended sc... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ostermundigen context: students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Isle of Man context: country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were largest group (49... |
86 | What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase? | [
"Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.",
"Old Ironpants",
"Walter Cronkite Jr.",
"And that's the way it is",
"Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.",
"Walter conkrite",
"Walter Cronkite",
"Walter L. Cronkite Jr.",
"Walter Leland Cronkite",
"Walter Conkrite",
"Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.",
"Walter Kronkite"
] | And that's the way it is | [
{
"id": "1446174",
"text": "he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, Ja... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with J... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with J... |
87 | Which item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life? | [
"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"
] | Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel | [
{
"id": "1398368",
"text": "considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she call... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Isadora Duncan context: considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchett... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Isadora Duncan, Biggest Dancer in the World context: choreographed interpretations. Still, ... |
88 | Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow? | [
"Howard Bellamy",
"Bellamy Brothers",
"The Bellamy Brothers",
"David M. Bellamy",
"David Bellamy (singer)"
] | Bellamy Brothers | [
{
"id": "4924626",
"text": "The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Bellamy Brothers context: The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Petra Haden context: starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime ... |
89 | Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998? | [
"Silver State",
"Nevada, United States",
"Sports in Nevada",
"Geography of Nevada",
"US-NV",
"Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867",
"Transportation in Nevada",
"The Sagebrush State",
"NV (state)",
"Education in Nevada",
"Religion in Nevada",
"Nevadian",
"36th State",
"The Battle Born Stat... | Nevada | [
{
"id": "15333163",
"text": "rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II context: rights, and casino profits. As a result of biti... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mike Tyson context: Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defen... |
90 | Neil Armstrong was a pilot in which war? | [
"Corean",
"Koreans (disambiguation)",
"Korean (disambiguation)",
"Koreang",
"Korean",
"Korea'ng"
] | Korean | [
{
"id": "290612",
"text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong st... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Neil Armstrong context: Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 20... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Neil Armstrong context: and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on Janua... |
91 | Nickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company? | [
"Warner Amex"
] | Warner Amex | [
{
"id": "3133722",
"text": "Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Movie Channel context: Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel origina... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Nickelodeon context: Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay t... |
92 | Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover? | [
"Radium",
"Radium (Ra)",
"Ra-226",
"Element 88"
] | Radium | [
{
"id": "4465576",
"text": "element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radio... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of chemistry context: element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the m... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Polonium context the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioact... |
93 | In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky? | [
"Elephantinely",
"Elephant tusks",
"Rogue Elephant",
"Elephant",
"🐘",
"Elephant hunting",
"Elephantineness",
"Elephant hunter",
"Rogue elephant",
"Baby elephants",
"Brown elephants",
"ELEPHANT",
"Elephan",
"פיל",
"Elephant population",
"Elephant evolution",
"Elefonts",
"Evolution ... | Elephant | [
{
"id": "1675073",
"text": "Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \"Danger Island\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \"Banana Splits\" and \"Danger Island\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meet... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Banana Splits context: Michael) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Banana Splitsography context: Splits\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as... |
94 | Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling? | [
"REO (album)",
"Alan Gratzer",
"R.E.O. Speedwagon",
"REO Speedwagon",
"Michael Bryan Murphy",
"Can't Stop Rockin",
"Reo Speedwagon",
"R.E.O Speedwagon"
] | REO Speedwagon | [
{
"id": "354395",
"text": "REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \"Hi Infidelity\" (1980) con... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle REO Speedwagon context: REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwago... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Wheels Are Turnin' context: Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio al... |
95 | Which parallel was the truce line in the Korean War? | [
"38th Parallel",
"38th parallel",
"38th parallel (disambiguation)"
] | 38th Parallel | [
{
"id": "17215055",
"text": "done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposal for a Korean armistice, a cease-fire was established on 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the 38th parallel, and so a demilitarised zone (DMZ) was established around it, defended by N... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Canada in the Korean War context: done to end the conflict. With the UN's acceptance of Ind... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 38th north context: 1910 and 1945. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the 38th parallel... |
96 | On a computer keyboard which letter is between A and D? | [
"🅢",
"Ess",
"Ⓢ",
"S (letter)",
"S",
"⒮",
"🄢",
"Ｓ",
"ⓢ",
"🆂",
"🅂"
] | S | [
{
"id": "9959211",
"text": "it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alp... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Icelandic orthography context: it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelan... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Computer context: the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 ... |
97 | What was Hitchcock's first sound movie? | [
"Blackmailer",
"Blackmailing",
"Blackmail",
"R v Lawrence and Pomroy",
"Blackmailed",
"Blackmails",
"Black mail"
] | Blackmail | [
{
"id": "1951131",
"text": "coined the term \"documentary\" to describe a non-fiction film in 1926. Ranked by many as the best British filmmaker, Hitchcock's first thriller, \"\" (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, \"Blackmail\", is often regarded as the first British sound... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Culture of the United Kingdom context: coined the term \"documentary\" to describe a non-fi... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Dallas Bower context: Dallas B Dallas Bower (25 July 1907, London18 October 1999, London) w... |
98 | Which newspaper did Jackie Kennedy work for just before her marriage? | [
"Washington Times (original)",
"Washington Times-Herald",
"Washington Times Herald"
] | Washington Times Herald | [
{
"id": "741828",
"text": "London for \"The Washington Times-Herald\". After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. Bouvier and Kennedy we... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis context: London for \"The Washington Times-Herald\". After a mon... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: John F. Kennedy context: Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mother Ter) in Gallup's List of Widely... |
99 | What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey? | [
"T.R.",
"T.r.",
"Tr.",
"TR (disambiguation)",
"TR",
"Tr",
"T. R.",
"T R"
] | Tr | [
{
"id": "4904375",
"text": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops. The license plate i... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Vehicle registration plates of Turkey context: Vehicle registration plates of Turkey Turkis... | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: International vehicle registration code context: system is used for vehicles belonging to t... |
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